306. “Parte de la dificultad de este idioma consiste en la syncopa, pues el no syncopar los principiantes artistas, es causa de que sus periodos y oraciones sean tan rispidos, y faltos de harmonia, por cuyo motivo los nativos los murmuran, y tienen (como vulgarmente decimos), por quartreros.”Reglas de Orthographia, etc., p. 146.
306. “Parte de la dificultad de este idioma consiste en la syncopa, pues el no syncopar los principiantes artistas, es causa de que sus periodos y oraciones sean tan rispidos, y faltos de harmonia, por cuyo motivo los nativos los murmuran, y tienen (como vulgarmente decimos), por quartreros.”Reglas de Orthographia, etc., p. 146.
307. “L’Othomi nous a tout l’air d’une langue primitivement incorporante, et qui, parvenu au dernier degré d’usure et délabrement, a fini par prendre les allures d’un dialecte à juxtaposition.”Melanges de Philologie et de Paléographie Américaine.Par le Comte de Charencey, p. 80 (Paris, 1883).
307. “L’Othomi nous a tout l’air d’une langue primitivement incorporante, et qui, parvenu au dernier degré d’usure et délabrement, a fini par prendre les allures d’un dialecte à juxtaposition.”Melanges de Philologie et de Paléographie Américaine.Par le Comte de Charencey, p. 80 (Paris, 1883).
308. Neve,Reglasetc., pp. 159, 160.
308. Neve,Reglasetc., pp. 159, 160.
309. Pimentel,Cuadro Descriptivo, Tom. iii, p. 424.
309. Pimentel,Cuadro Descriptivo, Tom. iii, p. 424.
310. Pimentel,Cuadro Descriptivo, Tomo iii, p. 462.
310. Pimentel,Cuadro Descriptivo, Tomo iii, p. 462.
311. Wm. M. Gabb,On the Indian Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica, in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for 1875, p. 532.
311. Wm. M. Gabb,On the Indian Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica, in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for 1875, p. 532.
312. “Dessen einfacher Bau die über die Amerikanischen Sprachen im Allgemeinen verbreiteten Theorien zu widerlegen im Stande ist.”Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, ii Band, s. 318 (Wien, 1882).
312. “Dessen einfacher Bau die über die Amerikanischen Sprachen im Allgemeinen verbreiteten Theorien zu widerlegen im Stande ist.”Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, ii Band, s. 318 (Wien, 1882).
313.Le Taensa a-t-il été forgé de toutes Piéces?Réponse à M. Daniel G. Brinton, Par Lucien Adam, p. 19 (Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie, 1885).
313.Le Taensa a-t-il été forgé de toutes Piéces?Réponse à M. Daniel G. Brinton, Par Lucien Adam, p. 19 (Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie, 1885).
314.Apuntes Lexicograficos de las Lenguas y Dialectos de los Indios de Costa-Rica.Por Bernardo Augusto Thiel, Obispo de Costa-Rica, (San José de Costa-Rica, 1882. Imprenta Nacional).
314.Apuntes Lexicograficos de las Lenguas y Dialectos de los Indios de Costa-Rica.Por Bernardo Augusto Thiel, Obispo de Costa-Rica, (San José de Costa-Rica, 1882. Imprenta Nacional).
315.Gabb, ubi supra, p. 539.
315.Gabb, ubi supra, p. 539.
316. “Especial dificultad ofrecen los verbos.”Apuntes Lexicograficos, etc. Introd. p. iv. This expression is conclusive as to the incorrectness of the opinion of M. Adam, and Prof. Müller above quoted, and shows how easily even justly eminent linguists may fall into error about tongues of which they have limited means of knowledge. The proper course in such a case is evidently to be cautious about venturing positive assertions.
316. “Especial dificultad ofrecen los verbos.”Apuntes Lexicograficos, etc. Introd. p. iv. This expression is conclusive as to the incorrectness of the opinion of M. Adam, and Prof. Müller above quoted, and shows how easily even justly eminent linguists may fall into error about tongues of which they have limited means of knowledge. The proper course in such a case is evidently to be cautious about venturing positive assertions.
317.Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1872, p. 58.
317.Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1872, p. 58.
318.Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. ii, p. 387.
318.Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. ii, p. 387.
319.The Brazilian Language and its Agglutination.By Amaro Cavalcanti, LL. B., etc., p. 5 (Rio Janeiro, 1883).
319.The Brazilian Language and its Agglutination.By Amaro Cavalcanti, LL. B., etc., p. 5 (Rio Janeiro, 1883).
320. The most valuable for linguistic researches are the following:Arte de Grammatica da Lingua maís usada na Costa do Brazil.By Joseph de Anchieta. This is the oldest authority, Anchieta having commenced as missionary to the Tupis in 1556.Arte, Vocabulario y Tesoro de la Lengua Guarani, ó mas bien Tupi.By Antonio Ruiz de Montoya. An admirable work representing the southern Tupi as it was in the first half of the seventeenth century.Both the above have been republished in recent years. Of modern writings I would particularly name:Apontamentos sobre o Abañeénga tambem chamado Guarani on Tupi.By Dr. B. C. D’A. Nogueira (Rio Janeiro, 1876).
320. The most valuable for linguistic researches are the following:
Arte de Grammatica da Lingua maís usada na Costa do Brazil.By Joseph de Anchieta. This is the oldest authority, Anchieta having commenced as missionary to the Tupis in 1556.
Arte, Vocabulario y Tesoro de la Lengua Guarani, ó mas bien Tupi.By Antonio Ruiz de Montoya. An admirable work representing the southern Tupi as it was in the first half of the seventeenth century.
Both the above have been republished in recent years. Of modern writings I would particularly name:
Apontamentos sobre o Abañeénga tambem chamado Guarani on Tupi.By Dr. B. C. D’A. Nogueira (Rio Janeiro, 1876).
