8.quadrāgēsimō: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216B.C.9.L. Aemilius Paulus: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian P. Terentius Varro.13.impatientiā Varrōnis: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the defeat on Varro.14.Cannae: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators,and an unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only 5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the victory was mainly due.”Rome and Carthage, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44.16.pars dē exercitū＝pars exercitūs; a very rare usage.18.acceptī sunt: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word.20.nōbilēs virī: men whose ancestors had held high office.22.mentiōnem habēre: usuallymentiōnem facere.quod numquam ante: sc.factum erat.23.manūmissī: sc.sunt; they were liberated because none but freemen could serve in the Roman legions.Ch.11.24.multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs: “chiefly Samnites and other south Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’”Page31.2.variīs suppliciīs: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and treachery of Hannibal.3.ānulōrum: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights and senators.7.duōbus Scīpiōnibus: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain seeRome and Carthage, p. 183.Ch.12.12.annō quartō postquam: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf.aliquot annīs post, Ch. 6.13.Mārcellus: see note onM. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.cīvitātem＝urbem; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.16.rēx Macedoniae Philippus: although Philip promised aid, he never gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his undivided attention to preserving his realm.21.prōcōnsulem: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul.22.ea: the antecedent isSardinia.Ch.13.25.Hispāniīs: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further.28.missus fuerat: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.Page32.3.et Hasdrubalem: ‘including Hasdrubal.’Ch.14.8.ad … urbis: cf.ad quintum mīliārum urbis, Bk. I, 15. This was merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome.Rome and Carthage, p. 187.12.per multōs annōs: cf.per annum, Bk. I, 10.16.nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing, because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art were swept off to adorn the imperial city.”Rome and Carthage, p. 181.22.in dēditiōnem accēpit: cf.in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21.24.cōnsulem: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.Page33.Ch.15.2.P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: he is one of the most interesting characters in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207B.C.Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed possession of the Romans.3.annōs nātus … vīgintī: cf.decem … nātus, Bk. I, 1. He was too young to be elected to the consulship.5.ferē prīmus: ‘almost the first.’Karthāginem Hispāniae: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note onbellum Pūnicum secundum, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing the name Cartagena.11.ūnō animō: ‘with one accord.’Ch.16.14.Q. Fabius Māximus: see note onQ. Fabiō Māximō, Ch. 9.17.pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum: ‘the money derived from the sale of the prisoners.’18.ad fiscum: cf.ex fiscō, Bk. II, 27.21.ēgregiās rēs: ‘extraordinary exploits.’per sē: cf.per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.22.L. Scīpiōnem: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk. IV, 4.23.Claudius Mārcellus: see note onM. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.Ch.17.26.rēs inclitās: cf.ēgregiās rēs, Ch. 16.Page34.1.in amīcitiam accēpit: cf.in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21. It meant practical subjection in either case.ā victō: sc.hoste.2.obsidēs nōn poposcit: by pursuing the opposite course to thatof the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards.Ch.18.3.dēspērāns: ‘giving up the hope.’6.ā cōnsulibus: construe withīnsidiās compositās.7.apud Sēnam: one of the critical battles of the world’s history. It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.”Rome and Carthage, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45.12.ingēns animus accessit: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ ＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’et ipsī＝etiam: cf.et ipse, Bk. I, 8.Ch.20.19.in Āfricam missus: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the expedition as he should have been.dīvīnum quiddam: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a popular superstition.24.Syphācem: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his throne as his reward.Page35.Ch.21.5.lēgātī … petīvērunt: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach Africa and prepare for war against Scipio.7.quoūsque＝dōnec: a late usage.8.mīlia: sc.lībrārum.pondō: ‘by weight.’11.nē … redderent: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of commanding implied inhīs … dedit.Ch.22.19.quibus prius: sc.data esset; cf.hīs condiciōnibus dedit, Ch. 21.20.quīngentīs mīlibus: Dative, object ofadditīs.24.Karthāginī bellum: the details of these operations are imperfectly known.Rome and Carthage, p. 222.Page36.Ch.23.2.ūllā memoriā: ‘within the memory of any one.’3.Scīpiō victor: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This ended the Second Punic War.Rome and Carthage, p. 224; Creighton, p. 46.6.mīlia: sc.lībrārum.7.supellectilis: Nominative, the usual form issupellex.9.Āfricānus: laterMāiorwas added to his name to distinguish him from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146B.C.11.quam coeperat: cf.quam vēnerant, Bk. II, 28.Book IVCh.1.12.Macedonicum: sc.bellum.Ch.2.13.Philippum: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220B.C., was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197B.C., and died 179B.C.The Story of the Romans, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47.15.rem prōsperē gessit: in 196B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.”19.quaterna mīlia: sc.lībrārum; note the force of the distributive.pondō: cf.pondō, Bk. III, 21.Page37.2.Nabidem: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of Argos.quibus voluit condiciōnibus＝quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus.in fidem accēpit: cf.in fidem acceptae, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome.Ch.3.6.Syriacum: sc.bellum. Creighton, p. 48.7.Antiochum: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191B.C., and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190B.C., when he was compelled to sue for peace.12.fuisset: cf.quia … fēcissent, Bk. II, 11.Ch.4.14.L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne: cf. Bk. III, 16.Scīpiō Āfricānus: although Scipio Africanus was thelegatusof his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability.17.nāvālī proeliō: this battle,fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”18.apud Māgnēsiam: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen.20.Eumenēs: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him against the Romans.22.ex parte rēgis: ‘on the side of the king.’24.data est: sc.pāx.25.recēderet: cf.īnferret, Ch. 2.Page38.1.concitātōrem bellī: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to translate nouns of Agency by a clause.6.et ipse: cf.et ipse, Bk. I, 8.Asiāgenis: the more usual title isAsiāticus.Ch.5.12.per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum: cf.per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.13.trādendus esset: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation.venēnum bibit: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.”Ch.6.19.rebellāvit: on account of the division of the conquered territory after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179B.C.prevented him from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by.20.Thraciae: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46A.D.