FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[1]Locke. Of Human Understanding, B. I, ch. 2.[2]Cousin. Cours de l'Histoire de la Philosophie Moderne, edit. 1847, T. III, p. 269.[3]Cousin. Op. cit., T. III, p. 368.[4]Cousin. Op. cit., T. III, p. 370.[5]Plato. Politicus. Mitford's Greece, Vol. I, p. 84.[6]"Vain indeed is the life of all men in whom there is not the true knowledge of God: who, from the things which are seen to be good, have not been able to conceive aright of that which is goodness itself; nor, while they viewed the work, to acknowledge the architect: but have thought that either fire, or the wind, the swift air, or the stars in their courses, or the vast deep, or the sun and moon, were the deities presiding over the world."—Liber Sapientiæ, ch. 13, v. 1, 2.Translation by Luke Howard, F.R.S.[7]An interesting illustration of the tendency of mankind in a state of savageism to attribute striking phenomena to supernatural agency, and deify the means through which they are apparently exhibited, occurred on the march of Cortes from Mexico to Honduras. During a deer-hunt, the horse which Cortes rode was taken ill. "It did not then die, though it would have been better if it had," says the devout but ruthless conqueror, parenthetically. A little while afterwards, having been courteously received by the Itzalan Indians, Cortes "entrusted them with the care of his horse Morgillo, which had been lamed, charging them to take great care of it, and attend to its recovery, as he prized it very highly, and telling them that when he had found the Spaniards he was in search of, he should send for his steed again. It was from no want of care on the part of the Itzaex, but rather from an excess of it, that Morgillo lost his life under their management; for in their anxiety to effect a cure, and regarding the animal as one endowed with reason, they gave him poultry and other meat to eat, and presented him with bunches of flowers, as they were accustomed to do to persons of rank when they were sick; a species of attention somewhat similar to that which the fool laughed at inKing Lear, when he speaks of the cockney who for 'a pure kindness to his horse, buttered his hay.' The consequence of this unaccustomed style of medical treatment was, that Morgillo languished and died, and then a worse evil befell, for, observes the pious Villagutierre, "though some people say Canek burnt his idols in the presence of Cortes, there was in reality no burning of idols or anything else in that city of Tayasal; on the contrary, by leaving the horse with the infidel Itzaex, they obtained a greater and still more abominable idol than the many they had before." The meaning of this sentence is subsequently explained by the worthy chronicler informing us that, on the death of Morgillo, the Itzaex raised its effigy "in stone and mortar, very perfect," and worshipped it as a divinity. It was seated on its hind-quarters, on the floor of one of the temples, rising on its fore legs, with its hind legs bent under it. These barbarians adored it as the god of thunder and thunderbolts, calling him Tzinachac, which means the bride of thunder, or the thunderbolt. They gave it this name from having seen some of the Spaniards who were with Cortes fire their muskets over the horses' heads when they were hunting deer, and they believed the horses were the cause of the noise that was made, which they took for thunder, and the flash of the discharge and the smoke of the gunpowder for a thunderbolt."—Fancourt's History of Yucatan.Athenæum.1854, p. 109.[8]Cicero. De Naturâ Deorum, B. II, c. 25.[9]Servius. Tooke's Pantheon, p. 198.[10]Horæ Britannicæ. By Jno. Hughes, Vol. I., p. 235. 1818.[11]The Garrows, a number of wild tribes occupying the district lying between the N.E. frontier of Bengal and the kingdom of Assam, in addition to the worship of Mâhâdeva, or Siva, adore also the sun and moon; and theKhatties, orCatties, another wild tribe inhabiting the peninsula of Guzerat, worship the sun.[12]Blackwell. Mallet's Northern Antiquities. Bohn, 1847, p. 473.[13]Davis. "The Chinese," Chap. xii.