FOOTNOTES1The termChorology, used by Haeckel, nearly covers the ground.2Ontos-gennao(individual-making, or genesis of the individual).3Taxis, nomos(relating to science of arrangement).4This statement is general; it will be modified hereafter.5Phule-gennao(kind-making); genesis of the race.6This formulation of the laws of organic succession was given by me in 1860, before I knew anything of either Darwin’s or Spencer’s evolution. They were my own mode of formulating Agassiz’s views.7Genesis without previous life—spontaneous generation.8Fishes were first introduced in the later Silurian; but became dominant in the Devonian.9Amphibians were introduced in the Carboniferous, but true reptile not until the Permian.10Of course I mean downward insocial function. Individually the scavenger may be nobler than the statesman.11Cope, “Science,” vol. ii, p. 274, 1883.12Boston Society of Natural History—anniversary memoir, 1880. Also, “American Naturalist,” June, 1882.13“Archives des Sciences,” vol. liv, 1875.14“Nature,” vol. xxxi, p. 4, 1884.15See abstract of Dr. Romanes’s views, “Nature,” vol. xxxiv, pp. 314, 336, 362. Also, discussions of the same by Meldola, Galton, Wallace, etc., in immediately subsequent numbers.16This subject is more fully treated in chapter IX, p. 240et seq.17See an article entitled “Genesis of Sex,” “Popular Science Monthly,” 1879, vol. xvi, p. 167.18Mr. Wallace has recently, in his work on “Darwinism,” taken strong ground against this Darwinian factor. He thinks, for example, that sexual vigor is the cause of both the splendor of color and the pertinacity which secures the female. We see little difference in this way of putting it. Our object, however, is not to argue the question of what are true factors, but simply to give the most accepted, and, as it seems to us, also the most probable view.19ByreasonI mean the faculty of dealing with the phenomena of theinner world of consciousness and ideas. Animals live in one world—the outer world ofsense; man in two—the outer world of sense, like animals, but also in an inner and higher world ofideas. All that is characteristic of man comes of this capacity of dealing with the inner world. In default of a better word I call it reason. If any one can suggest a better word, I will gladly adopt it.20While all comparative anatomists agree that the lung is a diverticulum from the œsophagus, like the air-bladder of the gar-fish, some think that it is adifferentdiverticulum, which is seen first in the dipnoi.21Undoubtedly the true principle on which primary groups ought to be made is,identity of general plan of structure, ortraceableness of homology throughout. For these groups are the great primary branches of the tree of life, and classification ought to represent degrees of genetic relationship. This was Agassiz’s principle, although he did not admit the genetic relation. This principle has been, it seems to us, too much neglected by later systematists.22The Amphioxus, the lowest of all vertebrates—if vertebrate it may be called—is an exception to 2 and 3. In this animal the vertebrate type is not yet fully declared.23This is only one example under a general law which it may be well to stop a moment to illustrate. A repetition of similar parts performing the same function is always an evidence of low organization, and as we rise in the scale of organization such parts usually become fewer and more efficient. Thus, to give one example, myriapods, as their name indicates, have hundreds of locomotive organs—lower crustaceans perhaps thirty or forty. As we go up, they are reduced to fourteen (tetradecapods), then to ten (decapods), then in spiders to eight, in insects to six, in vertebrates to four, and in man to two. A similar reduction in number, but increase in efficiency, is found in toes,when they are used for support and locomotion only. In man we find the normal number of five (1), because his hands are used for grasping and the functions of the fingers are not the same; and (2), because man’s development was almost whollybrainward. In other respects his structure is far less specialized than most other mammals. He can not compete with carnivores in strength and ferocity, nor with herbivores in fleetness. In the struggle for life, therefore, there was nothing left for him but increase in intelligence. Probably four is the smallest number of locomotive organs consistent with highest efficiency. In retaining but two legs for locomotion, man has lost in locomotive efficiency, but by the sacrifice he liberates two limbs for higher functions.24“Proceedings of American Academy of Arts and Sciences,” vol. xiv, May, 1878.25Fol., “Archives des Sciences,” vol. xiv, p. 84, 1885; “Science,” vol. vi, p. 92, 1885.26Of course, this is a purely imaginary case. The conditions of development of the eggs of higher animals forbid continuous watching the process. Yet we do observe in different individuals all these stages in mammals as well as other animals.27These baleen plates are not modifications of teeth, as might at first be supposed, but rather of the transverse gum-ridges found on the roof of the mouth of many mammals, and conspicuous in the horse.28“Proceedings of the California Academy of Science,” vol. v, p. 152. 