FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[98]Charles Whitehead,Hints on Vegetable and Fruit Farming, London (J. Murray), 1890.The Gardener’s Chronicle, 20th April, 1895.[99]Charles Baltet,L’Horticulture dans les cinq Parties du Monde. Ouvrage couronné par la Société Nationale d’Horticulture.Paris (Hachette), 1895.[100]Charles Baltet,loc. cit.[101]Ardouin Dumazet,Voyage en France, vol. v., p. 10.[102]Ardouin Dumazet,Voyage en France, vol. v., p. 200.[103]Baudrillart,Les Populations agricoles de la France: Anjou, pp. 70, 71.[104]The total production of dessert fruit as well as dried or preserved fruit in France was estimated, in 1876, at 84,000 tons, and its value was taken at about 3,000,000,000 fr. (£120,000,000)—more than one-half of the war contribution levied by Germany. It must have largely increased since 1876.[105]Ardouin Dumazet, i., 204.[106]Ardouin Dumazet, vol. vii., pp. 124, 125.[107]M. Augé-Laribé,L’évolution de la France agricole, Paris (Armand Colin), 1912, p. 74. Professor Fontgalland estimates that the total exports of flowers, living plants, fruit and vegetables, both in season and out of season (primeurs), from the Alpes Maritimes, reach the enormous sum of £1,188,000, the gross income from an acre reaching as much as £200.[108]Charles Baltet,L’Horticulture, etc.[109]Charles Baltet,L’Horticulture, etc.[110]“Twenty-one oz.” and even “fifteen oz.” glass is used in the cheaper greenhouses.[111]It is reckoned by measuring the height of the front and back walls and the length of the two slopes of the roof.[112]Rural England, i., p. 103.[113]Growing peas along the wall seems, however, to be a bad system. It requires too much work in attaching the plants to the wall. This system, however, excellent though it may be for a provisory start for gardeners who have not much capital to spend, is not profitable in the long run. The gardeners with whom I spoke in 1903, after having made some money with these light greenhouses, preferred to build more substantial ones, which could be heated from January to March or April.[114]I take these figures from the notes which a Belgian professor of agriculture was kind enough to send me. The greenhouses in Belgium are mostly with iron frames.[115]A friend, who has studied practical horticulture in the Channel Islands, writes me of the vineries about Brussels: “You have no idea to what an extent it is done there. Bashford is nothing against it.”[116]A quotation which I took at random, in 1895, from a London daily, was: “Covent Garden, 19th March, 1895. Quotations: Belgian grapes, 4d. to 6d.; Jersey ditto, 6d. to 10d.; Muscats, 1s. 6d. to 2s.; and tomatoes, 3d. to 5d. per lb.”[117]SeeAppendix S.[118]Out of them, 27,000 acres are grown in the fruit orchards, between the apple and cherry tree, so that the total area under fruit orchards and small fruit was reckoned at 308,000 acres in 1908.[119]“Fruit and Flower Farming,” inEncyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, article by J. Weathers.[120]Rural England, 2 vols., London (Longmans, Green), 1902, vol. ii., p. 57.[121]F. E. Green,The Awakening of England, London (Nelson’s), 1911, pp. 49, 50. Speaking of a certain farmer, Mr. Green says: “In the autumn of 1910, when I visited him, he was offered £100 an acre for his standing crops, and £100for the tenant rights. He refused the offer.His rent still stands at £2 an acre.”[122]According to the researches made by the French Ministry of Agriculture, the yearly produce of the French horticulturists attains the value of £16,000,000.[123]Rural England, ii., pp. 76, 212. Spalding, also in Lincolnshire, is another centre for the trade in spring flowers, as well as for intensive farming, co-operative small-holding having been introduced there by the Provident and Small-Holdings Club (same work, ii., pp. 238-240). More than 1,000 acres are now given to the growing of flowers—an industry which was introduced only fifteen years ago, when it came from Holland. On p. 242 of the same work the reader will find some interesting information about a new “mutualist” venture, the Lincoln Equitable Co-operative Society.[124]Rural England, ii., 59.[125]F. E. Green,The Awakening of England, pp. 116, 117.[126]The imports of fruit and vegetables, fresh and preserved, were £12,900,000 in 1909, and £14,193,000 in 1911, out of which fruit alone must have figured for at least £4,000,000. Potatoes alone, imported and retained for home consumption in the United Kingdom, figure in this item for the sums of from £6,908,550 in 1908 to £3,314,200 in 1910. The industry of dried fruit, and especially of dried vegetables, has not yet developed in this country, the result being that during the Boer War Britain paid a weekly tribute to Germany for dried vegetables, which attained many thousands of pounds every week. A nation cannot let its land be transformed into hunting reserves at the rate it is being done in this country without having to send the best and the most enterprising portion of its population overseas, and without relying for its daily food upon its neighbours and commercial rivals.[127]Thomas Smith,French Gardening, London (Utopia Press), 1909, 128 pp.;Profitable Culture of Vegetables, for Market Gardeners, Small Holders, and Others, London (Longmans, Green), 1911, 452 pp.; and a short summing up of the first of these works.[128]SeeAppendix T.

