[1]See, for instance,The English Poor Law System, by Paul Felix Aschrott, translated by H. Preston Thomas, 1888 and 1902;La Loi des pauvres et la société anglaise, par E. Chevalier, 1895;The Better Administration of the Poor Law, by Sir William Chance, Bart., 1895;The Public Relief of the Poor, by T. Mackay, 1901;L'Assistance légale et la lutte contre le pauperisme en Angleterre, par G. E. de Froment, 1905.
[1]See, for instance,The English Poor Law System, by Paul Felix Aschrott, translated by H. Preston Thomas, 1888 and 1902;La Loi des pauvres et la société anglaise, par E. Chevalier, 1895;The Better Administration of the Poor Law, by Sir William Chance, Bart., 1895;The Public Relief of the Poor, by T. Mackay, 1901;L'Assistance légale et la lutte contre le pauperisme en Angleterre, par G. E. de Froment, 1905.
[2]The Poor Law, by the Rev. T. W. Fowle, 1881;The English Poor Laws, by Miss Sophia Lonsdale, 1897 and 1902;Our Treatment of the Poor, by Sir Wm. Chance, Bart, 1899;The Public Relief of the Poor, by T. Mackay, 1901.
[2]The Poor Law, by the Rev. T. W. Fowle, 1881;The English Poor Laws, by Miss Sophia Lonsdale, 1897 and 1902;Our Treatment of the Poor, by Sir Wm. Chance, Bart, 1899;The Public Relief of the Poor, by T. Mackay, 1901.
[3]History of the English Poor Law, vol. iii., from 1834 to the present time, by T. Mackay, 1899.
[3]History of the English Poor Law, vol. iii., from 1834 to the present time, by T. Mackay, 1899.
[4]The Minority Report has been separately published in book form, in two volumes,The Break Up of The Poor Law, andThe Public Organization of the Labour Market, each edited, with an introduction, by S. and B. Webb (Longmans. 1909).
[4]The Minority Report has been separately published in book form, in two volumes,The Break Up of The Poor Law, andThe Public Organization of the Labour Market, each edited, with an introduction, by S. and B. Webb (Longmans. 1909).
[5]This analysis is confined to relief in all its various forms, excluding all questions of charge ability (or the recovery from other persons of the amount expended on relief), settlement, removal, assessment, rating, and mere administrative procedure.
[5]This analysis is confined to relief in all its various forms, excluding all questions of charge ability (or the recovery from other persons of the amount expended on relief), settlement, removal, assessment, rating, and mere administrative procedure.
[6]p. 228 of the Report of 1834. The references are to the latest reprint (1905).
[6]p. 228 of the Report of 1834. The references are to the latest reprint (1905).
[7]pp. 279-280 of the Report of 1834.
[7]pp. 279-280 of the Report of 1834.
[8]p. 294 of the Report of 1834.
[8]p. 294 of the Report of 1834.
[9]p. 297 of the Report of 1834.
[9]p. 297 of the Report of 1834.
[10]p. 47 of the Report of 1834.
[10]p. 47 of the Report of 1834.
[11]pp. 263-264 of the Report of 1834.
[11]pp. 263-264 of the Report of 1834.
[12]p. 228 of the Report of 1834.
[12]p. 228 of the Report of 1834.
[13]p. 263 of Report of 1834.
[13]p. 263 of Report of 1834.
[14]p. 297 of Report of 1834.
[14]p. 297 of Report of 1834.
[15]p. 298 of Report of 1834.
[15]p. 298 of Report of 1834.
[16]p. 262 of Report of 1834, made by way of comment as to the temporary policy.
[16]p. 262 of Report of 1834, made by way of comment as to the temporary policy.
[17]p. 264 of Report of 1834.
[17]p. 264 of Report of 1834.
[18]p. 262 of Report of 1834.
[18]p. 262 of Report of 1834.
[19]Ibid.
[19]Ibid.
[20]pp. 306-307 of Report of 1834.
[20]pp. 306-307 of Report of 1834.
