EXERCISES

"Heralds proclaim aloud this saying:See Æsop dancing and his monkey playing."

One can fancy a queer, pitiful look of humor and appeal upon that little scarred face, the funny little dancing figure, the funny little brogue. In his life and writings, which are the honest expressionof it, he is constantly bewailing that homely face and person; anon he surveys them in the glass ruefully, and presently assumes the most comical dignity. He likes to deck out his little person in splendor and fine colors. He presented himself to be examined for ordination in a pair of scarlet breeches, and said honestly that he did not like to go into the Church because he was fond of colored clothes. When he tried to practise as a doctor, he got by hook or by crook a black velvet suit, and looked as big and as grand as he could, and kept his hat over a patch on the old coat. In better days he bloomed out in plum-color, in blue silk, and in new velvet. For some of those splendors the heirs and assignees of Mr. Filby, the tailor, have never been paid to this day; perhaps the kind tailor and his creditor have met and settled their little account in Hades.

They showed until lately a window at Trinity College, Dublin, on which the name ofO. Goldsmithwas engraved with a diamond. Whose diamond was it? Not the young sizar's, who made but a poor figure in that place of learning. He was idle, penniless, and fond of pleasure; he learned his way early to the pawn-broker's shop. He wrote ballads, they say, for the street-singers, who paid him a crown for his poem; and his pleasure was to steal out at night and hear the verses sung. He was chastised by his tutor for giving a dance in his rooms, and took the box on the ear so much to heart that he packed up his all, pawned his books and little property, and disappeared from college and family. He said he intended to go to America; but when his money was spent, the young prodigal came home ruefully, and the good folks there killed their calf (it was but a lean one) and welcomed him back.

After college he hung about his mother's house, and lived for some years the life of a buckeen,—passed a month with this relation and that, a year with one patron, and a great deal of time at the public-house. Tired of this life, it was resolved that he should go to London, and study at the Temple; but he got no farther on the road to London and the woolsack than Dublin, where he gambled away the fifty pounds given him for his outfit, and whence he returned to the indefatigable forgiveness of home. Then he determined to be a doctor, and Uncle Contarine helped him to a couple of years at Edinburgh. Then from Edinburgh he felt that he ought to hear the famous professors of Leyden and Paris, and wrote most amusingpompous letters to his uncle about the great Farheim, Du Petit, and Duhamel du Monceau, whose lectures he proposed to follow. If Uncle Contarine believed those letters; if Oliver's mother believed that story which the youth related, of his going to Cork with the purpose of embarking for America, of his having paid his passenger money and having sent his kit on board, of the anonymous captain sailing away with Oliver's valuable luggage in a nameless ship, never to return,—if Uncle Contarine and the mother at Ballymahon believed his stories, they must have been a very simple pair, as it was a very simple rogue indeed who cheated them. When the lad, after failing in his clerical examinations, after failing in his plan for studying the law, took leave of these projects and of his parents and set out for Edinburgh, he saw mother and uncle, and lazy Ballymahon, and green native turf and sparkling river for the last time. He was never to look on Old Ireland more, and only in fancy revisit her.

"But me not destined such delights to share,My prime of life in wandering spent and care,Impelled, with steps unceasing, to pursueSome fleeting good that mocks me with the viewThat like the circle bounding earth and skiesAllures from far, yet, as I follow, flies;My fortune leads to traverse realms alone,And find no spot of all the world my own."

I spoke in a former lecture of that high courage which enabled Fielding, in spite of disease, remorse, and poverty, always to retain a cheerful spirit and to keep his manly benevolence and love of truth intact,—as if these treasures had been confided to him for the public benefit, and he was accountable to posterity for their honorable employ; and a constancy equally happy and admirable I think was shown by Goldsmith, whose sweet and friendly nature bloomed kindly always in the midst of a life's storm and rain and bitter weather. The poor fellow was never so friendless but he could befriend some one; never so pinched and wretched but he could give of his crust, and speak his word of compassion. If he had but his flute left, he could give that, and make the children happy in the dreary London court. He could give the coals in that queer coal-scuttle we read of to his neighbor; he could give away hisblankets in college to the poor widow, and warm himself as he best might in the feathers; he could pawn his coat, to save his landlord from jail. When he was a school-usher he spent his earnings in treats for the boys, and the good-natured schoolmaster's wife said justly that she ought to keep Mr. Goldsmith's money as well as the young gentlemen's. When he met his pupils in later life, nothing would satisfy the Doctor but he must treat them still. "Have you seen the print of me after Sir Joshua Reynolds?" he asked of one of his old pupils. "Not seen it! Not bought it! Sure, Jack, if your picture had been published, I'd not have been without it half-an-hour." His purse and his heart were everybody's, and his friend's as much as his own. When he was at the height of his reputation, and the Earl of Northumberland, going as Lord Lieutenant to Ireland, asked if he could be of any service to Doctor Goldsmith, Goldsmith recommended his brother and not himself to the great man. "My patrons," he gallantly said, "are the booksellers, and I want no others." Hard patrons they were, and hard work he did; but he did not complain much. If in his early writings some bitter words escaped him, some allusions to neglect and poverty, he withdrew these expressions when his Works were republished, and better days seemed to open for him; and he did not dare to complain that printer and publisher had overlooked his merit or left him poor. The Court's face was turned from honest Oliver; the Court patronized Beattie. The fashion did not shine on him; fashion adored Sterne; fashion pronounced Kelly to be the great writer of comedy of his day. A little—not ill-humor—but plaintiveness—a little betrayal of wounded pride which he showed renders him not the less amiable. The author of theVicar of Wakefieldhad a right to protest when Newbery kept back the manuscript for two years; had a right to be a little peevish with Sterne,—a little angry when Colman's actors declined their parts in his delightful comedy, when the manager refused to have a scene painted for it and pronounced its damnation before hearing. He had not the great public with him; but he had the noble Johnson and the admirable Reynolds and the great Gibbon and the great Burke and the great Fox,—friends and admirers illustrious indeed, as famous as those who, fifty years before, sat round Pope's table.

