Genital hook: = genital hamule.
Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages.
Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and downwardly directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment, between which the vesicle of the penis lies.
Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon which the genital aperture opens.
Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspinae takes the form of a long mucronate spike.
Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to be scent-producing.
Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side of the ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9: probably = outer pair of gonapophyses.
Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the author.
Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the type of the genus in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to the description.
Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a genus is founded, no one species being mentioned as type.
Genus: knee; the joint between femur and tibia.
Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, though some consider it a natural assemblage.
Geometrid: larva which, when walking, alternately elevate and straighten the middle of their body: opposed to rectigrade; q.v.
Geodephagous: = adephagous; q.v.
Geodromica: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the antennae are not concealed.
Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or come freely into contact with it.
Germanium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the cell elements.
Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally, young may develop as buds.
Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which is to become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or strap and may or may not show the division into the future segments.
Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic.
Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence.
Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula when it resembles a moon more than half full.
Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone.
Gills: respiratory structures which function in water; distinguished as true or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen from the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance is by contained tracheae.
Gilvus: = flavus; q.v.
Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane.
Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared for the digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia.
Glaber-rous: smooth; free from all vestiture.
Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood specific portions to produce characteristic products - e.g. wax, saliva, silk, etc.
Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae a prominence on the margin, bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface.
Gland orifice: in Coccidae, the external opening through which a gland pours its secretions.
Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of which is supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the tip.
Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other processes.
Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance.
Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender.
Globose: formed like a globe or sphere.
Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood of insects.
Glochis: a barbed point.
Glomerate: congregated or massed together.
Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacing of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for tongue: especially applied to the coiled structure of the Lepidoptera; see also ligula.
Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v.
Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera.
Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue.
Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue.
Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid.
Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws.
Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts.
Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures.
Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied in crustaceans: mouth feet.
Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.
Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising from the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment op the ventral surface. They appear to = the rhabdites composing the ovipositor of other insects.
Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in some Noctuidae.
Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined.
Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee.
Gracile: slender; graceful.
Gradate -vim: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to blend so as to merge one into the other - e.g. colors.
Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the next.
Grammineus: grass-green [apple green].
Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform.
Granulated: covered with small grains.
Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation.
Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains.
Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social.
Grège: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a caterpillar.
Grès: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a caterpillar.
Gressorious -vial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for walking.
Griscent: ashen gray.
Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray].
Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series of allied species, genera or larger assemblages.
Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands.
Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera.
Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth).
Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or dwelling places of other species, not necessarily at the expense of the host.
Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head beneath, extending from the submental to the posterior margin, and laterally bounded by the genae.
Gular peduncle: in Coleopteran = submental peduncle.
Gular suture: the line of division between the gulag or throat and the gene or cheeks.
Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip.
Gullet: = oesophagus; q.v.
Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gulag and mentum.
Gustatory: elating to the sense of taste.
Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground.
Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground.
Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see cryptocerata.
Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter is visible: see cryptogastra.
Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales.
Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or less completely.
Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo, connected with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies.
H
Habena: a fascia on the thorax.
Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in general appearance.
Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an insect inhabits or where it was taken.
Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry oxygen.
Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the lower invertebrates.
Haemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which has both a respiratory and nutritive function.
Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter.
Hairy: covered or clothed with hair.
Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea.
Halterata: the Diptera.
Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and representing rudimentary hind wings.
Halteriptera: the Diptera.
Hamule -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook.
Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain moths. Hamule: a little hook.
Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male; usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; minute hooks on the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite them in flight with the inner margin of primaries: in tree crickets, hook-like processes of the male genitalia.
Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the under side of costal margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male moths.
Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of d culicids also, more generally = harpes.
Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used as clasping organs: also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by these lateral pieces, which are then termed valves; see clasper: in culicids an articulated process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner side of side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones.
Hastate: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides but with spreading lobes or angles.
Hastiform: = hastate.
Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines.
Hatching spines: = egg burster; q.v.
Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures.
Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet.
Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its base to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is now believed to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in order: 1, the ocular or protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral; 3, second antenna or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6, maxillary; 7, labial or 2d maxillary.
Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v.
Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers, lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to propel the blood and controls the circulation.
Heautotype: = autotype; q.v.
Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to the boring or tearing spines of pupae.
Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of some Trichoptera.
Helocerous: with clavate antennae.
Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow.
Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon].
Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of Heteroptera, coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line at the middle: more specifically applied to the corium; q.v.: also used for the tegmina of Orthoptera.
Hemi: as a prefix, means half.
Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera.
Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with a marked difference between the stages: specifically the Ephemerida, Odonata and Perlidae. {Scanner's comment: nowadays applied to far more orders, generally to those that undergo a marked metamorphosis, but without a pupal stage.}
Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the primaries may be of uniform texture throughout (Homoptera) or may be thickened at base, membranous at tip (Heteroptera).
Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere.
Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood].
Hepatic pouches: applied to caeca pouches; q.v.
Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder.
Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a resting stage at the end of the nymph life; specifically the Cicadidae.
Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes are combined.
Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from.
Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any form other than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera.
Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in which there are two color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochrome), the opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera.
Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage becoming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course.
Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual and parthenogenetic generation alternate.
Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal.
Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations.
Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds of females, - queens and workers, - as distinguished from males.
Heteromera: Coleopteran in which the anterior and middle tarsi are 5- jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed.
Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints on the feet.
Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis; but not manifesting abrupt stages.
Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt stages, the larva unlike the adult.
Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different quality: differing in development or function.
Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and female, as in some Trichoptera.
Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in which the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the different regions of primaries differ in texture.
Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in different parts.
Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these differing in structure,
Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six piercing setae.
Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such.
Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects.
Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet.
Hians: gaping.
Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in which a larva hides or hibernates.
Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition.
Hicks' bottles: {Scanner's comment: sic} flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennae of bees and ants: supposed to be the organs of hearing.
Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and outer margin meet: = anal angle of secondaries.
Hind-body: the abdomen.
Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific ventricle to the Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal glands.
Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind mandibles and antennae.
Hind-intestine: = hind-gut.
Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of articulation of a movable joint.
Hips: the coxa; q.v.
Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy.
Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair.
Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular tissue.
Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue.
Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue.
Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: pruinose q.v.
Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages distinctly separated.
Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata.
Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between vertex and antennae: see dichoptic.
Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre.
Holotype: the unique type: = type; q.v.
Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance.
Homo: prefix = the same; similar.
Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life.
Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring at the same age at which they did in the parent.
Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres.
Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color.
Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome.
Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: = isomerous.
Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture.
Homoetype: = homotype; q.v.
Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts.
Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent.
Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure and origin, though they may have developed in different ways for special purposes: see analogous.
Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the adults.
Homonymous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function.
Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom: such names are paid to be preoccupied.
Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different conceptions.
Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in sound, applied to different conceptions.
Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, are not structurally the same, or have not the same origin.
Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the primaries are of the same consistence throughout.
Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without or with an incomplete metamorphosis.
Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after comparison with the type.
Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls.
Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles.
Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae the elevated portion of the prothorax, often covering the head.
Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q.v.
Horismology: see orismology.
Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon.
Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form applied to the antennae; q.v.
Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also applied to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or other insects take up their abode.
Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the eastern United States restricted to the cold summits of the highest mountains, from northern New England to western North Carolina: in the west it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade systems.
Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus.
Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings at the base of costa, near the point of attachment to the body: in Coleopteran, the outer anterior angle of elytra: in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded angle formed by the deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the dorsal.
Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus.
Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior superior angle of the mesothorax.
Humeral carina: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer anterior angle of elytra.
Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); extends between the costa and subcosta close to base.
Humeralis: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an angulated projecting margin at base.
Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture.
Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the mesepisternum from the mesepimeron.
Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on posterior wings of Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle.
Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal exterior angle of elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax: in Orthoptera, the femur of the fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the subcostal vein in some groups.
Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: see arid.
Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and lilac].
Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so.
Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the meshes of the cell reticulum.
Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species.
Hydradephaga; -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous.
Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix.
Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, causing formation of a new compound.
Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places.
Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition.
Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate; head free; thorax agglutinate, transformations complete.
Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y
Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming usually between the full-grown larva and adult.
Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite.
Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without apparent object.
Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q.v.
Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed.
Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation.
Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development.
Hypoblast: = entoderm.
Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped.
Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hemiptera.
Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula and in this sense = epidermis: specifically applied to the lining membrane of elytral and hemelytra.
Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermic.
Hypodermic: under the skin.
Hypoglottis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis.
Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between rectum and labium in many Coleopteran.
Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically ventrad.
Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually darker.
Hypomeron -a: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the pronotum (pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the epipleural (elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold.
Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx.
Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the hypopharynx to the mentum: see also epipharyngeal sclerites.
Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue.
Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and hind coxa, between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of the metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax.
Hypoptere: = tegula; q.v..
Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of abdomen = propygium.
Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head included between antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the lower part of face.
Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the simple or broken cross-vein between media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary of triangle.
Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary descriptions are based: = apotypes.
I
Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a character see aceus.
Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification, but have not been used in literature.
Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the type, but not also a topotype.
Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion].
Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum and colon.
Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the point where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon.
Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago.
Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from which the organs and appendages of the future imago develop.
Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect.
Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the shingles on a roof.
Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks.
Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin.
Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in.
Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed.
Impregnate-ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized.
Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings.
Impubis: without hair.
Inaequalis: unequal.
Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented.
Inaurate -us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
Ineanus: hoary.
Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually expressed in units and hundredths, as 1.01.
Incised: notched or deeply cut into.
Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal slits or notches in Coccidae.
Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an incision.
Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining.
Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another.
Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable.
Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point, especially near tip.
Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.
Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsal horizontally.
Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v.
Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards.
Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that arises from the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings and the media of Comstock.
Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of no constant form or shape.
Indigote: a very deep indigo blue.
Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete.
Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts.
Indurated: hardened.
Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of the embryo of Locustidae below the serosa.
Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions.
Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs.
Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to be inserted well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae.
Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of position.
Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation.
Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v.
Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location.
Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like.
Inflected: bent inward at an angle.
Inflexus: = inflected.
Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra.
Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous point, situated beneath the vent in caterpillars.
Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera - generally inconspicuous paired plates which underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion of the supra-anal plate.
Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v..
Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken.
Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process.
Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell.
Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein: q.v.
Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between the eyes.
Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus; see sub-oesophageal.
Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles.
Infringing: encroaching upon.
Infumated: clouded.
Infundibuliform: funnel-shaped.
Infuseated: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia].
Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size.
Ingluvies: the crop; q.v.
Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v.
Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the wing from the base to the hind or anal angle.
Innervate: to supply with nerves.
Innotatus: without markings.
Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly surrounded by the eye.
Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a different species, not as a parasite but as, a guest.
Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; as in galls.
Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited.
Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that are also tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more strictly limited to those forms that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the adult stage and a limited number of segments.
Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied.
Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects.
Insectologist: a student of insects: = entomologist.
Insectology: the science of insect study: = entomology.
Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is inserted: the act of inserting.
Insertus: a part that has its base set into another.
In situ: in its natural place or normal position.
Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar is the stage between the egg and first molt, etc.: see stadium.
Institia: stria or furrows of equal width throughout.
Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole.
Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole.
Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions.
Integument: the outer covering to the insect body.
Inter: between; among.
Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and meta-thorax.
Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae.
Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments.
Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein: plural; added or supplementary longitudinal wing reins: see under specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in Ephemerides, certain longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal) and 9th (1st maxillary) and not branches of either: in Diptera, the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the discoidal, and the posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock: applied to an evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and mandible; also termed premandibular.
Intercostal: between veins or costae; usually in the narrow grooves between veins in the costal region of a wing.
Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the disc.