Īllyricī: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the Romans in the second centuryB.C.It was made a province afterwards and known as Dalmatia.21.Rōmānīs … auxiliō: cf.auxiliō … Rōmānīs, Ch. 4.24.utrīsque … praebuit: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ ‘remained neutral.’25.P. Licinius: sc.Crassus. He was utterly incompetent and thoroughly unscrupulous.26.gravī proeliō victus: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different.Page39.1.mox missus contrā eum: Eutropius does not mention the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both of which the Romans were unsuccessful.2.L. Aemilius Paulus: he was the son of the consul who fell at Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character.6.ante … quam: cf. note onante … quam, Bk. II, 13.Ch.7.8.III Nōnās Septembrēs: the full expression would beante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs; cf.XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.9.vīcit: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168B.C.“It was in fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings and nations.” Mommsen,History of Rome, Vol. II, p. 330.14.honōrem … habuit: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’victō: in apposition witheī.15.sibi:sibiandsērefer to Paulus.23.convīviī apparātū: ‘in his entertainments.’Ch.8.25.praedam … distribuit: this act of cruelty was commanded by the senate.Page40.2.triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē: never before had Rome seen so grand a triumph. It lasted for three days.3.cum duōbus fīliīs: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families.9.Bīthȳniae: supplyrēxfromrēgēsabove.Ch.10.15.tertium … Karthāginem:The Story of the Romans, p. 139; Creighton, p. 50;Rome and Carthage, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the words ‘Dēlenda est Carthāgō,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’16.L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō: they were utterly incompetent. On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill of Scipio.19.Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt: the Carthaginians tried in every way to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that theyshould leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the struggle that was inevitable.21.Scīpiō: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in theDe Amicitiaas one whose friendship was worthy of immortality.24.cōnsultissimus: ‘most fertile in council.’per eum: cf.per Ancī fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.27.committere: sc.proelium; the omission is late and rare.Page41.Ch.11.1.per idem tempus: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which.Masinissa: see note onSyphācem, Bk. III, 20.Ch.12.5.iuvenis: see note onannōrum, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune only.6.cōnsul est factus: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man who showed himself adapted to the place.9.quae sua recognōscēbant: ‘which they recognized as their own.’10.Karthāgō … dēlēta est: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.”Rome and Carthage, p. 260.quam＝postquam.11.avus ēius: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal.12.Āfricānus iūnior:etiam ipsecan, of course, refer only to Africanus,iuniorbeing adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. note onTarquinius iūnior, Bk. I, 8.Ch.13.14.Pseudophilippus: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the son of Perseus, met withsupport from Thrace and Byzantium, and was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.15.praetorem: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome.16.ad interneciōnem: ‘to the point of destruction.’Ch.14.22.cēpit: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were utterly defeated.dīruit: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished.27.pīctae tabulae: ‘pictures.’Page42.Ch.15.3.habēret: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313,d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.quaestōre: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial governors and managed the finances of the provinces.Ch.16.5.Metellus: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143B.C., and received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, was consul in 142B.C.Chs. 21, 23.8.Viriāthus: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination.9.quō metū＝cūius metū: for the case ofmetū, cf.metū, Ch. 3.12.adsertor: ‘restorer of liberty.’Ch.17.17.pācem ignōbilem fēcit: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three years. Creighton, p. 49.20.Mancīnum hostibus trādī: they refused to receive him, as the senate knew they would.24.cōnsul factus: sc.est; this was in 134B.C.He was then at the legal age for the consulship.25.mīlitem: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun.Page43.4.reliquam … accēpit: “A senatorial commission was shortly afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain gradually becameexceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” Mommsen, p. 215.Ch.18.6.Attalus: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor.Ch.19.9.Callaecīs: generally writtenGallaecī. They were a people inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized people of Spain.Lūsitānīs: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci.10.P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs: from the capture of the city of Numantia he received the nameNumantīnus.12.dē Āfricā:i.e. dē Karthāgine.Ch.20.13.Aristonīcō: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable success.15.P. Licinius Crassus: he was consul for the year 131B.C.He was a good orator and jurist.25.carcere: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the darkness, and the stench.”27.diem obierat: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’Ch.21.29.quae nunc manet: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this.Page44.2.dēductī sunt: the regular term for the founding of a colony.eō＝ad eum locum.Ch.22.5.Gallīs trānsalpīnīs: the Gauls of the modern France and Switzerland were calledtrānsalpīnī, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were calledcisalpīnī.Arvernōrum: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he refers to them several times in theGallic War.7.fluvium: a late word. The regular term for river isflūmen.8.torquibus: cf.torque, Bk. II, 5.9.dēductus est:i.e.from Gaul.Ch.23.12.Narbōne: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later it gave the name ofNarbōnēnsisto the province. It was situated on the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance.13.L. Caeciliō Metellō: see note onMetellus, Ch. 16.Ch.24.17.Scordiscīs: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe.Ch.25.19.C. Caeciliō Metellō: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113B.C., and carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with his brother.20.alterum ex Sardiniā: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115B.C.In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his brother.22.Cimbrōs: see Bk. V, 1, 2.Ch.26.23.P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā:i.e.‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to all his descendants.24.Iugurthae … inlātum est: Jugurtha is an interesting character in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109B.C., reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession of Marius,he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, ‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!25.frātrēs suōs: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not brothers.Page45.2.quae … improbāta est: probably the senate would have approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced to reject the peace and order the war to be continued.Ch.27.6.Q. Caecilius Metellus: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.12.successum est eī: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was succeeded.’C. Mariō: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct of Metellus.Bocchum: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.16.Cornēlium Sullam: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.Book VPage46.Ch.1.2.Cimbrīs et Teutonibus: the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, 105B.C., three Roman armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In 102B.C.they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery.” Mommsen,History of Rome, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63;The Story of the Romans, p. 155.7.quantus … tempore: ‘barely was it as great in the time of Hannibal.’8.Marius: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157B.C.of an obscure family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119B.C.he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He acquired influence and importance by marrying into the family of the Caesars. In 109B.C.he went to Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In 107B.C.he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul the second time in 104B.C.and took command of the war against the Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101B.C.he was elected to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In 100B.C.he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his ambition and be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured the passage of a law removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon himself. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. “The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time, 86B.C.But he did not long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died.15.absēns: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years must elapse before he could be re-elected.Ch.2.18.dīmicātum est: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.’ā Catulī parte: ‘on the part of Catulus.’Page47.Ch.3.7.gravissimum bellum: this is known as the Social or Italian war. It was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but no measure had been carried to better their condition.The burdens that Rome had imposed upon them had been steadily increased. Finally, in despair of securing any reforms, they appealed to arms. At first they were successful, but in the end the Romans conquered. However, they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. Creighton, p. 64.12.alius: foralter.15.ā Rōmānīs: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf.ā Catulī parte, Ch. 2.Ch.4.24.bellum cīvīle: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9.The Story of the Romans, pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66.Page48.1.Mithradāticum: sc.bellum commōtum est.bellō cīvīlī: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been used.2.cum Sulla: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family in 138B.C.After having secured a good education, he passed his early life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune left him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the Social war broke out he again entered the service and won fresh laurels (Ch. 3). In 88B.C.he was elected consul and received the command of the war against Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83B.C., and prepared for the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were crowned with success. In 82B.C.he brought the conflict to a close with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular party. He inaugurated a proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. He was chosen dictator by the senate, and made various reforms in the constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79B.C.he resigned his office and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78B.C.“None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.”3.gestūrus: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of the classical period to denote purpose.9.prīmus … armātus: a general with his army could not enter the city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his command.11.in futūrum annum: ‘for the next year.’Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā: in apposition withcōnsulibus.Ch.5.13.Mithradātēs: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought him into collision with the Romans. In 88B.C.he overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In 84B.C.peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83B.C.he again began war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the third time he began to wage war in 74B.C.This was the last and most important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, was not concluded until 63B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.16.eī: the antecedent isNīcomēdēs.18.faceret: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the Future Indicative in Direct.quod … patērētur: this use ofquodwith the Subjunctive after a verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject Accusative, is late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11.et ipse: ‘he too.’23.Ephesum: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was the chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of Diana.24.ūnō diē occiderentur: on that day over 80,000 Italians were put to death.Page49.Ch.6.1.Aristōne: he was a celebrated philosopher.3.Archelāum: Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithradates. At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia.11.commīsit: sc.proelium.15.iussit … agī: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝ ‘ordered a truce to be made.’Ch.7.18.partim: contrasted withaliōs.22.pāx … ōrdināta est: by the terms of the peace arranged Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined himself to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped.Page50.2.prōscrīpsērunt: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription in Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state and was sold at public auction. Their children and grandchildren lost their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices.6.Norbānum et Scīpiōnem:Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were elected consuls for the year 83B.C.7.contrā Norbānum: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua.10.tōtum … accēpit: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole army deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war.Ch.8.12.Marius: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the office.14.dīmicāvit: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain.19.portam Collīnam: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end.Page51.Ch.9.4.nūllī Rōmānōrum: this was the first time that any one who had not held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph.9.XXIV: sc.mīliawith all these numbers, except the last.Book VICh.1.14.Sertōrius: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83B.C.he went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For several years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was assassinated by one of his officers who was jealous of his power.The Story of the Romans, p. 165; Creighton, p. 69.Page52.Ch.2.5.levia proelia: ‘skirmishes.’Rhodopam prōvinciam: a small division of Thrace.Ch.3.10.P. Servīlius: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79B.C.The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a province. He took a leading part in the public affairs.ex cōnsule＝prōcōnsule; a late expression; cf. our expression ‘ex-president.’Ch.5.20.M. Aemilius Lepidus: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling matter. In 77B.C.Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died in Sardinia.23.Metellī: Genitive, depending ontriumphussupplied fromtriumphīabove.Ch.6.25.annō urbis conditae: a variation for the usual expressionab urbe conditā. The yearis conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf.annō ā conditā urbe, Bk. III, 10;annō … ab urbe conditā, Bk. IV, 22.Page53.1.Nīcomēdēs: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son and successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20. He had been aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the territories of Mithradates. Having no children, he left his kingdom to the Romans.2.Mithradātēs: see note on Bk. V, 5.4.apud Chalcēdōna: the defeat was both by land and sea.7.Lūcullus: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77B.C., and consul in 74B.C.For eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success; but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war to a close. On his return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of indolence and luxury. He died in 57B.C.10.Bȳzantium: the city of Byzantium was founded by the Megarians in 658B.C., and was a place of great importance. Constantinople was founded on the same site by the Emperor Constantine the Great in 330A.D.It remained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its capture by the Turks in 1453.13.centum ferē mīlia: sc.hominum.Ch.7.17.novum bellum: seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 167; Creighton, p. 70.18.Spartacō: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made Spartacus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero.”19.ludō: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly slaves, and were the property of the individuals who trained them and leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus.20.paene nōn levius: ‘not much lighter.’22.armātōrum: many slaves joined them.23.victī sunt in Āpūliā: they were conquered on the river Silarus, which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the battle.Ch.8.27.duo: nominative masculine, agreeing withLūcullī.Page54.7.Mithradātēs fugātus est: if the Roman soldiers had been able to restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed Mithradates rapidly, he would have been captured.10.Tigrāne: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of Mithradates. Although at first herefused to aid Mithradates, later the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy and take a hand in the war.Ch.9.13.hostem fugātum: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to translate a participle by a clause.14.Tigrānocertam: the capital of Tigranes.16.clībanāriīs: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides Eutropius.19.Nisibīn: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there.20.hī: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated at Cabira and Zela.22.neglegenter … agentēs: ‘conducting themselves carelessly and greedily.’24.bellum renovātum est: the Romans were now exactly where they were at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by Mithradates, and the results of eight years’ warfare were lost.Page55.Ch.11.12.bellum Crēticum: the war was in reality directed against the pirates who made Crete their headquarters.Ch.12.20.Cn. Pompēiō: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years.quod … cōnfēcit: in the space of forty days he had swept the whole western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In ninety days he had terminated the contest.22.eī … Tigrānēn: by the Manilian law the authority he had already wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East.24.nocturnō proeliō: Mithradates at first attempted to procure peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was afterward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to Tigranes, who refused to receive him.quadrāgintā mīlia: cf.centum ferē mīlia, Ch. 6.27.Pharnacis: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally himself with the Romans, andhad proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum.Page56.2.venēnum hausit: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was compelled to end his life with a sword.Ch.13.7.ab Artaxatā: Pompey was following him, and was planning to capture his capital city.11.Syria,Phoenīcē: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to return.12.Sophānēnē: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene.14.commōvisset: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans.Ch.14.22.Syriam: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus.Page57.2.Iūdaeam: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government she gave to the provinces, formed from the conquered territory, was stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy that had prevailed.Ch.15.7.L. Sergius Catilīna: Catiline was a member of a patrician family. By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and made all preparations for an outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained all Catiline’s plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he delivered has been preserved. Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at Faesulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught in a treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put Roman citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to exile for a time. Creighton, p. 73.12.Catilīna ipse: it was not until March of the next year (62B.C.) that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and slain.Ch.16.16.nūlla … fuit: inthis triumph was displayed a list of 800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his prowess.”Ch.17.23.C. Iūlius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100B.C.He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He became pontifex maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. In 62B.C.he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to govern the province of Further Spain. In 60B.C.he returned to Rome and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59B.C.he was elected consul, and, after the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards extended for another period of the same length. While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. It was Caesar’s intention to stand for the consulship a second time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44B.C.“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for theirexcellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste, reflection, industry, and exactness.’”The Story of the Romans, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74;The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5.imperāvit: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning.Page58.1.dēcrēta est: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187,a; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2,b, B.2.Helvētiōs … Sequanī: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone.7.Britannīs: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial.11.quadringentiēs: sc.centēna mīlia sestertium; about $1,640,000.Germānōs: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands that had come over into Gaul.Ch.18.17.M. Licinius Crassus: there was no cause for war against the Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning military renown.18.circā Carrās: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77.Page59.Ch.19.4.alterum cōnsulātum: this he demanded in accordance with the agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was consul for the first time.5.aliquā: cf.aliquā, Bk. I, 3.contrādictum est: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’8.iniūriam: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army.ab Arīminō: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.’mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat: ‘kept his troops collected.’Ch.20.14.dictātōrem: with the exception of Sulla there hadbeen no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War.15.exercitūs … superāvit: at first he met with serious reverses at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, and enrolled most of them in his army.18.prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria.20.nec … superārī: Indirect Discourse depending ondīxit.22.Palaeopharsālum: this battle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia.Page60.Ch.21.4.numquam … neque … neque: “a general negative may be subdivided byneque … neque, oraut … aut.”7.pūgnātum tum est: Pompey would have refused battle, but was urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship for Egypt.
8.quadrāgēsimō: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216B.C.
9.L. Aemilius Paulus: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian P. Terentius Varro.
13.impatientiā Varrōnis: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the defeat on Varro.
14.Cannae: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators,and an unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only 5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the victory was mainly due.”Rome and Carthage, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44.
16.pars dē exercitū＝pars exercitūs; a very rare usage.
18.acceptī sunt: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word.
20.nōbilēs virī: men whose ancestors had held high office.
22.mentiōnem habēre: usuallymentiōnem facere.
quod numquam ante: sc.factum erat.
23.manūmissī: sc.sunt; they were liberated because none but freemen could serve in the Roman legions.
24.multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs: “chiefly Samnites and other south Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’”
2.variīs suppliciīs: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and treachery of Hannibal.
3.ānulōrum: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights and senators.
7.duōbus Scīpiōnibus: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain seeRome and Carthage, p. 183.
12.annō quartō postquam: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf.aliquot annīs post, Ch. 6.
13.Mārcellus: see note onM. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.
cīvitātem＝urbem; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
16.rēx Macedoniae Philippus: although Philip promised aid, he never gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his undivided attention to preserving his realm.
21.prōcōnsulem: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul.
22.ea: the antecedent isSardinia.
25.Hispāniīs: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further.
28.missus fuerat: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
3.et Hasdrubalem: ‘including Hasdrubal.’
8.ad … urbis: cf.ad quintum mīliārum urbis, Bk. I, 15. This was merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome.Rome and Carthage, p. 187.
12.per multōs annōs: cf.per annum, Bk. I, 10.
16.nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing, because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art were swept off to adorn the imperial city.”Rome and Carthage, p. 181.
22.in dēditiōnem accēpit: cf.in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21.
24.cōnsulem: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.
2.P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: he is one of the most interesting characters in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207B.C.Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed possession of the Romans.
3.annōs nātus … vīgintī: cf.decem … nātus, Bk. I, 1. He was too young to be elected to the consulship.
5.ferē prīmus: ‘almost the first.’
Karthāginem Hispāniae: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note onbellum Pūnicum secundum, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing the name Cartagena.
11.ūnō animō: ‘with one accord.’
14.Q. Fabius Māximus: see note onQ. Fabiō Māximō, Ch. 9.
17.pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum: ‘the money derived from the sale of the prisoners.’
18.ad fiscum: cf.ex fiscō, Bk. II, 27.
21.ēgregiās rēs: ‘extraordinary exploits.’
per sē: cf.per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.
22.L. Scīpiōnem: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk. IV, 4.
23.Claudius Mārcellus: see note onM. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.
26.rēs inclitās: cf.ēgregiās rēs, Ch. 16.
1.in amīcitiam accēpit: cf.in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21. It meant practical subjection in either case.
ā victō: sc.hoste.
2.obsidēs nōn poposcit: by pursuing the opposite course to thatof the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards.
3.dēspērāns: ‘giving up the hope.’
6.ā cōnsulibus: construe withīnsidiās compositās.
7.apud Sēnam: one of the critical battles of the world’s history. It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.”Rome and Carthage, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45.
12.ingēns animus accessit: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ ＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’
et ipsī＝etiam: cf.et ipse, Bk. I, 8.
19.in Āfricam missus: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the expedition as he should have been.
dīvīnum quiddam: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a popular superstition.
24.Syphācem: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his throne as his reward.
5.lēgātī … petīvērunt: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach Africa and prepare for war against Scipio.
7.quoūsque＝dōnec: a late usage.
8.mīlia: sc.lībrārum.
pondō: ‘by weight.’
11.nē … redderent: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of commanding implied inhīs … dedit.
19.quibus prius: sc.data esset; cf.hīs condiciōnibus dedit, Ch. 21.
20.quīngentīs mīlibus: Dative, object ofadditīs.
24.Karthāginī bellum: the details of these operations are imperfectly known.Rome and Carthage, p. 222.
2.ūllā memoriā: ‘within the memory of any one.’
3.Scīpiō victor: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This ended the Second Punic War.Rome and Carthage, p. 224; Creighton, p. 46.
6.mīlia: sc.lībrārum.
7.supellectilis: Nominative, the usual form issupellex.
9.Āfricānus: laterMāiorwas added to his name to distinguish him from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146B.C.
11.quam coeperat: cf.quam vēnerant, Bk. II, 28.
12.Macedonicum: sc.bellum.
13.Philippum: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220B.C., was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197B.C., and died 179B.C.The Story of the Romans, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47.
15.rem prōsperē gessit: in 196B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.”
19.quaterna mīlia: sc.lībrārum; note the force of the distributive.
pondō: cf.pondō, Bk. III, 21.
2.Nabidem: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of Argos.
quibus voluit condiciōnibus＝quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus.
in fidem accēpit: cf.in fidem acceptae, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome.
6.Syriacum: sc.bellum. Creighton, p. 48.