Nobody knows, and I dare say Goldsmith's buoyant temper keptno account of, all the pains which he endured during the early period of his literary career. Should any man of letters in our day have to bear up against such, Heaven grant he may come out of the period of misfortune with such a pure, kind heart as that which Goldsmith obstinately bore in his breast! The insults to which he had to submit were shocking to read of,—slander, contumely, vulgar satire, brutal malignity, perverting his commonest motives and actions. He had his share of these; and one's anger is roused at reading of them, as it is at seeing a woman insulted or a child assaulted, at the notion that a creature so very gentle and weak, and full of love, should have to suffer so. And he had worse than insult to undergo,—to own to fault, and deprecate the anger of ruffians. There is a letter of his extant to one Griffiths, a bookseller, in which poor Goldsmith is forced to confess that certain books sent by Griffiths are in the hands of a friend from whom Goldsmith had been forced to borrow money. "He was wild, sir," Johnson said, speaking of Goldsmith to Boswell, with his great, wise benevolence and noble mercifulness of heart,—"Dr. Goldsmith was wild, sir; but he is no more." Ah! if we pity the good and weak man who suffers undeservedly, let us deal very gently with him from whom misery extorts not only tears but shame; let us think humbly and charitably of the human nature that suffers so sadly and falls so low. Whose turn may it be to-morrow? What weak heart, confident before trial, may not succumb under temptation invincible? Cover the good man who has been vanquished,—cover his face and pass on.

For the last half-dozen years of his life Goldsmith was far removed from the pressure of any ignoble necessity, and in the receipt, indeed, of a pretty large income from the booksellers, his patrons. Had he lived but a few years more, his public fame would have been as great as his private reputation, and he might have enjoyed alive part of that esteem which his country has ever since paid to the vivid and versatile genius who has touched on almost every subject of literature, and touched nothing that he did not adorn. Except in rare instances, a man is known in our profession and esteemed as a skilful workman years before the lucky hit which trebles his usual gains, and stamps him a popular author. In the strength of his age and the dawn of his reputation, having for backers andfriends the most illustrious literary men of his time, fame and prosperity might have been in store for Goldsmith had fate so willed it, and at forty-six had not sudden disease taken him off. I say prosperity rather than competence; for it is probable that no sum could have put order into his affairs, or sufficed for his irreclaimable habits of dissipation. It must be remembered that he owed £2000 when he died. "Was ever poet," Johnson asked, "so trusted before?" As has been the case with many another good fellow of his nation, his life was tracked and his substance wasted by crowds of hungry beggars and lazy dependents. If they came at a lucky time (and be sure they knew his affairs better than he did himself, and watched his pay-day), he gave them of his money; if they begged on empty-purse day, he gave them his promissory bills, or he treated them to a tavern where he had credit, or he obliged them with an order upon honest Mr. Filby for coats,—for which he paid as long as he could earn, and until the shears of Filby were to cut for him no more. Staggering under a load of debt and labor; tracked by bailiffs and reproachful creditors; running from a hundred poor dependents, whose appealing looks were perhaps the hardest of all pains for him to bear; devising fevered plans for the morrow, new histories, new comedies, all sorts of new literary schemes; flying from all these into seclusion, and out of seclusion into pleasure,—at last, at five-and-forty death seized him and closed his career.

The younger Colman has left a touching reminiscence of him:

"I was only five years old," he says, "when Goldsmith took me on his knee one evening whilst he was drinking coffee with my father, and began to play with me,—which amiable act I returned, with the ingratitude of a peevish brat, by giving him a very smart slap on the face: it must have been a tingler, for it left the marks of my spiteful paw on his check. This infantile outrage was followed by summary justice, and I was locked up by my indignant father in an adjoining room to undergo solitary imprisonment in the dark. Here I began to howl and scream most abominably, which was no bad step toward my liberation, since those who were not inclined to pity me might be likely to set me free for the purpose of abating a nuisance.

"At length a generous friend appeared to extricate me from jeopardy; and that generous friend was no other than the man I had so wantonly molested by assault and battery. It was the tender-hearted Doctor himself, with a lighted candle in his hand and a smile upon his countenance, which was still partially red from the effects of my petulance. I sulked and sobbed as he fondled and soothed, till I began to brighten. Goldsmith seized the propitious moment of returning good-humor, when he put down the candle and began to conjure. He placed three hats, which happened to be in the room, and a shilling under each: the shillings, he told me, were England, France, and Spain. 'Hey, presto cockalorum!' cried the Doctor; and lo, on uncovering the shillings, which had been dispersed each beneath a separate hat, they were all found congregated under one! I was no politician at five years old, and therefore might not have wondered at the sudden revolution which brought England, France, and Spain all under one crown; but as also I was no conjuror, it amazed me beyond measure.... From that time, whenever the Doctor came to visit my father, 'I plucked his gown to share the good man's smile; a game at romps constantly ensued, and we were always cordial friends and merry playfellows. Our unequal companionship varied somewhat as to sports as I grew older; but it did not last long: my senior playmate died in his forty-fifth year, when I had attained my eleventh.... In all the numerous accounts of his virtues and foibles, his genius and absurdities, his knowledge of nature and ignorance of the world, his 'compassion for another's woes' was always predominant; and my trivial story of his humoring a forward child weighs but as a feather in the recorded scale of his benevolence."

