GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

At the accession of Victoria the romantic movement had spent its force; Wordsworth had written his best work; the other romantic poets, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, and Byron, had passed away; and for a time no new development was apparent in English poetry. Though the Victorian Age produced two great poets, Tennyson and Browning, the age, as a whole, is remarkable for the variety and excellence of its prose. A study of all the great writers of the period reveals four general characteristics: (1) Literature in this Age has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests, and is a powerful instrument of human progress. (2) The tendency of literature is strongly ethical; all the great poets, novelists, and essayists of the age are moral teachers. (3) Science in this age exercises an incalculable influence. On the one hand it emphasizes truth as the sole object of human endeavor; it has established the principle of law throughout the universe; and it has given us an entirely new view of life, as summed up in the word "evolution," that is, the principle of growth or development from simple to complex forms. On the other hand, its first effect seems to be to discourage works of the imagination. Though the age produced an incredible number of books, very few of them belong among the great creative works of literature. (4) Though the age is generally characterized as practical and materialistic, it is significant that nearly all the writers whom the nation delights to honor vigorously attack materialism, and exalt a purely ideal conception of life. On the whole, we are inclined to call this an idealistic age fundamentally, since love, truth, justice, brotherhood--all great ideals--are emphasized as the chief ends of life, not only by its poets but also by its novelists and essayists.

In our study we have considered: (1) The Poets; the life and works of Tennyson and Browning; and the chief characteristics of the minor poets, Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning), Rossetti, Morris, and Swinburne. (2) The Novelists; the life and works of Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot; and the chief works of Charles Reade, Anthony Trollope, Charlotte Brontë, Bulwer-Lytton, Kingsley, Mrs. Gaskell, Blackmore, George Meredith, Hardy, and Stevenson. (3) The Essayists; the life and works of Macaulay, Matthew Arnold, Carlyle, Newman, and Ruskin. These were selected, from among many essayists and miscellaneous writers, as most typical of the Victorian Age. The great scientists, like Lyell, Darwin, Huxley, Wallace, Tyndall, and Spencer, hardly belong to our study of literature, though their works are of vast importance; and we omit the works of living writers who belong to the present rather than to the past century.

Selections for Reading.Manly's English Poetry and Manly's English Prose (Ginn and Company) contain excellent selections from all authors of this period. Many other collections, like Ward's English Poets, Garnett's English Prose from Elizabeth to Victoria, Page's British Poets of the Nineteenth Century, and Stedman's A Victorian Anthology, may be used to advantage. All important works may be found in the convenient and inexpensive school editions given below. (For full titles and publishers see the General Bibliography.)

Tennyson. Short poems, and selections from Idylls of the King, In Memoriam, Enoch Arden, and The Princess. These are found in various school editions, Standard English Classics, Pocket Classics, Riverside Literature Series, etc. Poems by Tennyson, selected and edited with notes by Henry Van Dyke (Athenaeum Press Series), is an excellent little volume for beginners.

Browning. Selections, edited by R.M. Lovett, in Standard English Classics. Other school editions in Everyman's Library, Belles Lettres Series, etc.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Selections, edited by Elizabeth Lee, in Standard English Classics. Selections also in Pocket Classics, etc.

Matthew Arnold. Sohrab and Rustum, edited by Trent and Brewster, in Standard English Classics. The same poem in Riverside Literature Series, etc. Selections in Golden Treasury Series, etc. Poems, students' edition (Crowell). Essays in Everyman's Library, etc. Prose selections (Holt, Allyn & Bacon, etc.).

Dickens. Tale of Two Cities, edited by J.W. Linn, in Standard English Classics. A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, and Pickwick Papers. Various good school editions of these novels in Everyman's Library, etc.

Thackeray. Henry Esmond, edited by H.B. Moore, in Standard English Classics. The same novel, in Everyman's Library, Pocket Classics, etc.

George Eliot. Silas Marner, edited by R. Adelaide Witham, in Standard English Classics. The same novel, in Pocket Classics, etc.

Carlyle. Essay on Burns, edited by C.L. Hanson, in Standard English Classics, and Heroes and Hero Worship, edited by A. MacMechan, in Athenaeum Press Series. Selections, edited by H.W. Boynton (Allyn & Bacon). Various other inexpensive editions, in Pocket Classics, Eclectic English Classics, etc.

Ruskin. Sesame and Lilies, edited by Lois G. Hufford, in Standard English Classics. Other editions in Riverside Literature, Everyman's Library, etc. Selected Essays and Letters, edited by Hufford, in Standard English Classics. Selections, edited by Vida D. Scudder (Sibley); edited by C.B. Tinker, in Riverside Literature.

Macaulay. Essays on Addison and Milton, edited by H.A. Smith, in Standard English Classics. Same essays, in Cassell's National Library, Riverside Literature, etc. Lays of Ancient Rome, in Standard English Classics, Pocket Classics, etc.

Newman. Selections, with introduction by L.E. Gates (Holt); Selections from prose and poetry, in Riverside Literature. The Idea of a University, in Manly's English Prose.

Bibliography.(note. For full titles and publishers of general reference books, see General Bibliography.)History.Text-book, Montgomery, pp. 357-383; Cheyney, pp. 632-643.General Works. Gardiner, and Traill.Special Works. McCarthy's History of Our Own Times; Bright's History of England, vols. 4-5; Lee's Queen Victoria; Bryce's Studies in Contemporary Biography.

Literature.General Works. Garnett and Gosse, Taine.Special Works. Harrison's Early Victorian Literature; Saintsbury's A History of Nineteenth Century Literature; Walker's The Age of Tennyson; same author's The Greater Victorian Poets; Morley's Literature of the Age of Victoria; Stedman's Victorian Poets; Mrs. Oliphant's Literary History of England in the Nineteenth Century; Beers's English Romanticism in the Nineteenth Century; Dowden's Victorian Literature, in Transcripts and Studies; Brownell's Victorian Prose Masters.

Tennyson. Texts: Cabinet edition (London, 1897) is the standard. Various good editions, Globe, Cambridge Poets, etc. Selections in Athenaeum Press (Ginn and Company).

Life: Alfred Lord Tennyson, a Memoir by his son, is the standard; by Lyall (in English Men of Letters); by Horton; by Waugh. See also Anne T. Ritchie's Tennyson and His Friends; Napier's The Homes and Haunts of Tennyson; Rawnsley's Memories of the Tennysons.