[14]Humboldt. "Aspects of Nature," Vol. I., p. 198, note 51. "Steppes and Deserts."[15]Ruxton. Adventures in Mexico and Rocky Mountains, p. 192.[16]Str.That cursed Chærophon and Socrates,Who have deceived both thee and me alike.Phid.I must not act unjustly towards my teachers.Str.Nay, nay, revere paternal Jupiter;Phid.Paternal Jupiter! old fashion'd fool;Is there a Jupiter?Str.There is.Phid.Not so,Since having cast out Jove a whirlwind reigns.Str.Not cast him out; but I imagin'd this,Seeing the whirlwind here. O wretched ones,To take thee, earthen image, for a god![17]Wheelwright's Translation, p. 124, and note. Oxford, 1837.[18]Cicero. De Naturâ Deorum. B. I., ch. 15.[19]Op. cit., B. II., c. 24.[20]Bonomi. "Nineveh and its Palaces," pp. 139-264, &c.; Dr. Grotefend, Athenæum, June 26, 1853; Ravenshaw, Athenæum, July 16, 1853.[21]Paradise Lost.[22]Rape of the Lock. Ch. 1.[23]Theblackcolour which is popularly ascribed to the devil, was probably derived from old monkish legends, which affirmed that he often appeared as an Ethiopian. (Jortin. Vol. II., p. 13, ed. 1805.)[24]Bonomi. Op. cit., p. 159. "The root, or the original word from which teraphim is derived, signifies, to relax with fear, to strike with terror, or 'Repheh,' an appaller, one who makes others faint or fail; a signification that singularly accords with the terrifying images found by Botta." The possible connection between these images and the images (teraphim) which Rachel had stolen from her father Laban, is of great interest.[25]This custom is probably a relic of old Scandinavian mythology. In the "Prose Edda," it is stated, that the gods having captured Loki (the personification of evil), who had fled from their justly excited anger, "dragged him without commiseration into a cavern, wherein they placed three sharp-pointed rocks, boring a hole through each of them."[26]Notes and Queries, Vol. VIII, p. 200.—Eusebius, in hisOrationin praise of the Emperor Constantine, writes, that the Emperor honoured "the triumphall signe of the crosse, having really experienced and found the divine virtue that is therein. For by it the multitudes of his enemies were put to flight; by it the vaine ostentation of the enemies of God was suppressed, the petulant tongues of evil speakers and wicked men were silenced; by it the barbarous people were subdued; by it the invisible powers of the divil were vanquished and driven away; and by it the superstitious errors were confuted and abolished."[27]Bede. Ecclesiastical History. B. I., ch. 30. Dr. Giles' Transl. Bohn.[28]Brand's Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. Vol. I. p. 201. Note. Michaelmas Day.[29]Cicero. De Naturâ Deorum. B. III., ch. 5.[30]See "Notes and Queries." Sir J. E. Tennant, Vol. V., p. 121; W. Blood, &c., Vol. VIII., p. 413.[31]The Berlin correspondent of theTimesrelated the following incident:—"The comet which has lately been visible, has served a priest, not far from Warsaw, with materials for a very curious sermon. After having summoned his congregation together, although it was neither Sunday nor festival, and shown them the comet, he informed them that this was the same star that had appeared to the Magi at the birth of the Saviour, and that it was only visible now in the Russian Empire. Its appearance on this occasion was to intimate to the Russian eagle, that the time was now come for it to spread out its wings, and embrace all mankind in one orthodox and sanctifying church. He showed them the star now standing immediately over Constantinople, and explained that the dull light of the nucleus indicated its sorrow at the delay of the Russian army in proceeding to its destination."