Think of him reckless, thriftless, vain, if you like,—but merciful, gentle, generous, full of love and pity. He passes out of our life, and goes to render his account beyond it. Think of the poor pensioners weeping at his grave; think of the noble spirits that admired and deplored him; think of the righteous pen that wrote his epitaph, and of the wonderful and unanimous response of affection with which the world has paid back the love he gave it. His humor delighting us still, his song fresh and beautiful as when he first charmed with it, his words in all our mouths, his very weaknessesbeloved and familiar,—his benevolent spirit seems still to smile upon us, to do gentle kindnesses, to succor with sweet charity; to soothe, caress, and forgive; to plead with the fortunate for the unhappy and the poor.

EXERCISESList the chief qualities that you find in some historic figure, such as Oliver Cromwell, Louis XIV, Alexander Hamilton. Then make a chronological list of the dates in the life. Compare the two lists and determine how many members of the second list need to be included to make an expository account intelligible. Do you find other members which, though not really necessary, are so interesting as to be worth including? Can you establish any final general law about the relation of dates and qualities? Make the same experiment upon the life of some one of your acquaintances.What was the character of Michael Henchard, the chief figure in Thomas Hardy's novelThe Mayor of Casterbridge, that enabled him to write the following as his epitaph? On the basis of the epitaph write a life of Michael Henchard.Michael Henchard's WillThat Elizabeth—Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, or made to grieve on account of me.& that I be not bury'd in consecrated ground.& that no sexton be asked to toll the bell.& that nobody is wished to see my dead body.& that no murners walk behind me at my funeral.& that no flours be planted on my grave.& that no man remember me.To this I put my name.Michael Henchard.Write an obituary notice of an acquaintance of yours; of the political "boss" of your town, county, state; of Abraham Lincoln; of Ulysses S. Grant before he awoke to his opportunities, in the Civil War, and another of him at the time of his death; of Theodore Roosevelt before he formed the Progressive Party and another of him after the election of 1916. Try in each case to give the reader a knowledge of the character and of the events in the life.How much basis have you for making an estimate of the people of whom the following were said, if you limit your knowledge to the remark?"To know her was a liberal education.""He was the homeliest man that came up before Troy.""No man ever came out of his presence without being braver than when he went in.""He never said a stupid thing and never did a wise one.""He was a very perfect gentle knight.""I never knew him to do a mean act."What conclusion do you draw as to the usefulness of general remarks about character?What relation do you find between personality and character? On which can you more surely depend for making a just estimate? Which do contemporaries of a subject for biography usually emphasize?Explain how the mistake was possible by which Daniel Webster's celebratedSeventh of March Speechwas interpreted at the time of delivery as a betrayal of Webster's principles, although later it was regarded as a speech of real integrity.Explain how a man like Thomas Jefferson can be regarded by many as a great statesman and by others, such as Mrs. Gertrude Atherton for example, as a disgustingly vulgar person, almost a rascal. What light does your explanation throw upon the duties and dangers of writing biography?What light do the following remarks throw upon the speakers? How much justification would you feel in using the remarks as basis for biographical estimate?"I would rather be right than President!""The state? I am the state!""The public be damned!""If they appoint me street scavenger I will so dignify the office by dutiful service that every one will clamor for it.""Gentlemen, I am an unconscionable time a-dying.""When you find something that you are afraid to do, do it at once!""I never asked a favor of any man.""We haven't begun to fight!"Make the outline for an expository biography of one of the large figures of history, including the important events and showing the relations with contemporaries and the effect upon them. Then make a similar outline for the biography of some comparatively humble person of whom you know who has affected a more restricted group of contemporaries. Compare the two with a view to making this statement: As the great man was to his large group, so the lesser man was to his smaller group. What light does this shed on the individual life without regard to station in society?Write a life of Napoleon from the point of view of Wellington, of Prince Metternich, of Louis Philippe; a life of Robert Burns from the point of view of a country parson, of François Villon (supposing that Villon knew Burns), of William Shakespeare; a life of Michael Angelo from the point of view of an art student, of a humble worshiperin St. Peter's; a life of Richard Croker from the point of view of a ward boss, of a widow who has received coal for years from Tammany Hall, of an old-time gentleman in New York City; a life of Andrew Carnegie from the point of view of a laborer in the steel mills, of a spinster librarian in a small quiet town, of a college senior who is a member of the I.W.W., of a holder of shares in the steel trust; a life of Edison from the point of view of an artist who prefers candles to electricity, of a farmer's wife who no longer has to clean a multitude of lamps; a life of Jane Addams from the point of view of a political gangster, of a poor Italian woman whom Miss Addams has befriended, of a college girl who has a vision of woman's larger usefulness.Write the life of a man who has just been elected to some office of prominence, such as a seat in the state senate or perhaps to the national house of representatives, and who is expected by all his friends and acquaintances to make a brilliant record. Then write another of the same man who has ignominiously failed to meet expectations and who has come back to his home town with a ruined reputation. Try to take the point of view of a person who does not know that the career is to fail, and then see how you will modify the whole account in the second life.What is the central motive in Goldsmith's life as found by Thackeray? How does he bring out his conception of Goldsmith? Make an outline of the article in which you will list the various events in Goldsmith's life. Make another outline to show wherein the character and quality of the man are shown. Is enough given in each case to make sufficient knowledge on the reader's part? Do you think that Thackeray overemphasizes the sentimental appeal of Goldsmith's weaknesses and his mellow kindness? Do you find any element of information about the man conspicuously lacking, as, for instance, a statement of Goldsmith's friendships, his effect upon his times, or his beliefs? Is there any lack of imaginative sympathy on the part of Thackeray? Suppose that an efficient business man had written the article, would Goldsmith's lack of responsibility have escaped so easily? In the light of your answer to the preceding question do you think that the article is really fair?Translation of Béranger's poem(page285)Cast upon this ball, plain, insignificant and suffering; choked in the crowd, through not being tall enough; my lips utter a piteous complaint. God says to me, "Sing, child, sing." To sing, or I mistake, is my task here below. Will not all those whom I thus amuse love me?

