CHAP. VII.

[290]spartíto

[291]fra

[292]cavaliére

[293]alleáto

[294]speránza

[295]cittadinanza romana

[296]non potére

[297]effettuáre

[298]incórrere

[299]ódio

[300]pugnaláto

[301]sapére

[302]impegnáto

[303]faticóso

[304]chiamáto

[305]Sociále

[306]Mársico

[307]autóre

[308]Latíno

[309]disgustáto

[310]dividere

[311]fatíca

[312]perícolo

[313]esclúso

[314]onóre

[315]dignità

[316]stato

[317]deluso

[318]ottenére

[319]libertà

[320]procuráre

[321]spuntáre

[322]forza

[323]colle buóne

[324]tentáre

[325]Férie

[326]assassináre

[327]cosa

[328]scopérto

[329]apertaménte

[330]rivoltársi

[331]uccídere

[332]Fontéjo

[333]Ascolo

[334]continuáto

[335]vario

[336]succésso

[337]Pompeo Strabóne

[338]magno

[339]distínguersi

[340]occasióne

[341]forzáre

[342]obbediénza

[343]trionfáre

[344]cagióne

[345]pariménte

[346]luogotenénte

[347]ottenére

[348]consoláto

[349]termináre

[350]accendérsi

[351]Mitridáte

[352]uccíso

[353]sorélla

[354]maríto

[355]nome

[356]impossessáto

[357]abbandonáre

[358]ingiustaménte

[359]nomináto

[360]domínio

[361]ristabilíto

[362]scacciáto

[363]come pure lo fu

[364]ricuperáre

[365]decréto

[366]offéso

[367]invádere

[368]sconfíggere

[369]uccídere

[370]per tutta

[371]sottoporre

[372]Trácia

[373]Grécia

[374]Aténe

[375]marciáre

[376]pigliáre

[377]sconfíggere

[378]patto

[379]abbandonáre

(Of the World, 3966—Of Rome, 666.)

Marius,[1]though now[2]broken with[3]age and years, yet being very[4]ambitious of getting[5]employed against Mithridates, could not[6]bear with patience the[7]bestowing that[8]province upon Sylla.[9]Wherefore he[10]prevailed by the[11]meansof C. Sulpicius, the tribune of the people, to have it[12]taken from Sylla, and bestowed upon himself. At which Sylla being[13]enraged,[14]seized upon the city, and having[15]slain Sulpicius,[16]obliged Marius to[17]fly. In his[18]absence, Cinna the consul, making a[19]disturbance, was[20]driven out of the city, and being[21]joined by Marius, Carbo, and Sertorius,[22]assaulted Rome; which, having[23]taken,[24]he put a great many of the Romans[25]to the sword. Marius[26]died a natural death the year following.

Sylla having made peace with Mithridates,[27]returned into Italy, and[28]made an end of the civil war in two years time, by the[29]defeat of Carbo, Norbanus, young Marius, and others; and being[30]declared[31]dictator,[32]took off a great many of Marius’s party by means of a[33]proscription. Q. Sertorius[34]retired into Farther Spain, where he[35]held out for some years very[36]valiantly.

Sylla having in the year 675[37]laid down the[38]dictatorship, died the year following of the[39]lousy[40]disease, in the sixtieth year of his[41]age. After his death, Lepidus the consul,[42]endeavouring to[43]annul the[44]acts of Sylla, was[45]forced out of the city by his[46]colleague Catulus. And the year following[47]advancing up to the city with an[48]army, he was defeated by the same Catulus and Cn. Pompey, and[49]fled into[50]Sardinia, where he[51]fell illand died. The same Pompey being[52]sent into Spain against Sertorius,[53]performed no important things; but the latter being[54]treacherously[55]slain by his own people, he[56]easily[57]recovered that province in the year 681.