321.Notes on the Lingoa Geral, as above, p. 71.
321.Notes on the Lingoa Geral, as above, p. 71.
322. James Howse,A Grammar of the Cree Language(London, 1844). A remarkable production which has never received the attention from linguists which it merits.
322. James Howse,A Grammar of the Cree Language(London, 1844). A remarkable production which has never received the attention from linguists which it merits.
323. Anchieta,Arte de Grammatica, etc., p. 75.
323. Anchieta,Arte de Grammatica, etc., p. 75.
324.The Brazilian Language, etc., pp. 48–9.
324.The Brazilian Language, etc., pp. 48–9.
325. See Anchieta,Arte de Grammatica, etc., p. 52.
325. See Anchieta,Arte de Grammatica, etc., p. 52.
326.The Brazilian Language, etc., p. 111.
326.The Brazilian Language, etc., p. 111.
327. “Kein polysynthesis und keine incorporation,” says Dr. Heinrich Winkler (Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen, p. 149), who apparently has obtained all his knowledge of it from the two pages devoted to it by Professor Friedrich Müller, who introduces it as “äusserst einfach.”Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. ii, p. 257.
327. “Kein polysynthesis und keine incorporation,” says Dr. Heinrich Winkler (Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen, p. 149), who apparently has obtained all his knowledge of it from the two pages devoted to it by Professor Friedrich Müller, who introduces it as “äusserst einfach.”Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. ii, p. 257.
328.Grammatica Mutsun; Por el R. P. F. F. Arroyo de la Cuesta; andVocabulario Mutsun, by the same, both in Shea’s “Library of American Linguistics.”
328.Grammatica Mutsun; Por el R. P. F. F. Arroyo de la Cuesta; andVocabulario Mutsun, by the same, both in Shea’s “Library of American Linguistics.”
329. Read before the American Philosophical Society in 1888, and published in theirProceedingsunder the title “The Language of Palæolithic Man.”
329. Read before the American Philosophical Society in 1888, and published in theirProceedingsunder the title “The Language of Palæolithic Man.”
330. “L’homme chelleen n’ avait pas la parole,” Mortillet,La Prehistorique Antiquité de l’ Homme, p. 250 (Paris, 1883).
330. “L’homme chelleen n’ avait pas la parole,” Mortillet,La Prehistorique Antiquité de l’ Homme, p. 250 (Paris, 1883).
331. See Dr. H. Steinthal,Der Ursprung der Sprache, s. 264, et seq. (Berlin, 1888), who rehearses the discussion of the point with sufficient fullness.
331. See Dr. H. Steinthal,Der Ursprung der Sprache, s. 264, et seq. (Berlin, 1888), who rehearses the discussion of the point with sufficient fullness.
332. See, for instance, Plate X of Mortillet,Musée Préhistorique: Cartailhac,Ages Préhistoriques de l’ Espagne, plate on p. 27.
332. See, for instance, Plate X of Mortillet,Musée Préhistorique: Cartailhac,Ages Préhistoriques de l’ Espagne, plate on p. 27.
333. I have collected the evidence for this in an Essay on Prehistoric Archæology, in theIconographic Encyclopedia, Vol. ii.
333. I have collected the evidence for this in an Essay on Prehistoric Archæology, in theIconographic Encyclopedia, Vol. ii.
334. See his address on “The Origin of Languages and the Antiquity of Speaking Man,” in theProceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Vol. xxxv, p. 279.
334. See his address on “The Origin of Languages and the Antiquity of Speaking Man,” in theProceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Vol. xxxv, p. 279.
335.Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages, p. 85.
335.Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages, p. 85.
336. Petitot,Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné Dindjié, Introduction.
336. Petitot,Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné Dindjié, Introduction.
337. On the astonishingly wide distribution of the n and k sounds as primitive demonstratives, compare H. Winkler,Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen, s. 86, 87, (Berlin, 1884). For other comparisons, see Tolmie and Dawson,Vocabularies of Inds. of British Columbia, p. 128.
337. On the astonishingly wide distribution of the n and k sounds as primitive demonstratives, compare H. Winkler,Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen, s. 86, 87, (Berlin, 1884). For other comparisons, see Tolmie and Dawson,Vocabularies of Inds. of British Columbia, p. 128.
338. “Es hat offenbar eine Zeit gegeben, in derkaalleiniges Pron. pers. für alle drei Personen war, erst allmählig entwickelten sichño ka, ego,ka m, tu,ka y, ille.” J. J. von Tschudi,Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 184 (Leipzig, 1884). In the language of the Baures of Bolivia when the verb takes the negative terminationapico, the pronominal signs are discarded; thus,era, to drink, a drink;erapico—I, thou, he, we, you, they, do not drink. Magio,Arte de la Lengua de los Indios Baures, p. 82 (Paris, 1880). This reveals a time when both affirmative and negative verbals dispensed with pronouns altogether.
338. “Es hat offenbar eine Zeit gegeben, in derkaalleiniges Pron. pers. für alle drei Personen war, erst allmählig entwickelten sichño ka, ego,ka m, tu,ka y, ille.” J. J. von Tschudi,Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 184 (Leipzig, 1884). In the language of the Baures of Bolivia when the verb takes the negative terminationapico, the pronominal signs are discarded; thus,era, to drink, a drink;erapico—I, thou, he, we, you, they, do not drink. Magio,Arte de la Lengua de los Indios Baures, p. 82 (Paris, 1880). This reveals a time when both affirmative and negative verbals dispensed with pronouns altogether.
339.Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chapaneca, MS.
339.Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chapaneca, MS.
340.Arte de la Lengua Guarani, p. 93.
340.Arte de la Lengua Guarani, p. 93.
341.La Lengua Araucana, p. 15 (Santiago de Chile, 1888).
341.La Lengua Araucana, p. 15 (Santiago de Chile, 1888).