[21]p. 324 of Report of 1834.
[21]p. 324 of Report of 1834.
[22]p. 340 of Report of 1834.
[22]p. 340 of Report of 1834.
[23]p. 306 of Report of 1834.
[23]p. 306 of Report of 1834.
[24]p. 350 of Report of 1834.
[24]p. 350 of Report of 1834.
[25]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[25]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[26]p. 262 of Report of 1834.
[26]p. 262 of Report of 1834.
[27]p. 338 of Report of 1834.
[27]p. 338 of Report of 1834.
[28]p. 43 of Report of 1834.
[28]p. 43 of Report of 1834.
[29]pp. 306-307 of Report of 1834.
[29]pp. 306-307 of Report of 1834.
[30]p. 262 of Report of 1834.
[30]p. 262 of Report of 1834.
[31]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[31]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[32]pp. 42-43 of Report of 1834.
[32]pp. 42-43 of Report of 1834.
[33]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[33]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[34]p. 306 of Report of 1834.
[34]p. 306 of Report of 1834.
[35]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[35]p. 307 of Report of 1834.
[36]Seepp. 305, 306, 307, 313-314 of Report of 1834.
[36]Seepp. 305, 306, 307, 313-314 of Report of 1834.
[37]p. 314 of Report of 1834.
[37]p. 314 of Report of 1834.
[38]p. 298 of Report of 1834.
[38]p. 298 of Report of 1834.
[39]p. 357 of Report of 1834.
[39]p. 357 of Report of 1834.
[40]p. 337 of Report of 1834.
[40]p. 337 of Report of 1834.
[41]4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 76, quoted as the Act of 1834; 5 & 6 Vic. c. 57, quoted as the Act of 1842; 7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, quoted as the Act of 1844; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 109, quoted as the Act of 1847.
[41]4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 76, quoted as the Act of 1834; 5 & 6 Vic. c. 57, quoted as the Act of 1842; 7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, quoted as the Act of 1844; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 109, quoted as the Act of 1847.
[42]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 42.
[42]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 42.
[43]Ibid.sec. 52.
[43]Ibid.sec. 52.
[44]Ibid.sec. 15.
[44]Ibid.sec. 15.
[45]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 52.
[45]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 52.
[46]Ibid.sec. 54.
[46]Ibid.sec. 54.
[47]Ibid.
[47]Ibid.
[48]Ibid.sec. 52.
[48]Ibid.sec. 52.
[49]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 54.
[49]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 54.
[50]5 & 6 Vic. c. 57, sec. 5.
[50]5 & 6 Vic. c. 57, sec. 5.
[51]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, secs. 41 to 56.
[51]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, secs. 41 to 56.
[52]Ibid.sec. 53.
[52]Ibid.sec. 53.
[53]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 52.
[53]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 52.
[54]Ibid.sec. 15.
[54]Ibid.sec. 15.
[55]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, sec. 25.
[55]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, sec. 25.
[56]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 56.
[56]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 56.
[57]Ibid.sec. 71.
[57]Ibid.sec. 71.
[58]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, sec. 26.
[58]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, sec. 26.
[59]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 15.
[59]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 15.
[60]Ibid.sec. 19.
[60]Ibid.sec. 19.
[61]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, secs. 40, 42-44.
[61]7 & 8 Vic. c. 101, secs. 40, 42-44.
[62]Ibid.sec. 43.
[62]Ibid.sec. 43.
[63]Ibid.sec. 40.
[63]Ibid.sec. 40.
[64]Ibid.sec. 51.
[64]Ibid.sec. 51.
[65]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, secs. 15 and 61.
[65]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, secs. 15 and 61.
[66]43 Eliz. c. 2, sec. 1; 18 George III. c. 47, preamble; 56 George III. c. 139.
[66]43 Eliz. c. 2, sec. 1; 18 George III. c. 47, preamble; 56 George III. c. 139.
[67]5 & 6 William IV. c. 19, secs. 26, 29.