Michael Henchard's WillThat Elizabeth—Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, or made to grieve on account of me.& that I be not bury'd in consecrated ground.& that no sexton be asked to toll the bell.& that nobody is wished to see my dead body.& that no murners walk behind me at my funeral.& that no flours be planted on my grave.& that no man remember me.To this I put my name.Michael Henchard.

Michael Henchard's Will

That Elizabeth—Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, or made to grieve on account of me.& that I be not bury'd in consecrated ground.& that no sexton be asked to toll the bell.& that nobody is wished to see my dead body.& that no murners walk behind me at my funeral.& that no flours be planted on my grave.& that no man remember me.To this I put my name.

Michael Henchard.

What conclusion do you draw as to the usefulness of general remarks about character?

Translation of Béranger's poem(page285)

Cast upon this ball, plain, insignificant and suffering; choked in the crowd, through not being tall enough; my lips utter a piteous complaint. God says to me, "Sing, child, sing." To sing, or I mistake, is my task here below. Will not all those whom I thus amuse love me?

Twomain sources exist from which you can get the material for expository themes: books, including magazines and papers; and lectures or interviews of any kind. Libraries differ greatly in the degree of convenience, and some lecturers are much more readily intelligible than others, and their lectures much more easily codified in notes. Even the most conveniently arranged library, with the most accommodating librarian, is rather formidable unless one knows the method of approach. And until one has thought out the problem of taking notes from lectures, even the most intelligible speaker presents great difficulties. Perhaps a few words here will be of some use in unriddling the mysteries.

First of all a word needs to be said about the greatest slavery of modern times—slavery to the printed word. "I read it in a book!" is still for many people sufficient reason for believing anything, however untrue, illogical, impossible it may be. It is well to remember that nearly everybody writes books and yet very few of us are wise. Obviously, not everything can be authoritative, especially when it is contradicted in the next book. A reader without a good steadying sense of balance, a shrewd determination to weigh what he reads and judge of its value for himself is as helpless as a man in a whirlpool. You need not be too stiff-necked toward a book, need not deny for the mere sake of denial, but you do need to stand off and regard every book with reasonable caution. Sometimes you can see for yourself that what is said is not true. Sometimes you can at once feel that the spirit of the book is unsafe, wild, unthinking. Sometimes you will detect at once a blinding prejudice.Then be cautious. If the subject is unknown to you, so that you have no safe basis for judgment about it, you are, to look the matter squarely in the face, at the mercy of the book. But shrewd inquiries as to the author's reputation, his opportunities for knowledge of the subject, and an ever-watchful eye for reasonableness and good judgment, will save you from many mistakes. And always remember that the mere fact of a statement's being in print does not make it more true than it was when merely oral. Don't, then, believe a printed statement which you would hotly deny if you heard it from the lips of some one. It is a matter of intellectual self-respect to read and judge, not to read and blindly swallow.

Whether you read or listen, you will need to make notes. It would be delightful if our flattering feeling that we can remember whatever we read or hear were true—the trouble is, it is not. It is better to play safe and have the record in notes, than to be too independent and find a blank in your mind when time to write arrives.

The chief virtue in note-taking is economy. Economy saves time, space, effort. The three interweave and are inextricable, in the total, but may be somewhat distinguished. As to time: there is no virtue whatever in slaving for hours over notes that need only a few minutes. Notes are tools: their object is temporary, to be of service for composition or future reference; they are not an object in themselves. Do not worship them. On the other hand, since dull tools will not cut, don't slight them. No greater pity can exist than for the pale student who wrinkles her brow—it usually isherbrow—and attempts to make of notes a complete transcription of a lecture or a book, with each comma and every letter in proper sequence joined—only to pack the notes away in a box in the attic—or perhaps burn them! A builder who should have too meticulous care for his scaffolding is in danger of never seeing his building completed.Notes seek essentials, and therefore time should not be wasted on non-essentials. But, since slovenly, ill-assorted, illegible notes require extraordinary time for deciphering and arranging, it is of the greatest importance that you conserve your future minutes by making your notes neat, ordered, legible. Any abbreviations that you can surely remember are most useful. A complete sentence—which really has no special need for completeness—that you cannot read is worthless, but a few words that indicate the gist of the thought, and are immediately legible, are most valuable. Moreover, if you take time enough for every word, you are in danger of becoming so engrossed in penmanship as to lose the broad sweep of the lecture or book. Notes must drive toward unity and away from chaos. Your first principle, then, should be to set down neatly what will be of real service, and let the rest go.