342. Albornoz,Arte de la Langua Chapaneca, p. 10.
342. Albornoz,Arte de la Langua Chapaneca, p. 10.
343.Principes de la Langue des Sauvages appellés Sauteux.Introd.
343.Principes de la Langue des Sauvages appellés Sauteux.Introd.
344.Arte de la Lengua Guarani, ó mas bien Tupi.Por el P. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, p. 100.
344.Arte de la Lengua Guarani, ó mas bien Tupi.Por el P. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, p. 100.
345.Grammatica de la Lengua Chibcha.Introd.
345.Grammatica de la Lengua Chibcha.Introd.
346. See Howse.Grammar of the Cree Language, pp. 16, 134, 135, 169, etc.
346. See Howse.Grammar of the Cree Language, pp. 16, 134, 135, 169, etc.
347.The Religious Sentiment; Its Source and Aim. A Contribution to the Science of Religion.By D. G. Brinton, p. 31 (New York, 1876). The statement in the text can be algebraically demonstrated in the mathematical form of logic as set forth by Prof. Boole, thus:A=not (not-A); which, in its mathematical expression becomes,x=x2. Whence by transposition and substitution we derive,x2=1; in which equation 1=A. See Boole.An Investigation into the Laws of Thought(London, 1854).
347.The Religious Sentiment; Its Source and Aim. A Contribution to the Science of Religion.By D. G. Brinton, p. 31 (New York, 1876). The statement in the text can be algebraically demonstrated in the mathematical form of logic as set forth by Prof. Boole, thus:A=not (not-A); which, in its mathematical expression becomes,x=x2. Whence by transposition and substitution we derive,x2=1; in which equation 1=A. See Boole.An Investigation into the Laws of Thought(London, 1854).
348.On Polysynthesis and Incorporation, inProceedingsof the American Philosophical Society, 1885. (See the preceding essay.)
348.On Polysynthesis and Incorporation, inProceedingsof the American Philosophical Society, 1885. (See the preceding essay.)
349.On the Grammatical Construction of the Cree Language, p. 12 (London, 1875).
349.On the Grammatical Construction of the Cree Language, p. 12 (London, 1875).
350. Steinthal,Gramatik, Logik und Psychologie, s. 325.
350. Steinthal,Gramatik, Logik und Psychologie, s. 325.
351. In Maya the conjunction “and” is rendered byyetl, a compound of the possessive pronoun, third person singulary, andetl, companion. The Nahuatl,ihuan, is precisely the same in composition.
351. In Maya the conjunction “and” is rendered byyetl, a compound of the possessive pronoun, third person singulary, andetl, companion. The Nahuatl,ihuan, is precisely the same in composition.
352. “Die meisten amerikanischen Sprachen haben die Eigenthümlichkeit, dass in der Regel die Haupttempora in Auwendung kommen und unter diesen besonders das Präsens, selbst wenn von einer bestimmten, besonders aber von einer unbestimmten Vergangenheit gesprochen wird.” J. J. von Tschudi,Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 189. The same tense is also employed for future occurrences. What classical grammarians call “the historical present,” will illustrate this employment of a single tense for past and future time.
352. “Die meisten amerikanischen Sprachen haben die Eigenthümlichkeit, dass in der Regel die Haupttempora in Auwendung kommen und unter diesen besonders das Präsens, selbst wenn von einer bestimmten, besonders aber von einer unbestimmten Vergangenheit gesprochen wird.” J. J. von Tschudi,Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 189. The same tense is also employed for future occurrences. What classical grammarians call “the historical present,” will illustrate this employment of a single tense for past and future time.
353. The Chiquita of Bolivia is an extreme example. “La distinction du passé, du présent et du futur n’existe pas dans cette langue étrange.”Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Chiquita. Por. L. Adam, y V. Henry, p. x.
353. The Chiquita of Bolivia is an extreme example. “La distinction du passé, du présent et du futur n’existe pas dans cette langue étrange.”Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Chiquita. Por. L. Adam, y V. Henry, p. x.
354.On the Verb in American Languages.By Wilhelm von Humboldt. Translated by D. G. Brinton, inProceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1885.
354.On the Verb in American Languages.By Wilhelm von Humboldt. Translated by D. G. Brinton, inProceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1885.
355. A striking example is the Chiquita of Bolivia. “No se puede en chiquito, ni contar dos, tres, cuatro, etc., ni decir segundo, tercero, etc.”Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Chiquita, p. 19 (Paris, 1880).
355. A striking example is the Chiquita of Bolivia. “No se puede en chiquito, ni contar dos, tres, cuatro, etc., ni decir segundo, tercero, etc.”Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Chiquita, p. 19 (Paris, 1880).
356. Those distinctions, apparently of sex, called by M. Lucien Adamanthropicandmetanthropic,arrhenicandmetarrhenic, found in certain American tongues, belong to the material, not the formal part of the language, and, strictly speaking, are distinctions not really based on sexual considerations. See Adam,Du Genre dans les Diverses Langues(Paris, 1883).
356. Those distinctions, apparently of sex, called by M. Lucien Adamanthropicandmetanthropic,arrhenicandmetarrhenic, found in certain American tongues, belong to the material, not the formal part of the language, and, strictly speaking, are distinctions not really based on sexual considerations. See Adam,Du Genre dans les Diverses Langues(Paris, 1883).
357. Washington Matthews,Grammar and Dictionary of the Language of the Hidatsa(New York, 1873) In a letter received since the first publication of this essay, Dr. Matthews writes that the analysis in the text is quite correct.
357. Washington Matthews,Grammar and Dictionary of the Language of the Hidatsa(New York, 1873) In a letter received since the first publication of this essay, Dr. Matthews writes that the analysis in the text is quite correct.
358. Extract from a paper read before the American Philosophical Society in 1886.
358. Extract from a paper read before the American Philosophical Society in 1886.
359.Linguistic Essays, by Carl Abel, Ph. D. (London, 1882).
