Appendix to Chapters IV. and V.

Lanterners, stryngers, and grynders

are set together by an old rhymer. But I have already said something about them in connection with our ‘Bowyers’ and ‘Fletchers,’ so I will pass on.

There are but few traces in our nomenclature of more delicate workmanship. Much of our jewellery came from abroad. Most of that fashioned in England was under the skilled eye of the Jew. Still ‘Robert le Goldbeter’ or ‘Henry le Goldsmith’ is not an uncommon entry at this time. The Norman equivalent was met by such a name as ‘Roger leOrfevre’ or ‘Peter le Orfeure,’ and these lingered on in a more or less full form till the seventeenth century. Their memorial, too, still survives in our ‘Offers’ and ‘Offors.’[411]Ivory was much used, too, and our ‘Turners’ here also were doubtless very busy. A pretty little casket of this material, called a ‘forcer,’ small and delicately carved, used in general for storing away jewellery and other precious gems, was decidedly popular among the richer ranks of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In an old poem, sometimes set down to Chaucer, it is said—

Fortune by strength the forcer hath unshete,Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse.

Fortune by strength the forcer hath unshete,

Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse.

Our present ‘Forcers’ and early ‘Nicholas le Forcers’ and ‘Henry le Forcers’ represent this. Our use of ivory tablets is not yet obsolete, though of late years the wondrous cheapness of paper and the issue of pocketbooks and annuals have threatened to absorb their existence. Of somewhat larger size were the ‘tables’ of this time. Chaucer, in portraying the Limitour, speaks of him as followed by an attendant, bearing—

A pair of tables all of ivory,And a pointel, ypolished fetisly,And wrote alway the names, as he stood,Of alle folk that gave them any good.

A pair of tables all of ivory,

And a pointel, ypolished fetisly,

And wrote alway the names, as he stood,

Of alle folk that gave them any good.

It is in a yet larger sense of this same word our early translators introduced the phrase ‘tables of stone,’ found in the Mosaic record—not, however, that the smaller ‘tablet’ was unknown. Apart from such aregistration as ‘Bartholomew le Tabler,’ found in the London Rolls (1320), we have mentioned as living in Cambridge in 1322 one ‘Richard le Tableter.’[412]We can readily understand how useful would be his occupation to the students, who were thus provided with a writing material capable of erasure, at a time when paper was infinitely too expensive to be simply scribbled upon.[413]The pointel, or pencil, mentioned above, seems to have required also a separate manufacture, as we find the surnames ‘Roger Poyntel’ and ‘John Poyntel’ occurring in 1315 and 1319, the latter the same date within a year as the ‘Tabler’ just referred to. These tablets, I need not say, were, whether the framework were ivory, or box, or cyprus, overlaid with smeared wax, the pointel being, as its name more literally implies, the stile with which the characters were impressed. The pointel was a common ornament and hung pendent from the neck.

Two surnames far from being uninteresting must be mentioned here. They are those of ‘Walter Orlogyr’[414]and ‘Thomas Clokmaker,’ the one being found in the ‘Guild of St. George, Norwich’ (1385), the other in the ‘Proceedings and Ordinances of thePrivy Council.’[415]It is just possible also that ‘Clerkwright,’ set down in the former record, may be but a misspelling or misreading for ‘Clockwright.’ The two first-mentioned names remind us that if not of clocks, as now understood, yet the manufacture of dials did make a transient mark upon our English nomenclature. I say transient, for I find no trace of either being handed down even to the second generation by those who took these sobriquets. The ‘horologe’ seems to have become a pretty familiar term in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, for we find Wicklyffe translating 2 Kings xx. 11, ‘Isaye the profete clepide ynwardly the Lord, and browgte agen bacward by x degrees the schadewe bi lynes, bi whiche it hadde gone down thanne in the orologie of Achaz.’ The transition from clocks to bells is not a great one, as both have to do with the marking of time. I will here therefore refer to the old bellfounder, and then pass on. The ‘Promptorium Parvulorum’ gives us ‘Bellezeter’ as the then usual term for the trade, and from the occurrence of such entries as ‘Robert le Belzetere’ or ‘William le Belzetere’ we cannot doubt but that it was so. Of course a corruption of so awkward a word was inevitable, and Stow, by informing us that ‘Billiter Lane’ was formerly nothing more nor less than ‘Belzetars Lane,’ has prevented dispute from arising regarding the origin of our ‘Billiters.’[416]If, however, further proofwere necessary, we could bring forward ‘Esmon Belleyeter’ from the Privy Council Ordinances.[417]Stripped of its uncouth orthography, we are here shown the process by which the changed pronunciation gradually came into use.