Criticism: Brooke's Tennyson, his Art and his Relation to Modern Life; A. Lang's Alfred Tennyson; Van Dyke's The Poetry of Tennyson; Sneath's The Mind of Tennyson; Gwynn's A Critical Study of Tennyson's Works; Luce's Handbook to Tennyson's Works; Dixon's A Tennyson Primer; Masterman's Tennyson as a Religious Teacher; Collins's The Early Poems of Tennyson; Macallum's Tennyson's Idylls of the King and the Arthurian Story; Bradley's Commentary on In Memoriam; Bagehot's Literary Studies, vol. 2; Brightwell's Concordance; Shepherd's Bibliography.

Essays: By F. Harrison, in Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, and Other Literary Estimates; by Stedman, in Victorian Poets; by Hutton, in Literary Essays; by Dowden, in Studies in Literature; by Gates, in Studies and Appreciations; by Forster, in Great Teachers; by Forman, in Our Living Poets. See also Myers's Science and a Future Life.

Browning. Texts: Cambridge and Globe editions, etc. Various editions of selections. (See Selections for Reading, above.)

Life: by W. Sharp (Great Writers); by Chesterton (English Men of Letters); Life and Letters, by Mrs. Sutherland Orr; by Waugh, in Westminster Biographies (Small & Maynard).

Criticism: Symons's An Introduction to the Study of Browning; same title, by Corson; Mrs. Orr's Handbook to the Works of Browning; Nettleship's Robert Browning; Brooke's The Poetry of Robert Browning; Cooke's Browning Guide Book; Revell's Browning's Criticism of Life; Berdoe's Browning's Message to his Times; Berdoe's Browning Cyclopedia.

Essays: by Hutton, Stedman, Dowden, Forster (for titles, see Tennyson, above); by Jacobs, in Literary Studies; by Chapman, in Emerson and Other Essays; by Cooke, in Poets and Problems; by Birrell, in Obiter Dicta.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Texts: Globe and Cambridge editions, etc.; various editions of selections. Life: by J. H. Ingram; see also Bayne's Two Great Englishmen. Kenyon's Letters of E. B. Browning.

Criticism: Essays, by Stedman, in Victorian Poets; by Benson, in Essays.

Matthew Arnold. Texts: Poems, Globe edition, etc. See Selections for Reading, above. Life: by Russell; by Saintsbury; by Paul (English Men of Letters); Letters, by Russell.

Criticism: Essays by Woodberry, in Makers of Literature; by Gates, in Three Studies in Literature; by Hutton, in Modern Guides of English Thought; by Brownell, in Victorian Prose Masters; by F. Harrison (see Tennyson, above).

Dickens. Texts: numerous good editions of novels. Life: by J. Forster; by Marzials (Great Writers); by Ward (English Men of Letters); Langton's The Childhood and Youth of Dickens.

Criticism: Gissing's Charles Dickens; Chesterton's Charles Dickens; Kitten's The Novels of Charles Dickens; Fitzgerald's The History of Pickwick. Essays: by F. Harrison (see above); by Bagehot, in Literary Studies; by Lilly, in Four English Humorists; by A. Lang, in Gadshill edition of Dickens's works.

Thackeray. Texts: numerous good editions of novels and essays. Life: by Melville; by Merivale and Marzials (Great Writers); by A. Trollope (English Men of Letters); by L. Stephen, in Dictionary of National Biography. See also Crowe's Homes and Haunts of Thackeray; Wilson's Thackeray in the United States.

Criticism: Essays, by Lilly, in Four English Humorists; by Harrison, in Studies in Early Victorian Literature; by Scudder, in Social Ideals in English Letters; by Brownell, in Victorian Prose Masters.

George Eliot. Texts: numerous editions. Life: by L. Stephen (English Men of Letters); by O. Browning (Great Writers); by her husband, J.W. Cross.

Criticism: Cooke's George Eliot, a Critical Study of her Life and Writings. Essays: by J. Jacobs, in Literary Studies; by H. James, in Partial Portraits; by Dowden, in Studies in Literature; by Hutton, Harrison, Brownell, Lilly (see above). See also Parkinson's Scenes from the George Eliot Country.

Carlyle. Texts: various editions of works. Heroes, and Sartor Resartus, in Athenaeum Press (Ginn and Company); Sartor, and Past and Present, 1 vol. (Harper); Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, 1 vol. (Appleton); Letters and Reminiscences, edited by C. E. Norton, 6 vols. (Macmillan).

Life: by Garnett (Great Writers); by Nichol (English Men of Letters); by Froude, 2 vols. (very full, but not trustworthy). See also Carlyle's Reminiscences and Correspondence, and Craig's The Making of Carlyle.

Criticism: Masson's Carlyle Personally and in his Writings. Essays: by Lowell, in My Study Windows; by Harrison, Brownell, Hutton, Lilly (see above).

Ruskin. Texts: Brantwood edition, edited by C.E. Norton; various editions of separate works. Life: by Harrison (English Men of Letters); by Collingwood, 2 vols.; see also Ruskin's Praeterita.

Criticism: Mather's Ruskin, his Life and Teaching; Cooke's Studies in Ruskin; Waldstein's The Work of John Ruskin; Hobson's John Ruskin, Social Reformer; Mrs. Meynell's John Ruskin; Sizeranne's Ruskin and the Religion of Beauty, translated from the French; White's Principles of Art; W. M. Rossetti's Ruskin, Rossetti, and Pre-Raphaelitism.

Essays: by Robertson, in Modern Humanists; by Saintsbury, in Corrected Impressions; by Brownell, Harrison, Forster (see above).

Macaulay. Texts: Complete works, edited by his sister, Lady Trevelyan (London, 1866); various editions of separate works (see Selections for Reading, above). Life: Life and Letters, by Trevelyan, 2 vols.; by Morrison (English Men of Letters).

Criticism: Essays, by Bagehot, in Literary Studies; by L. Stephen, in Hours in a Library; by Saintsbury, in Corrected Impressions; by Harrison, in Studies in Early Victorian Literature; by Matthew Arnold.

Newman. Texts: Uniform edition of important works (London, 1868-1881); Apologia (Longmans); Selections (Holt, Riverside Literature, etc.). Life: Jennings's Cardinal Newman; Button's Cardinal Newman; Early Life, by F. Newman; by Waller and Barrow, in Westminster Biographies. See also Church's The Oxford Movement; Fitzgerald's Fifty Years of Catholic Life and Progress.

Criticism: Essays, by Donaldson, in Five Great Oxford Leaders; by Church, in Occasional Papers, vol. 2; by Gates, in Three Studies in Literature; by Jacobs, in Literary Studies; by Hutton, in Modern Guides of English Thought; by Lilly, in Essays and Speeches; by Shairp, in Studies in Poetry and Philosophy. See also Button's Cardinal Newman.