359.Linguistic Essays, by Carl Abel, Ph. D. (London, 1882).
360. I scarcely need say that I refer to the marvelous words of St. John:ὁ μη αγαπων. ουκ εγνω τον θεον, οτι ὁ θεος αγαπμ εστιν(1 John iv, 8); and to theamor intellectualis, the golden crown of the philosophy of Spinoza as developed in the last book of hisEthica.
360. I scarcely need say that I refer to the marvelous words of St. John:ὁ μη αγαπων. ουκ εγνω τον θεον, οτι ὁ θεος αγαπμ εστιν(1 John iv, 8); and to theamor intellectualis, the golden crown of the philosophy of Spinoza as developed in the last book of hisEthica.
361. Chipeway:nin sagiiwin, I love;sagiiwewin, love;saiagiiwed, a lover.Cree:sâkihituwin, friendship;manitowi sâkihewewin, the love of God. The words from the Chipeway are from Baraga’sOtchipwe Dictionary; those from the Cree from Lacombe’sDictionnaire de la langue des Cris, except when otherwise noted.
361. Chipeway:nin sagiiwin, I love;sagiiwewin, love;saiagiiwed, a lover.
Cree:sâkihituwin, friendship;manitowi sâkihewewin, the love of God. The words from the Chipeway are from Baraga’sOtchipwe Dictionary; those from the Cree from Lacombe’sDictionnaire de la langue des Cris, except when otherwise noted.
362. Chipeway:sagibidjigan, a string or cord.Cree:sakkappitew, he fastens, he ties;sakkahigan, a nail;sakkistiwok,coeunt, copulati sunt.
362. Chipeway:sagibidjigan, a string or cord.
Cree:sakkappitew, he fastens, he ties;sakkahigan, a nail;sakkistiwok,coeunt, copulati sunt.
363. See Joseph Howse,Grammar of the Cree Language, p. 165.
363. See Joseph Howse,Grammar of the Cree Language, p. 165.
364. See the remarks in Andrew’sLatin Lexicon, s. v.
364. See the remarks in Andrew’sLatin Lexicon, s. v.
365. Cree:espiteyimit kije-manito, for the love of God;espiteyimatijk, for the love of the children.
365. Cree:espiteyimit kije-manito, for the love of God;espiteyimatijk, for the love of the children.
366. Cree:ni wittjiwâgan, my friend;wi’chettuwin, a confraternity, or society.
366. Cree:ni wittjiwâgan, my friend;wi’chettuwin, a confraternity, or society.
367. Chipeway:inawema, I am his relative, or, his friend.Cree:ijinákusiw, he has such an appearance. This particle of similarity is considered by Howse to be “one of the four primary generic nouns” of the Algonkin language.Grammar of the Cree Language, p. 135.
367. Chipeway:inawema, I am his relative, or, his friend.
Cree:ijinákusiw, he has such an appearance. This particle of similarity is considered by Howse to be “one of the four primary generic nouns” of the Algonkin language.Grammar of the Cree Language, p. 135.
368. Chipeway:nin minenima, I like (him, her, it).
368. Chipeway:nin minenima, I like (him, her, it).
369. See Howse,Grammar of the Cree Lang., p. 157.Keche(kees) as an interjection of pleasure, he considers in antithesis toak(compare Germanach!) as an interjection of pain, and cites abundant examples.
369. See Howse,Grammar of the Cree Lang., p. 157.Keche(kees) as an interjection of pleasure, he considers in antithesis toak(compare Germanach!) as an interjection of pain, and cites abundant examples.
370. Chipeway:nin kijewadis, I am amicable, benevolent;kijewadisiwin, charity, benevolence, benignity, compassion;kije manitowin, God-head, divine nature.Cree:kisatew, he is devoted to (him, her);kisew, she loves (her children);kisewatisiwin, charity, the highest virtue;kise manito, “l’esprit charitable, Dieu,” and numerous others.
370. Chipeway:nin kijewadis, I am amicable, benevolent;kijewadisiwin, charity, benevolence, benignity, compassion;kije manitowin, God-head, divine nature.
Cree:kisatew, he is devoted to (him, her);kisew, she loves (her children);kisewatisiwin, charity, the highest virtue;kise manito, “l’esprit charitable, Dieu,” and numerous others.
371. The following words and meanings are from Carochi’s Grammar and Molina’s Dictionary of this tongue:ço, punzar, sangrar.çoço, ensartar, como flores, cuentas, etc.çotica, estar ensartada la cuenta, etc.tlaçotl, cosa ensartada.The original meaning ofzo, a pointed tool or awl, is not given by Molina, but is repeatedly expressed in the phonetic picture-writing of the Aztecs.
371. The following words and meanings are from Carochi’s Grammar and Molina’s Dictionary of this tongue:
ço, punzar, sangrar.çoço, ensartar, como flores, cuentas, etc.çotica, estar ensartada la cuenta, etc.tlaçotl, cosa ensartada.
ço, punzar, sangrar.çoço, ensartar, como flores, cuentas, etc.çotica, estar ensartada la cuenta, etc.tlaçotl, cosa ensartada.
ço, punzar, sangrar.çoço, ensartar, como flores, cuentas, etc.çotica, estar ensartada la cuenta, etc.tlaçotl, cosa ensartada.
ço, punzar, sangrar.
çoço, ensartar, como flores, cuentas, etc.
çotica, estar ensartada la cuenta, etc.
tlaçotl, cosa ensartada.
The original meaning ofzo, a pointed tool or awl, is not given by Molina, but is repeatedly expressed in the phonetic picture-writing of the Aztecs.
372.Estudio de la Filosofia y Riqueza de la Lengua Mexicana.Par Agostin de la Rosa, p. 78 (Guadalajara, 1877).