We must say a word or two about former coinage, and weights and measures, for all are more or less carefully memorialized in our directories of to-day. The two chief names, however, by which the early scale was represented, ‘le Aunserer’ and ‘le Balancer,’ are, I am sorry to say, either wholly, or all but wholly, extinct. Such entries as ‘Rauf le Balancer’[418]or ‘John Balauncer’ or ‘Thomas le Aunseremaker’ were perfectly familiar with our forefathers. The ‘balance’ was of the simplest character, a scale poised by the hand. The manufacture of such is mentioned by the author of ‘Cocke Lorelle’s Bote,’ when he includes—

Arowe-heders, maltemen, and cornemongers,Balancers, tynne-casters, and skryveners.

Arowe-heders, maltemen, and cornemongers,

Balancers, tynne-casters, and skryveners.

By its repeated occurrence in our present Authorized Version this word is sure of preservation from obsoletism. The ‘auncel’ or ‘auncer’ was strictlythe vessel in which the provisions were weighed. Piers Plowman says—

And the pound that she paied byPeised a quatron mooreThan myn owene auncer.

And the pound that she paied by

Peised a quatron moore

Than myn owene auncer.

In an appraisement of goods in 1356 mention is made, among other chattels, of ‘one balance called an auncer.’[419]Thus our somewhat rare ‘Ansers’ are not suchgeeseas they look! Our modern notion of the Mint is that of a place where with a certain amount of State secrecy our money is coined and sent forth. Nothing of this kind existed formerly: each considerable town had its own mint, and even barons and bishops, subject to royal superintendence, could issue coin. Thus it is that we meet with more or less frequency such a name as ‘Nicholas le Cuner,’ from the old ‘cune’ or ‘coin;’ or ‘John le Meneter,’ or ‘John Monemakere,’ or ‘William le Moneur,’ or ‘William le Mynsmith,’ mint-smith, that is; and thus it is our present ‘Moniers’ or ‘Moneyers’ and ‘Minters’ have arisen. Our ‘Stampers’ remind us of the chief feature of coinage, the die. The system being thus general, and subject to but an uncertain and irregular supervision, abuse of alloy crept in, and it was to remedy this, it is said, our ‘Testers’ and‘Sayers,’ corrupted from assayers, were appointed. ‘Sayer’ or ‘Sayers,’ however, I have elsewhere derived differently, and in most cases I feel confident the account there given is more approximate to the truth.

Literature and art in regard to the market are not without their relics. So far as the outside of books was concerned, our former ‘John le Bokbinders’ or ‘Dionisia le Bokebynders’ are sufficiently explicit. These, judging from their date, we must suppose to have bound together leathern documents and parchments of value, or books of manuscript. Speaking of parchment, however, we are reminded of the importance of this for testamentary and other legal purposes. Thus we find such names as ‘Stephen le Parchemyner’ or ‘William le Parchemynere’ to be common at this time. They afford but one more instance of an important and familiar name failing of descent. In the York Pageant, mentioned elsewhere, the ‘Parchemyners’[420]and ‘Bukbynders’ marched together.[421]

The old sealmaker, an important tradesman in aday when men were much better known by their crests than now, left its mark in the early ‘Seler.’ In the ‘Issues of the Exchequer’ we find a certain ‘Hugh le Seler’ commissioned to make a new seal for the See of Durham. The modern form is ‘Sealer.’ Professional writers and copiers were common. The calling of scribe has given us our many ‘Scrivens’ and ‘Scriveners,’ descendants of the numerous ‘William le Scrivayns’ and ‘John le Scrivryns’ of our mediæval rolls. Piers Plowman employs the word—

I wel noght scorne, quoth Scripture,But if scryveynes lye.

I wel noght scorne, quoth Scripture,

But if scryveynes lye.