As to space—any one who has made manuscripts from notes has learned how irritating, how bewildering a huge mass of material can be. Some subjects require such a mass, and in such a case the note-taker will use as much space as he needs. But economy, which is the cardinal virtue, will require as little diffusion, as great concentration as possible. If you can succeed in including everything of value on one sheet, instead of scattering it over several, you are to be congratulated. Only, be sure that you do not neglect something of real value. You can often save much space and effort and the use of stores of connecting words and phrases if you will indent and subordinate sub-topics so that the eye will show the relation at once. Such practice is admirable mental training, also, for it teaches the listener or reader to keep his brain detached for seeing relationships, for grasping the parts in relation to the whole and to each other. If interesting remarks which do not bear directly upon the main subject attract with sufficient intensity to make record worth while, set them down in brackets, to indicate their nature.Remembering, then, that a concentrated barrage is of more value in attack than scattered fire, use as little space as may suffice for the essentials. That is the second principle.

As to effort, remember that the old sea-captain whose boat was so leaky that he declared he had pumped the whole Atlantic through it on one voyage would have entered port more easily with a better boat. If you do not take time and pains for grouping and ordering as you make your notes, be sure that you will have much pumping to do when the article is to be made. Grouping and ordering require concentration in reading or listening—but there is no harm in that. You ought to be able to write one thing and listen to another at the same time. Watch especially for any indication in a lecture of change in topic. And don't be bothered by the demands of formal rhetoric: if a complete sentence stands in your way, set your foot on it and "get the stuff." And, of course, avoid a feverish desire to set down every word that may be uttered; any one who has seen the notebooks of students in which reports of lectures begin with such records as "This morning, in pursuance of our plan, we shall consider the topic mentioned last time, namely,—etc." become aware of the enormous waste of energy that college students show. Essentials, set down in athletic leanness—that is the ideal.

In taking notes from books, people differ greatly. Some use a separate slip for each note, and much can be said in commendation of this system. Some are able to heap everything together and then divine where each topic is. In any case, strive for economy, catch the "high spots," and as far as possible keep like with like, notes on the same topic together. It is always well, often imperative, to jot down the source of each note, so that you can either verify or later judge of the value in the light of the worth of the source.

Note-taking, in other words, is a matter of brains and common sense: brains to see what is important, and senseto see that neatness and order are essential to true economy, the great virtue of notes.

With the best of intentions, then, you enter the library. Since each library is arranged on a somewhat individual scheme, and different collections have different materials, you will need to examine the individual library. A wise student will inquire at the desk for any pamphlet that may help to unriddle the special system. Librarians are benevolent people, do not wish to choke you, and are glad to answer any reasonable question. If your questions are formless, if you really do not know what you want, sit down on the steps and think it over until you do, and then enter boldly and politely ask for information. Don't, if you wish to learn about ship subsidies, for example, stroll in and inquire for "Some'n 'bout boats?" The complimentarily implied power of reading your mind is not especially welcome to even a librarian who is subject to vanity—and incidentally he may think that you are irresponsible. Any one who has been connected with a college library knows that the notorious questions such as "Have you Homer's Eyelid?" are not uncommon—and seldom bring desired results.

Since you have entered for information, summon all your resourcefulness to try every possibility before you agree that there is no help for you there. You can use the Card Catalogue, the Reference Books, the Indexes, Year-Books and Magazine Guides, and finally, if every other source fails, can lay your troubles before the librarian—but not until you have fought bravely. Too many students are faint-hearted: if they wish for information about, let us say, employers' liability, and do not at once find a package of information ready-wrapped, they sigh, and then smile, and then brightly inform the instructor, "The library hasn't a single word about that subject!" The Card Catalogue does not list employers' liability, let us say, and you do not know any authors who have written on the subject. Do notdespair; look upinsurance,workmen,accidents,social legislation,government help, and other such titles until your brain can think of nothing more. Only then resort to outside help.

The Card Catalogue will contain a card for each book in the library: if you know the title, look for it. If you know the author but not the title, look for the "author card." If you know neither author nor title, look for the general subject heading. For each book will usually have the three cards of subject, author, and title. If the subject is a broad one, such, for example, asEngineering, do not set yourself the task of looking through every card, but, if you wish for a treatise on the history of engineering, look for the wordHistory, in the engineering cards, and then examine what books may be collected under that heading. If you find cross references, that is, a recommendation to "see" other individual cards, or other subject headings, do not overlook the chance to gain added information.

Most of us too often forget the encyclopædias. If the catalogue has been exhausted, then see what the encyclopædias may contain. Look in the volume that contains the index, first, for often a part of an article will tell you exactly what you wish, but the article as a whole will not be listed under the subject that you are seeking. TheEncyclopædia Britannica, theNew International, theNelson's Loose Leafwill be of service on general topics. For agriculture consultBailey's Encyclopædia. For religion see theEncyclopædia of Religion and Ethics(Scribner), theJewish Encyclopædia, theNew Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge(Funk and Wagnalls), theCatholic Encyclopædia(Robert Appleton).

