Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at sides.
Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidae.
Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; often connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to the galea of maxilla.
Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant.
Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures.
Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, used to throw frass pellets to a distance.
Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q.v.
Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually situated at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera.
Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles.
Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla.
Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves.
Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides from the middle lobe.
Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid scutellum, defining the parapsidae.
Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows.
Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of the episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax = the tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been homologized with the elytra of Coleoptera.
Parasita: = parasitica: q.v.
Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and depends upon the tissue of the host for its food supply.
Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as to derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host.
Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth with piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizoötic.
Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the expense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host: see symbiosis; commensalism.
Parastigma: = pterostigma; q.v.
Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidae.
Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was selected see type and cotype.
Parse: sparse or sparsely.
Parcidentate: with few teeth.
Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue.
Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies.
Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q.v.
Parthenogenetic: see asexual.
Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in plant lice, gall wasps, etc.
Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or more color fields.
Partite -us: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae. Parum: not much.
Patagium -ia: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q.v.: assigned by some writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax: homologized with the paraptera of meso-thorax.
Patella -ae: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidae; plate- like, horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints: the first coxal joint.
Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap.
Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the underside of the patella.
Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart.
Patric: home or country of origin.
Patulous-ose: open, spreading.
Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any pouch- like appendage of the alimentary canal.
Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most Rhynchota.
Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for groups of plant lice.
Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.
Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl.
Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae on the basal parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of pollen- gathering bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube.
Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb.
Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair.
Pectoralis: relating to the breast.
Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum.
Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a comb: e.g. some maxillary structures.
Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied in Coleoptera, for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the pro- and meso-sternum: in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs.
Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet.
Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars: on the anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal segments: is VII of the abdomen where it consists of three setae: VI of the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar).
Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies.
Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet.
Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their excrement and cast skins on an anal fork.
Pedes: the feet, or really, legs.
Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna: forming the pivot between scape and funicle: in general, a stalk or stem.
Pediculosis: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by the multiplication of lice on the body: sec phthiriasis.
Pediculous: lousy: infested with lice.
Pedigerous: feet bearing.
Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in Homoptera: the smaller of the two stalks supporting the mushroom body; q.v. Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk or neck.
Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land.
Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccidae more especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the puparia of Diaspinae.
Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed.
Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied when there is no color.
Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larvae, developed to supply the adult organism.
Pelottae: =arolia: q.v.
Peltate: shield- or target-shaped.
Penal claspers: in Proctytripidae. lateral fringed processes of the male genitalia.
Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis.
Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptera, applied to a group of sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna.
Pendent: hanging down.
Pendulous: drooping: hanging free, attached to one end only.
Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer surface in Euplectoptera.
Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair: often at the end of a thin stalk.
Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th dorsal segment of abdomen of various male Hymenoptera.
Penicilliform: pencil-like or shaped.
Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of a stalk as long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some male moths.
Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male.
Pennaceous: = pennate.
Fermate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes.
Penniform: feather-like in form.
Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles.
Pentamera: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi. Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi.
Penultimate: next to the last.
Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of albummenoid food substances.
Per-: as a prefix, means very: extremely: through.
Percipient: with the power of perceiving.
Percurrent: running through the entire length.
Pereion: the prothorax.
Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the 2d pair in adults.
Perfoliate: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.
Pergamenous: thin, partly transparent: resembling parchment.
Peri-: round about. Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane of the eye.
Pericardial: around, or belonging to the heart.
Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body wall, which contains the heart.
Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the heart, and whose function it is to purify the blood.
Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal vessel.
Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached to the ventral surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall := dorsal diaphragm wings of the heart.
Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary canal.
Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity immediately surrounding the nervous system.
Periodical: recurring at regular intervals.
Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon.
Peripheral: referring to the outer margin.
Peripheria: the entire outline of the body.
Periphery: the circumference or outer margin.
Peripneustic: larvae which have the spiracles absent on middle and posterior thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments.
Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of the future legs and wings are developed.
Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities. Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of which the food is forced toward the anal extremity.
Peristethium: the meso-sternum.
Peristoma -ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera; sometimes used as := epistoma: q.v.
Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at base, and forming the true ventral wall of the head.
Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea, and other internal structures.
Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea.
Peritreme: the corneous selerite surrounding a spiracle.
Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut, extending back tube-like, through the chylific ventricle in some insects.
Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its appendages.
Perlate: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series.
Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal.
Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms.
Persistent: remaining constantly; always present.
Personate: gaping wide open; masked; disguised.
Pes, Pedes: a foot feet.
Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the apical or hindmost of the three median cells 3d median area; apical area.
Petiolate: that series of Hymenoptera in which there is a slender stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita.
Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; usually applied in describing venation and the method of attachment of abdomen to thorax.
Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment between the thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and some Diptera.
Phaeism: applied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited region.
Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious organisms and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the developments to the adult condition.
Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other microorganisms by phagocytes.
Phalaenae: a Linnean term embracing most of the heterocerous Lepidoptera: more specifically applied to the Geometridae.
Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification of uncertain value: similar to tribe.
Phalerated: beaded.
Phallus: =penis: q.v.
Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; q.v.
Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a slight enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus: in Diptera is sometimes restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal pump, and is then = sub-clypeal tube.
Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835).
Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; q.v.
Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures.
Phosphorescent: shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus.
Photogenic: a light producing structure; producing a Phosphorescent glow.
Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin partitions passing down from the dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax: the partition formed by the inflexed hinder edge of prothorax.
Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are wholly or partly supported by the covering envelope: see stelocyttares: poecilocyttares.
Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice.
Phyllophagous: feeding upon leaf tissue.
Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development.
Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class: see ontogeny.
Phyloptera: the super-ordinal term proposed to include all the net-veined orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera.
Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of related organisms.
Physopoda: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptera; q.v.
Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal joints are anchylosed and the 3d is lobed.
Phytophagus: feeding upon plants.
Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants.
Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects.
Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that affect colors of caterpillars. {Scanner's comment: This is a puzzling term. I suspect it is a misspelling of "Photoscopic"}
Piceous -eus: pitchy black.
Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre.
Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidae.
Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymenoptera.
Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera.
Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color appearance. {Scanner's comment: sic}
Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied to thick, fine, short, erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet.
Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in Lepidoptera, resembling a rudimentary mandible.
Piliferous: with a covering of fine hair or pile.
Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical stalk or process: = turbinate eye.
Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: with long, sparse hair.
Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair.
Pincers: the anal forceps.
Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather.
Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera, are the oblique ridges running to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather.
Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings resembling a feather: with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying opposite sides of a thin shank.
Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the base.
Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale green with a little burnt sienna].
Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular form.
Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats.
Planate: with a flattened surface.
Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface.
Planipennia: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings are large and laid flat on the body wnen at rest; Sialidae, Myrmeleonidae, etc.
Planta -ae: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in pollen gathering Hymenoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars.
Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws alone.
Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one of the soles or climbing cushions of the foot: see arolium; pulviglus.
Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids.
Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells.
Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed.
Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, in Coccidae.
Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane.
Plates: in Coccidae, the squames; q.v.: in male Homoptera, a pair of pieces following the last full ventral segment; usually preceded by a short piece, - the valve.
Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; prothorax free; transformations complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, Perlidae and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not families as these names imply}
Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to net-veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed; prothorax free; metamorphosis incomplete: the term Plecoptera was used by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by Packard for the Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since, and both have been used in the Brauer sense.
Pleon: = abdomen; q.v.
Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larva: posterior legs of an adult.
Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis.
Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species by a person other than the describer.
Pleura: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral sclerites between the dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax: in general, the sides of the body between the dorsum and sternum.
Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the three spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st or anterior = spiracular area; the 2d or central = middle pleural; the 3d or posterior = angular area.
Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of the metanotum.
Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; see pleura.
Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided.
Pleuron: the side of the thorax.
Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified first pair of abdominal legs in many insects.
Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are situated on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites.
Pleurum: = pleuron; plural, pleura; q.v.
Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae.
Plica: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a wing.
Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan.
Plications: folding,; applied to the folds on the hind wings of Orthoptera.
Plicipenna: = Trichoptera; proposed by Latreille.
Plumate: like a feather.
Plumbeus: leaden or bluish gray [neutral].
Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have long ciliated processes on each side of each joint: see cirrate.
Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese.
Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of male Lepidoptera.
Pluri: as a prefix, means many.
Pluri-dentate: with many teeth.
Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids.
Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages.
Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and digestive system: also used as = vagus: q.v.
Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic spiracles in Berytidae, etc.
Pnystega: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a portion of mesonotum
Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just behind praebrachial; usually simple: number 7 of some systems.
Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole: the true second abdominal segment.
Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; = supra-anal or sur-anal plate in caterpillars.
Podical plates: the latero-ventral plates attached to the loth abdominal segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent, thought by Huxley to be rudiments of an 11th abdominal ring; united they form the tergite of a rudimentary ring: = anal valves: paranal lobes.
Pododunera: apterous insects with biting mouth structures.
Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult.
Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the branch or other support covered by the envelope: see stelocyttares and phragmocyttares.
Poisers: = halteres and balancers; q.v.
Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and biting flies; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the sting of female Hymenoptera.
Policate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb.
Politus: smooth, shiny, polished.
Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off; used mostly in Diptera.
Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the tibia in bees.
Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia.
Pollicatus: = policate; q.v.
Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen: pollen bearing.
Pollinigerous: = polliniferous: q.v.
Pollinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust.
Poly-: many, much.
Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male.
Polychromatic: many colored.
Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests.
Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as in some Chalcids.
Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female.
Polygonal: with many angles.
Polygoneutism: the power to preduce several broods in one season.
Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera, as a whole.
Polymorphic-ous: occurring in several forms; differing in sex, In season, in locality or without apparent reason: undergoing Several changes, and in this sense applied to insects with a complete metamorphosis.
Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes.
Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food.
Polyphyletic: derived or descended from several stems or sources.
Polypodous: having many feet, and thus, specifically applied to the Myriapoda, and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in contradistinction to footless and hexapodous larvae.
Ponderable: that which may be weighed.
Pone: behind (the middle).
Ponticulus: = frenulum; q.v.
Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines.
Pore: any small, round opening on the surface.
Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures.
Porose -us: with little round openings on the surface.
Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent.
Post-: behind or after.
Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior lateral margin of the dorsum, in Diptera.
Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the wing and the scutellum.
Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squamae with the scutellum.
Postal vein: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.).
Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna and 2d of flagellum.
Post antennal organs: in Collembola, oblong or ellipsoidal organs situated just caudad of the bases of the antenna.
Post-brachial: = pobrachial; q.v.
Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated close to the posterior wall of the head.
Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts into which the clypeus is divided: in Psocidae, a peculiar inflated structure behind the clypeus: in general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when any line of demarcation exists: = supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose; paraclypeus: first clypeus; clypeus posterior.
Post-costa: = subcosta (Comst.): in Odonata, = 1st anal vein (Comst.): in Trichoptera = anal.
Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells lying posterior to the post- costa = anal cell (Comst.).
Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces; q.v.
Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the meta-notum, between the mesophragma and post-scutellum.
Post-embryonic -otic: the stage after the insect has come out of the egg.
Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in Hymenoptera: see also post-clypeus.
Posterior: hinder or hindmost: opposed to anterior: in Diptera; applied to that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front, the legs being laterally extended.
Posterior angle: of thorax, in Coleoptera, is the lateral angle near base of elytra: of the wings = hind angle; anal angle; q.v.
Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 (Comst.): 2d = medial 1 (Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th cubitus 1 (Comst.).
Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head posteriorly through which the cavities of head and thorax communicate.
Posterior field: of tegmina, = anal field; q.v.
Posterior intercalary: in Diptera, is one of the anal veins (Comst.).
Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera, extend from base of pronotum downward to the posterior angle of sides.
Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera, that part of wing between axillary incision and base: = alar appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; q.v.
Posterior pereion: the meta-notum.
Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen.
Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta.
Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior; sometimes united to V: it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax (Dyar).
Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; subdorsal, posterior, always present, rarely united with I: it is II of the abdomen, lb of the thorax (Dyar).
Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells.
Posterior wings: = secondaries: q.v.
Postero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the dorsal and posterior face.
Postero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the ventral and posterior face.
Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles of hind legs are attached.
Post-gena: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some Orthoptera.
Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head in Dermaptera.
Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, are usually two, inserted above the dorso-pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on the bottom of the presutural depression.
Postical vein: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.); = media 3 (Comst.).
Posticus: hinder.
Post-media: Ephemerida; an apparently distinct vein between media and Cubitus (Comst.).
Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t.p. line: q.v.
Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins between costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma, separating the post-nodal cells or spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins.
Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin from nodus to stigma.
Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to outer margin.
Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal sector.
Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth structures.
Post-pectus: the under surface of the meta-thorax.
Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen behind petiole. Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye and extending into the ganglionic plate.
Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the thoracic rings.
Post-sutural: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind the scutellum of mesothorax: = post-scutellum.
Poststigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.).
Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars; sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the thorax and not present on abdomen (Dyar).
Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera.
Post-sutural bristles: in Diptera, dorsal bristles behind transverse suture.
Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of Coleopterous larvae.
Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets; q.v.
Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are in the middle of upper part or Occiput.
Pouch: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a wing.
Prae- or Pre-: anterior to; before.
Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing; usually forked: no. 6 of some systems.
Praecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries.
Prae-dorsum: = prophragma: q.v.
Prae-labrum: in Diptera = clypeus: q.v.
Praeocular: before the eyes.
Praeputium: the external membranous covering of penis: specifically a spherical muscular mass at base of penis in some Orthoptera.
Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the meso-scutum and meso-scutellum.
Prae-scutum: the first of the four divisions of the notum of the thoracic rings.
Prae-subterminal: preceding the s.t. line in Lepidoptera. Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae.
Prae-tornal: preceding the tornus (q.v.) in Lepidoptera.
Prasinus: grass-green [apple green].
Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs.
Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings, just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera.
Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening.
Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; q.v.
Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna.
Pre-apical: before the apex.
Pre-balancer: = pre-halter: q.v.
Pre-basilar: before the base.
Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from the fertilized egg to the pupa.
Precurrent: continuous: entire: complete: said of a vein.
Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other organisms.
Predatory: = predaceous: q.v.
Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the early larvae of some Proctytrypidae.
Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already existing rudiments; opposed to epigenesis: q.v.
Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where itself forks from another vein"; Diptera.
Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee.
Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the caudal femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera.
Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly.
Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding.
Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a temporary segment of the embryo: = intercalary segment.
Pre-media: Ephemeridae; an apparently distinct vein between radius and media (Comst.).
Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination.
Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lepidoptera: see clasper.
Pre-ocular: see prae-ocular.
Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before those bearing the mouth parts.
Prepuce: =praeputium; q.v.
Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa.
Pre-scutellar bristles: in Diptera, are in a transverse row in front of the scutellum.
Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus: q.v.
Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short rows of small bristles in front of the scutellum.
Press: =filator; q.v.
Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus, which exerts a pressure on the sole of the pad.
Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera, in a trigonate depression at outer ends of transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture.
Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series, situated before the transverse suture.
Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings.
Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type.
Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just below the apex:= media 1 (Comst.).
Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a transverse impression of the prothorax, at or behind the middle.
Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont.
Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that produced through a prism.
Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first thoracic segment.
Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidae.
Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the mouth of long-tongued bees.
Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon.
Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior, overhanging portion of the head.
Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed by the coalescence of the first three primitive segments.
Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic segment.
Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies; q.v.
Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the first primary segment; also termed ocular lobe, froth part it innervates. Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an appendage: any prominent portion of the body not otherwise definable.
Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle: q.v.
Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in Nematinae.
Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles.
Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and intestine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes.
Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped.
Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat.
Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from.
Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form an angle with the thorax.
Profile: the outline as seen from the side.
Profound, Profundus: deep.
Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward.
Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment.
Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries.
Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal feet: false legs.
Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries.
Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits.
Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera.
Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous.
Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure.
Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera.
Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on pronotum.
Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax.
Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum.
Pronymph: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects in which the larval tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues are just beginning to build up.
Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously applied in this connection.
Propedes: = prolegs: q.v.
Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between pro- and mesothorax.
Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q.v.
Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax.
Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated immediately above the front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v.
Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles occur.
Propodeon: = propodeum.
Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just above insertion of abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment: see median segment.
Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious.
Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward.
Propupa: a semi-pupa: q.v.
Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidilini, sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera.
Propygium: = Hypopygium: q.v.
Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum.
Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum.
Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular; q.v.
Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum.
Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. e.g. Elateridae, to receive the antennae.
Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax.
Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax.
Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the prosternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below.
Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridae which extends backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle between fore-legs in some Orthoptera.
Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the sternum front the pleural pieces.
Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax
Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs.
Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla.
Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata.
Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females.
Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg.
Proteiform: having many fortes or varieties: protean.
Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax.
Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the original description is based.
Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a strong bristle immediately above the front coxa: see propleural bristles.
Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in certain Phasmid genera.
Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield: q.v.
Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax.
Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears the anterior legs but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is usually referred to as "thorax" merely.
Protocerebral segment: = ocular seginent; q.v.
Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle.
Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings.
Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium: sometimes used as Occiput.
Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries.
Protograph: all original description by a figure or picture made from the original type.
Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidae) in which lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not developed: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera.
Protolog: the original description by words.
Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries.
Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated between costal cells and apical margin.
Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen.
Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v.
Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced.
Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles.
Protuberance: any elevation above the surface.
Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level.
Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard.
Proximad: toward the proximal end.
Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal.
Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in front of the principal sulcus.
Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust.
Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue + purple lake].
Psammophilous: living in sandy places.
Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi.
Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v.
Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v. Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v.
Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa.
Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube.
Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others.
Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera.
Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a fecundated egg: a stem-mother.
Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which reproduce asexually through a number of generations.
Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the stem- mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread.
Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans, which produces the true sexes.
Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation.
Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops.
Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a wing fold.
Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera.
Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v.
Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v.
Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v.
Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847)
Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v.
Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound eyes of the living insects.
Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is so close to the thorax as to seem sessile.
Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food.
Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice.
Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect.
Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphididae, supposed to replace the absent Malpighian tubules.
Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q.v.
Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other instincts and habits. Pterodicera: with wings and two antenna.
Pterogostia: the wing veins.
Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure. Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted.
Pteropleura: in Diptera, are situated below the base of the wings behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of meso- thorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond.
Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted on the pteropleura.
Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, near its middle or at end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma.
Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings.
Pterothorax: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptera.
Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Coleoptera.
Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: q.v.
Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to be descended from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea.
Pterygostium: a wing vein.
Pterygote: wing bearing.
Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna.
Ptilota: winged insects.
Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down.
Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair.
Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax.
Pulmonarium: the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of the abdominal rings: = connexivum.
Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating the blood in these appendages.
Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance.
Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus.
Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium.
Pulvinatus: moderately convex.
Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures.
Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot.
Punctulatus: with small punctures.
Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle.
Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots.
Puniceus: carmine red [carmine].
Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied for all orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis: a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members may or may not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages are separately encased and there is no covering over the whole: see chrysalis.
Puparium -ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the pupa is formed.
Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa.
Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces sexed individuals.
Pupigenous: =pupiparous; q.v.
Pupigerous: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said of dipterous larva that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa.
Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot.
Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre.
Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the young until they have reached the stage ready to pupate.
Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate.
Pupivorous: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to those Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage.
Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade.
Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve].
Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference.
Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized spaces.
Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspincr, the compound terminal segment.
Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera, especially the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view; hence sometimes used in the plural - pygofers.
Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera.
Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera.
Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle.
Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is no distinct gizzard.
Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is an enlargement of the intestine.
Pylorus: the chylific ventricle.
Pyriform: shaped like a pear.
Q
Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four.
Quadrate: square or nearly so.
Quadrifarium: having four rows.
Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein between these two, and the lower part of arculus.
Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects.
Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupae in forms with complete metamorphosis.
Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or maculation.
R
Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet are not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with subspecies.
Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form bunches or sacs.
Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral spines or other processes are inserted.
Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein.
Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal (subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area.
Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by the radius or its branches.
Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius 1.
Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just below and parallel with media 2.
Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Diptera, = 2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.).
Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v.
Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre.
Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the head.
Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and usually closes the radial cell (Comst.).
Radius: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins starting from base and dividing into not more than five branches before reaching the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward and downward.
Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega.
Rami -us: branches: a branch.
Ramification: the branching out in every direction.
Ramify: to branch out in every direction.
Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q.v.
Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches.
Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey.
Raptatory: = raptorial; q.v.
Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.}
Raptorial: formed for seizing prey.
Rare: seldom seen or found.
Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures.
Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily.
Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during copulation and the eggs are fertilized from it as they are extruded.
Reclinate: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in Diptera.
Reclinatus: = reflexed; q.v.
Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line.
Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen.
Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the abdomen of some male Hemiptera.
Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a lubricating material.
Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and serving as respiratory organs.
Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle.
Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle.
Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear body.
Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line.
Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in which the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the body:= cloaca.
Rectus: right or straight.
Recumbent: lying down; reclining.
Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric.
Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein (Comst.), from the point of branching to the junction.
Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta when it recurves toward the base of the wing.
Recurved: bowed backward.
Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation.