APPENDIX III.Working Drawings.
A working drawing of an object consists of one or more views of that object so drawn that they make known the size, shape, kind of material, etc.
Perspective and projection drawings of railsFig. 1.
Fig. 1.
A working drawing differs from a perspective. The former represents an object as it really is, the second, represents the object as it appears.Fig. 1.
Drawing boardFig. 2.
Fig. 2.
—Special instruments are required for the making of a mechanical drawing.Fig. 2shows a drawing-board with paper fastened to it, also a T-squareand the two triangles. A compass is needed for drawing circles and arcs of circles.
The T-square is used for drawing horizontal lines. The head must be held firmly against the edge of the board and the lines drawn from left to right. Vertical and oblique lines are drawn from the T-square upward, the triangles being held against the edge of the T-square which, at the same time, is held against the edge of the board.
—Since it would be impossible to make full-sized drawings of some objects—a house for instance—it is customary to use a scale and by means of it make a smaller drawing, which shall have all of its parts properly proportioned. For example, if a drawing has printed upon it “¹⁄₂ inch = 1 inch,” it means for every inch of the object the drawing is but one-half an inch.The scale is to be used for measuring only. There is quite a variety of scales. Whatever scale is used, the numbers placed upon the drawing must represent the size of the object and not of the drawing.
Technical drawing of wooden spoolFig. 3.
Fig. 3.
InFig. 3is shown a mechanical drawing of a common wood spool. It will be seen that there are different kinds of lines. Each has its meaning, as follows:
Line types and thicknesses1. Light line—For penciling and cross-hatching.2. Full line—For visible outlines of objects and limits of parts.3. Heavy line—For border lines.4. Dot line—For invisible outlines of objects and limits of invisible parts. Same width as 2.5. Dash line—For projection lines. Same width as 1.6. Long dash line—For dimension lines. Same width as 1.7. Dot-and-dash line—For center lines and section lines. Same width as 1.
1. Light line—For penciling and cross-hatching.
2. Full line—For visible outlines of objects and limits of parts.
3. Heavy line—For border lines.
4. Dot line—For invisible outlines of objects and limits of invisible parts. Same width as 2.
5. Dash line—For projection lines. Same width as 1.
6. Long dash line—For dimension lines. Same width as 1.
7. Dot-and-dash line—For center lines and section lines. Same width as 1.
When there is not room for the figures that represent dimensions, the arrow heads may be turned in the directionof the measurement and placed outside. The figure, too, may be placed outside if necessary.
Nothing but the letters, the figures and the barbs—not the shafts—of the arrow are drawn free-hand.
Sometimes, it is desirable to have one dimension shorter than the scale selected would allow; this is done by means of a broken view:Fig. 4. The figured dimension prevents confusion.
Elevation and section; broken viewFig. 5.Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Drawing of screws and nailsFig. 6.
Fig. 6.
InFig. 5, is shown a sectional drawing. Sectionaldrawings represent an object as it would appear if cut, with the part nearer the worker removed. Sections are indicated by “cross hatching,” the lines being equally spaced and drawn at an angle of 45 degrees.
Screws and nails are represented as inFig. 6.
Projections or viewsFig. 7.
Fig. 7.
—The names and the relative positions of three views are shown inFig. 7. From these it will be seen (1) that the different views are arranged with reference to the front view, so that the part of a side view which is nearest the front view represents a part of the front of the object, (2) that the corresponding horizontal measurements of top and front views are alike, (3) that the corresponding vertical measurements of front and side views are alike, (4) that the corresponding vertical measurements of the top view and horizontal measurements of a side view are alike.
—Letters are usually made freehand, light ruled lines at the top and bottom actingas guides. A simple style of letter and figure is shown inFig. 8. They are placed in spaces that the proportion of the parts may the more readily be seen. They may be narrowed or widened by changing the width of the spaces, and shortened or lengthened by changing the height of the spacer.
Letters and figuresFig. 8.
Fig. 8.
—The hexagon, or six-sided figure; the octagon, or eight-sided figure; and the ellipse are so very frequently used in simple woodwork, that their construction is given here.
Circle, hexagon and six-pointed starFig. 9.
Fig. 9.
Directions for hexagon,Fig. 9: Describe a circle of a size equal to the required distance of hexagon from corner to corner. Draw the diameter A-B. With the point Aas a center, using the radius of the circle, cut the circle at 1 and 2. With B as a center, and the same radius, cut the circle at 3 and 4. Connect A-1, A-2, 2-3, etc. Connecting every other point, as A-3, 2-B, etc., makes a six-pointed star.
Octagon constructionFig. 10.
Fig. 10.
Directions for octagon,Fig. 10: Draw a square with a width equal to the desired width of the octagon from side to side. Draw the diagonals. With the points A, B, C, and D as centers and a radius equal to one-half the diagonal, cut the sides of the square at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Connect these points as shown.
Construction of ellipseFig. 11.
Fig. 11.
Directions for ellipse,Fig. 11: An ellipse is a curve such that the sum of the distances from any point on it to two fixed points called the focii shall always be the same.
An easy way to construct such a curve is to place two thumb tacks at the focii, attach the ends of a string to them. With a pencil moving freely in the string but holding it taut draw the curve. By moving the tacks farther apart or closer together and by lengthening or shortening the string, the size and shape of the curve may be changed as desired.
Line drawing exerciseFig. 12.
Fig. 12.
Inking exerciseFig. 13.
Fig. 13.
—Beginners should strive to know and to acquire good practice in drawing. Before beginning see that the pencil is properly sharpened.
(1) Determine the size and spacings of the views so that the parts of the drawings may be properly placed.
(2) With light full lines block out the different views. Blocking-out lines are made of indefinite length and the proper distances marked off on them after they are drawn. Holding the rule or scale upon the drawing vertically, mark off the vertical spaces. Draw light lines thru these points. Upon one of these horizontal lines lay off the horizontal spaces. Draw light vertical lines thru these points.Fig. 12.
(3) Put on the dimensions.
(4) Put on the lettering.
(5) The drawing is ready for inking. In blocking-out, all lines are made full, light. In inking, the different kinds must be represented properly.Fig. 13. If it is not to be inked go over the lines that represent edges with the pencil a second time so that the outlines of the object will “stand out.”
Books on the Manual ArtsBeginning Woodwork.At Home and in School. ByCLINTON SHELDON VAN DEUSEN;illustrated by Edwin Victor Lawrence.A full and clear description in detail of the fundamental processes of elementary benchwork in wood. This description is given through directions for making a few simple, useful articles suitable either for school or home problems. Even without a teacher a bright boy, by following this book faithfully, may acquire considerable skill. It is a safe guide for farmers’ boys as well as for city boys, and is especially well suited for use in rural and village schools in which the teacher has had but little experience in the use of woodworking tools. The book is illustrated by more than one hundred figures, including ten plates of working drawings. Each of these figures is an original drawing made expressly for this book. Price, $1.00.Problems in Woodworking.ByM. W. MURRAY.A convenient collection of good problems ready to place in the hands of the pupils. It consists of forty plates bound in heavy paper covers with brass fasteners. Each plate is a working drawing, or problem in bench work that has been successfully worked out by boys in one of the grades from seven to nine inclusive. Many of the problems can be worked out in various ways according to the individual ability, interest and taste of the pupil. Price, 75 cents. Board covers, 20 cents extra.Problems in Furniture Making.ByFRED D. CRAWSHAW.This book consists of 32 plates of working drawings suitable for use in grammar and high schools and 24 pages of text, including chapters on design, construction and finishes, and notes on the problems. Price, in heavy paper covers, $1.00. Board covers, 20 cents extra.Problems in Mechanical Drawing.ByCHARLES A. BENNETT. With drawings made by Fred D. Crawshaw.This book consists of 80 plates and a few explanatory notes, and is bound in heavy paper covers with brass fasteners. Its purpose is to furnish teachers of classes beginning mechanical drawing with a large number of simple, practical problems. These have been selected with reference to the formation of good habits in technique, the interest of the pupils, and the subjects usually included in a grammar and first-year high school course. The book covers simple projection—straight lines and circles, problems involving tangents, planes of projection, revolution of solids, developments, intersections, isometric projection, lettering and working drawings. Each problem given is unsolved and therefore in proper form to hand to the pupil for solution.Price, $1.00. Board covers, 20 cents extra.Classroom Practice in Design.ByJAMES PARTON HANEY.A concise, up-to-date, richly illustrated booklet on the teaching of applied design. Very suggestive. Price, 50 cents.The Wash Method of Handling Water Colour.ByFRANK FORREST FREDERICK.“This little book is a helpful guide and affords a stimulus to the use of water-color as practiced by the earlier painters, whose beautiful work is unexcelled.” Price, 50 cents.Manual Training Magazine.An illustrated, bi-monthly publication devoted to the interests of the Manual Arts in Education. Subscription price, $1.50 a year; single copies, 35 cents. In foreign countries, including Canada, $1.75 a year; single copies, 40 cents.Publisher's markThe Manual Arts PressPeoria, Illinois
Books on the Manual Arts
Beginning Woodwork.At Home and in School. ByCLINTON SHELDON VAN DEUSEN;illustrated by Edwin Victor Lawrence.
A full and clear description in detail of the fundamental processes of elementary benchwork in wood. This description is given through directions for making a few simple, useful articles suitable either for school or home problems. Even without a teacher a bright boy, by following this book faithfully, may acquire considerable skill. It is a safe guide for farmers’ boys as well as for city boys, and is especially well suited for use in rural and village schools in which the teacher has had but little experience in the use of woodworking tools. The book is illustrated by more than one hundred figures, including ten plates of working drawings. Each of these figures is an original drawing made expressly for this book. Price, $1.00.
Problems in Woodworking.ByM. W. MURRAY.
A convenient collection of good problems ready to place in the hands of the pupils. It consists of forty plates bound in heavy paper covers with brass fasteners. Each plate is a working drawing, or problem in bench work that has been successfully worked out by boys in one of the grades from seven to nine inclusive. Many of the problems can be worked out in various ways according to the individual ability, interest and taste of the pupil. Price, 75 cents. Board covers, 20 cents extra.