7.Antiochum: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191B.C., and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190B.C., when he was compelled to sue for peace.
12.fuisset: cf.quia … fēcissent, Bk. II, 11.
14.L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne: cf. Bk. III, 16.
Scīpiō Āfricānus: although Scipio Africanus was thelegatusof his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability.
17.nāvālī proeliō: this battle,fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”
18.apud Māgnēsiam: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen.
20.Eumenēs: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him against the Romans.
22.ex parte rēgis: ‘on the side of the king.’
24.data est: sc.pāx.
25.recēderet: cf.īnferret, Ch. 2.
1.concitātōrem bellī: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to translate nouns of Agency by a clause.
6.et ipse: cf.et ipse, Bk. I, 8.
Asiāgenis: the more usual title isAsiāticus.
12.per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum: cf.per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.
13.trādendus esset: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation.
venēnum bibit: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.”
19.rebellāvit: on account of the division of the conquered territory after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179B.C.prevented him from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by.
20.Thraciae: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46A.D.
Īllyricī: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the Romans in the second centuryB.C.It was made a province afterwards and known as Dalmatia.
21.Rōmānīs … auxiliō: cf.auxiliō … Rōmānīs, Ch. 4.
24.utrīsque … praebuit: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ ‘remained neutral.’
25.P. Licinius: sc.Crassus. He was utterly incompetent and thoroughly unscrupulous.
26.gravī proeliō victus: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different.
1.mox missus contrā eum: Eutropius does not mention the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both of which the Romans were unsuccessful.
2.L. Aemilius Paulus: he was the son of the consul who fell at Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character.
6.ante … quam: cf. note onante … quam, Bk. II, 13.
8.III Nōnās Septembrēs: the full expression would beante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs; cf.XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.
9.vīcit: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168B.C.“It was in fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings and nations.” Mommsen,History of Rome, Vol. II, p. 330.
14.honōrem … habuit: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’
victō: in apposition witheī.
15.sibi:sibiandsērefer to Paulus.
23.convīviī apparātū: ‘in his entertainments.’
25.praedam … distribuit: this act of cruelty was commanded by the senate.
2.triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē: never before had Rome seen so grand a triumph. It lasted for three days.
3.cum duōbus fīliīs: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families.
9.Bīthȳniae: supplyrēxfromrēgēsabove.
15.tertium … Karthāginem:The Story of the Romans, p. 139; Creighton, p. 50;Rome and Carthage, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the words ‘Dēlenda est Carthāgō,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’
16.L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō: they were utterly incompetent. On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill of Scipio.
19.Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt: the Carthaginians tried in every way to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that theyshould leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the struggle that was inevitable.
21.Scīpiō: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in theDe Amicitiaas one whose friendship was worthy of immortality.
24.cōnsultissimus: ‘most fertile in council.’
per eum: cf.per Ancī fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.
27.committere: sc.proelium; the omission is late and rare.
1.per idem tempus: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which.
Masinissa: see note onSyphācem, Bk. III, 20.
5.iuvenis: see note onannōrum, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune only.
6.cōnsul est factus: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man who showed himself adapted to the place.
9.quae sua recognōscēbant: ‘which they recognized as their own.’
10.Karthāgō … dēlēta est: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.”Rome and Carthage, p. 260.
quam＝postquam.
11.avus ēius: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal.
12.Āfricānus iūnior:etiam ipsecan, of course, refer only to Africanus,iuniorbeing adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. note onTarquinius iūnior, Bk. I, 8.
14.Pseudophilippus: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the son of Perseus, met withsupport from Thrace and Byzantium, and was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.
15.praetorem: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome.
16.ad interneciōnem: ‘to the point of destruction.’
22.cēpit: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were utterly defeated.
dīruit: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished.
27.pīctae tabulae: ‘pictures.’
3.habēret: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313,d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.
quaestōre: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial governors and managed the finances of the provinces.
5.Metellus: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143B.C., and received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, was consul in 142B.C.Chs. 21, 23.
8.Viriāthus: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination.
9.quō metū＝cūius metū: for the case ofmetū, cf.metū, Ch. 3.
12.adsertor: ‘restorer of liberty.’
17.pācem ignōbilem fēcit: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three years. Creighton, p. 49.
20.Mancīnum hostibus trādī: they refused to receive him, as the senate knew they would.
24.cōnsul factus: sc.est; this was in 134B.C.He was then at the legal age for the consulship.
25.mīlitem: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun.
4.reliquam … accēpit: “A senatorial commission was shortly afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain gradually becameexceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” Mommsen, p. 215.
6.Attalus: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor.
9.Callaecīs: generally writtenGallaecī. They were a people inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized people of Spain.
Lūsitānīs: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci.
10.P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs: from the capture of the city of Numantia he received the nameNumantīnus.
12.dē Āfricā:i.e. dē Karthāgine.
13.Aristonīcō: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable success.
15.P. Licinius Crassus: he was consul for the year 131B.C.He was a good orator and jurist.
25.carcere: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the darkness, and the stench.”
27.diem obierat: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’
29.quae nunc manet: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this.
2.dēductī sunt: the regular term for the founding of a colony.
eō＝ad eum locum.