372.Estudio de la Filosofia y Riqueza de la Lengua Mexicana.Par Agostin de la Rosa, p. 78 (Guadalajara, 1877).
373. There is another word in Nahuatl of similar derivation. It ispohui, to make much of a person, to like one. The root ispo, which carries with it the idea of sameness, similarity or equality; asitelpocapo, a boy like himself. (Paredes,Promptuario Manual Mexicano, p. 140.)
373. There is another word in Nahuatl of similar derivation. It ispohui, to make much of a person, to like one. The root ispo, which carries with it the idea of sameness, similarity or equality; asitelpocapo, a boy like himself. (Paredes,Promptuario Manual Mexicano, p. 140.)
374. Thus:yaoryail, love; pain, sickness, a wound; difficult, laborious.yate, to love.yacunah, to love.yaili, painfully, laboriously.yalal, to taste; to have relations with a woman.yatzil, love, charity; something difficult or painful.
374. Thus:
yaoryail, love; pain, sickness, a wound; difficult, laborious.yate, to love.yacunah, to love.yaili, painfully, laboriously.yalal, to taste; to have relations with a woman.yatzil, love, charity; something difficult or painful.
yaoryail, love; pain, sickness, a wound; difficult, laborious.yate, to love.yacunah, to love.yaili, painfully, laboriously.yalal, to taste; to have relations with a woman.yatzil, love, charity; something difficult or painful.
yaoryail, love; pain, sickness, a wound; difficult, laborious.yate, to love.yacunah, to love.yaili, painfully, laboriously.yalal, to taste; to have relations with a woman.yatzil, love, charity; something difficult or painful.
yaoryail, love; pain, sickness, a wound; difficult, laborious.
yate, to love.
yacunah, to love.
yaili, painfully, laboriously.
yalal, to taste; to have relations with a woman.
yatzil, love, charity; something difficult or painful.
375.“Ya: sentir mucho una cosa.yamab: sin sentir [themais the negative].”Diccionario Maya-Español del Convento de Motul.(MS. in my possession).
375.
“Ya: sentir mucho una cosa.yamab: sin sentir [themais the negative].”Diccionario Maya-Español del Convento de Motul.(MS. in my possession).
“Ya: sentir mucho una cosa.yamab: sin sentir [themais the negative].”Diccionario Maya-Español del Convento de Motul.(MS. in my possession).
“Ya: sentir mucho una cosa.yamab: sin sentir [themais the negative].”
“Ya: sentir mucho una cosa.
yamab: sin sentir [themais the negative].”
Diccionario Maya-Español del Convento de Motul.(MS. in my possession).
Diccionario Maya-Español del Convento de Motul.(MS. in my possession).
376. Thus:yahtetabal cah tumen Dios, we are loved by God.u yacunah Dios toon, the love of God to us.yacunahil Dios, the love with which God is loved.mehenbit yacunah, filial love.bakil yacunah, carnal love.All from theDiccionario de Motul(MS.).
376. Thus:
yahtetabal cah tumen Dios, we are loved by God.u yacunah Dios toon, the love of God to us.yacunahil Dios, the love with which God is loved.mehenbit yacunah, filial love.bakil yacunah, carnal love.
yahtetabal cah tumen Dios, we are loved by God.u yacunah Dios toon, the love of God to us.yacunahil Dios, the love with which God is loved.mehenbit yacunah, filial love.bakil yacunah, carnal love.
yahtetabal cah tumen Dios, we are loved by God.u yacunah Dios toon, the love of God to us.yacunahil Dios, the love with which God is loved.mehenbit yacunah, filial love.bakil yacunah, carnal love.
yahtetabal cah tumen Dios, we are loved by God.
u yacunah Dios toon, the love of God to us.
yacunahil Dios, the love with which God is loved.
mehenbit yacunah, filial love.
bakil yacunah, carnal love.
All from theDiccionario de Motul(MS.).
377. Thus:tatu canel ixallé, my beloved wife.ma a canezal a Dios, dost thou love God?Diccionario Huasteca-Español, por Carlos de Tapia Zenteno (Mex., 1767).
377. Thus:
tatu canel ixallé, my beloved wife.ma a canezal a Dios, dost thou love God?Diccionario Huasteca-Español, por Carlos de Tapia Zenteno (Mex., 1767).
tatu canel ixallé, my beloved wife.ma a canezal a Dios, dost thou love God?Diccionario Huasteca-Español, por Carlos de Tapia Zenteno (Mex., 1767).
tatu canel ixallé, my beloved wife.ma a canezal a Dios, dost thou love God?
tatu canel ixallé, my beloved wife.
ma a canezal a Dios, dost thou love God?
Diccionario Huasteca-Español, por Carlos de Tapia Zenteno (Mex., 1767).
Diccionario Huasteca-Español, por Carlos de Tapia Zenteno (Mex., 1767).
378. A number of examples are given in theDiccionario de Motul(MS.).
378. A number of examples are given in theDiccionario de Motul(MS.).
379. “Der blosse Begriff derjenigen Liebe, welche das lateinische Zeitwortamareausdrückt, dem Cakchiquel Indianer fremd ist.”Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala.Von Otto Stoll, M. D., p. 146 (Zürich, 1884).
379. “Der blosse Begriff derjenigen Liebe, welche das lateinische Zeitwortamareausdrückt, dem Cakchiquel Indianer fremd ist.”Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala.Von Otto Stoll, M. D., p. 146 (Zürich, 1884).
380.Xelogox ka chiri ruma Akahal vinak, “they were loved by the Akahal men.”Annals of the Cakchiquels, p. 126 (Vol. VI of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature). In the QuichePopol Vuhthe word has the same meaning, as (page102):chi log u vach, their beloved face.In fact, the word Dr. Stoll gives as that now usual among the Cakchiquels for “to love”—to desire, in thePopol Vuhis applied to the price paid for wives (p. 304):rahil pu mial, the price of their daughters.This word may be a derivative from the Mayaya, above mentioned.