Rossetti. Works, 2 vols. (London, 1901). Selections, in Golden Treasury Series. Life: by Knight (Great Writers); by Sharp; Hall Caine's Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti; Gary's The Rossettis; Marillier's Rossetti; Wood's Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement; W.M. Hunt's Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Criticism: Tirebuck's Rossetti, his Work and Influence. Essays: by Swinburne, in Essays and Studies; by Forman, in Our Living Poets; by Pater, in Ward's English Poets; by F.W.H. Myers, in Essays Modern.

Morris. Texts: Story of the Glittering Plain, House of the Wolfings, etc. (Reeves & Turner); Early Romances, in Everyman's Library; Sigurd the Volsung, in Camelot Series; Socialistic writings (Humboldt Publishing Co.). Life: by Mackail; by Cary; by Vallance.

Criticism: Essays, by Symons, in Studies in Two Literatures; by Dawson, in Makers of Modern English; by Saintsbury, in Corrected Impressions. See also Nordby's Influence of Old Norse Literature.

Swinburne. Texts: Complete works (Chatto and Windus); Poems and Ballads (Lovell); Selections (Rivington, Belles Lettres Series, etc.). Life: Wratislaw's Algernon Charles Swinburne, a Study.

Criticism: Essays, by Forman, Saintsbury (see above); by Lowell, in My Study Windows; see also Stedman's Victorian Poets.

Charles Keade. Texts: Cloister and the Hearth, in Everyman's Library; various editions of separate novels. Life: by C. Reade.

Criticism: Essay, by Swinburne, in Miscellanies.

Anthony Trollope. Texts: Royal edition of principal novels (Philadelphia, 1900); Barchester Towers, etc., in Everyman's Library. Life: Autobiography (Harper, 1883).

Criticism: H.T. Peck's Introduction to Royal edition, vol. 1. Essays: by H. James, in Partial Portraits; by Harrison, in Early Victorian Literature. See also Cross, The Development of the English Novel.

Charlotte and Emily Brontë. Texts: Works, Haworth edition, edited by Mrs. H. Ward (Harper); Complete works (Dent, 1893); Jane Eyre, Shirley, and Wuthering Heights, in Everyman's Library. Life of Charlotte Brontë: by Mrs. Gaskell; by Shorter; by Birrell (Great Writers). Life of Emily Brontë: by Robinson. See also Leyland's The Brontë Family.

Criticism: Essays, by L. Stephen, in Hours in a Library; by Gates, in Studies and Appreciations; by Harrison, in Early Victorian Literature; by G.B. Smith, in Poets and Novelists. See also Swinburne's A Note on Charlotte Brontë.

Bulwer-Lytton. Texts: Works, Knebsworth edition (Routledge); various editions of separate works; Last Days of Pompeii, etc., in Everyman's Library. Life: by his son, the Earl of Lytton; by Cooper; by Ten Brink.

Criticism: Essay, by W. Senior, in Essays in Fiction.

Mrs. Gaskell. Various editions of separate works; Cranford, in Standard English Classics, etc. Life: see Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism: see Saintsbury's Nineteenth-Century Literature.

Kingsley. Texts: Works, Chester edition; Hypatia, Westward Ho! etc., in Everyman's Library. Life: Letters and Memories, by his wife; by Kaufmann.

Criticism: Essays, by Harrison, in Early Victorian Literature; by L. Stephen, in Hours in a Library.

Stevenson. Texts: Works (Scribner); Treasure Island, in Everyman's Library; Master of Ballantrae, in Pocket Classics; Letters, edited by Colvin (Scribner). Life: by Balfour; by Baildon; by Black; by Cornford. See also Simpson's Edinburgh Days; Eraser's In Stevenson's Samoa; Osborne and Strong's Memories of Vailima.

Criticism: Raleigh's Stevenson; Alice Brown's Stevenson. Essays: by H. James, in Partial Portraits; by Chapman, in Emerson and Other Essays.

Hardy. Texts: Works (Harper). Criticism: Macdonnell's Thomas Hardy; Johnson's The Art of Thomas Hardy. See also Windle's The Wessex of Thomas Hardy; and Dawson's Makers of English Fiction.

George Meredith. Texts: Novels and Selected Poems (Scribner).

Criticism: Le Gallienne's George Meredith; Hannah Lynch's George Meredith. Essays: by Henley, in Views and Reviews; by Brownell, in Victorian Prose Masters; by Monkhouse, in Books and Plays. See also Bailey's The Novels of George Meredith; Curie's Aspects of George Meredith; and Cross's The Development of the English Novel.

Suggestive Questions.(NOTE. The best questions are those which are based upon the books, essays, and poems read by the pupil. As the works chosen for special study vary greatly with different teachers and classes, we insert here only a few questions of general interest.) 1. What are the chief characteristics of Victorian literature? Name the chief writers of the period in prose and poetry. What books of this period are, in your judgment, worthy to be placed among the great works of literature? What effect did the discoveries of science have upon the literature of the age? What poet reflects the new conception of law and evolution? What historical conditions account for the fact that most of the Victorian writers are ethical teachers?

2.Tennyson. Give a brief sketch of Tennyson's life, and name his chief works. Why is he, like Chaucer, a national poet? Is your pleasure in reading Tennyson due chiefly to the thought or the melody of expression? Note this figure in "The Lotos Eaters":

Music that gentlier on the spirit liesThan tired eyelids upon tired eyes.

What does this suggest concerning Tennyson's figures of speech in general? Compare "Locksley Hall" with "Locksley Hall Sixty Years After." What differences do you find in thought, in workmanship, and in poetic enthusiasm? What is Tennyson's idea of faith and immortality as expressed inIn Memoriam?

3.Browning. In what respects is Browning like Shakespeare? What is meant by the optimism of his poetry? Can you explain why many thoughtful persons prefer him to Tennyson? What is Browning's creed as expressed in "Rabbi Ben Ezra"? Read "Fra Lippo Lippi" or "Andrea del Sarto," and tell what is meant by a dramatic monologue. In "Andrea" what is meant by the lines,

Ah, but a man's reach should exceed his grasp,Or what's a heaven for?

4.Dickens. What experiences in Dickens's life are reflected in his novels? What are his favorite types of character? What is meant by the exaggeration of Dickens? What was the serious purpose of his novels? Make a brief analysis of theTale of Two Cities, having in mind the plot, the characters, and the style, as compared with Dickens's other novels.

5.Thackeray. ReadHenry Esmondand explain Thackeray's realism. What is there remarkable in the style of this novel? Compare it withIvanhoeas a historical novel. What is the general character of Thackeray's satire? What are the chief characteristics of his novels? Describe briefly the works which show his great skill as a critical writer.

6.George Eliot. ReadSilas Marnerand make a brief analysis, having in mind the plot, the characters, the style, and the ethical teaching of the novel. Is the moral teaching of George Eliot convincing; that is, does it suggest itself from the story, or is it added for effect? What is the general impression left by her books? How do her characters compare with those of Dickens and Thackeray?