[32]"Madam Morrow, seventh daughter of a seventh daughter, and a descendant of a line of astrologers reaching back for centuries, will give ladies private lectures on all the events of life, in regard to health, wealth, love, courtship, and marriage. She is, without exception, the most wonderful astrologist in the world, or that has ever been known. She will even tell their very thoughts, and will show them the likenesses of their intended husbands and absent friends, which has astonished thousands during her absence in Europe. She will leave the city in a very short time. 76, Broome Street, between Cannon and Columbia. Gentlemen are not admitted.""Madame la Compt flatters herself that she is competent by her great experience in the art of astrology, to give true information in regard to the past, present, and future. She is able to see clearly any losses her visitors may have sustained, and will give satisfactory information in regard to the way of recovery. She has, and continues to give perfect satisfaction. Ladies and gentlemen 50 cents. 13, Howard Street.""Madame la Compt has been visited by over two hundred ladies and gentlemen the past week, and has given perfect satisfaction; and in consideration of the great patronage bestowed upon her, she will remain at 13, Howard Street, for four days more, when she will positively sail for the South.""Mrs. Alwin, renowned in Europe for her skill in foretelling the future, has arrived, and will furnish intelligence about all circumstances of life. She interprets dreams, law matters, and love, by astrology, books, and science, and tells to ladies and gentlemen the name of the persons they will marry; also the names of her visitors. Mrs. Alwin speaks the English, French, and German languages. Residence, 25, Rivington Street, upstairs, near the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar.""Mrs. Prewster, from Philadelphia, tenders her services to the ladies and gentlemen of this city in astrology, love, and law matters, interpreting dreams, &c., by books and science, constantly relied on by Napoleon; and will tell the name of the lady or gentleman they will marry; also the names of the visitors. No. 59, Great Jones Street, corner of the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar.""The celebrated Dr. F. Shuman, Swede by birth, just arrived in this city, offers his services in astrology, physiognomy, &c. He can be consulted in matters of love, marriage, past, present, and future events of life. Nativity calculated for ladies and gentlemen. Mr. S. has travelled through the greater part of the world in the last forty-two years, and is willing to give the most satisfactory information. Office, 175, Chambers Street, near Greenwich."(From a recent number of theNew York Herald. Notes and Queries, December 10, 1853, p. 561.)[33]The Æneis. B. III.[34]Carthon. Ossian.[35]"The Literature and Romance of Northern Europe," by W. and Mary Howitt. Vol. I., p. 99.[36]Howitt. "The Literature and Romance of Northern Europe." Vol. I.[37]An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians; by E. W. Lane, Vol. I, p. 311.[38]Adventures in the Libyan Desert, p. 22.[39]B. I, ch. 13 and 16.[40]Thorpe's Yule-Tide Stories. Bohn, p. 248. And Table of Contents, p. XIII.[41]"The Fall of the Nibelungers," &c.; a Translation of the Nibelunge Nôt, or Nibelungenlied, by W. N. Lettsom, p. 59, St. 346, 347; p. 167, St. 983.[42]Thorpe. Op. cit. Table of Contents, p. IX.[43]"The marvellous stories, the frightful tales, the threats, which were so long the apanage of infancy, would dispose the naturally impressionable mind to receive all the fantastic creations of the period. Now, it is said, the system is completely changed, and they are taught to ridicule these ancient beliefs. This argument would be unanswerable if they spoke of colleges and boarding schools; but they forget the servants to whom are confided the early years of infants; thus is the nursery always reviving fooleries, terrors, and frightful stories, in the middle of which the infant grows. I will content me with one example, that of one of the celebrated poets of England, Robert Burns. 