[67]5 & 6 William IV. c. 19, secs. 26, 29.
[68]5 & 6 Vict. c. 7.
[68]5 & 6 Vict. c. 7.
[69]7 & 8 Vict. c. 101, secs. 12, 13.
[69]7 & 8 Vict. c. 101, secs. 12, 13.
[70]There was a provision (since repealed), in sec. 15 of the Act of 1834, which we need not notice, as to making rules for the management of parish poor children under Hanway's Act (7 George III. c. 39), since repealed.
[70]There was a provision (since repealed), in sec. 15 of the Act of 1834, which we need not notice, as to making rules for the management of parish poor children under Hanway's Act (7 George III. c. 39), since repealed.
[71]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 15.
[71]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 15.
[72]Ibid.c. 54.
[72]Ibid.c. 54.
[73]Criminal Lunatics Act, 1838, 1 & 2 Vict. c. 14, sec. 2.
[73]Criminal Lunatics Act, 1838, 1 & 2 Vict. c. 14, sec. 2.
[74]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 56.
[74]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 56.
[75]Ibid.sec. 27.
[75]Ibid.sec. 27.
[76]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, secs. 15, 42.
[76]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, secs. 15, 42.
[77]Ibid.sec. 23.
[77]Ibid.sec. 23.
[78]Ibid.sec. 25.
[78]Ibid.sec. 25.
[79]Ibid.sec. 24.
[79]Ibid.sec. 24.
[80]7 & 8 Vict. c. 101, sec. 30.
[80]7 & 8 Vict. c. 101, sec. 30.
[81]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, secs. 92, 93.
[81]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, secs. 92, 93.
[82]Ibid.sec. 93.
[82]Ibid.sec. 93.
[83]Ibid.sec. 94.
[83]Ibid.sec. 94.
[84]Ibid.sec. 19.
[84]Ibid.sec. 19.
[85]Ibid.sec. 62.
[85]Ibid.sec. 62.
[86]4 & 5 William IV. secs. 58, 59.
[86]4 & 5 William IV. secs. 58, 59.
[87]Pensions Act, 1839, 2 & 3 Vict. c. 51, sec. 2.
[87]Pensions Act, 1839, 2 & 3 Vict. c. 51, sec. 2.
[88]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 42.
[88]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 42.
[89]Ibid.sec. 52.
[89]Ibid.sec. 52.
[90]Ibid.sec. 15.
[90]Ibid.sec. 15.
[91]Ibid.secs. 16, 17.
[91]Ibid.secs. 16, 17.
[92]Ibid.sec. 109.
[92]Ibid.sec. 109.
[93]Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839, pp. 32-34.
[93]Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839, pp. 32-34.
[94]See for instance the Order of 31st December, 1834, issued to Sutton Courtney Parish, now included in Abingdon Union, and the Outdoor Relief Regulation Order, 14th December 1852, art. 1.
[94]See for instance the Order of 31st December, 1834, issued to Sutton Courtney Parish, now included in Abingdon Union, and the Outdoor Relief Regulation Order, 14th December 1852, art. 1.
[95]See Consolidated Order for the Administration of Relief in Town Unions, 7th March 1836, in Second Annual Report, 1836, p. 92; the Order of 26th April 1839, to Aston Union; and Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order, 21st December 1844, art. 1.
[95]See Consolidated Order for the Administration of Relief in Town Unions, 7th March 1836, in Second Annual Report, 1836, p. 92; the Order of 26th April 1839, to Aston Union; and Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order, 21st December 1844, art. 1.
[96]Official Circular, No. 1, p. 8, 8th January 1840;Ibid.No. 34, p. 79, 30th April 1844.
[96]Official Circular, No. 1, p. 8, 8th January 1840;Ibid.No. 34, p. 79, 30th April 1844.
[97]p. 62 of Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839.
[97]p. 62 of Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839.