In the mean time the war with Mithridates[58]broke out again, while Sylla was yet living; and after Sylla’s death, Mithridates having[59]entered into an[60]alliance with Sertorius,[61]seized by force of arms upon Bithynia, which Nicomedes at his death in 679, had[62]left to the Roman people. L. Lucullus consul, in 680,[63]went against him, and being very[64]successful both by[65]sea and[66]land, he[67]obliged him to fly, first into[68]Pontus, and soon after to[69]Tigranes in Armenia. Lucullus[70]conquered Pontus, and defeated both the kings who[71]engaged him with an army of two hundred thousand[72]foot and sixty thousand[73]horse, in the year of the city 685. After this, Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, and[74]Nisibis, two very great cities, were[75]taken. But this excellent general being[76]forsaken by his men, was[77]obliged to[78]leave the[79]fruit of his[80]toil and[81]victories to Cn. Pompey, in the year 688. He having[82]forced Tigranes to[83]surrender, obliged him to be[84]satisfied with Armenia; and whilst he[85]pursued Mithridates, he[86]added the[87]Iberians and[88]Albanians to the Roman empire, in the year 689.[89]Finally, Mithridates,in the year 691, being[90]every where[91]beaten,[92]thought of[93]flying into[94]Gaul, but being[95]discouraged by the[96]revolt of his son[97]Pharnaces and the army, he[98]slew himself.

Whilst the war with Mithridates was[99]warmly[100]carried on, there[101]broke out another with the[102]slaves, in the year of the city 681. One[103]Spartacus Ænomanus, and[104]Crixus,[105]gladiators, having[106]broken up a[107]school of gladiators at Capua,[108]belonging to Lentulus, and[109]assembled an army of[110]desperadoes,[111]routed the Roman armies several times, but at last were[112]vanquished by Crassus the prætor, and Pompey, in the year 685.

Pompey[113]likewise[114]subdued the[115]pirates, who, at the[116]instigation of Mithridates,[117]infested the seas, having an[118]extraordinary[119]commission[120]for that purpose by the[121]Gabinian law. Whilst Pompey was[122]enlarging the Roman empire[123]abroad, the[124]head of the empire was in no small[125]danger from a[126]conspiracy which[127]Cataline,[128]Lentulus the prætor,[129]Cethegus, and other senators, had[130]entered into, to[131]murder the consul[132]Cicero, and to[133]burn and[134]plunder the city. But their[135]designs were[136]prevented by the[137]vigilance of the consul. Catiline being[138]forced out of the city,[139]repaired to the army, which some of his[140]accomplices had[141]collected. Lentulus, and the rest of the[142]ringleaders of the[143]plot were put to death. This[144]happened in the year 691, and the following year Cataline was[145]defeated by[146]Petreius[147]Antony the proconsul’s[148]lieutenant, and[149]slain in the[150]fight.

The whole[151]world being now almost[152]subdued, the Roman empire was[153]arrived to that[154]grandeur, that it could[155]hardly[156]extend itself farther. No[157]outward[158]force was[159]sufficient to[160]ruin it; it[161]fell by its own[162]power, which was[163]occasioned by the[164]ambition of the[165]leading men, and the civil[166]contests that[167]arose from thence.

C. Cæsar, after the time of his[168]prætorship in the city was[169]expired,[170]obtained the province of Lusitania; and by the great feats he[171]performed there,[172]deserved well the honor of a[173]triumph; but[174]postponed the[175]hopes of that to the[176]consular[177]dignity; for which,[178]while he made all[179]possible[180]interest, Pompey[181]united with Cæsar and Crassus, while Lucullus and some others of the[182]grandees,[183]opposing his[184]acts, which he[185]desired might be[186]ratified by the senate. Thus Cæsar[187]gained the[188]consulship in the year 695, in which he[189]established the acts of Pompey by the senate, and[190]divided the[191]public[192]lands in Campania amongst the[193]citizens. He[194]married his daughter Julia to Pompey, and[195]took Calphurnia, the daughter of[196]Piso[197]as a wife. Having by these[198]arts, and a[199]boundless[200]generosity,[201]gained the[202]favor of all[203]ranks and[204]degrees of men, he[205]procured the province of Gaul, which he[206]governed for nine years; during which time he[207]reduced all Gaul, that is[208]comprehended within the[209]Pyrenean mountains, the[210]Alps, the Rhone, and the[211]Rhine, in the[212]form of a province, and[213]imposed a[214]yearly[215]tribute upon it. He was the first of all the Romans that[216]attacked the[217]Germans[218]beyond the Rhine. He likewise[219]visited the[220]Britons, where[221]none before him had ever[222]come. In this[223]interval, in the year 698, he[224]entered into an[225]association with Pompey and Crassus; by[226]virtue of which he was to have Gaul[227]continued to him. Pompey was to have[228]Spain, and Crassus Syria, in order to a war against the[229]Parthians; to which he[230]accordingly[231]went in the year 699, and the third year after,[232]perished most[233]miserably, with the greater[234]part of his army; after which the Parthians made an[235]irruption into Syria, but were[236]bravely[237]repulsed by Cassius.