Our ‘Writers’ are but the Saxon form of the same, while ‘le Cirograffer’ would seem to represent the Greek. A ‘William le Cirograffer’ occurs in the Hundred Rolls. As a writer of indentures he is frequently mentioned. An act passed in the first year of Edward IV. speaks of such officers as ‘clerk of our council, clerk or keeper of oure Hanaper, office of cirograffer, and keeper of oure Wills.’[422]Employed in the skilled art of text-letter we may next mention such men as ‘Godfrey le Lomynour’ or ‘Ralph Illuminator’ or ‘Thomas Liminer.’ A poem, already quoted more than once, makes reference to—

Parchemente makers, skynners, and plowers,Barbers, Boke-bynders, and lyminers.[423]

Parchemente makers, skynners, and plowers,

Barbers, Boke-bynders, and lyminers.[423]

How beautiful were the decorations and devices uponwhich they spent their care, some of the missals and other service books of this early period show.[424]This, I need scarcely add, was a favourite monastic pursuit. I do not know that ‘Limner’ still exists as a surname, unless it be in our ‘Limmers.’ That it lingered on in its more correct form till the beginning of the eighteenth century is certain, as the Tostock register serves to show, for it is there recorded that ‘John Limner of Chevington, and Eliz. Sibbes of this town, were married, August 22nd, 1700.’ (Sibbes’ ‘Works,’ vol. i. p. cxlii.)

Before closing this necessarily hurried résumé of mediæval trade, we must say a word or two about early shipping. We have mentioned certain articles, especially those of spicery and wines, which were then used, as the result of foreign merchant enterprise. Much of all this came as the growth and produce of the opposite Continent. Much again reached our shore brought hither from Eastern lands in caravan and caravel by Venetian traders. Our ‘Marchants,’ ‘Merchants,’ or ‘le Marchants,’ we doubtless owe to this more extended commerce. Apart from these, however, we are far from being without names of a more seafaring nature. It is a strange circumstance that our now one general term of ‘sailor’ had in the days we are considering but the barest existence surnominally or colloquially. In the former respect I only find it twice, the instances being those of ‘Johnle Saillur’ and ‘Nicholas le Saler,’ both to be found in the Hundred Rolls. It may be said to be a word of entirely modern growth. The expression then in familiar use was ‘Shipman,’[425]and ‘Shipman’ is the surname best represented in our nomenclature. It is by this name one of Chaucer’s company at the Tabard is pictured forth—

A Shipman ther was woned far by West,He knew wel alle the havens as they were,Fro’ Gotland to the Cape de Finisterre,And every creke, in Bretagne, and in Spaine;His barge ycliped was the ‘Magdelaine.’

A Shipman ther was woned far by West,

He knew wel alle the havens as they were,

Fro’ Gotland to the Cape de Finisterre,

And every creke, in Bretagne, and in Spaine;

His barge ycliped was the ‘Magdelaine.’

This, intended doubtless to set forth the wide extent of his adventure, would seem cramped enough for the seafarer of the nineteenth century. The word itself lingered on for some length of time, being found both in our Homilies and in the Authorized Version, but seems to have declined towards the end of the seventeenth century. ‘Henry le Mariner’s’ name still lives among us, sometimes being found in the abbreviated form of ‘Marner,’ and ‘Shipper’ or ‘Skipper’ is not as yet obsolete. The strictly speaking feminine ‘Shipster’ comes in the quaint old poem of ‘Cocke Lorelle’s Bote,’ where mention is made among others of—

Gogle-eyed Tomson, shipster of Lyn.

‘Cogger,’ found in such an entry as ‘Hamond le Cogger’ or ‘Henry le Cogger,’ carries us back to theold ‘cogge’ or fishing smack, a term very familiar on the east coast, and one not yet altogether obsolete. It seems to have been often used to carry the soldiery across the Channel to France and the Low Country border, or even further.[426]Ourcockswainwas, I doubt not, he who attended to the tiller of the boat. We still speak also of acock-boat, written in the ‘Promptorium Parvulorum’ as ‘cog bote,’ and doubtless it was originally some smaller craft that waited upon and attended the other. Thus it is highly probable that ‘le Cockere’ may in some instances have been but equivalent to ‘le Cogger.’[427]‘Richard le Botsweyn,’ ‘Edward Botswine,’ ‘Peter Boatman,’ ‘Jacob Boatman,’ or the more local ‘Gerard de la Barge,’ are all still familiar enough in an occupative sense, but surnominally have been long extinct, with the exception of the last.[428]

Coming to port, whether it were York, or Kingston, or Chester, or London, we find ‘Adam leWaterman,’ or ‘Richard Waterbearer,’ or ‘William le Water-leder’ busy enough by the waterside.[429]The latter term, however, was far the commonest in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. I have already mentioned the sense of ‘lead’ at this time, that of carrying. Piers Plowman, to quote but one more instance, says in one place—

With Lumbardes lettersI ladde gold to Rome,And took it by tale there.

