312."That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow well: so that he be such a one that hath some entrance into the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen in the country where they go: what acquaintances they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little" (Essays: Of Travel).
313.Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1651-2, No, 51. It will be seen from the above letter that fear of a change in their son's religion was still a very real one in the minds of parents. See alsoA Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family, Now in his Travels beyond the Seas. By aTrue Son of the Church of England, London, 1688. The writer hopes that above all things the young man may return "A well-bred Gentleman, a good Scholar, and a sound Christian."
314."Newly printed at Paris, and are to be sold in London, by John Starkey, 1670." Lassels, a Roman Catholic, passed most of his life abroad. He left Oxford for the College of Douay. SeeD.N.B.
315.The Voyage of Italy, Preface to the Reader.
316.Op. cit., Preface to the Reader.
317.Thomas Carte,Life of James, Duke of Omond, vol. iv. p. 632. "He passed several months in a very cheap country, and yet the bills of expenses sent over by the governor were higher than those which used to be drawn by Colonel Fairfax on account of the Earl of Derby, when he was travelling from place to place, and appeared in all with so much dignity."
318.Anthony Weldon,Court and Character of King James, London, 1650, p. 92.
319.Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 226.
320.Ben Jonson,Conversations with Drummond, ed. Sidney, 1906, pp. 34-5.
321.Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iv. pp. 487-90.
322.Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p, 285.
323.Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iv. p. 667.
324.Advice to a Son, p. 72.
325.A. Collins,Letters and Memorials of State, vol. i. p. 271. (Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert Sidney, after Earl of Leicester.)
326.Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. pp. viii.-xi.
327.Sir Henry Wotton; Life and Letters, ed. Pearsall Smith, vol. i. p. 233 (note 1).
328.Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, pp. viii., xi.
329.Itinerary, vol. iii. p. 374.
330.A Method for Travell, fol. G.
331.Instructions for Forreine Travel, p. 51.
332.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. p. 24.
333.The Voyage of Italy; Preface to the Reader, fol. B 4.
334.The State of France, 1652. Folio B.
335.Robert Boyle,Works, 1744, vol. i. p. 7.
336.Lismore Papers, 1st Series, vol. v. pp. 78, 80.
337.Ibid., 112.
338.It was a common custom at this time to marry one's sons, if a favourable match could be made, before they went abroad.
339.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 95.
340.On Nov. 23rd, 1610, Carleton, the Ambassador at Venice, wrote to Salisbury that his son was ill at Padua. "He finds relish in nothing on this side the mountains, nor much in anything on this side the sea; his affections being so strangely set on his return homeward, that any opposition is a disease." Cranborne's tutor, Dr Lister, wrote to Carleton in December: "Sir, we must for England, there is no resisting of it. If we stay the fruit will not be great, the discontent infinite. My Lord is going to dinner, this being the first meal he eateth." (State Papers, 1610. Cited inLife and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, ed. Pearsall-Smith, vol. i. p. 501.)
341.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 98.
342.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 234.
343.Ibid., p. 171.
344.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.
345.Ibid., p. 103.
346.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.
347.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 99.
348.In March 1640. This fact, and his appearance in theLismore Papers, are not mentioned in theDictionary of National Biography.
349.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 113.
350.Ibid., p. 235.
351.Ibid., p. 234.
352.Ibid., pp. 232-3.
353.She became one of the mistresses of Charles II. With her daughter, Charlotte Boyle, otherwise Fitzroy, she is buried in Westminster Abbey. (Cockayne's Peerage, under Viscount Shannon.)
354.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 19-24.
355.Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 72, 97, 121.
356.Three Diatribes or Discourses, London, 1671.
357.The Compleat Gentleman, London, 1678.
358.The Compleat Gentleman, p. 3.
359.Albert Babeau,Les Voyageurs en France, Paris, 1885, p. 175.
360.M. Adrien Delahaute,Une Famille de Finance an XVIII. Siècle, vol. i. p. 434.
361.George Sandys,A Relation of a Journey begun in An. Dom. 1610, London, 1615.
362.John Evelyn,Diary and Correspondence, ed. Bray, London, 1906, vol. i. p. 77.