7.Carlyle. Why is Carlyle called a prophet, and why a censor? Read theEssay on Burnsand make an analysis, having in mind the style, the idea of criticism, and the picture which this essay presents of the Scotch poet. Is Carlyle chiefly interested in Burns or in his poetry? Does he show any marked appreciation of Burns's power as a lyric poet? What is Carlyle's idea of history as shown inHeroes and Hero Worship? What experiences of his own life are reflected inSartor Resartus? What was Carlyle's message to his age? What is meant by a "Carlylese" style?

8.Macaulay. In what respects is Macaulay typical of his age? Compare his view of life with that of Carlyle. Read one of the essays, on Milton or Addison, and make an analysis, having in mind the style, the interest, and the accuracy of the essay. What useful purpose does Macaulay's historical knowledge serve in writing his literary essays? What is the general character of Macaulay'sHistory of England? Rqad a chapter from Macaulay'sHistory, another from Carlyle'sFrench Revolution, and compare the two. How does each writer regard history and historical writing? What differences do you note in their methods? What are the best qualities of each work? Why are both unreliable?

9.Arnold. What elements of Victorian life are reflected in Arnold's poetry? How do you account for the coldness and sadness of his verses? ReadSohrab and Rustumand write an account of it, having in mind the story, Arnold's use of his material, the style, and the classic elements in the poem. How does it compare in melody with the blank verse of Milton or Tennyson? What marked contrasts do you find between the poetry and the prose of Arnold?

10.Ruskin. In what respects is Ruskin "the prophet of modern society"? Read the first two lectures inSesame and Liliesand then give Ruskin's views of labor, wealth, books, education, woman's sphere, and human society. How does he regard the commercialism of his age? What elements of style do you find in these lectures? Give the chief resemblances and differences between Carlyle and Ruskin.

11. Read Mrs. Gaskell'sCranfordand describe it, having in mind the style, the interest, and the characters of the story. How does it compare, as a picture of country life, with George Eliot's novels?

12. Read Blackmore'sLorna Dooneand describe it (as in the question above). What are the romantic elements in the story? How does it compare with Scott's romances in style, in plot, in interest, and in truthfulness to life?

Every chapter in this book includes two lists, one of selected readings, the other of special works treating of the history and literature of the period under consideration. The following lists include the books most useful for general reference work and for supplementary reading.

A knowledge of history is of great advantage in the study of literature. In each of the preceding chapters we have given a brief summary of historical events and social conditions, but the student should do more than simply read these summaries. He should review rapidly the whole history of each period by means of a good textbook. Montgomery'sEnglish Historyand Cheyney'sShort History of Englandare recommended, but any other reliable text-book will serve the purpose.

For literary texts and selections for reading a few general collections, such as are given below, are useful; but the important works of each author may now be obtained in excellent and inexpensive school editions. At the beginning of the course the teacher, or the home student, should write for the latest catalogue of such publications as the Standard English Classics, Everyman's Library, etc., which offer a very wide range of reading at small cost. Nearly every publishing house issues a series of good English books for school use, and the list is constantly increasing.

History

Text-books:Montgomery's English History; Cheyney's Short History of England (Ginn and Company).

General Works:Green's Short History of the English People, 1 vol., or A History of the English People, 4 vols. (American Book Co.).

Traill's Social England, 6 vols. (Putnam).

Bright's History, of England, 5 vols., and Gardiner's Students' History of England (Longmans).

Gibbins's Industrial History of England, and Mitchell's English Lands, Letters, and Kings, 5 vols. (Scribner).

Oxford Manuals of English History, Handbooks of English History, and Kendall's Source Book of English History (Macmillan).

Lingard's History of England until 1688 (revised, 10 vols., 1855) is the standard Catholic history.

Other histories of England are by Knight, Froude, Macaulay, etc. Special works on the history of each period are recommended in the preceding chapters.

History of Literature

Jusserand's Literary History of the English People, 2 vols. (Putnam).

Ten Brink's Early English Literature, 3 vols. (Holt).

Courthope's History of English Poetry (Macmillan).

The Cambridge History of English Literature, many vols., incomplete (Putnam).

Handbooks of English Literature, 9 vols. (Macmillan).

Garnett and Gosse's Illustrated History of English Literature, 4 vols. (Macmillan).

Morley's English Writers, 11 vols. (Cassell), extends through Elizabethan literature. It is rather complex and not up to date, but has many quotations from authors studied.

Taine's English Literature (many editions), is brilliant and interesting, but unreliable.

Literary Criticism

Lowell's Literary Essays.

Hazlitt's Lectures on the English Poets.

Mackail's The Springs of Helicon (a study of English poetry from Chaucer to Milton).

Dowden's Studies in Literature, and Dowden's Transcripts and Studies.

Minto's Characteristics of English Poets.

Matthew Arnold's Essays in Criticism.

Stevenson's Familiar Studies in Men and Books.

Leslie Stephen's Hours in a Library.

Birrell's Obiter Dicta.

Hales's Folia Litteraria.

Pater's Appreciations.

NOTE. Special works on criticism, the drama, the novel, etc., will be found in the Bibliographies on pp. 9, 181, etc.

Texts and Helps(inexpensive school editions).

Standard English Classics, and Athenaeum Press Series (Ginn and Company).

Everyman's Library (Dutton).

Pocket Classics, Golden Treasury Series, etc. (Macmillan).

Belles Lettres Series (Heath).

English Readings Series (Holt).

Riverside Literature Series (Houghton, Mifflin).

Canterbury Classics (Rand, McNally).

Academy Classics (Allyn & Bacon).

Cambridge Literature Series (Sanborn).

Silver Series (Silver, Burdett).

Student's Series (Sibley).

Lakeside Classics (Ainsworth).

Lake English Classics (Scott, Foresman).

Maynard's English Classics (Merrill).

Eclectic English Classics (American Book Co.).

Caxton Classics (Scribner).

The King's Classics (Luce).

The World's Classics (Clarendon Press).

Little Masterpieces Series (Doubleday, Page).

Arber's English Reprints (Macmillan).

New Mediaeval Library (Duffield).

Arthurian Romances Series (Nutt).

Morley's Universal Library (Routledge).

Cassell's National Library (Cassell).

Bohn Libraries (Macmillan).

Temple Dramatists (Macmillan).

Mermaid Series of English Dramatists (Scribner).

NOTE. We have included in the above list all the editions of which we have any personal knowledge, but there are doubtless others that have escaped attention.

Dictionary of National Biography, 63 vols. (Macmillan), is the standard.

English Men of Letters Series (Macmillan).

Great Writers Series (Scribner).