With Lumbardes letters

I ladde gold to Rome,

And took it by tale there.

In the York Pageant of 1415 we find two separate detachments of these water-leaders in procession, one in conjunction with the bakers, the other with the cooks. It would be doubtless these two classes of shopkeepers their duties of carrying stores, especially flour, to and from the different vessels would bring them in contact with most. Our ‘Leaders,’ ‘Leeders,’ ‘Leders,’ and ‘Loders’ are either the more general carrier or an abbreviated form of the above.[430]‘Gager,’ though rarely met with now, is a descendant of‘William le Gageour,’ or ‘Alexander le Gauger,’ or ‘Henry le Gaugeour,’ of many a mediæval record. His office was to attend to the King’s revenue at our seaports, and though not strictly so confined, yet his duties were all but entirely concerned in the measurement of liquids, such as oil, wine, honey.[431]The tun, the pipe, the tierce, the puncheon, casks and barrels of a specified size—these came under his immediate supervision, and the royal fee was accordingly. Such a name as ‘Josceus le Peisur,’ now found as ‘Poyser’ or ‘Henry le Waiur,’ that is, ‘Weigher,’[432]met with now also in the form of ‘Weightman,’ represented the passage of more solid merchandise. The old form of ‘poise’ was ‘peise.’ Piers Plowman makes Covetousness to confess—

I lerned among LumbardesAnd Jewes a lesson,To weye pens with a peis,And pare the heaviest.

I lerned among Lumbardes

And Jewes a lesson,

To weye pens with a peis,

And pare the heaviest.

Richard in ‘Richard the III.’ finely says—

I’ll strive, with troubled thoughts, to take a nap,Lest leaden slumber peise me down to-morrow.(Act v. scene 3.)

I’ll strive, with troubled thoughts, to take a nap,

Lest leaden slumber peise me down to-morrow.

(Act v. scene 3.)

With the above, therefore, we must associate our ‘Tollers,’ once registered as ‘Bartholomew le Tollere’ or ‘Ralph le Toller,’ together with our ‘Tolemans’ and ‘Tolmans,’ they who took the King’s levy at fair and market—by the roadside and the wharf.[433]Piers Plowman, in a list of other decent folk, includes—

Taillours and tynkers,And tollers in markettes,Masons and mynours,And many other crafts.

Taillours and tynkers,

And tollers in markettes,

Masons and mynours,

And many other crafts.

Cocke Lorelle is not so complimentary. He says—

Then come two false towlers in nexte,He set them by pykers (thieves) of the beste.[434]

Then come two false towlers in nexte,

He set them by pykers (thieves) of the beste.[434]

In concluding this chapter, and our survey of trade generally, it will be necessary to the completion thereof that we should say a word or two about the money trading of four hundred years ago or more. Banks, bank-notes, bills of exchange, drafts to order—all these are as familiar to the tongues of the nineteenth century as if the great car of commerce had ever gone along on such greased and comfortablewheels. But I need not say it is not so. Very little money in the present day is practically coin. Our banks have it all. It was different with our ancestors. As a rule it was stored up in some secret cupboard or chest. Hence it is, as I have shown, the trade of ‘le Coffer’ and the office of ‘le Cofferer’ are so much thrust before our notice in surveying mediæval records. Still, trading in money was largely carried on, so far, at any rate, as loans were concerned. The Jew, true to his national precedents, was then, I need not say, the pawnbroker of Europe, and as his disciple, the Lumbard soon bid fair to outstrip his master. Under the Plantagenet dynasty both found a prosperous field for their peculiar business in England, and, as I have elsewhere said, Lombard Street[435]to this day is a memorial of the settlement of the latter. In such uncertain and changeful times as these, kings, and in their train courtiers and nobles, soon learnt the art, not difficult in initiation, of pawning jewels and lands for coin. The Malvern Dreamer speaks familiarly of this—

I have lent lordesAnd ladies my chaffare,And been their brocour after,And bought it myselve;Eschaunges and chevysauncesWith such cheffare I dele.