'I owed much in my infancy,' says this writer, 'to an old woman who lived with us, and who was extremely ignorant, and remarkably credulous and superstitious. No one in the country had a larger collection of tales and songs respecting devils, fairies, ghosts, sorcerers, magicians, jack-o'-lanterns, hobgoblins, phantoms, apparitions, charms, giants, dragons, &c."'Not only did these tales cultivate in me the germs of poesy, but they had such an effect upon my imagination, that, even now, in my night journeys, I have often, in spite of myself, the eye upon certain suspicious places; and although no one can be more sceptical in such matters, an effort of the reason is occasionally necessary to chase away these vain terrors.'"'Darkness, obscurity, the silence of night, solitariness, contribute strongly to develop the feeling of terror so wrongly cast in the minds of infants. Their eye readily perceives frightful figures which regard them in a menacing manner; their chamber is peopled with assassins, robbers, devils, and monsters of all kinds."—A. Brierre de Boismont. "Des Hallucinations; ou Histoire Raisonnée des Apparitions,"&c. Ed. II, 1852, p. 362.[44]This idea has been beautifully expressed by Longfellow in the "Voices of the Night.""When the hours of day are numbered,And the voices of the nightWake the better soul, that slumbered,To a holy calm delight,Ere the evening lamps are lighted,And like phantoms grim and tall,Shadows from the fitful firelightDance upon the parlour wall;Then the forms of the departedEnter at the open door;The beloved, the true-hearted,Come to visit us once more." &c.See also Washington Irving's Bracebridge Hall. St. Martin's Eve.[45]"I looked to heaven, and tried to pray;But or ever a prayer had gusht,A wicked whisper came and madeMy heart as dry as dust."Coleridge. "Ancient Mariner."[46]Brewster. Natural Magic, p. 15.[47]A few hundred feet from the place where this occurred, is a lane (Oldfield Lane, Wortley, near Leeds) which was noted, many years ago, as the beat of one of those somewhat rare spectres, a headless ghost. Some are living even now who haveknownthose who had seen this phantom. When last seen, it appeared as a comfortable-looking man, dressed in a drab-coat, and carried the head under the arm. As a Yorkshire version of a very ancient and wide-spread superstition, its memory is worth preserving. The belief in headless ghosts is found in many parts of England, Ireland (theDullahanorDulachan), Wales, Scotland, Spain, France, and Germany.[48]Chambers' Miscellany. Art. "Spectral Apparitions," &c.[49]Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft. 2nd Ed., p. 3.[50]"Phantoms of the Far East." Chambers' Edinburgh Journal. Vol. XVII, p. 315.[51]Busby's Lucretius, B. IV.[52]Temora.[53]Notes and Queries, Vol. VIII, p. 7.[54]Letters on Natural Magic. 5th Ed., p. 166.[55]D. Jardine, "Notes and Queries," Vol. VIII, p. 512, Nov. 26, 1853.[56]Hudibras. Can. III.[57]Athenæum. July 2, 1853, p. 801, and Appendix.[58]Müller. "Manuel de Physiologie." Traduit par A. J. L. Jourdan. 2nd ed., 1851, par E. Littré, T. II., p. 388. See also ¶ A. B. C. E. F., Sect. V, "Phénomènes Subjectifs de Vision," p. 386.[59]Müller. Op. cit., T. II, p. 549.[60]Boismont. Op. cit., p. 74.[61]"Researches on Magnetism, Electricity, &c., in their Relations to the Vital Force," by Karl von Reichenbach, Pts. I & II.[62]"The Night Side of Nature," by Mrs. Crowe. Ed. 1853, p. 362.[63]"I waste the matin lamp in sighs for thee,Thy image steals between my God and me;Thy voice I seem in every hymn to hear,With every bead I drop too soft a tear."Eloise and Abelard.Pope.[64]Notes and Narrative of a Six Years' Mission principally among the Dens of London. By R. W. Vanderkiste, p. 182.[65]Boismont. Op. cit., p. 110.[66]"Theory of Pneumatology." By Dr. J. H. Jung-Stilling: translated by Saml. Jackson; p. 197, Lond., 1834.[67]Op. cit., p. 200.[68]The apparition of the "White Lady" was very irregular and uncertain, for many members of the family died without her spectre having been seen.[69]"Demonology and Witchcraft." 2nd Ed., p. 350, note.[70]"Household Words." Conducted by Charles Dickens, March, 1853, p. 6.[71]Op. cit., p. 142.[72]"Notes and Queries." Vol. VIII., p. 287.[73]Ed. 1829, Vol. IV., p. 271.[74]Op. cit., p. 182.[75]Op. cit., p. 470.[76]De. Divinatione et de Fato.[77]Op. cit. p. 243.[78]"Of Human Understanding." Bk. II, ch. 33, sect. 10.[79]Op. cit., p. 65.[80]"History of Europe," from 1789 to 1815. By Sir Archibald Alison, Bart. Chap. XX, Sect. 25, and notes.[81]Op. cit., p. 10.