1873.29For fuller discussion of this subject, see “Bulletin of the California Academy of Science,” No. 8, 1887, and “American Journal of Science,” for Dec., 1887.30“Origin of Races of the Dog.” “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” vol. xvii, p. 295. 1886.31Mr. Galton (“Nature,” August 26, 1886) has used a diagram similar to the above (which I first used in 1879) to illustrate the law of sexual attraction and repugnance.32This subject is more fully discussed by the author in an article entitled “Genesis of Sex,” in “The Popular Science Monthly,” vol. xvi, p. 167, 1879.33For examples of this the reader is referred to Cope, “Bulletin of the National Museum,” No. 1; and to Coues’s “Key to North American Birds,” last edition.34“Monatsbericht d. k. Preuss. Akademie d. Wissenschaft zu Berlin,” for July, 1866.35“Genesis of Tertiary Species of Planorbis at Steinheim.” A. Hyatt, Anniversary Memoir of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880.36In a letter to the author, dated February 13, 1887, Prof. Cope says: “Such transitions of species are clearly indicated in theOreodontidæ, where such different forms asO. gracilisandO. Culbertsoniare connected by intergradations.”37“American Naturalist,” 1873; “Popular Science Monthly,” June, 1873.38For a fuller development of this subject the reader is referred to an article by the author, entitled “Critical Periods in the History of, and their Relation to, Evolution” (“American Journal of Science,” vol. xiv, p. 99, 1877).39“Reflex Action and Theism,” William James, “Unitarian Review” for November, 1881.40See an article by the author on this subject, “American Journal of Science,” series ii, vol. xxviii, p. 305, 1859, and in “Popular Science Monthly,” vol. iv, p. 156, 1873.41All chemical compounds are dissociated by sufficient heat.42The origin of vital from chemical force in the green leaves of plants can not be doubted; but this does not, of course, explain the mystery of thefirst origin of life on the earth, for one condition of the changenowis thecontact of living matter.43I know it is the fashion to ridicule the use of the terms vitality, vital force, as a remnant of an old superstition; and yet the same men who do so use the terms gravity, electricity, chemical force, etc. Vital force is indeedcorrelatedwith other forces of Nature, but is none the less a distinctformof force, far more distinct than any other unless it be the still higher form of psychical, and therefore it better deserves a distinct name than any lower form. Each form of force gives rise to a peculiar group of phenomena, and the study of these to a special department of science. Now, the group of phenomena called vital is more peculiar, more different from other groups than these are from each other, and the science of physiology is a more distinct department than either physics or chemistry, and therefore the form of force, which determines these phenomena, is more distinct and better entitled to a name than any physical or chemical force.44“Princeton Review” for May, 1884.45“Popular Science Monthly,” December, 1873.46For a fuller statement of this antithesis, see an article by the author entitled “Evolution in Relation to Materialism,” “Princeton Review,” for March, 1881.47Johnstone Stoney, “Nature,” vol. xxxi, p. 422.48“Nature,” vol. xxxiv, p. 385. 1886.49So, again, see a book recently published (“Nature,” vol. xliii, p. 460, 1891), entitled “Whence comes Man, from Nature or from God?” The answer is plain. From both—from God through Nature. Evolution is the method of creation.
1The termChorology, used by Haeckel, nearly covers the ground.
1The termChorology, used by Haeckel, nearly covers the ground.
2Ontos-gennao(individual-making, or genesis of the individual).
2Ontos-gennao(individual-making, or genesis of the individual).
3Taxis, nomos(relating to science of arrangement).
3Taxis, nomos(relating to science of arrangement).
4This statement is general; it will be modified hereafter.
4This statement is general; it will be modified hereafter.
5Phule-gennao(kind-making); genesis of the race.
5Phule-gennao(kind-making); genesis of the race.
6This formulation of the laws of organic succession was given by me in 1860, before I knew anything of either Darwin’s or Spencer’s evolution. They were my own mode of formulating Agassiz’s views.