I have lent lordes

And ladies my chaffare,

And been their brocour after,

And bought it myselve;

Eschaunges and chevysaunces

With such cheffare I dele.

This species of commerce is early marked by such names as ‘Henry le Chaunger’ or ‘Adam le Chevestier,’[436]while still better-known terms are brought to our notice by entries like ‘John le Banckere,’ ‘Roger le Bencher,’ ‘Thomas le Brokur,’ or ‘Simon le Brokour.’ Holinshed, in the form of ‘brogger,’ has the latter to denote one who negotiated for coin. As ‘Broggers,’ too, we met them in the York Pageant. There, probably, they would transact much of the business carried on between ourselves and the Dutch in the shipping off of fleeces, or the introduction of the cloth again from the Flemish manufacturers.[437]The pawnbroker of modern days, dealing in petty articles of ware, was evidently an unknown personage at the date we are considering. The first distinctive notice of him I can light upon is in the ‘Statutes of the Realm’ of the Stuart period. It will be there found that (chapter xxi.) James I., speaking of the change from the old broker into the more modern pawnbroker, refers to the former as one who went ‘betweene Merchant Englishe and Merchant Strangers, and Tradesmen in the contrivinge, makinge and concluding Bargaines and Contractes to be made betweene them concerning their wares and merchandises,’ and then adds that he ‘never of any ancient tyme used to buy and sell garments, household stuffe, or to take pawnesand bills of sale of garments and apparele, and all things that come to hand for money, laide out and lent upon usury, or to keepe open shoppes, and to make open shewes, and open trade, as now of late yeeres hathe and is used by a number of citizens, etc.’

It will perchance help to familiarize the reader with the manner in which the occupative names contained in the two preceding chapters arose, if I transcribe several lists of tradesmen which have come across my notice while engaged in the work of collecting surnames for my index. The first is found in most of the Yorkshire County Histories, and is a record of the order of the Pageant for the City of York in 1415. The second is the order of the Procession of the Craftsmen and Companies of Norwich from the Common Hall in 1533. This list will be found in Blomefield’s ‘Norfolk,’ vol. ii. p. 148. The third is the order of the Chester Play, inaugurated 1339, and discontinued 1574. This list will be found in Ormerod’s ‘Cheshire,’ vol. i. p. 300. These records possess an intrinsic value, apart from other matters, as proving to the reader the leading position which these several cities held as centres of industry in the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. The last list I would furnish is that met with in the quaint poem entitled ‘Cocke Lorelle’s Bote,’ published aboutthe beginning of the reign of Henry VIII., and purporting to give a list of the tradesmen and manufacturers of the metropolis at that time. I have quoted merely the portion that concerns my purpose, and it is taken from the edition published by the Percy Society. Though not perfect, that edition is undoubtedly the best.

The Order for the Pageants of the Play ofCorpus Christi,in the time of the Mayoralty ofWilliam Alne,in the third Year of the Reign of KingHenry V. Anno 1415,compiled byRoger Burton,Town Clerk.

Tanners.Plasterers.Carde-makers.Fullers.Coupers.Armourers.Gaunters.Shipwrights.Fyshmongers.Pessyners.Mariners.Pchemyners.Bukbynders.Hosyers.Spicers.Peuterers.Founders.Tylers.Chaundelers.Goldsmithes.Orfeures.Gold-beters.Mone-makers.Masons.Marashals.Girdellers.Naylers.Sawters.Sporiers.Lorymers.Barbers.Vyntners.Smythes.Fevers.Pennagers.Plummers.Patten-makers.Pouch-makers.Botillers.Cap-makers.Vestment-makers.Skynners.Cuttellers.Blade-smythes.Shethers.Scalers.Buckle-mekers.Horners.Bakers.Waterleders.Cordwaners.Bowers.Fletchers.Tapisers.Couchers.Littesters.Cukes.Waterleders.Sauce-makers.Milners.Tiel-makers.Ropers.Cevers.Turners.Hayresters.Bollers.Sherman.Pynners.Lateners.Payntors.Bouchers.Pulterers.Satellers.Sellers.Glasiers.Carpenters.Joyners.Cartwrights.Carvers.Sawyers.Wyndrawers.Broggers.Wool-pakkers.Wadmen.Escriveners.Lumners.Questors.Dubbors.Taillyoures.Potters.Drapers.Lynwevers.Wevers of Wolle.Hostilers.Mercers.Porters, 8 torches.Coblers, 4 torches.Cordwaners, 14 torches.Carpenters, 6 torches.Chaloners, 4 torches.Fullers, 4 torches.Cottellers, 2 torches.Wevers, torches.Girdellers, torches.Taillyoures, torches.