For dictionaries you will find theMurray's New English Dictionary, often called theOxford Dictionary,The Standard Dictionary,The Century,Webster's New International,Black's Law Dictionaryand others.

Often you will wish to find contemporary, immediate material. The magazines are regularly catalogued in theReader's Guide, month by month, with a combined quarterly and yearly and then occasional catalogue, with the articles listed under the subject and the title or author. Use your resourcefulness here, as you did in the card catalogue, and do not give up.Poole's Indexwill also help.

Many annuals are of value. TheWorld Almanachas a bewildering mass of information, as does theEagle Almanacfor New York City and Long Island especially. TheCanadian Annual Review, theStatesman's Year-Book,Heaton's Annual(Canadian), theNew International Year Book, which is "a compendium of the world's progress for the year," theAnnual Register(English), theNavy League Annual(English, but inclusive), and theAmerican Year-Book, among others, will be of service. Often these books will give you the odd bit of information that you have hunted for in vain elsewhere. For engineering, theEngineering Index(monthly and collected) is useful.

For biography you will find Stephen'sDictionary of National Biographyuseful, and Lamb'sBiographical Dictionary of the United States. Do not forget theWho's Who, theWho's Who in America, and the corresponding foreign books for brief information about current people of note.

For what may be called scattered information you can go to theAmerican Library Association Indexto general literature,The Information Quarterly(Bowker),The Book Review Digest(Wilson),The United States Catalog(with its annualCumulative Book Index), and the (annual)English Catalogue of Books.

In using a book, employ the Table of Contents and the Index to save time. For example, you will thus be referred to page 157 for what you want. If instead you begin to hunt page by page, you will find that after you have patiently run your eyes back and forth over the first 156 pages, yourbrain will be less responsive than you would wish when you finally arrive at page 157. Moreover, there is all that time lost!

Often individual libraries have compiled lists of their own books on various subjects. If you can find such lists, use them.

In other words, the search for material and the taking of notes is a matter of strategy: it requires that the seeker use his wits, plan his campaign, find what is available, and in the briefest time compatible with thoroughness assimilate whatever of it is of value. Caution and indefatigable zeal and resourcefulness—these are almost sure to win the day.