[1]Locke. Of Human Understanding, B. I, ch. 2.

[2]Cousin. Cours de l'Histoire de la Philosophie Moderne, edit. 1847, T. III, p. 269.

[3]Cousin. Op. cit., T. III, p. 368.

[4]Cousin. Op. cit., T. III, p. 370.

[5]Plato. Politicus. Mitford's Greece, Vol. I, p. 84.

[6]"Vain indeed is the life of all men in whom there is not the true knowledge of God: who, from the things which are seen to be good, have not been able to conceive aright of that which is goodness itself; nor, while they viewed the work, to acknowledge the architect: but have thought that either fire, or the wind, the swift air, or the stars in their courses, or the vast deep, or the sun and moon, were the deities presiding over the world."—Liber Sapientiæ, ch. 13, v. 1, 2.Translation by Luke Howard, F.R.S.

[7]An interesting illustration of the tendency of mankind in a state of savageism to attribute striking phenomena to supernatural agency, and deify the means through which they are apparently exhibited, occurred on the march of Cortes from Mexico to Honduras. During a deer-hunt, the horse which Cortes rode was taken ill. "It did not then die, though it would have been better if it had," says the devout but ruthless conqueror, parenthetically. A little while afterwards, having been courteously received by the Itzalan Indians, Cortes "entrusted them with the care of his horse Morgillo, which had been lamed, charging them to take great care of it, and attend to its recovery, as he prized it very highly, and telling them that when he had found the Spaniards he was in search of, he should send for his steed again. It was from no want of care on the part of the Itzaex, but rather from an excess of it, that Morgillo lost his life under their management; for in their anxiety to effect a cure, and regarding the animal as one endowed with reason, they gave him poultry and other meat to eat, and presented him with bunches of flowers, as they were accustomed to do to persons of rank when they were sick; a species of attention somewhat similar to that which the fool laughed at inKing Lear, when he speaks of the cockney who for 'a pure kindness to his horse, buttered his hay.' The consequence of this unaccustomed style of medical treatment was, that Morgillo languished and died, and then a worse evil befell, for, observes the pious Villagutierre, "though some people say Canek burnt his idols in the presence of Cortes, there was in reality no burning of idols or anything else in that city of Tayasal; on the contrary, by leaving the horse with the infidel Itzaex, they obtained a greater and still more abominable idol than the many they had before." The meaning of this sentence is subsequently explained by the worthy chronicler informing us that, on the death of Morgillo, the Itzaex raised its effigy "in stone and mortar, very perfect," and worshipped it as a divinity. It was seated on its hind-quarters, on the floor of one of the temples, rising on its fore legs, with its hind legs bent under it. These barbarians adored it as the god of thunder and thunderbolts, calling him Tzinachac, which means the bride of thunder, or the thunderbolt. They gave it this name from having seen some of the Spaniards who were with Cortes fire their muskets over the horses' heads when they were hunting deer, and they believed the horses were the cause of the noise that was made, which they took for thunder, and the flash of the discharge and the smoke of the gunpowder for a thunderbolt."—Fancourt's History of Yucatan.Athenæum.1854, p. 109.

[8]Cicero. De Naturâ Deorum, B. II, c. 25.

[9]Servius. Tooke's Pantheon, p. 198.

[10]Horæ Britannicæ. By Jno. Hughes, Vol. I., p. 235. 1818.

[11]The Garrows, a number of wild tribes occupying the district lying between the N.E. frontier of Bengal and the kingdom of Assam, in addition to the worship of Mâhâdeva, or Siva, adore also the sun and moon; and theKhatties, orCatties, another wild tribe inhabiting the peninsula of Guzerat, worship the sun.

[12]Blackwell. Mallet's Northern Antiquities. Bohn, 1847, p. 473.

[13]Davis. "The Chinese," Chap. xii.

[14]Humboldt. "Aspects of Nature," Vol. I., p. 198, note 51. "Steppes and Deserts."

[15]Ruxton. Adventures in Mexico and Rocky Mountains, p. 192.

[16]Str.That cursed Chærophon and Socrates,Who have deceived both thee and me alike.Phid.I must not act unjustly towards my teachers.Str.Nay, nay, revere paternal Jupiter;Phid.Paternal Jupiter! old fashion'd fool;Is there a Jupiter?Str.There is.Phid.Not so,Since having cast out Jove a whirlwind reigns.Str.Not cast him out; but I imagin'd this,Seeing the whirlwind here. O wretched ones,To take thee, earthen image, for a god!

[16]

Str.That cursed Chærophon and Socrates,Who have deceived both thee and me alike.Phid.I must not act unjustly towards my teachers.Str.Nay, nay, revere paternal Jupiter;Phid.Paternal Jupiter! old fashion'd fool;Is there a Jupiter?Str.There is.Phid.Not so,Since having cast out Jove a whirlwind reigns.Str.Not cast him out; but I imagin'd this,Seeing the whirlwind here. O wretched ones,To take thee, earthen image, for a god!

Str.That cursed Chærophon and Socrates,Who have deceived both thee and me alike.

Phid.I must not act unjustly towards my teachers.

Str.Nay, nay, revere paternal Jupiter;

Phid.Paternal Jupiter! old fashion'd fool;Is there a Jupiter?

Str.There is.

Phid.Not so,Since having cast out Jove a whirlwind reigns.

Str.Not cast him out; but I imagin'd this,Seeing the whirlwind here. O wretched ones,To take thee, earthen image, for a god!

[17]Wheelwright's Translation, p. 124, and note. Oxford, 1837.

[18]Cicero. De Naturâ Deorum. B. I., ch. 15.

[19]Op. cit., B. II., c. 24.

[20]Bonomi. "Nineveh and its Palaces," pp. 139-264, &c.; Dr. Grotefend, Athenæum, June 26, 1853; Ravenshaw, Athenæum, July 16, 1853.