Intercoxal process: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion of the basal segment of abdomen between the hind coxae.
Intermediate: lying between others in position or possessing characters between two other forms.
Intermediate field: of termini is = discoidal field q.v.
Internal area: in Hymenoptera; the posterior of the three areas between median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum third lateral area.
Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal (Comst.).
Internal triangle: in Odonata see triangle.
Internal veins: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in number, run free from base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched;1a to is in the numerical series: = anal veins (Comst.).
Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings.
Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in bees, situated at the inner side of base of mandible.
Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.); q.v.
Interocular: between the eyes.
Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptera.
Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins occurring in the wings of some species between the chief veins; = supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with the tips of the broken parts in a right line with each other.
Intersegmental: = interarticular; q.v.
Interspace: Coleopteran; the plane surface between elytral striae: Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells.
Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or two elytral striae.
Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate.
Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of punctures.
Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or periods of development.
Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart.
Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of seluilunar valve.
Intervenular: in thespace between two veins.
Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the junction with the small intestine.
Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food passes from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the excretions are formed for expulsion.
Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea.
Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly.
Intra-: within: between.
Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three between the supra-alar and dorso-central groups.
Intracellular: occurring within the cell or in a cell.
Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; occur immediately in front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the presutural depression.
Infra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently.
Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve movements of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory organs.
Intrauterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within the vagina of the mother.
Intricate: irregular: confused; applied to markings and sculpture.
Intromittent: used for throwing within.
Intromittent organ: the penis; q.v.
Introse -um: directed inward, toward the body.
Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point.
Intumescent: enlarged; swollen: expanded.
Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or retracted within the body wall.
Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of the outer surface.
Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair.
Involucrate: = involute.
Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum.
Involute: spirally rolled inwardly.
Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidae.
Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues.
Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues.
Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil.
Irised: with rainbow colors.
Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum.
Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the crystalline cone.
Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae.
Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled.
Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chronic lemon with a little carmine and roman sepia].
Ischia: = pleura; q.v.
Iso-: equal.
Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone.
Isomers: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi have an equal number of joints on all feet.
Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all feet := homoeomerous.
Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or construction.
Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes have the same number of joints.
Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar, net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic rings similar, loosely jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the Termitidae. {Scanner's note: In modern nomenclature the Isoptera constitute the order of all termites; the Termitidae are just one family within the Isoptera.}
Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which are congeneric.
-itus: = -atus; q.v.
-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to.
J
Jabot: the crop; q.v.
Janthine: violet colored.
Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larvae in which the head is differentiated.
Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the basal joint of dipterous antennae.
Joint: a segment or part between two incisures: an articulation.
Jubate -us: fringed with long pendent hairs.
Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Heteropteron; each side of the tylo.
Jugatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a jugum instead of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight.
Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat.
Jugular sclerite: small sclerite in the membrane connecting the head with the thorax: see cervical sclerite.
Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum; =gula: that cavity of the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed: the lateral and under parts of the prothorax.
Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two together in flight.
K
Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: see anabolic.
Keel: an elevated ridge or carina.
Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake].
Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other classification according to characters that serve to identify them.
Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one long side, concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely rounded: bean-shaped.
Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia.
L
Labellum -a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of rostrum in Coleoptera and Hemiptera.
Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium.
Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment.
Labial suture: is between labium and mentum.
Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures.
Labipalp: a labial palpus.
Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera.
Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in embryonic life of separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in some of its developments referred to as the tongue.
Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus.
Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum; q.v.
Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the roof of the mouth.
Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is the central unpaired lancet.
Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain scale insects as a protective covering.
Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals.
Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer.
Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes, bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in Diptera, forms a flat lancet-like piercing structure and is never jointed.
Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the palpiger and paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of maxilla.
Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments.
Lacte: milk-white.
Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance.
Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid.
Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk.
Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled cavities of the body.
Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities.
Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking stick.
Laete: bright.
Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a surface.
Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process.
Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits.
Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a lamellate or leaf-like club.
Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae.
Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates.