6This formulation of the laws of organic succession was given by me in 1860, before I knew anything of either Darwin’s or Spencer’s evolution. They were my own mode of formulating Agassiz’s views.
7Genesis without previous life—spontaneous generation.
7Genesis without previous life—spontaneous generation.
8Fishes were first introduced in the later Silurian; but became dominant in the Devonian.
8Fishes were first introduced in the later Silurian; but became dominant in the Devonian.
9Amphibians were introduced in the Carboniferous, but true reptile not until the Permian.
9Amphibians were introduced in the Carboniferous, but true reptile not until the Permian.
10Of course I mean downward insocial function. Individually the scavenger may be nobler than the statesman.
10Of course I mean downward insocial function. Individually the scavenger may be nobler than the statesman.
11Cope, “Science,” vol. ii, p. 274, 1883.
11Cope, “Science,” vol. ii, p. 274, 1883.
12Boston Society of Natural History—anniversary memoir, 1880. Also, “American Naturalist,” June, 1882.
12Boston Society of Natural History—anniversary memoir, 1880. Also, “American Naturalist,” June, 1882.
13“Archives des Sciences,” vol. liv, 1875.
13“Archives des Sciences,” vol. liv, 1875.
14“Nature,” vol. xxxi, p. 4, 1884.
14“Nature,” vol. xxxi, p. 4, 1884.
15See abstract of Dr. Romanes’s views, “Nature,” vol. xxxiv, pp. 314, 336, 362. Also, discussions of the same by Meldola, Galton, Wallace, etc., in immediately subsequent numbers.
15See abstract of Dr. Romanes’s views, “Nature,” vol. xxxiv, pp. 314, 336, 362. Also, discussions of the same by Meldola, Galton, Wallace, etc., in immediately subsequent numbers.
16This subject is more fully treated in chapter IX, p. 240et seq.
16This subject is more fully treated in chapter IX, p. 240et seq.
17See an article entitled “Genesis of Sex,” “Popular Science Monthly,” 1879, vol. xvi, p. 167.
17See an article entitled “Genesis of Sex,” “Popular Science Monthly,” 1879, vol. xvi, p. 167.
18Mr. Wallace has recently, in his work on “Darwinism,” taken strong ground against this Darwinian factor. He thinks, for example, that sexual vigor is the cause of both the splendor of color and the pertinacity which secures the female. We see little difference in this way of putting it. Our object, however, is not to argue the question of what are true factors, but simply to give the most accepted, and, as it seems to us, also the most probable view.
18Mr. Wallace has recently, in his work on “Darwinism,” taken strong ground against this Darwinian factor. He thinks, for example, that sexual vigor is the cause of both the splendor of color and the pertinacity which secures the female. We see little difference in this way of putting it. Our object, however, is not to argue the question of what are true factors, but simply to give the most accepted, and, as it seems to us, also the most probable view.
19ByreasonI mean the faculty of dealing with the phenomena of theinner world of consciousness and ideas. Animals live in one world—the outer world ofsense; man in two—the outer world of sense, like animals, but also in an inner and higher world ofideas. All that is characteristic of man comes of this capacity of dealing with the inner world. In default of a better word I call it reason. If any one can suggest a better word, I will gladly adopt it.
19ByreasonI mean the faculty of dealing with the phenomena of theinner world of consciousness and ideas. Animals live in one world—the outer world ofsense; man in two—the outer world of sense, like animals, but also in an inner and higher world ofideas. All that is characteristic of man comes of this capacity of dealing with the inner world. In default of a better word I call it reason. If any one can suggest a better word, I will gladly adopt it.
20While all comparative anatomists agree that the lung is a diverticulum from the œsophagus, like the air-bladder of the gar-fish, some think that it is adifferentdiverticulum, which is seen first in the dipnoi.
20While all comparative anatomists agree that the lung is a diverticulum from the œsophagus, like the air-bladder of the gar-fish, some think that it is adifferentdiverticulum, which is seen first in the dipnoi.
21Undoubtedly the true principle on which primary groups ought to be made is,identity of general plan of structure, ortraceableness of homology throughout. For these groups are the great primary branches of the tree of life, and classification ought to represent degrees of genetic relationship. This was Agassiz’s principle, although he did not admit the genetic relation. This principle has been, it seems to us, too much neglected by later systematists.
21Undoubtedly the true principle on which primary groups ought to be made is,identity of general plan of structure, ortraceableness of homology throughout. For these groups are the great primary branches of the tree of life, and classification ought to represent degrees of genetic relationship. This was Agassiz’s principle, although he did not admit the genetic relation. This principle has been, it seems to us, too much neglected by later systematists.
22The Amphioxus, the lowest of all vertebrates—if vertebrate it may be called—is an exception to 2 and 3. In this animal the vertebrate type is not yet fully declared.
22The Amphioxus, the lowest of all vertebrates—if vertebrate it may be called—is an exception to 2 and 3. In this animal the vertebrate type is not yet fully declared.
23This is only one example under a general law which it may be well to stop a moment to illustrate. A repetition of similar parts performing the same function is always an evidence of low organization, and as we rise in the scale of organization such parts usually become fewer and more efficient. Thus, to give one example, myriapods, as their name indicates, have hundreds of locomotive organs—lower crustaceans perhaps thirty or forty. As we go up, they are reduced to fourteen (tetradecapods), then to ten (decapods), then in spiders to eight, in insects to six, in vertebrates to four, and in man to two. A similar reduction in number, but increase in efficiency, is found in toes,when they are used for support and locomotion only. In man we find the normal number of five (1), because his hands are used for grasping and the functions of the fingers are not the same; and (2), because man’s development was almost whollybrainward. In other respects his structure is far less specialized than most other mammals. He can not compete with carnivores in strength and ferocity, nor with herbivores in fleetness. In the struggle for life, therefore, there was nothing left for him but increase in intelligence. Probably four is the smallest number of locomotive organs consistent with highest efficiency. In retaining but two legs for locomotion, man has lost in locomotive efficiency, but by the sacrifice he liberates two limbs for higher functions.
23This is only one example under a general law which it may be well to stop a moment to illustrate. A repetition of similar parts performing the same function is always an evidence of low organization, and as we rise in the scale of organization such parts usually become fewer and more efficient. Thus, to give one example, myriapods, as their name indicates, have hundreds of locomotive organs—lower crustaceans perhaps thirty or forty. As we go up, they are reduced to fourteen (tetradecapods), then to ten (decapods), then in spiders to eight, in insects to six, in vertebrates to four, and in man to two. A similar reduction in number, but increase in efficiency, is found in toes,when they are used for support and locomotion only. In man we find the normal number of five (1), because his hands are used for grasping and the functions of the fingers are not the same; and (2), because man’s development was almost whollybrainward. In other respects his structure is far less specialized than most other mammals. He can not compete with carnivores in strength and ferocity, nor with herbivores in fleetness. In the struggle for life, therefore, there was nothing left for him but increase in intelligence. Probably four is the smallest number of locomotive organs consistent with highest efficiency. In retaining but two legs for locomotion, man has lost in locomotive efficiency, but by the sacrifice he liberates two limbs for higher functions.
24“Proceedings of American Academy of Arts and Sciences,” vol. xiv, May, 1878.
24“Proceedings of American Academy of Arts and Sciences,” vol. xiv, May, 1878.
25Fol., “Archives des Sciences,” vol. xiv, p. 84, 1885; “Science,” vol. vi, p. 92, 1885.
25Fol., “Archives des Sciences,” vol. xiv, p. 84, 1885; “Science,” vol. vi, p. 92, 1885.
26Of course, this is a purely imaginary case. The conditions of development of the eggs of higher animals forbid continuous watching the process. Yet we do observe in different individuals all these stages in mammals as well as other animals.
26Of course, this is a purely imaginary case. The conditions of development of the eggs of higher animals forbid continuous watching the process. Yet we do observe in different individuals all these stages in mammals as well as other animals.
27These baleen plates are not modifications of teeth, as might at first be supposed, but rather of the transverse gum-ridges found on the roof of the mouth of many mammals, and conspicuous in the horse.
27These baleen plates are not modifications of teeth, as might at first be supposed, but rather of the transverse gum-ridges found on the roof of the mouth of many mammals, and conspicuous in the horse.
28“Proceedings of the California Academy of Science,” vol. v, p. 152. 1873.