[21]Paradise Lost.

[22]Rape of the Lock. Ch. 1.

[23]Theblackcolour which is popularly ascribed to the devil, was probably derived from old monkish legends, which affirmed that he often appeared as an Ethiopian. (Jortin. Vol. II., p. 13, ed. 1805.)

[24]Bonomi. Op. cit., p. 159. "The root, or the original word from which teraphim is derived, signifies, to relax with fear, to strike with terror, or 'Repheh,' an appaller, one who makes others faint or fail; a signification that singularly accords with the terrifying images found by Botta." The possible connection between these images and the images (teraphim) which Rachel had stolen from her father Laban, is of great interest.

[25]This custom is probably a relic of old Scandinavian mythology. In the "Prose Edda," it is stated, that the gods having captured Loki (the personification of evil), who had fled from their justly excited anger, "dragged him without commiseration into a cavern, wherein they placed three sharp-pointed rocks, boring a hole through each of them."

[26]Notes and Queries, Vol. VIII, p. 200.—Eusebius, in hisOrationin praise of the Emperor Constantine, writes, that the Emperor honoured "the triumphall signe of the crosse, having really experienced and found the divine virtue that is therein. For by it the multitudes of his enemies were put to flight; by it the vaine ostentation of the enemies of God was suppressed, the petulant tongues of evil speakers and wicked men were silenced; by it the barbarous people were subdued; by it the invisible powers of the divil were vanquished and driven away; and by it the superstitious errors were confuted and abolished."

[27]Bede. Ecclesiastical History. B. I., ch. 30. Dr. Giles' Transl. Bohn.

[28]Brand's Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. Vol. I. p. 201. Note. Michaelmas Day.

[29]Cicero. De Naturâ Deorum. B. III., ch. 5.

[30]See "Notes and Queries." Sir J. E. Tennant, Vol. V., p. 121; W. Blood, &c., Vol. VIII., p. 413.

[31]The Berlin correspondent of theTimesrelated the following incident:—"The comet which has lately been visible, has served a priest, not far from Warsaw, with materials for a very curious sermon. After having summoned his congregation together, although it was neither Sunday nor festival, and shown them the comet, he informed them that this was the same star that had appeared to the Magi at the birth of the Saviour, and that it was only visible now in the Russian Empire. Its appearance on this occasion was to intimate to the Russian eagle, that the time was now come for it to spread out its wings, and embrace all mankind in one orthodox and sanctifying church. He showed them the star now standing immediately over Constantinople, and explained that the dull light of the nucleus indicated its sorrow at the delay of the Russian army in proceeding to its destination."

[31]The Berlin correspondent of theTimesrelated the following incident:—

"The comet which has lately been visible, has served a priest, not far from Warsaw, with materials for a very curious sermon. After having summoned his congregation together, although it was neither Sunday nor festival, and shown them the comet, he informed them that this was the same star that had appeared to the Magi at the birth of the Saviour, and that it was only visible now in the Russian Empire. Its appearance on this occasion was to intimate to the Russian eagle, that the time was now come for it to spread out its wings, and embrace all mankind in one orthodox and sanctifying church. He showed them the star now standing immediately over Constantinople, and explained that the dull light of the nucleus indicated its sorrow at the delay of the Russian army in proceeding to its destination."

