CHAPTER XI.GATES AND FASTENINGS.
wooden gateFig. 177.
Fig. 177.
Fig. 177.
double wooden gateFig. 178.
Fig. 178.
Fig. 178.
As board and picket fences have gradually replaced rail and other primitive fences, useful but inconvenient “bars” have begun to disappear, and tidy gates are seen. The saving in time required to take down and put up bars, rather than open and close gates, amounts to a good deal. A good wooden gate will last a long time. Gateways should be at least fourteen feet wide. All the wood used in the construction of the gate should be well seasoned. It is best to plane all the wood-work, though this is not absolutely necessary. Cover each tenon withthick paint before it is placed in its mortise. Fasten the brace to the cross-piece with small bolts or wrought nails well clinched. Mortise the ends of the boards into the end-posts, and secure them in place with wooden pins wedged at both ends, or iron bolts. The best are made of pine fence-boards six inches wide; the ends should be four by twenty-four inch scantling, although the one at the latch may be lighter. Five cross-pieces are enough. The lighter the gate in proportion to strength, the better it is.
gate with two bracesFig. 179.
Fig. 179.
Fig. 179.
gate with three bracesFig. 180.
Fig. 180.
Fig. 180.
There is but one right way to brace a gate, and many wrong ones. The object of bracing is to strengthen the gate, and also to prevent its sagging. Gates sag in two ways; by the moving to the one side of the posts upon which the gates are hung, and the settling of the gates themselves. Unless braced the only thing to hold the gate square is the perfect rigidity of the tenons in the mortises; but the weight of the gate will loosen these, and allow the end of the gate opposite the hinges to sag. It is plain that a brace placed like that shown infigure 177will not prevent this settling down. The only opposition it can give is the resistance of the nails, and these willdraw loose in the holes as readily as the tenons in the mortises. A brace set as shown atfigure 178is not much better, as the resistance must depend upon the rigidity of the upright piece in the middle, and the bolts or nails holding it will give way enough to allow the gate to sag. The method shown infigure 179is fully as faulty, while the form shown infigure 180is even worse.
gate with upward slanting braceFig. 181.
Fig. 181.
Fig. 181.
gate with upward brace and 2 vertical supportsFig. 182.
Fig. 182.
Fig. 182.
It seems strange that any one should brace a gate in these ways, but it is quite frequently seen attempted. The only right way to brace a gate is shown infigure 181. The gate may be further strengthened as shown infigure 182. Before the gate can sag, the brace must be shortened; for as the gate settles, the pointsaandbmust come closer together, and this the brace effectually prevents.
bracing for gate postFig. 183.
Fig. 183.
Fig. 183.
gate with an iron rod supporting itFig. 184.
Fig. 184.
Fig. 184.
The posts should be set in such a way that they will not be pulled to one side and allow the gate to sag. The post should be put below the line of frost, or else it will be heaved out of position; three feet in the ground is none too deep. Have a large post andmake a big hole for it. Be careful to set the post plumb and stamp the earth firmly in the hole—it cannot be stamped too hard. While stamping, keep walking around the post, so that the earth will be firmed on all sides. Blocks may be arranged as shown infigure 183; but this is not really necessary, when the posts have been rightly set, although it may be advisable to take this further precaution.
iron hinge with pinFig. 185.
Fig. 185.
Fig. 185.
gate chained to postFig. 186.
Fig. 186.
Fig. 186.
To remove the pulling weight of the gate when closed, the swinging end may rest upon a block; or a pin inserted in the end-piece of the gate may rest in a slot sawed in the post, or on a shoulder of the post.Figure 184shows one end of a combination of two plans—the iron rod from near the top of the high post holds the gate while the strain upon the post is lessened by the opposite end of the closed gate being supported on the other post.
gate supported by two wooden projectionsFig. 187.
Fig. 187.
Fig. 187.
gate with stone counter weightsFig. 188.
Fig. 188.
Fig. 188.
For hanging the gate the best hinges are doubtless those shown infigure 185. One part passes through the end-piece of the gate, and is secured by a nut on the end. The other piece is heated and driven into the post, following the path of a small augur-hole. Next to this comes the strap hinge, which should be fastened with bolts or screws. Three easy, cheap ways of supporting the gate are shown infigures 186,187, and188. Infigure 186, a stout band of wood, or one of iron, may be used in place of the chain. And in place of the stool for the reception of the lower end of the end-piece, a block resting on the ground, or a shoulder on the post, may be substituted. The mode shown infigure 187is common in the West. Its construction needs no explanation. By sliding the gate back until it almost balances it may be carried around with ease. Infigure 188, the fastening, or latch, must be so arranged as to hold the lower part of the gate in position. The box of stone renders it easier to move the gate. A heavy block of wood serves the same purpose.