[1]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[2]Words were made to conceal our thoughts.[3]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[4]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Summer,"XXI. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[5]Stacy Aumonier, inThe Century Magazine, December, 1917. By courtesy of the publisher, The Century Company, New York City.[6]Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Fate,"The Conduct of Life. Houghton Mifflin Company, publishers, Boston.[7]John Burroughs:Pepacton. Houghton Mifflin Company, publishers, Boston.[8]R. L. Stevenson:Across the Plains. Copyright, 1892, by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City.[9]If this be the meaning of "multitudinous."[10]Edward Hungerford:The Personality of American Cities. By courtesy of the publisher, Robert M. McBride & Co., New York City.[11]John Masefield:Gallipoli. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.[12]John Masefield:Gallipoli. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.[13]Francis M. Burdick:The Essentials of Business Law. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Appleton & Co., New York City. Copyright 1902, 1908, by D. Appleton & Co.[14]F. L. Billiard:Famous War Correspondents. By courtesy of the publishers, Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Copyright, 1914.[15]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Autumn." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[16]George B. Shaw:Socialism and Superior Brains. By courtesy of the publishers, John Lane Company, New York City.[17]J. B. Morman:Principles of Rural Credit. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.[18]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.[19]Owen Wister:Quack Novels and Democracy. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company, Boston.[20]Bertrand Russell:National Independence and Internationalism. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company, Boston.[21]Sainte-Beuve.[22]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.[23]Ralph Waldo Emerson: "The Conservative," inNature, Addresses, and Lectures. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.[24]C. E. Lucke:Power. By courtesy of the publishers, the Columbia University Press.[25]Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Civilization," inSociety and Solitude. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.[26]From B. L. T.'s "The Line o' Type Column." By courtesy of theChicago Tribune.[27]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art. By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.[28]Ralph Adams Cram:The Heart of Europe. By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1915.[29]Francis M. Burdick:The Essentials of Business Law. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Appleton & Co., New York City. Copyright, 1902 and 1908.[30]John Morley:Miscellanies, vol.I. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.[31]William Dean Howells:A Boy's Town. By courtesy of the publishers, Harper & Brothers, New York City. Copyright, 1890.[32]Henry Dwight Sedgwick:The New American Type. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[33]All these are fromThe Note-Books of Samuel Butler, published by A. C. Fifield, London.[34]George Bernard Shaw:Socialism and Superior Brains. By courtesy of the publishers, John Lane Company.[35]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art, "Wagnerism." By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.[36]Eustace M. Weston:Rock Drills. By courtesy of the publishers, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Copyright.[37]George Bernard Shaw:Dramatic Opinions and Essays. Archibald Constable & Co., Ltd., London, publishers.[38]Arthur U. Dilley: "Oriental Rugs," inThe New Country Life, November, 1917. By courtesy of the publishers, Doubleday, Page & Co.[39]J. R. Green:Short History of the English People.[40]George Eliot:Mill on the Floss. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[41]Nathaniel Hawthorne:Our Old Home. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[42]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Spring." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[43]Josiah Royce:Nietzsche. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.[44]Bertrand Russell:Why Men Fight. By courtesy of the publishers, The Century Company, New York City.[45]Charles E. Lucke:Power. By courtesy of the publishers, the Columbia University Press.[46]James G. Cannon:Clearing-Houses. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Appleton & Co., New York City. Copyright, 1900.[47]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art. By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.[48]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[49]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[50]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[51]Arthur M. Judy:From the Study to the Farm. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.[52]Charles E. Lucke:Power. By courtesy of the publishers, the Columbia University Press.[53]W. H. Henderson:What is Good Music? By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1898.[54]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art. By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.[55]Thomas W. Corbin:Engineering of To-day. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.[56]Taken fromThe Century Magazineby permission of the publishers, The Century Co.[57]John Corbin:An American at Oxford. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[58]F. A. Talbot:The Making of a Great Canadian Railway. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.[59]F. A. Talbot:The Making of a Great Canadian Railway. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.[60]Charles Prelini:Dredges and Dredging. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York City.[61]Taken fromThe Century Magazineby permission of the publishers, The Century Co.[62]Dallas Lore Sharp:The Hills of Hingham, "The Dustless Duster." Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[63]Thomas W. Corbin:Engineering of To-day. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.[64]Greenough and Kittredge:Words and Their Ways in English Speech. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.[65]"The Catskill Water Supply Tunnel," in theScientific American, vol. 104. By courtesy of The Scientific American Publishing Company.[66]Mary Antin:The Promised Land. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[67]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.[68]Herbert Croly:The Promise of American Life. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.[69]FromScribner's Magazine, September, 1917. By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1917.[70]Thomas W. Corbin:Engineering of To-day. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.[71]Thomas R. Lounsbury:English Spelling and Spelling Reform. By courtesy of the publishers, Harper & Brothers, New York City. Copyright.[72]Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Winter." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.[73]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Summer." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.[74]Eustace M. Weston:Rock Drills. By courtesy of the publishers, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.[75]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.[76]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Winter." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[77]John Burroughs:Birds and Poets. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[78]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Spring." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.[79]Bertrand Russell:National Independence and Internationalism. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.[80]Walter Bagehot: "The Character of Sir Robert Peel,"Works, vol.III. Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn.[81]W. H. Henderson:What is Good Music? By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1898.[82]Rupert Brooke:Collected Poems. By courtesy of the publishers, John Lane Company.[83]SeeChapterV.[84]America at Work.[85]Richard Burton:Little Essays in Literature and Life. By courtesy of the publishers, The Century Company, New York City.[86]Hilaire Belloc: "On a Great Wind."From First and Last.By courtesy of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.[87]From The Contributors' Club. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.[88]John Burroughs:Leaf and Tendril. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[89]By Frances Lester Warner, from "The Point of View" inScribner's Magazine.[90]Gamaliel Bradford:Judah P. Benjamin. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.[91]Vol. 94, p. 363.[92]Haweis:Music and Morals. By courtesy of the publishers, Longmans, Green & Co., New York City.[93]A Book of Scoundrels.[94]T. H. S. Escott:Great Victorians. T. Fisher Unwin, London.[95]Thomas R. Slicer:From Poet to Premier. By courtesy of the publishers, The Grolier Society, London.[96]Thomas Carlyle: "Biography," inCritical and Miscellaneous Essays. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[97]Amiel'sJournal.[98]Barrett Wendell:English Composition. By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1891.[99]At the end of the chapter.[100]William Makepeace Thackeray:The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.[101]For translation, see page296.

[1]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[2]Words were made to conceal our thoughts.

[3]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[4]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Summer,"XXI. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[5]Stacy Aumonier, inThe Century Magazine, December, 1917. By courtesy of the publisher, The Century Company, New York City.

[6]Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Fate,"The Conduct of Life. Houghton Mifflin Company, publishers, Boston.

[7]John Burroughs:Pepacton. Houghton Mifflin Company, publishers, Boston.

[8]R. L. Stevenson:Across the Plains. Copyright, 1892, by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City.

[9]If this be the meaning of "multitudinous."

[10]Edward Hungerford:The Personality of American Cities. By courtesy of the publisher, Robert M. McBride & Co., New York City.

[11]John Masefield:Gallipoli. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.

[12]John Masefield:Gallipoli. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.

[14]F. L. Billiard:Famous War Correspondents. By courtesy of the publishers, Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Copyright, 1914.

[15]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Autumn." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[16]George B. Shaw:Socialism and Superior Brains. By courtesy of the publishers, John Lane Company, New York City.

[17]J. B. Morman:Principles of Rural Credit. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.

[18]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.

[19]Owen Wister:Quack Novels and Democracy. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company, Boston.

[20]Bertrand Russell:National Independence and Internationalism. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company, Boston.

[21]Sainte-Beuve.

[22]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.

[23]Ralph Waldo Emerson: "The Conservative," inNature, Addresses, and Lectures. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

[24]C. E. Lucke:Power. By courtesy of the publishers, the Columbia University Press.

[25]Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Civilization," inSociety and Solitude. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

[26]From B. L. T.'s "The Line o' Type Column." By courtesy of theChicago Tribune.

[27]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art. By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.

[28]Ralph Adams Cram:The Heart of Europe. By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1915.