Problems in Furniture Making.ByFRED D. CRAWSHAW.
This book consists of 32 plates of working drawings suitable for use in grammar and high schools and 24 pages of text, including chapters on design, construction and finishes, and notes on the problems. Price, in heavy paper covers, $1.00. Board covers, 20 cents extra.
Problems in Mechanical Drawing.ByCHARLES A. BENNETT. With drawings made by Fred D. Crawshaw.
This book consists of 80 plates and a few explanatory notes, and is bound in heavy paper covers with brass fasteners. Its purpose is to furnish teachers of classes beginning mechanical drawing with a large number of simple, practical problems. These have been selected with reference to the formation of good habits in technique, the interest of the pupils, and the subjects usually included in a grammar and first-year high school course. The book covers simple projection—straight lines and circles, problems involving tangents, planes of projection, revolution of solids, developments, intersections, isometric projection, lettering and working drawings. Each problem given is unsolved and therefore in proper form to hand to the pupil for solution.
Price, $1.00. Board covers, 20 cents extra.
Classroom Practice in Design.ByJAMES PARTON HANEY.
A concise, up-to-date, richly illustrated booklet on the teaching of applied design. Very suggestive. Price, 50 cents.
The Wash Method of Handling Water Colour.ByFRANK FORREST FREDERICK.
“This little book is a helpful guide and affords a stimulus to the use of water-color as practiced by the earlier painters, whose beautiful work is unexcelled.” Price, 50 cents.
Manual Training Magazine.
An illustrated, bi-monthly publication devoted to the interests of the Manual Arts in Education. Subscription price, $1.50 a year; single copies, 35 cents. In foreign countries, including Canada, $1.75 a year; single copies, 40 cents.
Publisher's mark
The Manual Arts PressPeoria, Illinois
Transcriber’s NotesInconsistent hyphenation and spelling have been retained except as mentioned under Changes made below.If supported by the hard- and software used to read this text, most illustrations may be enlarged by opening them in a new window or tab.Page 35, ... being careful to hold so as to get the full benefit ...: part of the sentence appears to be missing.Page 79, Paragraph starting The gage of wire for nails and the gage of wire for screws ...: the size of Figs. 132 and 135 in this text depend on the display used, and are, of course, not necessarily displayed in their true size.Pages 132-133: Figs. 214 and 213 appear in reverse order in the source document.Page 146, paragraph starting Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock ...: the repeated paragraph is also repeated in the source document; ... giving rise to “curly” and blister” figures ...: should be either “curly and blister” or “curly” and “blister”.Page 156, Wood stains are cheap ...: possibly an error for Water stains are cheap ....Changes madeSeveral obvious minor typographical errors have been corrected silently. Some punctuation inconsistencies in illustration captions and references have been standardised.Texts in adashed boxdoes not occur as text in the source document; but has been transcribed from the accompanying illustration.Captions with Figs. 95, 119, 193: dashes have been added to some of the entries for consistency.Page 9: heading PART I. TOOLS AND ELEMENTARY PROCESSES. has been inserted cf. the Table of Contents.Page 43: A True and smooth ... has been replaced with 1. True and smooth ....Page 98: ... Chapter I, Sec-1 ... has been changed to ... Chapter I, Section 1 ....Page 116: PART THREE has been changed to PART III for consistency.Page 138: dicotyledon has been changed to dicotyledons.Page 171: bicromate has been changed to bichromate.
Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling have been retained except as mentioned under Changes made below.
If supported by the hard- and software used to read this text, most illustrations may be enlarged by opening them in a new window or tab.
Page 35, ... being careful to hold so as to get the full benefit ...: part of the sentence appears to be missing.
Page 79, Paragraph starting The gage of wire for nails and the gage of wire for screws ...: the size of Figs. 132 and 135 in this text depend on the display used, and are, of course, not necessarily displayed in their true size.
Pages 132-133: Figs. 214 and 213 appear in reverse order in the source document.
Page 146, paragraph starting Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock ...: the repeated paragraph is also repeated in the source document; ... giving rise to “curly” and blister” figures ...: should be either “curly and blister” or “curly” and “blister”.
Page 156, Wood stains are cheap ...: possibly an error for Water stains are cheap ....
Changes made
Several obvious minor typographical errors have been corrected silently. Some punctuation inconsistencies in illustration captions and references have been standardised.
Texts in adashed boxdoes not occur as text in the source document; but has been transcribed from the accompanying illustration.
Captions with Figs. 95, 119, 193: dashes have been added to some of the entries for consistency.
Page 9: heading PART I. TOOLS AND ELEMENTARY PROCESSES. has been inserted cf. the Table of Contents.
Page 43: A True and smooth ... has been replaced with 1. True and smooth ....
Page 98: ... Chapter I, Sec-1 ... has been changed to ... Chapter I, Section 1 ....
Page 116: PART THREE has been changed to PART III for consistency.
Page 138: dicotyledon has been changed to dicotyledons.
Page 171: bicromate has been changed to bichromate.