Lamina externa: the paraglossa.
Lamina interna: the ligula.
Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in roaches the 7th ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males.
Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate.
Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.
Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin plates.
Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina.
Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptera.
Lanate -atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct that they may be separated.
Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end.
Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (ort.); - 2d anal (Comst.).
Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure.
Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see crinitus.
Lanugo: slender single hairs.
Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are situated on the connecting membrane between the dorsal and ventral rings.
Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones.
Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes to a pupa or chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the different orders: see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub.
Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat.
Larvatae: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae.
Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs.
Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae when they appear to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems.
Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or bristles at the orbits.
Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black].
Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line.
Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side.
Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces between the median and lateral long carinae; the upper is the external or first lateral basal area; the second is the external or central lateral area; the third is the middle, internal, apical or third lateral area.
Lateral bristles: in Diptera; situated at or near the lateral margins of the abdominal segments.
Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend downward from the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend along each lateral margin of the dorsum.
Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on the margins of the vertex near the front border of the eye.
Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line.
Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more probably, to the palpus alone (Butler).
Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptera, lie on each side of the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae.
Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends between the median and pleural carinae of metanotum.
Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the lateral series of abdominal tubercles.
Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal scale.
Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body between the subdorsal and lateral ridges.
Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of thorax, the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron; the second separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron; the first more or less obsolete in the Anisoptera.
Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar).
Latericeous: = lateritius: q.v.
Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a little red].
Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum.
Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; situated on each side of the pharynx.
Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle.
Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum.
Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing line between the metepimera and the metasternum.
Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden.
Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera in which it is fused with the thorax:= median segment, propodeon, propodeum.
Latticed: = cancellate; q.v.
Latus: the side: broad.
Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye.
Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather.
Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description, to take the place which in other cases a holotype occupies.
Leg -s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments, used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings: unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs; q.v.
Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe.
Legnum: the margin of a squama.
Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8.
Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil.
Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax agglutinate; transformations complete four scale-covered wings.
Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid.
Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera.
Lepidotic: set with minute scales.
Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric acid.
Lepis: a scale.
Leprous: with loose, irregular scales.
Leptiform: = compodeiform; q.v.
Leptos: small, fine.
Lethargic: torpid or inactive.
Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, cheesy white.
Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood.
Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part.
Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface.
Liber: free.
Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts or segments.
Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown].
Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues.
Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum, usually single, sometimes paired: often used as synonymous with "glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the united laciniae of right and left maxillae: see also elytral ligula.
Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad.
Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac].
Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of larvae.
Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc.
Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color.
Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada.
Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation.
Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, one- twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English and early American authors.
Linea: a line or narrow stripe.
Linear: straight; in the form of a right line.
Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined.
Lineolet: a delicate fine line.
Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the ligula: in Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has also been used for the hypopharynx, and that use might be adopted: a median organ of the hypopharynx in Apterygota.
Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see glossa.
Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely rounded.
Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice: a term proposed by Leuckart for the ligula of the bees.
Lipochromus: without color.
Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; q.v.
Literate: ornamented with characters like letters.
Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly, between tide marks.
Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes.
Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin.
Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray.
Lobate -us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions.
Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin: specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral expansions of the abdominal segments.
Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base of the central organs.
Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas formed by three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that which borders the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those intervening are the middle lobes.
Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process.
Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules.
Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is sometimes composed.
Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as = alula; q.v.
Lobus: of maxilla = galea; q.v.
Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings.
Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body; specifically the Cerambycid beetles.
Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis.
Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there: they are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders.
Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of primaries into which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see retinaculum.
Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing tail to thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments.
Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon which the base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior part of the genae at the edge of the mouth: the corneous processes to which the muscles flexing the mouth in certain Diptera are attached, and in that sense the palpifer of the maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of clypeus and front, extending laterally to the genae.
Lorum: in bees: the angular piece upon which the sub-mentum rests.
Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and west New Mexico and divided according to conditions of humidity into an eastern or Austroriparian and western or lower Sonoran area.