363.Ibid., p. 78.
364.Balthazar Gerbier,Subsidium Peregrinantibus, Oxford, 1665.
365.Letter to his Son, Feb. 22, 1748.
366.Ibid., Oct. 2, O.S., 1747.
367.Letter to his Son, Oct. 9, O.S., 1747.
368.Lausanne was where Edward Gibbon received the education he considered far superior to what could be had from Oxford. When he returned to England, after four years, he missed the "elegant and rational society" of Lausanne, and could not love London--"the noisy and expensive scene of crowds without company, and dissipation without pleasure."
369.Letter to his Son, April 12, O.S., 1749.
370.Ibid., Sept. 22, O.S., 1749.
371.Ibid., Sept. 5, O.S., 1749.
372.Letter to his Son, Nov. 8, O.S., 1750.
373.Letter to his Son, May 10, O.S., 1748.
374.Letter to his Son, April 30, O.S., 1750.
375.Letters from Paris, Sept. 22, 26; Oct. 3, 6, 1765.
376.A Character of England, As it was lately presented in a Letter to a Noble Man of France, London, 1659.
377.See Voltaire,Lettres Philosophiques, tome ii. p. 272, ed. Gustave Lanson, Paris, 1909.
378.
"The merest John Trot in a week you shall seeBien poli, bien frizé, tout à fait un Marquis."(Samuel Foote,Dramatic Works, vol. i. p. 47.)
The Hon. James Howard,The English Mounsieur, London, 1674; Sir George Etherege,Sir Fopling Flutter, Love in a Tub, Act III. Sc. iv.
The Abbe le Blanc on visiting England was very indignant at the representation of his countrymen on the London stage: he describes how, "Two actors came in, one dressed in the English manner very decently, and the other with black eye-brows, a riband an ell long under his chin, a big peruke immoderately powdered, and his nose all bedaubed with snuff. What Englishman could not know a Frenchman by this ridiculous picture?... But when it was found that the man thus equipped, being also laced down every seam of his coat, was nothing but a cook, the spectators were equally charmed and surprised. The author had taken care to make him speak all the impertinences he could devise.... There was a long criticism upon our manners, our customs and above all, our cookery. The excellence and virtues of English beef were cried up; the author maintained that it was owing to the quality of its juice that the English were so courageous, and had such a solidity of understanding which raised them above all the nations of Europe" (E. Smith,Foreign Visitors In England, London, 1889, pp. 193-4).
379.Samuel Foote,Dramatic Works, vol. i. p. 7.
380.Ibid.
381.
"Let Paris be the theme of Gallia's MuseWhere Slav'ry treads the Streets in wooden shoes."(Gay,Trivia.)
382.Joseph Addison,A Letter from Italy, London, 1709.
383.Samuel Johnson,London: A Poem.
384.Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield,Letters to his Son, London, 1774; vol. ii. p. 123; vol. iii. p. 308.
385.Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon,A Dialogue concerning Education, inA Collection of Several Tracts, London, 1727.
386.Ibid.,Dialogue of The Want of Respect Due to Age, pp. 295-6.
387.John Locke,Some Thoughts concerning Education, London, 1699, pp. 356-7, 375-7.
388.John Locke,Some Thoughts concerning Education, London, 1699, pp. 356-7, 375-7.
389.Ibid.
390.As Cowper says inThe Progress of Error:
"From school to Cam or Isis, and thence home:And thence with all convenient speed to Rome.With reverend tutor clad in habit lay,To tease for cash and quarrel with all day:With memorandum-book for every town,And every post, and where the chaise broke down."
Foote's play,An Englishman in Paris, represents in the character of the pedantic prig named Classick, the sort of university tutor who was sometimes substituted for the parson, as an appropriate guardian.
391.The Bear-Leaders, London, 1758.
392.Lady Mary Wortley Montagu met many of these pairs at Rome, where she writes that, by herding together and throwing away their money on worthless objects, they had acquired the title of Golden Asses, and that Goldoni adorned his dramas with "gli milordi Inglesi" in the same manner as Molière represented his Parisian marquises (Letters, ed. Wharncliffe, London, 1893, vol. ii. p. 327).
393.William Congreve,The Way of the World, Act III. Sc. xv.
394.Philip Thicknesse,Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French Nation, London, 1766, p. 3.
395.Thomas Gray the poet.
396.Horace Walpole,Letters, ed. Cunningham, London, 1891, vol. i. p. 24.
397.Thomas Gray,Letters, ed. Tovey, Cambridge University Press, 1890, pp. 38, 44, 68.
398.James Howell,Instructions for Forraine Travell, p. 25 (Arber Reprint).
399.Ibid., Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ,ed. Jacobs, 1892, vol. i. p. 95.
The Renaissance traveller had little commendation for a land that was not fruitful, rich with grains and orchards. A landscape that suggested food was to him the fairest landscape under heaven. Far from being an admirer of mountains, he was of the opinion of Dr Johnson that "an eye accustomed to flowery pastures and waving harvests is astonished and repelled by this wide extent of hopeless sterility" and that "this uniformity of barrenness can afford very little amusement to the traveller" (Works, ed. 1787, vol. x. p. 359).
400.Itinerarii Italiæ Rerumq. Romanorum libri tresa Franc. Schotto I.C. ex antiquis novisque Scriptoribus iis editi qui Romam anno Iubileii sacro visunt. Ad Robertum Bellarminum S.R.E. Card. Ampliss. Antverpiæ. Ex officina Plantiniana apud Joannem Moretum. Anno sæcularii sacro, 1600.
Thomas Cecil in Paris in 1562 studied the richly illustratedCosmographia Universalisof Sebastien Munster (pub. Basel 1550) which gave descriptions of "Omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, res gestæ, mutationes."
Sir Thomas Browne recommends to his son in France in 1661Les Antiquities de Paris"which will direct you in many things, what to look after, that little time you stay there" (Works, ed. Wilkin, 1846, vol. i. p. 16).
401.Such as: (a)La Guide des Chemins: pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrees du Royaume de France. Avec les noms des Fleuves et Rivieres qui courent parmy lesdicts pays. A. Paris (n.d.) (1552?).
(b)Deliciæ Galliæ, sive Itinerarium per universam Galliam. Coloniæ, 1608.
(c)Iodoci Sinceri Itinerarium Galliæ, Ita accomodatum, ut eius ductu mediocri tempore tota Gallia obiri, Anglia et Belgium adire possuit: nec bis terve ad eadum loca rediri oporteat: De Burdigala, Lugduni, 1616.
(d)Le Voyage de FranceDresse pour l'instruction et commodite tant des Francais que des Estrangers. Paris, chez Olivier de Varennes, 1639.
402.Maximilian Misson,A New Voyage to Italy; Together withUseful Instructionsfor those who shall Travel thither, 2 vols., London, 1695.
403.Count Leopold Berchtold,An Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of Patriotic Travellers, London, 1789.
404.Mission,op. cit., vol. ii. p. 335.
405.See Hearne's Collections, vol. viii., being vol. I. of publications ofThe Oxford Historical Society, pp. 118, 133, 201, for the account of an assault by six highwaymen upon two gentlemen with their servants on the way from Calais, in September 1723. Defoe wrote a tract on the subject, and it was treated in Boyer'sPolitical State, and in other periodicals of the time.
406.Letters from Italy, to which is annexed,An Admonition to Gentlemen who pass the Alps, London, 1767, pp. 44, 65, 172, 306.
407.Henry Fielding,The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon.
408.Tobias Smollett,Works, ed. 1887, p. 709.
409.Roger Ascham,Works, ed. Giles, London, 1865, vol. i. part ii. p. 253.
410.All the Works of John Taylor the Water Poet, being sixty-three in number, collected into one volume by the Author, London, 1630. See p. 76,Three Weekes, three Dayes, and three Houres Observations from London to Hamburgh in Germanie... dedicated to Sr. Thomas Coriat, Great Brittaines Error, and the World's Mirror, Aug. 17, 1616.
411.Coryal's Crudities, Glasgow, 1905, vol. i. pp. 216, 226, 255; vol. ii. pp. 57, 176.
412.Hermannus Kirchnerus inCoryat's Crudities, vol. ii. p. 74.