Beacon Biographies (Houghton, Mifflin).

Westminster Biographies (Small, Maynard).

Hinchman and Gummere's Lives of Great English Writers (Houghton, Mifflin) is a good single volume, containing thirty-eight biographies.

NOTE. For the best biographies of individual writers, see the Bibliographies at the ends of the preceding chapters.

Selections

Manly's English Poetry and Manly's English Prose (Ginn and Company) are the best single-volume collections, covering the whole field of English literature.

Pancoast's Standard English Poetry, and Pancoast's Standard English Prose (Holt).

Oxford Book of English Verse, and Oxford Treasury of English Literature, 3 vols. (Clarendon Press).

Page's British Poets of the Nineteenth Century (Sanborn).

Stedman's Victorian Anthology (Houghton, Mifflin).

Ward's English Poets, 4 vols.; Craik's English Prose Selections, 5 vols.; Chambers's Encyclopedia of English Literature, etc.

Miscellaneous

The Classic Myths in English Literature (Ginn and Company).

Adams's Dictionary of English Literature.

Ryland's Chronological Outlines of English Literature.

Brewer's Reader's Handbook.

Botta's Handbook of Universal Literature.

Ploetz's Epitome of Universal History.

Hutton's Literary Landmarks of London.

Heydrick's How to Study Literature.

For works on the English language see Bibliography of the Norman period, p. 65.

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION

[=a], as in fate; [)a], as in fat; ä, as in arm; [a:], as in all; [a.], as in what; â, as in care

[=e], as in mete; [)e], as in met; ê, as in there

[=i], as in ice; [)i], as in it; ï, as in machine

[=o], as in old; [)o], as in not; [o:], as in move; [.o], as in son; ô, as in horse; [=oo] as in food; [)oo], as in foot

[=u], as in use; [)u], as in up; û, as in fur; [:u], as in rule; [.u], as in pull

[=y], as in fly; [)y], as in baby

c, as in call; ç, as in mice; ch, as in child; [-c]h, as in school

g, as in go; [.g], as in cage

s, as in saw; [s=], as in is

th, as in thin; th, as in then

x, as in vex; [x=], as in exact.

NOTE. Titles of books, poems, essays, etc., are in italics.

Absalom and Achitophel([=a]-chit'o-fel)Abt Vogler(äpt v[=o]g'ler)Actors, in early plays;ElizabethanAddison;life;works;hymns;influence;styleAdonais(ad-[=o]-n[=a]'is)Aesc (esk)Aidan, St. ([=i]'dan)Aids to ReflectionAlastor([)a]-l[)a]s-tôr)Alchemist, TheAlexander's FeastAlfred, King;life and times;worksAll for LoveAlysoun, or Alisoun (äl'[)y]-sown or äl'[)y]-zoon), old form of AliceAmeliaAmerican Taxation, Burke's speech onAn EpistleAnatomy of MelancholyAncren Riwle(angk'ren rol)Andrea del Sarto(än-dr[=a]'yä del sär't[=o])AndreasAngelnAngles, theAnglo-Norman Period;literature;ballads;lyrics;summary;selections for reading;bibliography;questions on;chronologyAnglo-Saxon ChronicleAnglo-Saxon Period;early poetry;springs of poetry;language;Christian writers;source books;summary;selections for reading;bibliography;questions on;chronologyAnglo-Saxons;the name;life;language;literature,seeAnglo-Saxon Period.Annus MirabilisAnselmApologia, Newman'sApologie for PoetrieArcadiaAreopagitica([)a]r'=[=e]-[)o]p-[)a]-j[)i]t'[)i]-cä)Arnold, Matthew;life;poetry;prose works;characteristicsArt, definition ofArthurian romancesArtistic period of dramaArtistic quality of literatureAscham, RogerAssonanceAstraea Redux([)a]s-tr[=e]'ä r[=e]'duks)Astrophel and Stella([)a]s'tr[=o]-fel)Atalanta in Calydon([)a]t-[)a]-l[)a]n'tä, k[)a]l'[)i]-d[)o]n)Augustan Age, meaning.SeeEighteenth-century literatureAurora Leigh([a:]-r[=o]'rä l[=e])Austen, Jane; life;novels; Scott's criticism ofBacon, Francis; life; works;place and influenceBacon, RogerBallad, theBallads and SonnetsBarchester TowersBard, TheBard of the Dimbovitza(dim-bo-vitz'ä),Roumanian folk songsBattle of Agincourt(English, [)a]j'in-k[=o]rt)Battle of BrunanburhBattle of the BooksBaxter, RichardBeaumont, Francis (b[=o]'mont)BecketBede; his history; his accountof CædmonBells and PomegranatesBenefit of clergyBeowulf(b[=a]'[=o]-wulf), the poem;history; poetical form;manuscript ofBeowulf's MountBibliographies, study of literature;Anglo-Saxon Period; Norman;Chaucer; Revival of Learning;Elizabethan; Puritan;Restoration; Eighteenthcentury; Romanticism;Victorian; generalBickerstaff AlmanacBiographia LiterariaBlackmore, RichardBlake, William; life; worksBlank verseBlessed DamozelBlot in the 'Scutcheon, ABoethius (b[=o]-[=e]'thi-us)Boileau (bwa-l[=o]'), French criticBoke of the DuchesseBook of MartyrsBorough, TheBoswell, James.See alsoJohnsonBoy actorsBreton, NicholasBrontë, Charlotte and EmilyBrowne, Thomas; worksBrowning, Mrs. Elizabeth BarrettBrowning, Robert; life;works; obscurity of; asa teacher; compared withShakespeare; with Tennyson;periods of work; soulstudies; place and messageBrut, Layamon's; quotation fromBrutus, alleged founder of BritainBulwer LyttonBunyan, John; life; works;his styleBurke, Edmund; life; works;analysis of his orationsBurney, Fanny (Madame D'Arblay)Burns, Robert; life; poetry;Carlyle's essay onBurton, RobertButler, SamuelByron; life; works;compared with ScottCædmon (k[)a]d'mon), life; works;hisParaphrase; school ofCainCallistaCalvert, RaisleyCamden, WilliamCampaign, TheCampion, ThomasCanterbury Tales; plan of;prologue; Dryden's criticismofCanynge's cofferCarew, ThomasCarlyle; life; works;style and messageCarols, in early playsCasa Guidi Windows(kä'sä gw[=e]'d[=e])Castell of PerseveranceCastle of IndolenceCataCavalier poetsCaxton; specimen of printingCeltic legendsChanson de GestesChanson de RolandChapman, George; hisHomer;Keats's sonnet onChatterton, ThomasChaucer, how to read; life;works; form of his poetry;melody; compared with SpenserChaucer, Age of: history; writers;summary; selections for reading;bibliography; questions on; chronologyChester playsCheyne RowChilde HaroldChild's Garden of VersesChocilaicus (k[=o]-kil-[=a]'[=i]-cus)Christ, The, of CynewulfChristabelChristian YearChristmas Carol, AChrist's Hospital, LondonChronicle, The Anglo-SaxonChronicle playsChronicles, rimingChronology: Anglo-Saxon Period;Norman-French; Age of Chaucer;Revival of Learning; Elizabethan;Puritan; Restoration; Eighteenth Century;Romanticism; VictorianCitizen of the WorldClarissaClassic and classicismClassic influence on the dramaCloister and the HearthClough, Arthur HughCockaygne, Land of(k[=o]-k[=a]n')Coleridge; life; works; critiqal writingsCollier, JeremyCollins, WilliamComedy, definition; first English; of the courtComplete Angler, TheComus, Masque ofConciliation with America, Burke's speechConfessions of an English Opium-EaterConsolations of PhilosophyCotter's Saturday NightCouplet, theCourt comediesCovenant of 1643Coventry playsCowley, AbrahamCowper, William; life; worksCrabbe, GeorgeCranfordCrashaw, RichardCritic, meaning ofCritical writing, Dryden; Coleridge;in Age of Romanticism;in Victorian AgeCriticism, Arnold's definitionCross, John WalterCrown of Wild OliveCulture and AnarchyCurse of Jfehama(k[=e]-hä'mä)Cursor MundiCycles, of plays; of romancesCynewulf (kin'[)e]-wulf), 36-38Cynthia's Revels(sin'thi-ä)Daniel, SamuelDaniel DerondaD'Arblay, Madame (Fanny Burney)Darwin andDarwinismDeath, Raleigh's apostrophe toDecline and Fall of the Roman EmpireDefense of PoesieDefensio pro Populo AnglicanoDefoe; life; worksDekker, ThomasDeliaDemocracy and Romanticism;in Victorian AgeDear's LamentDe Quincey; life; works; styleDe Sapientia VeterumDeserted Village, TheDethe of Blanche the DuchesseDiary, Evelyn's; Pepys's; selections fromDickens;life;works;general plan of novels;his characters;his public;limitationsDictionary, Johnson'sDiscoverie of Guiana(g[=e]-ä'nä)Divina Commedia(d[=e]-v[=e]'nä kom-m[=a]'d[=e]-ä)Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeDomestic dramaDonne, Johnhis poetryDotheboys Hall (do-the-boys)Drama, in Elizabethan Ageorigin,periods of,miracle and mystery plays,interludes,classical influence on,unities,the English,types of,decline of.See alsoElizabethan Age, Shakespeare,Jonson, Marlowe, etc.Dramatic unitiesDramatists, methods ofSeeShakespeare, Marlowe, etc.Drapier's LettersDrayton, MichaelDream of Gerontius, The(j[)e]-r[)o]n'sh[)i]-us)Drydenlife,works,influence,criticism ofCanterbury TalesDuchess of Malfi(mäl'f[=e])Dunciad, The(dun's[)i]-ad)Ealhild, queen ([=e]-äl'hild)Earthly ParadiseEastward Ho!Economic conditions, in Age of RomanticismEdgeworth, MariaEdward IIEgoist, TheEighteenth-Century Literature:history of the period,literary characteristics,the Classic Age,Augustan writers,romantic revival,the first novelists,summary,selections for reading,bibliography,questions,chronology,Eikon Basilike([=i]'kon b[)a]-sil'[)i]-k[=e])Eikonoklastes ([=i]-kon-[=o]-klas't[=e]z)Elegy, Gray'sEleneElizabethan Agehistory,non-dramatic poets,first dramatists,Shakespeare's predecessors,Shakespeare,Shakespeare's contemporaries and successors,prose writers,summary,selections,bibliography,questions,chronologyEndymionEnglish Bards and Scotch ReviewersEnglish HumoristsEnglish IdylsEormanric ([=e]-or'man-ric)Epicaene([)e]p'[=i]-sen), orThe Silent WomanEpithalamium([)e]p-[)i]-th[=a]-l[=a]'m[)i]-um)ErasmusEssay concerning Human UnderstandingEssay of Dramatic PoesyEssay on BurnsEssay on CriticismEssay on ManEssay on MiltonEssays,Addison's,Bacon'sEssays in CriticismEssays of Elia([=e]'l[)i]-ä)Ethics of the DustEuphuesand euphuism ([=u]'f[=u]-[=e]z)Evans, Mary Ann.SeeGeorge EliotEvelyn, JohnEverlasting No, andYea, TheEvery Man in His HumourEverymanExcursion, TheExeter BookFaber, FrederickFables, Dryden'sFaery QueenFall of PrincesFaust(foust),Faustus(fas'tus)Ferrex and PorrexFielding,novels,characteristicsFight at FinnsburghFingal(fing'gal)First-folio ShakespeareFletcher, GilesFletcher, JohnFord, JohnFormalismFour Georges, TheFoxe, JohnFragments of Ancient PoetryFrench influence in Restoration literatureFrench language in EnglandFrench Revolution, influence ofFrench Revolution, Carlyle'sFuller, ThomasGammer Gurton's NeedleGaskell, Mrs. ElizabethGawain and the Green Knight(gä'-w[=a]n)Gawain cycle of romances, 57Gebir(g[=a]-b[=e]r')Geoffrey of Monmouth (jef'r[)i])George Eliot;life;works;characteristics;as a moralistGest (orjest) booksGeste of Robin HoodGibbon,his historyGifts of God, TheGirondists (j[)i]-ron'dists)Gleemen,orminstrelsGoldsmith;life;worksGood CounselGorboduc(gôr'b[=o]-duk)Gorgeous GalleryGowerGrace AboundingGray, Thomas;life;worksGreatest English PoetsGreene, RobertGregory, PopeGrendel; story of;mother ofGrubb StreetGulliver's TravelsGull's HornbookHakluyt, Richard (h[)a]k'loot)Hallam,his criticism of BaconHardy, ThomasHastings, battle ofHathaway, AnneHazlitt, WilliamHengist (h[)e]ng'gist)Henry EsmondHerbert, George;life;poetry ofHero and LeanderHeroes and Hero WorshipHeroic coupletHeroic StanzasHerrick, RobertHesperides and Noble Numbers(h[)e]s-p[)e]r'[)i]-d[=e]z)Heywood, JohnHeywood, ThomasHilda, abbessHildgund (hild'gund)Historical novelHistory, of England, Macaulay's;of Frederick the Great, Carlyle's;of Henry VIII, Bacon's;of the Reformation in Scotland, Knox's;of the Wortd, Raleigh'sHnæf (n[e=]f)Hobbes, ThomasHolofernes (hol-[=o]-fer'n[=e]z) inJudithHoly and Profane StateHoly LivingHoly WarHomer, Chapman's;Dryden's;Pope's;Cowper'sHooker, RichardHooker, ThomasHours in a LibraryHours of IdlenessHouse of FameHouse of LifeHrothgar (r[)o]th'gar)Hudibras(h[=u]'d[)i]-bras)HumanismHumphrey ClinkerHunt, LeighHusband's MessageHuxley,Hygelac (h[=i]-j[=e]'lak)Hymn book, first EnglishHymn to Intellectual BeautyHymns, Addison's;Cowper'sHypatia(h[=i]-p[=a]'shia)Hyperion(h[=i]-p[=e]'r[)i]-on)Idealism of Victorian AgeIdealsIdols, of BaconIdylls of the KingIl Penseroso(il pen-s[)e]-r[=o]'s[=o])Iliad, Pope's translation;Chapman's;Dryden'sImaginary ConversationsImpeachment of Warren HastingsIn MemoriamInstauratio Magna(in-sta-r[=a]'shi-o)InterludesIntimations of ImmortalityJacobean poetsJane Eyre(âr)Jeffrey, FrancisJest (orgest) booksJew of MaltaJohn GilpinJohnson, Samuel; life;works; his conversations;Boswell'sLife of JohnsonJonathan WildJonson, Ben; life; worksJoseph AndrewsJournal of the Plague YearJournal to StellaJudithJulianaKeats; life; works;place in literatureKilmarnock Burns, theKings' TreasuriesKingsley, CharlesKnight's Tale, TheKnox, JohnKubla Khan(kob'lä kän)Kyd, ThomasL'Allegro(läl-[=a]'gr[=o])Lady of the LakeLake poets, theLamb, Charles; life; works;styleLamb, MaryLamia(l[=a]'mi-ä)Land of Cockaygne(k[)o]-kän')Land of DreamsLandor, Walter Savage; life;worksLangland, WilliamLanguage, our first speech; dualcharacter of; Teutonic originLast Days of Pompeii(pom-p[=a]'y[=e])Law, Hooker's idea ofLaws of Ecclesiastical Polity,Lay SermonsLayamonLays of Ancient RomeLead, Kindly LightLectures on ShakespeareLegends of Goode WimmenLeviathanLewes, George HenryLiberty of ProphesyingLife, compared to a sea voyageLife of JohnsonLife of SavageLindsay, DavidLiterary Club, theLiterary criticism.See alsoCritical writing.Literary ReminiscencesLiterature, definition; qualities;tests; object in studying; importance;Goethe's definition;spirit of modernLiterature and DogmaLives, Plutarch's; Walton'sLives of the PoetsLocke, JohnLockhart, JohnLorna DooneLost Leader, TheLovelace, RichardLycidas(lis'[)i]-das)Lydgate, JohnLyly, John (lil'[)i])Lyra ApostolicaLyrical BalladsLytton, Edward BulwerMacaulay; life; works;characteristicsMacpherson, James (mak-fer'son)Magazines, the modernMaldon, The Battle ofMaloryMandeville's TravelsManfredMarlowe; life; works;and Milton; and ShakespeareMarmionMarvell, AndrewMassinger, PhilipMatter of France, Rome, and BritainMelodramaMemoirs of a CavalierMeredith, GeorgeMerlin and the GleamMetaphysical poetsMetrical romancesMiddleton, ThomasMiles Gloriosus(m[=e]'les gl[=o]-r[)i]-[=o]'s[u:]s)Mill on the FlossMilton; life; early or Hortonpoems; prose works;later poetry; and Shakespeare;Wordsworth's sonnet onMinstrelsy of the Scottish BorderMiracle playsMirror for MagistratesMr. Badman, Life and Death ofModern literature, spirit ofModern PaintersModest Proposal, AMoral EpistlesMoral period of the dramaMoral purpose in Victorian literatureMorality playsMore, HannahMore, ThomasMorris, WilliamMorte d'Arthur(mort där'ther)Mother Hubbard's TaleMulèykeh(m[=u]-l[=a]'k[)a])My Last DuchessMysteries of Udolpho, The([=u]-dol'f[=o])Mystery playsNew AtalantisNewcomes, TheNewman, Cardinal; life;prose works; poems;styleNewspapers, the firstNibelungenlied(n[=e]'b[)e]-lung-en-l[=e]d)Noah, Play ofNorman ConquestNorman pageantryNorman period.SeeAnglo-NormanNormans;union with Saxons;literature ofNorth, Christopher (John Wilson)North, ThomasNorthanger Abbey (north'[=a]n-jer)Northern AntiquitiesNorthumbrian literature; declineof; how savedNovel, meaning and history;precursors of; discovery ofmodernNovelists, the first English.SeeScott, Dickens, etc.Novum Organum(or'g[)a]-num)Ode on the Morning of Christ's NativityOde to DejectionOde to the West WindOdes, PindaricOdyssey, Pope's; Chapman's;Dryden'sOld Fortunatus(for-t[=u]-n[=a]'tus)Oliver Cromwell, Carlyle'sOliver TwistOrigin of SpeciesOrlando Furioso(or-lan'd[=o] foo-r[=e]-[=o]'s[=o])Orm,orOrme; hisOrmulumOrosius ([=o]-r[=o]'si-us), his historyOssian (osh'ian) and Ossianic poemsOwl and Nightingale, TheOxford movementP's, The