28“Proceedings of the California Academy of Science,” vol. v, p. 152. 1873.
29For fuller discussion of this subject, see “Bulletin of the California Academy of Science,” No. 8, 1887, and “American Journal of Science,” for Dec., 1887.
29For fuller discussion of this subject, see “Bulletin of the California Academy of Science,” No. 8, 1887, and “American Journal of Science,” for Dec., 1887.
30“Origin of Races of the Dog.” “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” vol. xvii, p. 295. 1886.
30“Origin of Races of the Dog.” “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” vol. xvii, p. 295. 1886.
31Mr. Galton (“Nature,” August 26, 1886) has used a diagram similar to the above (which I first used in 1879) to illustrate the law of sexual attraction and repugnance.
31Mr. Galton (“Nature,” August 26, 1886) has used a diagram similar to the above (which I first used in 1879) to illustrate the law of sexual attraction and repugnance.
32This subject is more fully discussed by the author in an article entitled “Genesis of Sex,” in “The Popular Science Monthly,” vol. xvi, p. 167, 1879.
32This subject is more fully discussed by the author in an article entitled “Genesis of Sex,” in “The Popular Science Monthly,” vol. xvi, p. 167, 1879.
33For examples of this the reader is referred to Cope, “Bulletin of the National Museum,” No. 1; and to Coues’s “Key to North American Birds,” last edition.
33For examples of this the reader is referred to Cope, “Bulletin of the National Museum,” No. 1; and to Coues’s “Key to North American Birds,” last edition.
34“Monatsbericht d. k. Preuss. Akademie d. Wissenschaft zu Berlin,” for July, 1866.
34“Monatsbericht d. k. Preuss. Akademie d. Wissenschaft zu Berlin,” for July, 1866.
35“Genesis of Tertiary Species of Planorbis at Steinheim.” A. Hyatt, Anniversary Memoir of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880.
35“Genesis of Tertiary Species of Planorbis at Steinheim.” A. Hyatt, Anniversary Memoir of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880.
36In a letter to the author, dated February 13, 1887, Prof. Cope says: “Such transitions of species are clearly indicated in theOreodontidæ, where such different forms asO. gracilisandO. Culbertsoniare connected by intergradations.”
36In a letter to the author, dated February 13, 1887, Prof. Cope says: “Such transitions of species are clearly indicated in theOreodontidæ, where such different forms asO. gracilisandO. Culbertsoniare connected by intergradations.”
37“American Naturalist,” 1873; “Popular Science Monthly,” June, 1873.
37“American Naturalist,” 1873; “Popular Science Monthly,” June, 1873.
38For a fuller development of this subject the reader is referred to an article by the author, entitled “Critical Periods in the History of, and their Relation to, Evolution” (“American Journal of Science,” vol. xiv, p. 99, 1877).
38For a fuller development of this subject the reader is referred to an article by the author, entitled “Critical Periods in the History of, and their Relation to, Evolution” (“American Journal of Science,” vol. xiv, p. 99, 1877).
39“Reflex Action and Theism,” William James, “Unitarian Review” for November, 1881.
39“Reflex Action and Theism,” William James, “Unitarian Review” for November, 1881.
40See an article by the author on this subject, “American Journal of Science,” series ii, vol. xxviii, p. 305, 1859, and in “Popular Science Monthly,” vol. iv, p. 156, 1873.
40See an article by the author on this subject, “American Journal of Science,” series ii, vol. xxviii, p. 305, 1859, and in “Popular Science Monthly,” vol. iv, p. 156, 1873.
41All chemical compounds are dissociated by sufficient heat.
41All chemical compounds are dissociated by sufficient heat.
42The origin of vital from chemical force in the green leaves of plants can not be doubted; but this does not, of course, explain the mystery of thefirst origin of life on the earth, for one condition of the changenowis thecontact of living matter.
42The origin of vital from chemical force in the green leaves of plants can not be doubted; but this does not, of course, explain the mystery of thefirst origin of life on the earth, for one condition of the changenowis thecontact of living matter.