[98]See the "Suggestions as to the most eligible modes of Providing Outdoor Employment ... in cases where there is not an efficient workhouse, and preparatory to the establishment of the Workhouse System," p. 45 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[98]See the "Suggestions as to the most eligible modes of Providing Outdoor Employment ... in cases where there is not an efficient workhouse, and preparatory to the establishment of the Workhouse System," p. 45 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[99]Circular, 8th November 1834, p. 73 of First Annual Report, 1835.
[99]Circular, 8th November 1834, p. 73 of First Annual Report, 1835.
[100]Consolidated Order for the Administration of Relief in Town Unions, 7th March 1836, sec. v., art. 27, p. 92 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[100]Consolidated Order for the Administration of Relief in Town Unions, 7th March 1836, sec. v., art. 27, p. 92 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[101]Poor Law Commissioners to Norwich Court of Guardians, 25th July 1835; Special Order to Norwich, 29th July 1835; MS. Minutes, Norwich Court of Guardians, July and August 1835.
[101]Poor Law Commissioners to Norwich Court of Guardians, 25th July 1835; Special Order to Norwich, 29th July 1835; MS. Minutes, Norwich Court of Guardians, July and August 1835.
[102]Special Order to Norwich, 21st October 1835; Poor Law Commissioners to Norwich Court of Guardians, 21st October 1835; MS. Minutes, Norwich Court of Guardians, October 1835.
[102]Special Order to Norwich, 21st October 1835; Poor Law Commissioners to Norwich Court of Guardians, 21st October 1835; MS. Minutes, Norwich Court of Guardians, October 1835.
[103]This term, Relief in Kind, has always been limited to food, though the character of the food has been varied. Medicine and "medical extras" supplied to the paupers in their homes have been included in the term Outdoor Medical Relief. The provision of clothing and bedding to the outdoor poor—classed as ordinary Outdoor Relief—though permitted, has never been encouraged by the Central Authority. (Official Circular, 10th November 1840, No. 9, p. 117;Ibid., July 1850, No. 39 N.S., p. 108;see also Selections from the Correspondence of the Local Government Board, vol. ii., 1880, p. 71.) The provision of tools or implements of trade was considered not to be of the nature of relief, and therefore not legal. It was expressly prohibited by the Outdoor Relief Regulation Order of 1852 (art. 3). Payment of rent (except the provision of temporary lodging in urgent and sudden necessity, or for housing a lunatic) was from the outset strictly prohibited. (SeeOutdoor Relief Prohibitory Order of 1844, art. 5, and Outdoor Relief Regulation Order of 1852, art. 3.) This prohibition of payment of rent seems to have been considered of importance by the Poor Law Commissioners. The impracticability of preventing ordinary outdoor relief from being applied in payment of the pauper's rent seems only gradually to have dawned upon the Poor Law Board. In 1852 it was explained that although the Order "prohibits the Guardians from paying the rent for a pauper either directly or indirectly, it does not prevent them from allowing him such relief as under all the circumstances of the case his necessities may require; it will rest with the pauper to dispose of the relief afforded to him in such manner as he may think fit." (Poor Law Board to Hemsworth Union, 19th October 1852; in House of Commons, No. 111 of 1852-3, p. 96.) A similar decision was given in 1902. (See Local Government Chronicle, 9th August 1902, p. 805.) The prohibition still remains in force, but is accordingly not now regarded as of importance.