380.Xelogox ka chiri ruma Akahal vinak, “they were loved by the Akahal men.”Annals of the Cakchiquels, p. 126 (Vol. VI of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature). In the QuichePopol Vuhthe word has the same meaning, as (page102):
chi log u vach, their beloved face.
chi log u vach, their beloved face.
chi log u vach, their beloved face.
chi log u vach, their beloved face.
In fact, the word Dr. Stoll gives as that now usual among the Cakchiquels for “to love”—to desire, in thePopol Vuhis applied to the price paid for wives (p. 304):
rahil pu mial, the price of their daughters.
rahil pu mial, the price of their daughters.
rahil pu mial, the price of their daughters.
rahil pu mial, the price of their daughters.
This word may be a derivative from the Mayaya, above mentioned.
381.De Naturâ Deorum, I, 44.
381.De Naturâ Deorum, I, 44.
382.Gramática Quechua, por Dr. J. D. Anchorena, pp. 163–177 (Lima, 1874).
382.Gramática Quechua, por Dr. J. D. Anchorena, pp. 163–177 (Lima, 1874).
383.Ollanta: Drame en vers Quechuas du Temps des Incas.Traduit et commenté par Gavino Pacheco Zegarra (Paris, 1878).
383.Ollanta: Drame en vers Quechuas du Temps des Incas.Traduit et commenté par Gavino Pacheco Zegarra (Paris, 1878).
384. Thus, from theOllanta:Ollantaytan munar ccanqui, thou lovest Ollanta! (line 277).munacusccallay, my well beloved! (the Inca to his daughter, line 344).munayman, I should prefer (line 1606).Holguin, in hisVocabulario de la Lengua Qquichua, gives:Dios munay, the love of God.munaricuy, unchaste love.
384. Thus, from theOllanta:
Ollantaytan munar ccanqui, thou lovest Ollanta! (line 277).munacusccallay, my well beloved! (the Inca to his daughter, line 344).munayman, I should prefer (line 1606).
Ollantaytan munar ccanqui, thou lovest Ollanta! (line 277).munacusccallay, my well beloved! (the Inca to his daughter, line 344).munayman, I should prefer (line 1606).
Ollantaytan munar ccanqui, thou lovest Ollanta! (line 277).munacusccallay, my well beloved! (the Inca to his daughter, line 344).munayman, I should prefer (line 1606).
Ollantaytan munar ccanqui, thou lovest Ollanta! (line 277).
munacusccallay, my well beloved! (the Inca to his daughter, line 344).
munayman, I should prefer (line 1606).
Holguin, in hisVocabulario de la Lengua Qquichua, gives:
Dios munay, the love of God.munaricuy, unchaste love.
Dios munay, the love of God.munaricuy, unchaste love.
Dios munay, the love of God.munaricuy, unchaste love.
Dios munay, the love of God.
munaricuy, unchaste love.
385. Holguin (u. s.) gives the definitions:munana, la voluntad que es potentia.munay, voluntad, el querer, el gusto, appetito ô amor que es acto.
385. Holguin (u. s.) gives the definitions:
munana, la voluntad que es potentia.munay, voluntad, el querer, el gusto, appetito ô amor que es acto.
munana, la voluntad que es potentia.munay, voluntad, el querer, el gusto, appetito ô amor que es acto.
munana, la voluntad que es potentia.munay, voluntad, el querer, el gusto, appetito ô amor que es acto.
munana, la voluntad que es potentia.
munay, voluntad, el querer, el gusto, appetito ô amor que es acto.
386. From theOllanta:Huay ccoyailay, Huay mamallay,Ay, huayllucusccay ccosallay.Oh, my queen! Oh my mother!Oh, my husband so beloved! (305, 306).These lines show both the word and its derivation.
386. From theOllanta:
Huay ccoyailay, Huay mamallay,Ay, huayllucusccay ccosallay.Oh, my queen! Oh my mother!Oh, my husband so beloved! (305, 306).
Huay ccoyailay, Huay mamallay,Ay, huayllucusccay ccosallay.Oh, my queen! Oh my mother!Oh, my husband so beloved! (305, 306).
Huay ccoyailay, Huay mamallay,Ay, huayllucusccay ccosallay.Oh, my queen! Oh my mother!Oh, my husband so beloved! (305, 306).
Huay ccoyailay, Huay mamallay,
Ay, huayllucusccay ccosallay.
Oh, my queen! Oh my mother!
Oh, my husband so beloved! (305, 306).
These lines show both the word and its derivation.
387. From theOllanta:ña llulluspa, caress thee, are fond of thee (934).
387. From theOllanta:
ña llulluspa, caress thee, are fond of thee (934).
ña llulluspa, caress thee, are fond of thee (934).
ña llulluspa, caress thee, are fond of thee (934).
ña llulluspa, caress thee, are fond of thee (934).
388. From theOllanta:ccuyaccuscallay, my beloved one (1758).ccuyaska, compassionate (1765).
388. From theOllanta:
ccuyaccuscallay, my beloved one (1758).ccuyaska, compassionate (1765).
ccuyaccuscallay, my beloved one (1758).ccuyaska, compassionate (1765).
ccuyaccuscallay, my beloved one (1758).ccuyaska, compassionate (1765).
ccuyaccuscallay, my beloved one (1758).
ccuyaska, compassionate (1765).
389. See the Qquichua love songs,harahuiandhuaynu, as they are called, given by Anchorena in hisGramática Quechua, pp. 131–135.
389. See the Qquichua love songs,harahuiandhuaynu, as they are called, given by Anchorena in hisGramática Quechua, pp. 131–135.