43I know it is the fashion to ridicule the use of the terms vitality, vital force, as a remnant of an old superstition; and yet the same men who do so use the terms gravity, electricity, chemical force, etc. Vital force is indeedcorrelatedwith other forces of Nature, but is none the less a distinctformof force, far more distinct than any other unless it be the still higher form of psychical, and therefore it better deserves a distinct name than any lower form. Each form of force gives rise to a peculiar group of phenomena, and the study of these to a special department of science. Now, the group of phenomena called vital is more peculiar, more different from other groups than these are from each other, and the science of physiology is a more distinct department than either physics or chemistry, and therefore the form of force, which determines these phenomena, is more distinct and better entitled to a name than any physical or chemical force.
43I know it is the fashion to ridicule the use of the terms vitality, vital force, as a remnant of an old superstition; and yet the same men who do so use the terms gravity, electricity, chemical force, etc. Vital force is indeedcorrelatedwith other forces of Nature, but is none the less a distinctformof force, far more distinct than any other unless it be the still higher form of psychical, and therefore it better deserves a distinct name than any lower form. Each form of force gives rise to a peculiar group of phenomena, and the study of these to a special department of science. Now, the group of phenomena called vital is more peculiar, more different from other groups than these are from each other, and the science of physiology is a more distinct department than either physics or chemistry, and therefore the form of force, which determines these phenomena, is more distinct and better entitled to a name than any physical or chemical force.
44“Princeton Review” for May, 1884.
44“Princeton Review” for May, 1884.
45“Popular Science Monthly,” December, 1873.
45“Popular Science Monthly,” December, 1873.
46For a fuller statement of this antithesis, see an article by the author entitled “Evolution in Relation to Materialism,” “Princeton Review,” for March, 1881.
46For a fuller statement of this antithesis, see an article by the author entitled “Evolution in Relation to Materialism,” “Princeton Review,” for March, 1881.
47Johnstone Stoney, “Nature,” vol. xxxi, p. 422.
47Johnstone Stoney, “Nature,” vol. xxxi, p. 422.
48“Nature,” vol. xxxiv, p. 385. 1886.
48“Nature,” vol. xxxiv, p. 385. 1886.
49So, again, see a book recently published (“Nature,” vol. xliii, p. 460, 1891), entitled “Whence comes Man, from Nature or from God?” The answer is plain. From both—from God through Nature. Evolution is the method of creation.
49So, again, see a book recently published (“Nature,” vol. xliii, p. 460, 1891), entitled “Whence comes Man, from Nature or from God?” The answer is plain. From both—from God through Nature. Evolution is the method of creation.
INDEXAcceleration, law of,178.African fauna explained,204.Agassiz, his greatest result,29,43;relation to evolution,32,37,43;relation to Darwin,46;compared with Kepler,47.Ages of geological history,16.Alpine species explained,215.Amphibians, development of,150.Analogy and homology,99.Animaof animals,313,317.Animal architecture, styles of,209.Animal kingdom, primary divisions of,107.Animals, relation of man to,311;spirit embryonic in,311.Antiquity of man, religion and,282;of the earth, religion and,281.Aortic arches, proofs of evolution from,151.Arthropods,132.Artificial production of varieties,222.Australia, fauna and flora of, explained,200;when isolated,202.Barriers limit faunal and floral regions,188.Beauty, origin of,269.Birds’ tails, changes of,174.Brain, vertebrate, proofs of evolution from,162;vertebrate, changes of, in phylogenic series,168;relation to mind,327,338.Brain-physiology as a basis for materialism,306.Branching tree illustrates evolution,13–15,18,110,250.Brooks, W. K., on the cause of variations,262.Californian coast-islands, fauna and flora of,211.Causation, idea of, from within,342.Cause, first and second,354.Cells, somatic and germ,93.Centers of creation, specific,194.Cephalization,171.Chambers, his views on evolution,34.Changes slow at present,266.Christ, the,359;relation of evolution to,359;as an agent in human progress,363.Close-breeding, effects of,236,243.Coast-islands of California, fauna