[103]This term, Relief in Kind, has always been limited to food, though the character of the food has been varied. Medicine and "medical extras" supplied to the paupers in their homes have been included in the term Outdoor Medical Relief. The provision of clothing and bedding to the outdoor poor—classed as ordinary Outdoor Relief—though permitted, has never been encouraged by the Central Authority. (Official Circular, 10th November 1840, No. 9, p. 117;Ibid., July 1850, No. 39 N.S., p. 108;see also Selections from the Correspondence of the Local Government Board, vol. ii., 1880, p. 71.) The provision of tools or implements of trade was considered not to be of the nature of relief, and therefore not legal. It was expressly prohibited by the Outdoor Relief Regulation Order of 1852 (art. 3). Payment of rent (except the provision of temporary lodging in urgent and sudden necessity, or for housing a lunatic) was from the outset strictly prohibited. (SeeOutdoor Relief Prohibitory Order of 1844, art. 5, and Outdoor Relief Regulation Order of 1852, art. 3.) This prohibition of payment of rent seems to have been considered of importance by the Poor Law Commissioners. The impracticability of preventing ordinary outdoor relief from being applied in payment of the pauper's rent seems only gradually to have dawned upon the Poor Law Board. In 1852 it was explained that although the Order "prohibits the Guardians from paying the rent for a pauper either directly or indirectly, it does not prevent them from allowing him such relief as under all the circumstances of the case his necessities may require; it will rest with the pauper to dispose of the relief afforded to him in such manner as he may think fit." (Poor Law Board to Hemsworth Union, 19th October 1852; in House of Commons, No. 111 of 1852-3, p. 96.) A similar decision was given in 1902. (See Local Government Chronicle, 9th August 1902, p. 805.) The prohibition still remains in force, but is accordingly not now regarded as of importance.
[104]MS. Minutes, Newcastle Board of Guardians, 7th October 1836.
[104]MS. Minutes, Newcastle Board of Guardians, 7th October 1836.
[105]Circular of 30th April 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 179.
[105]Circular of 30th April 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 179.
[106]Minute of Commissioners respecting the means of enforcing an Outdoor Labour Test, 31st October 1842, p. 381 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[106]Minute of Commissioners respecting the means of enforcing an Outdoor Labour Test, 31st October 1842, p. 381 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[107]For such Special Labour Test Orders, issued in supplement to the Out-relief Prohibitory Order,seethose to Boston Union, of 3rd February 1847; Crediton Union, 21st May 1847; and Catherington Union, 2nd June 1847, which are in the most usual form; or those to Foleshill Union, 13th December 1847; Maldon Union, 7th December 1847; and Nuneaton Union, 13th December 1847, which are in a much shorter form, omitting the authority for the appointment of a superintendent of pauper labour.
[107]For such Special Labour Test Orders, issued in supplement to the Out-relief Prohibitory Order,seethose to Boston Union, of 3rd February 1847; Crediton Union, 21st May 1847; and Catherington Union, 2nd June 1847, which are in the most usual form; or those to Foleshill Union, 13th December 1847; Maldon Union, 7th December 1847; and Nuneaton Union, 13th December 1847, which are in a much shorter form, omitting the authority for the appointment of a superintendent of pauper labour.
[108]For such Special Labour Test Orders, issued to unions not under the Out-relief Prohibitory Order,seethat to Ashton-under-Lyne Union, 29th March 1847; or that, in a shorter form, omitting the authority for the appointment of a superintendent of pauper labour, to Chertsey Union, 17th December 1847.
[108]For such Special Labour Test Orders, issued to unions not under the Out-relief Prohibitory Order,seethat to Ashton-under-Lyne Union, 29th March 1847; or that, in a shorter form, omitting the authority for the appointment of a superintendent of pauper labour, to Chertsey Union, 17th December 1847.
[109]Circular Letter, 14th December 1852, in Fifth Annual Report of Poor Law Board, 1852, p. 31.
[109]Circular Letter, 14th December 1852, in Fifth Annual Report of Poor Law Board, 1852, p. 31.
[110]Special Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839, p. 72.
[110]Special Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839, p. 72.
[111]Poor Law Commissioners to Plymouth Board of Guardians, 25th April 1840.
[111]Poor Law Commissioners to Plymouth Board of Guardians, 25th April 1840.
[112]p. 45 of Second Annual Report, 1836;Official Circular, No. 29, p. 151, 30th November 1843.
[112]p. 45 of Second Annual Report, 1836;Official Circular, No. 29, p. 151, 30th November 1843.
[113]Minute, 31st October 1842, p. 383 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[113]Minute, 31st October 1842, p. 383 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[114]p. 46 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[114]p. 46 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[115]See Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order, 1844, art. 1.