Tanners.

Plasterers.

Carde-makers.

Fullers.

Coupers.

Armourers.

Gaunters.

Shipwrights.

Fyshmongers.

Pessyners.

Mariners.

Pchemyners.

Bukbynders.

Hosyers.

Spicers.

Peuterers.

Founders.

Tylers.

Chaundelers.

Goldsmithes.

Orfeures.

Gold-beters.

Mone-makers.

Masons.

Marashals.

Girdellers.

Naylers.

Sawters.

Sporiers.

Lorymers.

Barbers.

Vyntners.

Smythes.

Fevers.

Pennagers.

Plummers.

Patten-makers.

Pouch-makers.

Botillers.

Cap-makers.

Vestment-makers.

Skynners.

Cuttellers.

Blade-smythes.

Shethers.

Scalers.

Buckle-mekers.

Horners.

Bakers.

Waterleders.

Cordwaners.

Bowers.

Fletchers.

Tapisers.

Couchers.

Littesters.

Cukes.

Waterleders.

Sauce-makers.

Milners.

Tiel-makers.

Ropers.

Cevers.

Turners.

Hayresters.

Bollers.

Sherman.

Pynners.

Lateners.

Payntors.

Bouchers.

Pulterers.

Satellers.

Sellers.

Glasiers.

Carpenters.

Joyners.

Cartwrights.

Carvers.

Sawyers.

Wyndrawers.

Broggers.

Wool-pakkers.

Wadmen.

Escriveners.

Lumners.

Questors.

Dubbors.

Taillyoures.

Potters.

Drapers.

Lynwevers.

Wevers of Wolle.

Hostilers.

Mercers.

Porters, 8 torches.

Coblers, 4 torches.

Cordwaners, 14 torches.

Carpenters, 6 torches.

Chaloners, 4 torches.

Fullers, 4 torches.

Cottellers, 2 torches.

Wevers, torches.

Girdellers, torches.

Taillyoures, torches.

It is ordained that thePortersandCoblersshould go first; then, of the Right, theWeversandCordwaners; on the Left, theFullors,Cutlers,Girdellers,Chaloners,Carpenters, andTaillyoures; then the better sort of Citizens; and after the Twenty-four, the Twelve, the Mayor, and four Torches of Mr.Thomas Buckton.

II.

The Order of the Procession of the Occupations, Crafts, or Companies (Norwich) to be made on Corpus Christi Day, from the Common Hall.(1533A.D.)

1. The Company of Masons, Tilers, Limeburners, and Smiths.

2. The Carpenters, Gravours, Joiners, Sawers, Seivemakers, Wheelwrights, Fletchers, Bowers, and Turners.

3. The Reders, Thaxters, Rede-sellers, Cleymen, and Carriers.

4. The Butchers, Glovers, and Parchment-makers.

5. The Tanners.

6. The Cordwaners, Coblers, Curriers, and Collarmakers.

7. The Shermen, Fullers, Woolen and Linnen Weavers, and Wool-chapmen.

8. The Coverlet-weavers, Darnick-weavers, and Girdlers.

9. The Combers, Tinmen.

10. The Vintners, Bakers, Brewers, Inn-keepers, Tiplers, Coopers, and Cooks.

11. The Fishmongers, Freshwater-fishers, and Keelmen.

12. The Waxchandlers, Barbers, and Surgeons.

13. The Cappers, Hatters, Bagmakers, Paintmakers, Wier-drawers and Armourers.

14. The Pewterers, Brasiers, Plombers, Bellfounders, Glaziers, Steynors.

15. The Tailors, Broiderers, Hosiers, and Skinners.

16. The Goldsmiths, Diers, Calanderers, and Sadlers.

17. The Worsted-weavers and Irlonderes.

18. The Grocers and Raffmen.

19. The Mercers, Drapers, Scriveners, and Hardwaremen.

20. The Parish Clerks and Sextons, with their bannerwayts, and minstrals.

Blomefield’s ‘Norfolk,’ vol. ii. p. 148.

III.

The Chester Play was inaugurated 1339. The following trades, guilds, and companies took part in it:—

First List.

1. The Barkers and Tanners.

2. Drapers and Hosiers.

3. Drawers of Dee and Water Leaders.

4. Barbers, Waxchandlers, Leeches.

5. Cappers, Wyerdrawers, Pynners.

6. Wrightes, Slaters, Tylers, Daubers, Thatchers.

7. Paynters, Brotherers (i.e. embroiderers), Glasiers.

8. Vintners and Marchants.

9. Mercers, Spicers.

Second List.

1. Gouldsmithes, Masons.

2. Smiths, Forbers, Pewterers.

3. Butchers.

4. Glovers, Parchment-makers.

5. Corvesters and Shoemakers.

6. Bakers, Mylners.

7. Boyeres, Flechers, Stringeres, Cowpers, Turners.

8. Irnemongers, Ropers.

9. Cookes, Tapsters, Hostlers, Inkeapers.

Third List.

1. Skinners, Cardemakers, Hatters, Poynters, Girdlers.

2. Sadlers, Fusters.

3. Taylors.

4. Fishmongers.

5. Sheremen.

6. Hewsters and Bellfounders.

7. Weavers and Walkers.

The last procession occurred in 1574.

Ormerod’s ‘Cheshire,’ vol. i. p. 300.

IV.Extract from ‘Cocke Lorelle’s Bote.’

IV.

Extract from ‘Cocke Lorelle’s Bote.’

The fyrst was goldesmythes and grote clyppers:Multyplyers and clothe thyckers:Called fullers everychone:There is taylers, taverners, and drapers:Potycaryes, ale-brewers, and bakers:Mercers, fletchers, and sporyers:Boke-prynters, peynters, bowers:Myllers, carters, and botylemakers:Waxechaundelers, clothers, and grocers:Wollemen, vynteners, and flesshemongers:Salters, jowelers, and habardashers:Drovers, cokes, and pulters:Yermongers, pybakers, and waferers:Fruyters, chesemongers, and mynstrelles:Talowe chaundelers, hostelers, and glovers:Owchers, skynners, and cutlers:Bladesmythes, fosters, and sadelers:Coryers, cordwayners, and cobelers:Gyrdelers, forborers, and webbers:Quyltemakers, shermen, and armorers:Borlers, tapestry-worke-makers, and dyers:Brouderers, strayners, and carpyte-makers:Sponers, torners, and hatters:Lyne-webbers, setters, with lyne-drapers:Roke-makers, copersmythes, and lorymers:Brydel-bytters, blackesmythes, and ferrars:Bokell-smythes, horseleches, and goldbeters:Fyners, plommers, and peuters:Bedmakers, fedbedmakers, and wyre-drawers:Founders, laten workers, and broche-makers:Pavyers, bell-makers, and brasyers:Pynners, nedelers, and glasyers:Bokeler-makers, dyers, and lether-sellers:Whyte-tanners, galyors, and shethers:Masones, male-makers, and merbelers:Tylers, bryck-leyers, harde-hewers:Parys-plasterers, daubers, and lymeborners:Carpenters, coupers, and joyners:Pype-makers, wode-mongers, and orgyn-makers:Coferers, carde-makers, and carvers:Shyppe-wrightes, whele-wrights, and sowers:Harpe-makers, leches, and upholsters:Porters, fesycyens, and corsers:Parchemente-makers, skynners, and plowers:Barbers, bokebynders, and lymners:Repers, faners, and horners:Pouche-makers, below-farmes, cagesellers:Lanterners, stryngers, grynders:Arowe-heders, maltemen, and corne-mongers:Balancers, tynne-casters, and skryveners:Stacyoners, vestyment-swoers, and ymagers:Sylke-women, pursers, and garnysshers:Table-makers, sylkedyers, and shepsters:Goldesheares, keverchef, launds, and rebone makers:Tankarde-berers, bougemen, and spereplaners:Spynsters, carders, and cappeknytters:Sargeauntes, katche-pollys, and somners:Carryers, carters, and horsekepers:Courte-holders, bayles, and honters:Constables, hede-borowes, and katers:Butlers, sterchers, and mustarde-makers:Hardewaremen, mole-sekers, and ratte-takers:Bewardes, brycke-borners, and canel-rakers:Potters, brome-sellers, pedelers:Shepherds, coweherdes, and swyne-kepers:Broche-makers, glas-blowers, candelstycke-casts:Hedgers, dykers, and mowers:Gonners, maryners, and shypmasters:Chymney-swepers and costerde-mongers:Lodemen and bere-brewers:Fysshers of the sea and muskel-takers.