and flora of,211.Comparison, method of,41.Conflict between religion and science,280.Continental faunas and floras,188.Continental island life,208.Continuity, law of,53;law of, applied to inorganic forms,54;to organic forms,56.Cope’s law of acceleration,178.Creation, special,30,69;specific centers of,194;changes in our notions of,348;question of mode,358.Cross-breeding, law of,236.Cross-fertility of artificial varieties,232.Cross-sterility,77,234.Cyclical movement, law of,16,22.Darwin, relation to Agassiz,46;compared with Newton,48;factors of evolution discovered by,74;objections to his theory of evolution,76.Derivation, origin of inorganic forms by,54;origin of organic forms by,56.Design, idea of, from within,345;argument from, not destroyed by evolution,346;changes in our ideas of,348;in Nature, question of,357.Differentiation, law of,11,19;law of, in embryonic development,19;law of, illustrated,144;of the animal kingdom illustrated,176.Disease, necessity of,367.Divine energy, forms of,318.Divisions of the animal kingdom,117.Dogmatism, theological and scientific,293.Domestication, changes produced by,222.Egg, development of,3,19.Egyptian species unchanged in three thousand years,265.Embryology, proofs of evolution from,148.Environment, physical,73.Evil, problem of, relation of evolution to,365;physical, necessity of,366;a condition of progress,366,373;organic, necessity of,367;moral, necessity of,369.Evolution, what is,3,8;scope of,3;type of,3,8;examples of,5;popularly limited to the organic kingdom,7;progressive change in,9;laws of,11;illustrated by branching tree,13–15,18,90,250;misconception of,14;produced by resident forces,27;germs of the idea,32;relation of Agassiz to,32,37,43;Lamarck’s views on,33;Chambers’s views on,34;obstacle to, removed,35;confliction with religion imaginary,45;how related to gravitation,49;general evidences of,53;artificial,60;observed,62;certainty of,65;special proofs of,67;factors of,73,81;human contrasted with organic,88;monotypal and polytypal,85;proofs of, from the vertebrate skeleton,111;from the articulate skeleton,132;from embryology,148;from development of amphibians,150;from aortic arches,151;from vertebrate brain,162;from rudimentary organs,179;from geographical distribution of organisms,183;explains geographical diversity,195;objection to this view,217;answer,219;proofs of, from artificial modifications,222;factors of, operative in domestication,228;paroxysmal,257;material, nearly completed,267;thoroughly established,275;relation to religion,276,282;relation to materialism,284;necessitates great change in religious thought,295;of forces,315;relation to revelation,331;pantheistic objection answered,335;relation to problem of evil,365.Experimental method largely fails on plane of life,40.Factors of evolution,73;their grades and order of introduction,81;Lamarckian,81;selection,82–85;Darwinian,83;rational,86.Faculties, evolution of,23.Faunas and floras, geographical,183;continental,188;marine,192;special cases of distinct,192;of Australia,200;of Africa,204;of Madagascar,205;of continental islands,208;of the coast-islands of California,211;of oceanic islands,213;of lofty mountains,215.Fish-tails, changes of, in development,172;in evolution,174.Fishes, age of,17.Floras and faunas, geographical,183.Force, vital, correlation of,36;planes of,314;evolution of,315;idea of, from within,342.Forces, resident, evolution by,27;of Nature are forms of Divine energy,317;different planes of,314.Fore-limbs, vertebrate, homologies of,113.Generation, spontaneous,15.Geographical faunas and floras,183;diversity, theory of,193;diversity explained by evolution,195;present diversity determined by Glacial epoch,198;objection to this view,217;answer,219.Geological record, imperfection of,252.Glacial epoch determined distribution of species,195,198,215;changes during, in America,198;in Europe,199.God, relation of, to Nature,297;immanence of, in Nature,300;relation of, to man,326;personality of,332;necessary belief in,344;different forms of conception,351.Good and the true, relation of,277.Grasshopper, external anatomy of,143.Gravitation, relation of, to evolution,49;and religion,281.Gyroscope,288.Heliocentric theory and religion,280.Hind-limbs, vertebrate, homologies of,121.Horse, genesis of,126.Homologies of vertebrate skeleton,111;of vertebrate fore-limbs,113;of vertebrate hind-limbs,121;of articulate skeleton,132.Homology and analogy,99;only within primary