[115]See Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order, 1844, art. 1.
[116]Ibid.
[116]Ibid.
[117]Minute of Commissioners, 31st October 1842, p. 381 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[117]Minute of Commissioners, 31st October 1842, p. 381 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[118]p. 379 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[118]p. 379 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[119]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 52.
[119]4 & 5 William IV. c. 76, sec. 52.
[120]Official Circular, April and May 1848, Nos. 14 and 15, N.S., pp. 227-8.
[120]Official Circular, April and May 1848, Nos. 14 and 15, N.S., pp. 227-8.
[121]Letter, 6th September 1837, in Fourth Annual Report, 1838, p. 154.
[121]Letter, 6th September 1837, in Fourth Annual Report, 1838, p. 154.
[122]pp. 135-141 of Third Annual Report, 1837.
[122]pp. 135-141 of Third Annual Report, 1837.
[123]p. 89 of Fifth Annual Report, 1839.
[123]p. 89 of Fifth Annual Report, 1839.
[124]Instructional Circular, 12th December 1838; in Fifth Annual Report, 1839, p. 87; ditto, 7th December 1839, in Sixth Annual Report, 1840, p. 103.
[124]Instructional Circular, 12th December 1838; in Fifth Annual Report, 1839, p. 87; ditto, 7th December 1839, in Sixth Annual Report, 1840, p. 103.
[125]Letter, 2nd August 1841, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 77.
[125]Letter, 2nd August 1841, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 77.
[126]Circular, 7th December 1839; in Sixth Annual Report, 1840, p. 104.
[126]Circular, 7th December 1839; in Sixth Annual Report, 1840, p. 104.
[127]Official Circular, No. 12, 14th October 1841, p. 170; Letter, 15th February 1841, to Newcastle Board of Guardians; Letter, 12th September 1844, to Bradford Board of Guardians.
[127]Official Circular, No. 12, 14th October 1841, p. 170; Letter, 15th February 1841, to Newcastle Board of Guardians; Letter, 12th September 1844, to Bradford Board of Guardians.
[128]Official Circular, No. 12, 14th October 1841, p. 170; General Order, 5th February 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 81; Letter, 5th February 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 110.
[128]Official Circular, No. 12, 14th October 1841, p. 170; General Order, 5th February 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 81; Letter, 5th February 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 110.
[129]Letter to Bradford Board of Guardians, 3rd October 1844.
[129]Letter to Bradford Board of Guardians, 3rd October 1844.
[130]p. 19 of Eleventh Annual Report, 1845.
[130]p. 19 of Eleventh Annual Report, 1845.
[131]p. 19 of Twelfth Annual Report, 1846;Official Circular, No. 5, N.S., p. 69, 1st May 1847.
[131]p. 19 of Twelfth Annual Report, 1846;Official Circular, No. 5, N.S., p. 69, 1st May 1847.
[132]p. 11 of Thirteenth Annual Report, 1847.
[132]p. 11 of Thirteenth Annual Report, 1847.
[133]Minute of Poor Law Board on the Houseless Poor in the Metropolis, 23rd December 1863, in Sixteenth Annual Report, 1863, p. 31.
[133]Minute of Poor Law Board on the Houseless Poor in the Metropolis, 23rd December 1863, in Sixteenth Annual Report, 1863, p. 31.
[134]General Consolidated Order of 24th July 1847,seearts. 97, 99 and 104.
[134]General Consolidated Order of 24th July 1847,seearts. 97, 99 and 104.
[135]We ought to state that in one of the early Orders (intended to be temporary) the Central Authority did expressly prescribe a policy for "single women not being aged or infirm." It was evidently contemplated that they were to be dealt with quite differently from the "able-bodied male pauper," who was to be put to "parish work." The outdoor relief to be granted to them was to be at least half in kind (p. 85 of First Annual Report, 1835). No such clause appears in the General Orders subsequently issued.