[32]"Madam Morrow, seventh daughter of a seventh daughter, and a descendant of a line of astrologers reaching back for centuries, will give ladies private lectures on all the events of life, in regard to health, wealth, love, courtship, and marriage. She is, without exception, the most wonderful astrologist in the world, or that has ever been known. She will even tell their very thoughts, and will show them the likenesses of their intended husbands and absent friends, which has astonished thousands during her absence in Europe. She will leave the city in a very short time. 76, Broome Street, between Cannon and Columbia. Gentlemen are not admitted.""Madame la Compt flatters herself that she is competent by her great experience in the art of astrology, to give true information in regard to the past, present, and future. She is able to see clearly any losses her visitors may have sustained, and will give satisfactory information in regard to the way of recovery. She has, and continues to give perfect satisfaction. Ladies and gentlemen 50 cents. 13, Howard Street.""Madame la Compt has been visited by over two hundred ladies and gentlemen the past week, and has given perfect satisfaction; and in consideration of the great patronage bestowed upon her, she will remain at 13, Howard Street, for four days more, when she will positively sail for the South.""Mrs. Alwin, renowned in Europe for her skill in foretelling the future, has arrived, and will furnish intelligence about all circumstances of life. She interprets dreams, law matters, and love, by astrology, books, and science, and tells to ladies and gentlemen the name of the persons they will marry; also the names of her visitors. Mrs. Alwin speaks the English, French, and German languages. Residence, 25, Rivington Street, upstairs, near the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar.""Mrs. Prewster, from Philadelphia, tenders her services to the ladies and gentlemen of this city in astrology, love, and law matters, interpreting dreams, &c., by books and science, constantly relied on by Napoleon; and will tell the name of the lady or gentleman they will marry; also the names of the visitors. No. 59, Great Jones Street, corner of the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar.""The celebrated Dr. F. Shuman, Swede by birth, just arrived in this city, offers his services in astrology, physiognomy, &c. He can be consulted in matters of love, marriage, past, present, and future events of life. Nativity calculated for ladies and gentlemen. Mr. S. has travelled through the greater part of the world in the last forty-two years, and is willing to give the most satisfactory information. Office, 175, Chambers Street, near Greenwich."(From a recent number of theNew York Herald. Notes and Queries, December 10, 1853, p. 561.)

"Madame la Compt flatters herself that she is competent by her great experience in the art of astrology, to give true information in regard to the past, present, and future. She is able to see clearly any losses her visitors may have sustained, and will give satisfactory information in regard to the way of recovery. She has, and continues to give perfect satisfaction. Ladies and gentlemen 50 cents. 13, Howard Street."

"Madame la Compt has been visited by over two hundred ladies and gentlemen the past week, and has given perfect satisfaction; and in consideration of the great patronage bestowed upon her, she will remain at 13, Howard Street, for four days more, when she will positively sail for the South."

"Mrs. Alwin, renowned in Europe for her skill in foretelling the future, has arrived, and will furnish intelligence about all circumstances of life. She interprets dreams, law matters, and love, by astrology, books, and science, and tells to ladies and gentlemen the name of the persons they will marry; also the names of her visitors. Mrs. Alwin speaks the English, French, and German languages. Residence, 25, Rivington Street, upstairs, near the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar."

"Mrs. Prewster, from Philadelphia, tenders her services to the ladies and gentlemen of this city in astrology, love, and law matters, interpreting dreams, &c., by books and science, constantly relied on by Napoleon; and will tell the name of the lady or gentleman they will marry; also the names of the visitors. No. 59, Great Jones Street, corner of the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar."

"The celebrated Dr. F. Shuman, Swede by birth, just arrived in this city, offers his services in astrology, physiognomy, &c. He can be consulted in matters of love, marriage, past, present, and future events of life. Nativity calculated for ladies and gentlemen. Mr. S. has travelled through the greater part of the world in the last forty-two years, and is willing to give the most satisfactory information. Office, 175, Chambers Street, near Greenwich."

(From a recent number of theNew York Herald. Notes and Queries, December 10, 1853, p. 561.)

[33]The Æneis. B. III.

[34]Carthon. Ossian.

[35]"The Literature and Romance of Northern Europe," by W. and Mary Howitt. Vol. I., p. 99.

[36]Howitt. "The Literature and Romance of Northern Europe." Vol. I.

[37]An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians; by E. W. Lane, Vol. I, p. 311.

[38]Adventures in the Libyan Desert, p. 22.

[39]B. I, ch. 13 and 16.

[40]Thorpe's Yule-Tide Stories. Bohn, p. 248. And Table of Contents, p. XIII.

[41]"The Fall of the Nibelungers," &c.; a Translation of the Nibelunge Nôt, or Nibelungenlied, by W. N. Lettsom, p. 59, St. 346, 347; p. 167, St. 983.

[42]Thorpe. Op. cit. Table of Contents, p. IX.