The fyrst was goldesmythes and grote clyppers:

Multyplyers and clothe thyckers:

Called fullers everychone:

There is taylers, taverners, and drapers:

Potycaryes, ale-brewers, and bakers:

Mercers, fletchers, and sporyers:

Boke-prynters, peynters, bowers:

Myllers, carters, and botylemakers:

Waxechaundelers, clothers, and grocers:

Wollemen, vynteners, and flesshemongers:

Salters, jowelers, and habardashers:

Drovers, cokes, and pulters:

Yermongers, pybakers, and waferers:

Fruyters, chesemongers, and mynstrelles:

Talowe chaundelers, hostelers, and glovers:

Owchers, skynners, and cutlers:

Bladesmythes, fosters, and sadelers:

Coryers, cordwayners, and cobelers:

Gyrdelers, forborers, and webbers:

Quyltemakers, shermen, and armorers:

Borlers, tapestry-worke-makers, and dyers:

Brouderers, strayners, and carpyte-makers:

Sponers, torners, and hatters:

Lyne-webbers, setters, with lyne-drapers:

Roke-makers, copersmythes, and lorymers:

Brydel-bytters, blackesmythes, and ferrars:

Bokell-smythes, horseleches, and goldbeters:

Fyners, plommers, and peuters:

Bedmakers, fedbedmakers, and wyre-drawers:

Founders, laten workers, and broche-makers:

Pavyers, bell-makers, and brasyers:

Pynners, nedelers, and glasyers:

Bokeler-makers, dyers, and lether-sellers:

Whyte-tanners, galyors, and shethers:

Masones, male-makers, and merbelers:

Tylers, bryck-leyers, harde-hewers:

Parys-plasterers, daubers, and lymeborners:

Carpenters, coupers, and joyners:

Pype-makers, wode-mongers, and orgyn-makers:

Coferers, carde-makers, and carvers:

Shyppe-wrightes, whele-wrights, and sowers:

Harpe-makers, leches, and upholsters:

Porters, fesycyens, and corsers:

Parchemente-makers, skynners, and plowers:

Barbers, bokebynders, and lymners:

Repers, faners, and horners:

Pouche-makers, below-farmes, cagesellers:

Lanterners, stryngers, grynders:

Arowe-heders, maltemen, and corne-mongers:

Balancers, tynne-casters, and skryveners:

Stacyoners, vestyment-swoers, and ymagers:

Sylke-women, pursers, and garnysshers:

Table-makers, sylkedyers, and shepsters:

Goldesheares, keverchef, launds, and rebone makers:

Tankarde-berers, bougemen, and spereplaners:

Spynsters, carders, and cappeknytters:

Sargeauntes, katche-pollys, and somners:

Carryers, carters, and horsekepers:

Courte-holders, bayles, and honters:

Constables, hede-borowes, and katers:

Butlers, sterchers, and mustarde-makers:

Hardewaremen, mole-sekers, and ratte-takers:

Bewardes, brycke-borners, and canel-rakers:

Potters, brome-sellers, pedelers:

Shepherds, coweherdes, and swyne-kepers:

Broche-makers, glas-blowers, candelstycke-casts:

Hedgers, dykers, and mowers:

Gonners, maryners, and shypmasters:

Chymney-swepers and costerde-mongers:

Lodemen and bere-brewers:

Fysshers of the sea and muskel-takers.

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