[98]Charles Whitehead,Hints on Vegetable and Fruit Farming, London (J. Murray), 1890.The Gardener’s Chronicle, 20th April, 1895.

[99]Charles Baltet,L’Horticulture dans les cinq Parties du Monde. Ouvrage couronné par la Société Nationale d’Horticulture.Paris (Hachette), 1895.

[100]Charles Baltet,loc. cit.

[101]Ardouin Dumazet,Voyage en France, vol. v., p. 10.

[102]Ardouin Dumazet,Voyage en France, vol. v., p. 200.

[103]Baudrillart,Les Populations agricoles de la France: Anjou, pp. 70, 71.

[104]The total production of dessert fruit as well as dried or preserved fruit in France was estimated, in 1876, at 84,000 tons, and its value was taken at about 3,000,000,000 fr. (£120,000,000)—more than one-half of the war contribution levied by Germany. It must have largely increased since 1876.

[105]Ardouin Dumazet, i., 204.

[106]Ardouin Dumazet, vol. vii., pp. 124, 125.

[107]M. Augé-Laribé,L’évolution de la France agricole, Paris (Armand Colin), 1912, p. 74. Professor Fontgalland estimates that the total exports of flowers, living plants, fruit and vegetables, both in season and out of season (primeurs), from the Alpes Maritimes, reach the enormous sum of £1,188,000, the gross income from an acre reaching as much as £200.

[108]Charles Baltet,L’Horticulture, etc.

[109]Charles Baltet,L’Horticulture, etc.

[110]“Twenty-one oz.” and even “fifteen oz.” glass is used in the cheaper greenhouses.

[111]It is reckoned by measuring the height of the front and back walls and the length of the two slopes of the roof.

[112]Rural England, i., p. 103.

[113]Growing peas along the wall seems, however, to be a bad system. It requires too much work in attaching the plants to the wall. This system, however, excellent though it may be for a provisory start for gardeners who have not much capital to spend, is not profitable in the long run. The gardeners with whom I spoke in 1903, after having made some money with these light greenhouses, preferred to build more substantial ones, which could be heated from January to March or April.

[114]I take these figures from the notes which a Belgian professor of agriculture was kind enough to send me. The greenhouses in Belgium are mostly with iron frames.

[115]A friend, who has studied practical horticulture in the Channel Islands, writes me of the vineries about Brussels: “You have no idea to what an extent it is done there. Bashford is nothing against it.”

[116]A quotation which I took at random, in 1895, from a London daily, was: “Covent Garden, 19th March, 1895. Quotations: Belgian grapes, 4d. to 6d.; Jersey ditto, 6d. to 10d.; Muscats, 1s. 6d. to 2s.; and tomatoes, 3d. to 5d. per lb.”

[117]SeeAppendix S.

[118]Out of them, 27,000 acres are grown in the fruit orchards, between the apple and cherry tree, so that the total area under fruit orchards and small fruit was reckoned at 308,000 acres in 1908.

[119]“Fruit and Flower Farming,” inEncyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, article by J. Weathers.

[120]Rural England, 2 vols., London (Longmans, Green), 1902, vol. ii., p. 57.

[121]F. E. Green,The Awakening of England, London (Nelson’s), 1911, pp. 49, 50. Speaking of a certain farmer, Mr. Green says: “In the autumn of 1910, when I visited him, he was offered £100 an acre for his standing crops, and £100for the tenant rights. He refused the offer.His rent still stands at £2 an acre.”

[122]According to the researches made by the French Ministry of Agriculture, the yearly produce of the French horticulturists attains the value of £16,000,000.

[123]Rural England, ii., pp. 76, 212. Spalding, also in Lincolnshire, is another centre for the trade in spring flowers, as well as for intensive farming, co-operative small-holding having been introduced there by the Provident and Small-Holdings Club (same work, ii., pp. 238-240). More than 1,000 acres are now given to the growing of flowers—an industry which was introduced only fifteen years ago, when it came from Holland. On p. 242 of the same work the reader will find some interesting information about a new “mutualist” venture, the Lincoln Equitable Co-operative Society.

[124]Rural England, ii., 59.

[125]F. E. Green,The Awakening of England, pp. 116, 117.

[126]The imports of fruit and vegetables, fresh and preserved, were £12,900,000 in 1909, and £14,193,000 in 1911, out of which fruit alone must have figured for at least £4,000,000. Potatoes alone, imported and retained for home consumption in the United Kingdom, figure in this item for the sums of from £6,908,550 in 1908 to £3,314,200 in 1910. The industry of dried fruit, and especially of dried vegetables, has not yet developed in this country, the result being that during the Boer War Britain paid a weekly tribute to Germany for dried vegetables, which attained many thousands of pounds every week. A nation cannot let its land be transformed into hunting reserves at the rate it is being done in this country without having to send the best and the most enterprising portion of its population overseas, and without relying for its daily food upon its neighbours and commercial rivals.

[127]Thomas Smith,French Gardening, London (Utopia Press), 1909, 128 pp.;Profitable Culture of Vegetables, for Market Gardeners, Small Holders, and Others, London (Longmans, Green), 1911, 452 pp.; and a short summing up of the first of these works.

[128]SeeAppendix T.

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