5.Gallīs trānsalpīnīs: the Gauls of the modern France and Switzerland were calledtrānsalpīnī, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were calledcisalpīnī.
Arvernōrum: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he refers to them several times in theGallic War.
7.fluvium: a late word. The regular term for river isflūmen.
8.torquibus: cf.torque, Bk. II, 5.
9.dēductus est:i.e.from Gaul.
12.Narbōne: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later it gave the name ofNarbōnēnsisto the province. It was situated on the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance.
13.L. Caeciliō Metellō: see note onMetellus, Ch. 16.
17.Scordiscīs: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe.
19.C. Caeciliō Metellō: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113B.C., and carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with his brother.
20.alterum ex Sardiniā: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115B.C.In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his brother.
22.Cimbrōs: see Bk. V, 1, 2.
23.P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā:i.e.‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to all his descendants.
24.Iugurthae … inlātum est: Jugurtha is an interesting character in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109B.C., reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession of Marius,he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, ‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!
25.frātrēs suōs: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not brothers.
2.quae … improbāta est: probably the senate would have approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced to reject the peace and order the war to be continued.
6.Q. Caecilius Metellus: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.
12.successum est eī: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was succeeded.’
C. Mariō: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct of Metellus.
Bocchum: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.
16.Cornēlium Sullam: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.
2.Cimbrīs et Teutonibus: the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, 105B.C., three Roman armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In 102B.C.they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery.” Mommsen,History of Rome, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63;The Story of the Romans, p. 155.
7.quantus … tempore: ‘barely was it as great in the time of Hannibal.’
8.Marius: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157B.C.of an obscure family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119B.C.he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He acquired influence and importance by marrying into the family of the Caesars. In 109B.C.he went to Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In 107B.C.he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul the second time in 104B.C.and took command of the war against the Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101B.C.he was elected to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In 100B.C.he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his ambition and be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured the passage of a law removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon himself. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. “The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time, 86B.C.But he did not long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died.
15.absēns: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years must elapse before he could be re-elected.
18.dīmicātum est: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.’
ā Catulī parte: ‘on the part of Catulus.’
7.gravissimum bellum: this is known as the Social or Italian war. It was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but no measure had been carried to better their condition.The burdens that Rome had imposed upon them had been steadily increased. Finally, in despair of securing any reforms, they appealed to arms. At first they were successful, but in the end the Romans conquered. However, they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. Creighton, p. 64.
12.alius: foralter.
15.ā Rōmānīs: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf.ā Catulī parte, Ch. 2.
24.bellum cīvīle: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9.The Story of the Romans, pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66.
1.Mithradāticum: sc.bellum commōtum est.
bellō cīvīlī: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been used.
2.cum Sulla: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family in 138B.C.After having secured a good education, he passed his early life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune left him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the Social war broke out he again entered the service and won fresh laurels (Ch. 3). In 88B.C.he was elected consul and received the command of the war against Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83B.C., and prepared for the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were crowned with success. In 82B.C.he brought the conflict to a close with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular party. He inaugurated a proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. He was chosen dictator by the senate, and made various reforms in the constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79B.C.he resigned his office and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78B.C.“None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.”
3.gestūrus: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of the classical period to denote purpose.
9.prīmus … armātus: a general with his army could not enter the city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his command.
11.in futūrum annum: ‘for the next year.’
Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā: in apposition withcōnsulibus.
13.Mithradātēs: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought him into collision with the Romans. In 88B.C.he overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In 84B.C.peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83B.C.he again began war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the third time he began to wage war in 74B.C.This was the last and most important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, was not concluded until 63B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.
16.eī: the antecedent isNīcomēdēs.
18.faceret: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the Future Indicative in Direct.
quod … patērētur: this use ofquodwith the Subjunctive after a verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject Accusative, is late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11.
et ipse: ‘he too.’
23.Ephesum: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was the chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of Diana.
24.ūnō diē occiderentur: on that day over 80,000 Italians were put to death.
1.Aristōne: he was a celebrated philosopher.
3.Archelāum: Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithradates. At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia.
11.commīsit: sc.proelium.
15.iussit … agī: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝ ‘ordered a truce to be made.’
18.partim: contrasted withaliōs.
22.pāx … ōrdināta est: by the terms of the peace arranged Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined himself to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped.
2.prōscrīpsērunt: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription in Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state and was sold at public auction. Their children and grandchildren lost their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices.
6.Norbānum et Scīpiōnem:Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were elected consuls for the year 83B.C.
7.contrā Norbānum: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua.
10.tōtum … accēpit: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole army deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war.
12.Marius: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the office.
14.dīmicāvit: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain.
19.portam Collīnam: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end.
4.nūllī Rōmānōrum: this was the first time that any one who had not held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph.
9.XXIV: sc.mīliawith all these numbers, except the last.
14.Sertōrius: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83B.C.he went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For several years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was assassinated by one of his officers who was jealous of his power.The Story of the Romans, p. 165; Creighton, p. 69.
5.levia proelia: ‘skirmishes.’
Rhodopam prōvinciam: a small division of Thrace.
10.P. Servīlius: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79B.C.The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a province. He took a leading part in the public affairs.
ex cōnsule＝prōcōnsule; a late expression; cf. our expression ‘ex-president.’