After the death of Crassus, Pompey not beingable to[238]endure an[239]equal, nor Cæsar a[240]superior, the civil war broke out. Pompey’s[241]party[242]endeavouring to[243]take away from Cæsar both his army and province, as soon as the time of his[244]government should[245]expire; whilst Cæsar’s on the other[246]hand were for[247]treating Pompey[248]in like manner. At last in the year 705, in the[249]consulship of C. Claudius Marcellus, and L. Cornelius Lentulus, the senate, by a[250]vote, obliged Cæsar to[251]disband his army by a certain day. Antonius and Cassius, tribunes of the people,[252]interposing their[253]authority in vain,[254]left the town, and[255]repaired to Cæsar, who[256]advancing his army towards the city,[257]struck such a[258]consternation into Pompey and the rest, that[259]leaving the city[260]without much ado, and[261]shortly after Italy, they[262]passed over into[263]Greece. Cæsar went to Spain, where he[264]vanquished Petreius and Afranius, and[265]forced their armies to[266]surrender[267]prisoners of war. In his[268]return he[269]took[270]Marseilles, and after that was made dictator, to which[271]office he was[272]chosen four times, and at last had it[273]given him for[274]life.

In the year 706, Pompey being[275]defeated by Cæsar in the[276]fields of[277]Pharsalia, went to[278]Egypt, where he was slain by the[279]order of[280]Ptolemy, in the 59th year of his[281]age. Hither Cæsar[282]likewise[283]came the following year, and after a very[284]dangerous[285]rencounter, which he[286]happily[287]accomplished,[288]delivered the[289]kingdom of Egypt to Cleopatra and her brother. In the year following he vanquished Scipio and Cato, with king Juba, in Africa. Cato[290]laid violent hands upon himself at Utica. The year that[291]followed was[292]remarkable for the[293]correction of the[294]calendar and the year. The same year likewise he[295]conquered Pompey’s sons; and the year after was[296]stabbed in the[297]senate house, by a[298]conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius, and some others, in the 56th year of his age.

Besides these[299]convulsions, with which the whole[300]world was[301]shattered, there were some less[302]disturbances[303]happened a little before.[304]Clodius Pulcher being[305]made tribune of the people,[306]banished Cicero, for having[307]condemned the[308]associates of Cataline to death without a[309]trial; which[310]calamity he[311]bore too[312]meanly, and[313]by no means[314]agreeable to the[315]dignity of his past life. But he was[316]recalled the year after by the[317]interposition of Pompey, and Lentulus the consul, and[318]received with the greatest[319]honor. The same Clodius[320]declared[321]Cyprus to[322]belong to the Roman people, and Cato being[323]sent to[324]take possession of it, Ptolemy, king of the[325]island, after first[326]throwing all his[327]money into the sea,[328]prevented his[329]disgrace by a[330]voluntary death. The senate[331]bestowed the[332]prætorship upon Cato at his[333]return, by a[334]vote of the house, without any[335]election; which honor he[336]refused, being[337]desirous to[338]obtain it rather by the[339]free[340]votes of the people. But he was[341]disappointed in his[342]hopes, and Vatinius was[343]preferred to him.

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