divisions,108.Hyatt, A., on Planorbis,254.Ideal, relative and absolute,364.Idealism, true and false,301.Immortality in accord with law,316.Individuality, organic,325;spiritual,325.Innocence and virtue compared,372.Inorganic forms, law of continuity applied to,54.Intermediate forms between artificial varieties,232.Islands, continental and oceanic,207.Kepler compared with Agassiz,47.Lamarck, evolutionary views of,33,74.Law of differentiation,11,19;of progress of the whole,13,22;of cyclical movement,16,22;of continuity,53;of continuity applied to inorganic forms,54;to organic forms,56;of differentiation illustrated,144;of acceleration,178;of cross-breeding,218,236.Laws of evolution,11,19.Lepidosiren,101.Life, nature of,35;imperfectly subject to experiment,40;relation of, to philosophy,277.Limbs, vertebrate, homology of,113.Links, connecting,12,57,145;connecting, elimination of,248;connecting, usually absent from geological faunas,251.Liquidambar,218,220.Lobster, external anatomy of,136.Lungs, formation of,100.Madagascan fauna explained,205.Mammals, age of,17.Man, age of,18;relation of, to Nature,304;relation of, to animals,311;spirit of, in relation to the forces of Nature,313,316;relation of God to,331.Marsupials,201.Materialism, relation of, to evolution,284;basis for, in brain-physiology,306;basis for, in evolution,311.Methods, scientific,38.Migration favors diversification,77.Mind, relation of, to brain,327,338;versusmechanics in Nature,340.Miracles, question of,356.Mollusks, age of,16.Monotremes,201.Mystery, changes in our sense of,347.Nature, relation of God to,297;immanence of God in,300;relation of man to,304;has no meaning without spirit,329;mindversusmechanics in,340.Natural and supernatural,355.Neo-Darwinism,93;relation of, to human progress,97.Newton compared with Darwin,48.Nominalism and realism reconciled,329.Obstacle to evolution removed,35.Oceanic island life,213.Ontogenic series,9,40.Organic forms, views of origin of,29,68,72,292;law of continuity applied to,56.Organs, incipient,270.Origin of varieties unexplained,270.Pantheism, true and false,302,335.Paroxysmal evolution,257.Personality behind Nature,338.Personality of God,337,341.Philosophy and life, relations of,277.Phylogenic series,10,41.Planorbis of Steinheim,254.Primal animals,145.Progress of the whole, law of,13,22.Progressive change in evolution,9.Providence, question of general and special,355.Ranges of organic forms,186.Realism and nominalism reconciled,329.Record, geological, imperfection of,252.Religion, so-called conflict of, with evolution,45,280.Religious thought to be reconstructed,295.Reproduction, methods of,237.Reptiles, age of,17.Revelation, relation of evolution to,331;not inconsistent with the laws of Nature,332;nature of,333.Reversion of artificial forms,229.Romanes, G. J., his idea of physiological selection,76,84;the idea applied,245.Rudimentary organs, proofs of evolution from,179;organs in man,181.Selection, sexual,74,85;natural,74,79,83;physiological,75,79,84;natural, compared with artificial,225;physiological, applied,245.Self-consciousness the sign of spirit-individuality,325.Sequoia,219,220.Sexes, characters of, compared,262.Shrimp, external anatomy of,134.Sin a condition of moral evolution,350.Skeleton, vertebrate, homologies of,111;articulate, homologies of,132;articulate, general structure of,134.Society, progress of,25.Space and time the two fundamental conditions of material existence,48.Species, natural, more permanent than artificial varieties,229;more distinct,232;cross-sterile,232.Spirit embryonic in animals,311;of man related toanimaof animals,313;to forces of Nature,313,316;origin of illustrated,320–322;Plato’s view,326;orthodox view,326;no meaning in Nature without,329.Steinheim, Planorbis of,254.Supernatural and the natural,355.Taxonomic series,9,40.Temperature-regions,184.Tread, plantigrade and digitigrade,123.True and the good, relation of,277.Truth tested by effect on life,277;not compromise,291.Types, generalized,13.Use and disuse of organs,73.Useless structures, how produced,76.Variation depends on sexual reproduction,238;caused by unfavorable conditions,264.Varieties, artificial production of,222,235;artificial production of, illustrated,224;natural and artificial, compared,228;origin of, unexplained,270.“Vestiges of Creation,”34.Virtue and innocence compared,372.Vital principle,328.Voluntary social progress,26.Weismann’s views,93.Whales, rudimentary organs of,180.
THE END.