20.M. Aemilius Lepidus: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling matter. In 77B.C.Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died in Sardinia.
23.Metellī: Genitive, depending ontriumphussupplied fromtriumphīabove.
25.annō urbis conditae: a variation for the usual expressionab urbe conditā. The yearis conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf.annō ā conditā urbe, Bk. III, 10;annō … ab urbe conditā, Bk. IV, 22.
1.Nīcomēdēs: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son and successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20. He had been aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the territories of Mithradates. Having no children, he left his kingdom to the Romans.
2.Mithradātēs: see note on Bk. V, 5.
4.apud Chalcēdōna: the defeat was both by land and sea.
7.Lūcullus: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77B.C., and consul in 74B.C.For eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success; but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war to a close. On his return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of indolence and luxury. He died in 57B.C.
10.Bȳzantium: the city of Byzantium was founded by the Megarians in 658B.C., and was a place of great importance. Constantinople was founded on the same site by the Emperor Constantine the Great in 330A.D.It remained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its capture by the Turks in 1453.
13.centum ferē mīlia: sc.hominum.
17.novum bellum: seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 167; Creighton, p. 70.
18.Spartacō: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made Spartacus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero.”
19.ludō: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly slaves, and were the property of the individuals who trained them and leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus.
20.paene nōn levius: ‘not much lighter.’
22.armātōrum: many slaves joined them.
23.victī sunt in Āpūliā: they were conquered on the river Silarus, which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the battle.
27.duo: nominative masculine, agreeing withLūcullī.
7.Mithradātēs fugātus est: if the Roman soldiers had been able to restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed Mithradates rapidly, he would have been captured.
10.Tigrāne: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of Mithradates. Although at first herefused to aid Mithradates, later the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy and take a hand in the war.
13.hostem fugātum: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to translate a participle by a clause.
14.Tigrānocertam: the capital of Tigranes.
16.clībanāriīs: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides Eutropius.
19.Nisibīn: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there.
20.hī: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated at Cabira and Zela.
22.neglegenter … agentēs: ‘conducting themselves carelessly and greedily.’
24.bellum renovātum est: the Romans were now exactly where they were at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by Mithradates, and the results of eight years’ warfare were lost.
12.bellum Crēticum: the war was in reality directed against the pirates who made Crete their headquarters.
20.Cn. Pompēiō: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years.
quod … cōnfēcit: in the space of forty days he had swept the whole western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In ninety days he had terminated the contest.
22.eī … Tigrānēn: by the Manilian law the authority he had already wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East.
24.nocturnō proeliō: Mithradates at first attempted to procure peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was afterward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to Tigranes, who refused to receive him.
quadrāgintā mīlia: cf.centum ferē mīlia, Ch. 6.
27.Pharnacis: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally himself with the Romans, andhad proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum.
2.venēnum hausit: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was compelled to end his life with a sword.
7.ab Artaxatā: Pompey was following him, and was planning to capture his capital city.
11.Syria,Phoenīcē: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to return.
12.Sophānēnē: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene.
14.commōvisset: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans.
22.Syriam: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus.
2.Iūdaeam: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government she gave to the provinces, formed from the conquered territory, was stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy that had prevailed.
7.L. Sergius Catilīna: Catiline was a member of a patrician family. By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and made all preparations for an outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained all Catiline’s plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he delivered has been preserved. Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at Faesulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught in a treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put Roman citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to exile for a time. Creighton, p. 73.
12.Catilīna ipse: it was not until March of the next year (62B.C.) that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and slain.
16.nūlla … fuit: inthis triumph was displayed a list of 800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his prowess.”
23.C. Iūlius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100B.C.He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He became pontifex maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. In 62B.C.he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to govern the province of Further Spain. In 60B.C.he returned to Rome and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59B.C.he was elected consul, and, after the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards extended for another period of the same length. While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. It was Caesar’s intention to stand for the consulship a second time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44B.C.
“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for theirexcellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste, reflection, industry, and exactness.’”The Story of the Romans, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74;The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5.
imperāvit: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning.
1.dēcrēta est: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187,a; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2,b, B.
2.Helvētiōs … Sequanī: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone.
7.Britannīs: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial.
11.quadringentiēs: sc.centēna mīlia sestertium; about $1,640,000.
Germānōs: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands that had come over into Gaul.
17.M. Licinius Crassus: there was no cause for war against the Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning military renown.
18.circā Carrās: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77.
4.alterum cōnsulātum: this he demanded in accordance with the agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was consul for the first time.
5.aliquā: cf.aliquā, Bk. I, 3.
contrādictum est: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’
8.iniūriam: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army.
ab Arīminō: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.’
mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat: ‘kept his troops collected.’
14.dictātōrem: with the exception of Sulla there hadbeen no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War.
15.exercitūs … superāvit: at first he met with serious reverses at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, and enrolled most of them in his army.
18.prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria.
20.nec … superārī: Indirect Discourse depending ondīxit.
22.Palaeopharsālum: this battle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia.
4.numquam … neque … neque: “a general negative may be subdivided byneque … neque, oraut … aut.”
7.pūgnātum tum est: Pompey would have refused battle, but was urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship for Egypt.