[29]Francis M. Burdick:The Essentials of Business Law. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Appleton & Co., New York City. Copyright, 1902 and 1908.

[30]John Morley:Miscellanies, vol.I. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.

[31]William Dean Howells:A Boy's Town. By courtesy of the publishers, Harper & Brothers, New York City. Copyright, 1890.

[32]Henry Dwight Sedgwick:The New American Type. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[33]All these are fromThe Note-Books of Samuel Butler, published by A. C. Fifield, London.

[34]George Bernard Shaw:Socialism and Superior Brains. By courtesy of the publishers, John Lane Company.

[35]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art, "Wagnerism." By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.

[36]Eustace M. Weston:Rock Drills. By courtesy of the publishers, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Copyright.

[37]George Bernard Shaw:Dramatic Opinions and Essays. Archibald Constable & Co., Ltd., London, publishers.

[38]Arthur U. Dilley: "Oriental Rugs," inThe New Country Life, November, 1917. By courtesy of the publishers, Doubleday, Page & Co.

[39]J. R. Green:Short History of the English People.

[40]George Eliot:Mill on the Floss. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[41]Nathaniel Hawthorne:Our Old Home. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[42]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Spring." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[43]Josiah Royce:Nietzsche. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.

[44]Bertrand Russell:Why Men Fight. By courtesy of the publishers, The Century Company, New York City.

[45]Charles E. Lucke:Power. By courtesy of the publishers, the Columbia University Press.

[46]James G. Cannon:Clearing-Houses. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Appleton & Co., New York City. Copyright, 1900.

[47]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art. By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.

[48]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[49]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[50]A. G. Gardiner:Prophets, Priests, and Kings. By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[51]Arthur M. Judy:From the Study to the Farm. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.

[52]Charles E. Lucke:Power. By courtesy of the publishers, the Columbia University Press.

[53]W. H. Henderson:What is Good Music? By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1898.

[54]George Bernard Shaw:The Sanity of Art. By courtesy of the publishers, Boni & Liveright.

[55]Thomas W. Corbin:Engineering of To-day. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.

[56]Taken fromThe Century Magazineby permission of the publishers, The Century Co.

[57]John Corbin:An American at Oxford. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[58]F. A. Talbot:The Making of a Great Canadian Railway. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.

[59]F. A. Talbot:The Making of a Great Canadian Railway. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.

[60]Charles Prelini:Dredges and Dredging. By courtesy of the publishers, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York City.

[61]Taken fromThe Century Magazineby permission of the publishers, The Century Co.

[62]Dallas Lore Sharp:The Hills of Hingham, "The Dustless Duster." Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[63]Thomas W. Corbin:Engineering of To-day. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.

[64]Greenough and Kittredge:Words and Their Ways in English Speech. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.

[65]"The Catskill Water Supply Tunnel," in theScientific American, vol. 104. By courtesy of The Scientific American Publishing Company.

[66]Mary Antin:The Promised Land. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[67]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.

[68]Herbert Croly:The Promise of American Life. By courtesy of the publishers, The Macmillan Company, New York City.

[69]FromScribner's Magazine, September, 1917. By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1917.

[70]Thomas W. Corbin:Engineering of To-day. By courtesy of the publishers, Seeley, Service & Co., London.

[71]Thomas R. Lounsbury:English Spelling and Spelling Reform. By courtesy of the publishers, Harper & Brothers, New York City. Copyright.

[72]Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Winter." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.

[73]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Summer." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.

[74]Eustace M. Weston:Rock Drills. By courtesy of the publishers, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

[75]Gustav Pollak:Fifty Years of American Idealism. Houghton Mifflin Company. By courtesy ofThe Nation.

[76]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Winter." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[77]John Burroughs:Birds and Poets. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[78]George Gissing:The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, "Spring." By permission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York City.

[79]Bertrand Russell:National Independence and Internationalism. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.

[80]Walter Bagehot: "The Character of Sir Robert Peel,"Works, vol.III. Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn.

[81]W. H. Henderson:What is Good Music? By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1898.

[82]Rupert Brooke:Collected Poems. By courtesy of the publishers, John Lane Company.

[83]SeeChapterV.

[84]America at Work.

[85]Richard Burton:Little Essays in Literature and Life. By courtesy of the publishers, The Century Company, New York City.

[86]Hilaire Belloc: "On a Great Wind."From First and Last.By courtesy of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.

[87]From The Contributors' Club. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.

[88]John Burroughs:Leaf and Tendril. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[89]By Frances Lester Warner, from "The Point of View" inScribner's Magazine.

[90]Gamaliel Bradford:Judah P. Benjamin. By courtesy of The Atlantic Monthly Company.

[91]Vol. 94, p. 363.

[92]Haweis:Music and Morals. By courtesy of the publishers, Longmans, Green & Co., New York City.

[93]A Book of Scoundrels.

[94]T. H. S. Escott:Great Victorians. T. Fisher Unwin, London.

[95]Thomas R. Slicer:From Poet to Premier. By courtesy of the publishers, The Grolier Society, London.

[96]Thomas Carlyle: "Biography," inCritical and Miscellaneous Essays. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[97]Amiel'sJournal.

[98]Barrett Wendell:English Composition. By courtesy of the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City. Copyright, 1891.

[99]At the end of the chapter.

[100]William Makepeace Thackeray:The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, publishers.

[101]For translation, see page296.

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