390. See Holguin,Vocabulario Qquichua, s. v.mayhuayandmayhuayccuni.
390. See Holguin,Vocabulario Qquichua, s. v.mayhuayandmayhuayccuni.
391. Thus:Tupa nande raihu, God loves us.Tupa nande haihu, the love which we have for God.ahaihu, I love her (him, it).
391. Thus:
Tupa nande raihu, God loves us.Tupa nande haihu, the love which we have for God.ahaihu, I love her (him, it).
Tupa nande raihu, God loves us.Tupa nande haihu, the love which we have for God.ahaihu, I love her (him, it).
Tupa nande raihu, God loves us.Tupa nande haihu, the love which we have for God.ahaihu, I love her (him, it).
Tupa nande raihu, God loves us.
Tupa nande haihu, the love which we have for God.
ahaihu, I love her (him, it).
392.yecotiaha, friend; compounded ofcoti, a dwelling, andaha, to go,—a goer to a dwelling, a visitor. This, and the other Guarani words given, are taken from Ruiz de Montoya’sTesoro de la Lengua Guarani(ed. Vienna, 1876).
392.yecotiaha, friend; compounded ofcoti, a dwelling, andaha, to go,—a goer to a dwelling, a visitor. This, and the other Guarani words given, are taken from Ruiz de Montoya’sTesoro de la Lengua Guarani(ed. Vienna, 1876).
393. Another possible derivation would be fromahii, desire, appetite (Spanish,gana); andhu, in the sense of being present. This would express a longing, a lust, like love (see above).
393. Another possible derivation would be fromahii, desire, appetite (Spanish,gana); andhu, in the sense of being present. This would express a longing, a lust, like love (see above).
394. I findçaiçugiven by Dr. Couto de Magalhaes in hisCours da Lingoa Geral segundo Ollendorf(Rio de Janeiro, 1876);saisuby Dr. Amaro Cavalcanti inThe Brazilian Language and its Agglutination(Rio Janeiro, 1883);çauçubby Dias,Diccionario da Lingua Tupy(Leipzig, 1858), and by Dr. E. F. França in hisChrestomathia da Lingua Brasilica(Leipzig, 1859).
394. I findçaiçugiven by Dr. Couto de Magalhaes in hisCours da Lingoa Geral segundo Ollendorf(Rio de Janeiro, 1876);saisuby Dr. Amaro Cavalcanti inThe Brazilian Language and its Agglutination(Rio Janeiro, 1883);çauçubby Dias,Diccionario da Lingua Tupy(Leipzig, 1858), and by Dr. E. F. França in hisChrestomathia da Lingua Brasilica(Leipzig, 1859).
395. “Ani, es gehört, ist eigen;ta ani, nach seiner Art.”Arawackisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch.This dictionary, published anonymously at Paris, in 1882, in Tome viii of theBibliotheque Linguistique Américaine, is the production of the Moravian Missionary, Rev. T. S. Schuhmann. SeeThe Literary Works of the Foreign Missionaries of the Moravian Church. By the Rev. G. H. Reichelt. Translated and annotated by Bishop Edmund de Schweinitz, p. 13 (Bethlehem, 1886).
395. “Ani, es gehört, ist eigen;ta ani, nach seiner Art.”Arawackisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch.This dictionary, published anonymously at Paris, in 1882, in Tome viii of theBibliotheque Linguistique Américaine, is the production of the Moravian Missionary, Rev. T. S. Schuhmann. SeeThe Literary Works of the Foreign Missionaries of the Moravian Church. By the Rev. G. H. Reichelt. Translated and annotated by Bishop Edmund de Schweinitz, p. 13 (Bethlehem, 1886).
396.The Religious Sentiment, its Source and Aim; a Contribution to the Science and Philosophy of Religion, p. 60 (New York, 1876).
396.The Religious Sentiment, its Source and Aim; a Contribution to the Science and Philosophy of Religion, p. 60 (New York, 1876).
397. From theProceedingsof the American Philosophical Society for 1885.
397. From theProceedingsof the American Philosophical Society for 1885.
398.Diccionario del Convento de Motul, MS., s. v.
398.Diccionario del Convento de Motul, MS., s. v.
399.Acanceh Cheltun. Titulo de un solar y Monte in Acanceh, 1767,MS.
399.Acanceh Cheltun. Titulo de un solar y Monte in Acanceh, 1767,MS.
400.Geografia Maya.Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, Tomo ii, p. 435.
400.Geografia Maya.Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, Tomo ii, p. 435.
401. “The metre is theonly measure of dimensionwhich agrees with that adopted by these most ancient artists and architects.”—Dr. LePlongeon.Mayapan and Maya Inscriptions, inProceedingsof the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1881.
401. “The metre is theonly measure of dimensionwhich agrees with that adopted by these most ancient artists and architects.”—Dr. LePlongeon.Mayapan and Maya Inscriptions, inProceedingsof the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1881.
402. “Nearly all the monuments of Yucatan bear evidence that the Mayas had a predilection for the numberseven,” etc. LePlongeon,Vestiges of the Mayas, p. 63 (New York, 1881). Of course, this may have other symbolic meanings also.
402. “Nearly all the monuments of Yucatan bear evidence that the Mayas had a predilection for the numberseven,” etc. LePlongeon,Vestiges of the Mayas, p. 63 (New York, 1881). Of course, this may have other symbolic meanings also.
403. Coto,Diccionario de la Lengua Cakchiquel, MS.
403. Coto,Diccionario de la Lengua Cakchiquel, MS.
404. Coto,Diccionario, MS., s. v. “Ploma de albañil.”
404. Coto,Diccionario, MS., s. v. “Ploma de albañil.”
405. “Cuanto se mide con el pulgar y el indice.” Molina,Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana.
405. “Cuanto se mide con el pulgar y el indice.” Molina,Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana.
406. Carochi,Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, p. 123.
406. Carochi,Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, p. 123.
407. Orozco y Berra,Historia Antigua de la Conquista de Mexico, Tomo i, pp. 557–8, (Mexico, 1880).
407. Orozco y Berra,Historia Antigua de la Conquista de Mexico, Tomo i, pp. 557–8, (Mexico, 1880).
408.Memoria de los Trabajos ejecutados por la comision scientifica de Pachuca en el año de 1861, p. 357, quoted by Orozco. Almaraz’s words are not at all precise: “la unidad lineal, con pequeñas modificaciones, debió ser cosa de o, m 8, ó cuatro palmos próximamente.”
408.Memoria de los Trabajos ejecutados por la comision scientifica de Pachuca en el año de 1861, p. 357, quoted by Orozco. Almaraz’s words are not at all precise: “la unidad lineal, con pequeñas modificaciones, debió ser cosa de o, m 8, ó cuatro palmos próximamente.”
409.The Metrical Standard of the Mound-Builders.Reduced by the Method of Even Divisors. By Col. Chas. Whittlesey (Cleveland, 1883).
409.The Metrical Standard of the Mound-Builders.Reduced by the Method of Even Divisors. By Col. Chas. Whittlesey (Cleveland, 1883).
410.Notes on Mitla, inProceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1882, p. 97.
410.Notes on Mitla, inProceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1882, p. 97.
411. See Herrera,Decadas de Indias, Dec. ii, Lib. vii, cap. xvi, and Dec. iii, Lib. iv. cap. xvii. “Castigaban mucho alque falseaba medidas, diciendo que era enemigo de todos i ladron publico,” etc.
411. See Herrera,Decadas de Indias, Dec. ii, Lib. vii, cap. xvi, and Dec. iii, Lib. iv. cap. xvii. “Castigaban mucho alque falseaba medidas, diciendo que era enemigo de todos i ladron publico,” etc.
412. “Habian terminos señalados de cuantas leguas habian de acudir á los mercados,” etc. Diego Duran,Historia de la Nueva España, Vol. ii, pp, 215, 217. Both the terms in the text are translatedleguain Molina’s Vocabulary, so that it is probable that the resting places were something near two and a half to three miles apart.
412. “Habian terminos señalados de cuantas leguas habian de acudir á los mercados,” etc. Diego Duran,Historia de la Nueva España, Vol. ii, pp, 215, 217. Both the terms in the text are translatedleguain Molina’s Vocabulary, so that it is probable that the resting places were something near two and a half to three miles apart.
413. “Todo lo venden por cuenta y medida, excepto que fasta agora no se ha visto vender cosa alguna por peso.”Cartas y Relaciones de Hernan Cortes, p. 105. (Ed. Gayangos.)
413. “Todo lo venden por cuenta y medida, excepto que fasta agora no se ha visto vender cosa alguna por peso.”Cartas y Relaciones de Hernan Cortes, p. 105. (Ed. Gayangos.)
414. “Tenian medida para todas las cosas; hasta la ierva, que era tanta, quanta se podia atar con una cuerda de una braza por un tomin.” Herrera,Decadas de Indias, Dec. ii, Lib. vii, cap. xvi. In another passage where this historian speaks of weights (Dec. iii, Lib. iv, cap. xvii), it is one of his not infrequent slips of the pen.
414. “Tenian medida para todas las cosas; hasta la ierva, que era tanta, quanta se podia atar con una cuerda de una braza por un tomin.” Herrera,Decadas de Indias, Dec. ii, Lib. vii, cap. xvi. In another passage where this historian speaks of weights (Dec. iii, Lib. iv, cap. xvii), it is one of his not infrequent slips of the pen.
415. A copy of this curious production calledCancionero Americanois in the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington. The introductory note is as follows:“Esos cantos, escogidos en el año mil y ocho cientos veinte y siete, ó veinte y ocho, por un viagero en America, y despues hallados en sus papeles, no vinieron jamás, siquiera por lo que podemos saber, conocidos del publico sabio. Estos son los mismos cantos del Pueblo Taensa, para las orillas del Misisipi ó del Alabama, todos escritos en el dulce y pulido dialecto de aquel pueblo. Todos los amigos de la ciencia han de sentir el precio de esta pequeña colleccion.”It will be noticed that the Spanish is full of errors, asesosforestos,halladosforencontrados,para las orillasforpor las orillas; andsentir el preciodoes not meanappreciate, as the author would say, but “regret the price.”
415. A copy of this curious production calledCancionero Americanois in the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington. The introductory note is as follows:
“Esos cantos, escogidos en el año mil y ocho cientos veinte y siete, ó veinte y ocho, por un viagero en America, y despues hallados en sus papeles, no vinieron jamás, siquiera por lo que podemos saber, conocidos del publico sabio. Estos son los mismos cantos del Pueblo Taensa, para las orillas del Misisipi ó del Alabama, todos escritos en el dulce y pulido dialecto de aquel pueblo. Todos los amigos de la ciencia han de sentir el precio de esta pequeña colleccion.”
It will be noticed that the Spanish is full of errors, asesosforestos,halladosforencontrados,para las orillasforpor las orillas; andsentir el preciodoes not meanappreciate, as the author would say, but “regret the price.”
416. The discussion elicited the following additional brochures from M. Adam:Le Taensa n’a pas été forgé de toutes piecès. Lettre de M. Friedrich Müller á Lucien Adam, pp. 4.Dom Parisot ne produira pas le Manuscrit Taensa. Lettre á M. Victor Henry, pp. 13.
416. The discussion elicited the following additional brochures from M. Adam:Le Taensa n’a pas été forgé de toutes piecès. Lettre de M. Friedrich Müller á Lucien Adam, pp. 4.
Dom Parisot ne produira pas le Manuscrit Taensa. Lettre á M. Victor Henry, pp. 13.