[135]We ought to state that in one of the early Orders (intended to be temporary) the Central Authority did expressly prescribe a policy for "single women not being aged or infirm." It was evidently contemplated that they were to be dealt with quite differently from the "able-bodied male pauper," who was to be put to "parish work." The outdoor relief to be granted to them was to be at least half in kind (p. 85 of First Annual Report, 1835). No such clause appears in the General Orders subsequently issued.
[136]Amended Forms of Order prohibiting Outdoor Relief to the Able-bodied, 1839 and 1840, in Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839, p. 105, and Seventh Annual Report, 1841, pp. 99-100; Out Relief Prohibitory Order, 1844, art. 1.
[136]Amended Forms of Order prohibiting Outdoor Relief to the Able-bodied, 1839 and 1840, in Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839, p. 105, and Seventh Annual Report, 1841, pp. 99-100; Out Relief Prohibitory Order, 1844, art. 1.
[137]Instructional Letter, December 1839, p. 107 of Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839; ditto, August 1840, p. 102 of Seventh Annual Report, 1841.
[137]Instructional Letter, December 1839, p. 107 of Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839; ditto, August 1840, p. 102 of Seventh Annual Report, 1841.
[138]Report of House of Commons Committee on Poor Law Administration, 1837-8, p. 39.
[138]Report of House of Commons Committee on Poor Law Administration, 1837-8, p. 39.
[139]MS. Minutes, Bradfield Board of Guardians, 12th October 1835.
[139]MS. Minutes, Bradfield Board of Guardians, 12th October 1835.
[140]MS. Minutes, Bradfield Board of Guardians, 8th, 15th and 27th February 1836; Special Order to Bradfield Union, 26th February 1836.
[140]MS. Minutes, Bradfield Board of Guardians, 8th, 15th and 27th February 1836; Special Order to Bradfield Union, 26th February 1836.
[141]Ibid.4th March and 31st October 1836; February, June, July and November 1839; Poor Law Board to Bradfield Union, 17th July and 7th November 1839; Special Order to Bradfield Union, November 1839.
[141]Ibid.4th March and 31st October 1836; February, June, July and November 1839; Poor Law Board to Bradfield Union, 17th July and 7th November 1839; Special Order to Bradfield Union, November 1839.
[142]See note 1.
[142]See note 1.
[143]p. 108 of Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839.
[143]p. 108 of Report on the Further Amendment of the Poor Law, 1839.
[144]p. 102 of Seventh Annual Report, 1841.
[144]p. 102 of Seventh Annual Report, 1841.
[145]Circular, 21st September 1836, p. 48 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[145]Circular, 21st September 1836, p. 48 of Second Annual Report, 1836.
[146]Minute on Outdoor Labour Test, 31st October 1842, p. 383 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[146]Minute on Outdoor Labour Test, 31st October 1842, p. 383 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[147]Outdoor Labour Test Order, 30th April 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 175.
[147]Outdoor Labour Test Order, 30th April 1842, in Eighth Annual Report, 1842, p. 175.
[148]p. 385 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[148]p. 385 of Ninth Annual Report, 1843.
[149]Instructional Letter, 17th October 1844; in Eleventh Annual Report, 1845, p. 137.
[149]Instructional Letter, 17th October 1844; in Eleventh Annual Report, 1845, p. 137.
[150]Instructional Letter, 21st December 1844; in Eleventh Annual Report, 1845, p. 59.
[150]Instructional Letter, 21st December 1844; in Eleventh Annual Report, 1845, p. 59.
[151]Official Circular, 1st June 1845, No. 48, p. 90.
[151]Official Circular, 1st June 1845, No. 48, p. 90.
[152]Poor Law Commissioners to Plymouth Court of Guardians, 25th April 1840.
[152]Poor Law Commissioners to Plymouth Court of Guardians, 25th April 1840.
[153]Not being soldiers, sailors, or marines.
[153]Not being soldiers, sailors, or marines.
[154]Official Circular, 31st January 1844, No. 31, pp. 178-9.
[154]Official Circular, 31st January 1844, No. 31, pp. 178-9.