FourPalamon and Arcite(pal'a-mon, är'-s[=i]te)Pamela(pam'e-lä)Pantisocracy (pan-t[=i]-sok'r[=a]-se), of Coleridge,Southey, etc.Paradise LostParadise RegainedParadyse of Daynty DevisesParaphrase, of CædmonParish Register, ThePaulinePearl, ThePelhamPendennisPepys, Samuel (pep'is, peeps, pips)Percy, ThomasPeregrine Pickle(per'e-grin)Pericles and Aspasia(per'i-kl[=e]z, as-p[=a]'shi-ä)Philistines, thePhoenix(f[=e]'nix)Pickwick PapersPiers Plowman(peers)Pilgrim's ProgressPindaric odes (pin-där'ic)Pippa PassesPlain Man's Pathway to HeavenPlutarch'sLivesPoems by Two BrothersPoetaster, ThePolyolbion(pol-[)i]-ol'b[)i]-on)Pope, Alexander; life;worksPorter, JanePractice of PietyPraeterita(pr[=e]-ter'[)i]-tä)Praise of FollyPrelude, ThePre-Raphaelites(rä'f[=a]-el-ites)Pride and PrejudicePrincess, ThePrometheus Unbound(pr[=o]-m[=e]'th[=u]s)Prose development in eighteenth centuryPseudo-classicism (s[=u]'d[=o])Purchas, Samuel;Purchas HisPilgrimesPuritan Age: history; literarycharacteristics; poets;prose writers; compared withElizabethan; summary;selections for reading; bibliography,questions;chronologyPuritan movementPuritans, wrong ideas ofQueen Mab, inRomeo and JulietQueen's GardensRabbi Ben EzraRadcliffe, Mrs. AnneRaleigh, WalterRalph Royster DoysterRambleressaysRape of the LockReade, CharlesRealismRecluse, TheReflections on the French RevolutionReligio LaiciReligio MediciReligious period of the dramaReliques of Ancient English PoetryReminiscences, Carlyle'sRemorseRenaissance, the (re-n[=a]'säns, r[=e]'n[=a]s-sans, etc.)Restoration Period: history; literarycharacteristics; writers;summary; selections forreading; bibliography;questions; chronologyRevival of Learning Period: history;literature; summary;selections for reading; bibliography;questions; chronologyRevolt of IslamRevolution, French; of1688; age ofRichardson, Samuel; novels ofRights of ManRime of the Ancient AlarinerRime RoyalRing and the Book, TheRobin HoodRobinson CrusoeRoderickRoderick RandomRomance; Greek RomancesRomance languagesRomance of the RoseRomantic comedy and tragedyRomantic enthusiasmRomantic poetryRomanticism, Age of; history;literary characteristics;poets; prose writers; summary;selections for reading;bibliography; questions;chronologyRomanticism, meaningRomolaRosalyndeRossetti, Christina (ros-set't[=e])Rossetti, Dante GabrielRowley PapersRoyal SocietyRunesRuskin; life; works;characteristics; messageSackville, ThomasSt. Catherine, Play ofSt. George's GuildSaints' Everlasting RestSamson Agonistes(ag-o-nis't[=e]z)Sartor Resartus(sar'tor re-sar'tus)Satire; of Swift; of ThackeraySaxon.SeeAnglo-SaxonSchool of ShootingScience, in Victorian AgeScop,orpoet (skop)Scott, Walter; life; poetry;novels; criticism of JaneAustenScottish ChiefsScyld (skild), story ofSea, names of, in Anglo-Saxon, 25Seafarer, TheSeasons, TheSelections for reading:Anglo-Saxon period;Norman;Chaucer;Revival of Learning;Elizabethan;Puritan;Restoration;Eighteenth Century;Romanticism;VictorianSentimental JourneySesame and Lilies(ses'a-m[=e])Shakespeare;life;works;four periods;sources of plays;classification of plays;doubtful plays;poems;place and influenceShe Stoops to ConquerShelley;life;works;compared with WordsworthShepherds' BookShepherd's CalendarShirley, JamesShoemaker's Holiday, TheShort View of the English StageSidney, PhilipSigurd the VolsungSilas MarnerSilent Woman, TheSir Charles GrandisonSkelton, JohnSketches by BozSmollett, TobiasSocial development in eighteenth centurySohrab and Rustum(soo'rhab,ors[=o]'hrab)Songs of Innocence, andSongs of ExperienceSonnet, introduction ofSonnets,of Shakespeare;of MiltonSonnets from the PortugueseSouthey;worksSpanish GypsySpanish TragedySpecimens of English Dramatic PoetsSpectator, TheSpenser;life;works;characteristics;compared with ChaucerSpenserian poetsSpenserian stanzaStage, in early plays;ElizabethanSteele, RichardStephen, LeslieSterne, LawrenceStevenson, Robert LouisStyle, a test of literatureSuckling, JohnSurrey, Henry Howard, Earl ofSwan, TheSwift;life;works;satire;characteristicsSwinburneSylvaSymonds, John AddingtonTabard InnTale of a TubTale of Two CitiesTales from ShakespeareTales in VerseTales of the HallTam o' ShanterTamburlaine(tam'bur-lane)Task, TheTatler, TheTaylor, JeremyTemora(te-m[=o]'rä)Tempest, TheTemple, TheTennyson;life;works;characteristics;messageTenure of Kings and MagistratesTerraTests of literatureTeufelsdroeckh (toy'felz-droek)Thackeray;life;works;characteristics;style;and DickensThaddeus of WarsawThalaba(täl-ä'bä)Theater, the firstThomson, JamesThyrsis(ther'sis)TimberTintern AbbeyTirocinium(t[=i]-r[=o]-sin'[)i]-um),or A Review of SchoolsTom JonesTories and WhigsTottel's MiscellanyTownley playsToxophilus(tok-sof'[)i]-lus)Tractarian movementTracts for the TimesTragedy, definition,of bloodTransition poetsTraveler, TheTreasure IslandTreatises on GovernmentTristram ShandyTroilus and Cressida(tr[=o]'[)i]-lus, kres'-[)i]-dä)Trollope, AnthonyTroyes, Treaty ofTruth, orGood CounselTyndale, William (tin'dal)Udall, Nicholas ([=u]'dal)Udolpho([=u]-dol'f[=o])Unfortunate Traveller, TheUniversality, a test of literatureUniversity witsUnto This LastUtopiaVanity FairVanity of Human WishesVaughan, HenryVercelli BookVicar of WakefieldVice, the, in old playsVictorian Age,history,literary characteristics,poets,novelists,essayists, etc.,spirit of,summary,selections for reading,bibliography,questions,chronologyView of the State of IrelandVillage, TheVision of the RoodVolpone(vol-p[=o]'ne)Voyages, Hakluyt'sWakefield playsWaldere(väl-d[=a]'re,orväl'dare)Waller, EdmundWalton, IzaakWaverleyWealth of NationsWeather, The, play ofWebster, JohnWedmore, Treaty ofWestward HoWhigs and ToriesWhitby (hwit'b[)i])Widsith(vid'sith)Wiglaf (vig'läf)Wilson, John (Christopher North),Wither, GeorgeWomen, in literatureWordsworth,life,poetry,poems of nature,poems of life,last worksWordsworth, DorothyWorthies of EnglandWuthering Heights(wuth'er-ing)Wyatt (w[=i]'at), ThomasWyclif (wik'lif)Wyrd (vird), or fateYork plays

1.FromThe Bard of the Dimbovitza, First Series, p. 73.

2.There is a mystery about this old hero which stirs our imagination, but which is never explained. It refers, probably, to some legend of the Anglo-Saxons which we have supplied from other sources, aided by some vague suggestions and glimpses of the past in the poem itself.

3.This is not the Beowulf who is hero of the poem.

4.Beowulf, ll. 26-50, a free rendering to suggest the alliteration of the original.

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