[43]"The marvellous stories, the frightful tales, the threats, which were so long the apanage of infancy, would dispose the naturally impressionable mind to receive all the fantastic creations of the period. Now, it is said, the system is completely changed, and they are taught to ridicule these ancient beliefs. This argument would be unanswerable if they spoke of colleges and boarding schools; but they forget the servants to whom are confided the early years of infants; thus is the nursery always reviving fooleries, terrors, and frightful stories, in the middle of which the infant grows. I will content me with one example, that of one of the celebrated poets of England, Robert Burns. 'I owed much in my infancy,' says this writer, 'to an old woman who lived with us, and who was extremely ignorant, and remarkably credulous and superstitious. No one in the country had a larger collection of tales and songs respecting devils, fairies, ghosts, sorcerers, magicians, jack-o'-lanterns, hobgoblins, phantoms, apparitions, charms, giants, dragons, &c."'Not only did these tales cultivate in me the germs of poesy, but they had such an effect upon my imagination, that, even now, in my night journeys, I have often, in spite of myself, the eye upon certain suspicious places; and although no one can be more sceptical in such matters, an effort of the reason is occasionally necessary to chase away these vain terrors.'"'Darkness, obscurity, the silence of night, solitariness, contribute strongly to develop the feeling of terror so wrongly cast in the minds of infants. Their eye readily perceives frightful figures which regard them in a menacing manner; their chamber is peopled with assassins, robbers, devils, and monsters of all kinds."—A. Brierre de Boismont. "Des Hallucinations; ou Histoire Raisonnée des Apparitions,"&c. Ed. II, 1852, p. 362.

"'Not only did these tales cultivate in me the germs of poesy, but they had such an effect upon my imagination, that, even now, in my night journeys, I have often, in spite of myself, the eye upon certain suspicious places; and although no one can be more sceptical in such matters, an effort of the reason is occasionally necessary to chase away these vain terrors.'

"'Darkness, obscurity, the silence of night, solitariness, contribute strongly to develop the feeling of terror so wrongly cast in the minds of infants. Their eye readily perceives frightful figures which regard them in a menacing manner; their chamber is peopled with assassins, robbers, devils, and monsters of all kinds."—A. Brierre de Boismont. "Des Hallucinations; ou Histoire Raisonnée des Apparitions,"&c. Ed. II, 1852, p. 362.

[44]This idea has been beautifully expressed by Longfellow in the "Voices of the Night.""When the hours of day are numbered,And the voices of the nightWake the better soul, that slumbered,To a holy calm delight,Ere the evening lamps are lighted,And like phantoms grim and tall,Shadows from the fitful firelightDance upon the parlour wall;Then the forms of the departedEnter at the open door;The beloved, the true-hearted,Come to visit us once more." &c.See also Washington Irving's Bracebridge Hall. St. Martin's Eve.

[44]This idea has been beautifully expressed by Longfellow in the "Voices of the Night."

"When the hours of day are numbered,And the voices of the nightWake the better soul, that slumbered,To a holy calm delight,Ere the evening lamps are lighted,And like phantoms grim and tall,Shadows from the fitful firelightDance upon the parlour wall;Then the forms of the departedEnter at the open door;The beloved, the true-hearted,Come to visit us once more." &c.

"When the hours of day are numbered,And the voices of the nightWake the better soul, that slumbered,To a holy calm delight,

Ere the evening lamps are lighted,And like phantoms grim and tall,Shadows from the fitful firelightDance upon the parlour wall;

Then the forms of the departedEnter at the open door;The beloved, the true-hearted,Come to visit us once more." &c.

See also Washington Irving's Bracebridge Hall. St. Martin's Eve.

[45]"I looked to heaven, and tried to pray;But or ever a prayer had gusht,A wicked whisper came and madeMy heart as dry as dust."Coleridge. "Ancient Mariner."

[45]

"I looked to heaven, and tried to pray;But or ever a prayer had gusht,A wicked whisper came and madeMy heart as dry as dust."Coleridge. "Ancient Mariner."

[46]Brewster. Natural Magic, p. 15.

[47]A few hundred feet from the place where this occurred, is a lane (Oldfield Lane, Wortley, near Leeds) which was noted, many years ago, as the beat of one of those somewhat rare spectres, a headless ghost. Some are living even now who haveknownthose who had seen this phantom. When last seen, it appeared as a comfortable-looking man, dressed in a drab-coat, and carried the head under the arm. As a Yorkshire version of a very ancient and wide-spread superstition, its memory is worth preserving. The belief in headless ghosts is found in many parts of England, Ireland (theDullahanorDulachan), Wales, Scotland, Spain, France, and Germany.

[48]Chambers' Miscellany. Art. "Spectral Apparitions," &c.

[49]Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft. 2nd Ed., p. 3.

[50]"Phantoms of the Far East." Chambers' Edinburgh Journal. Vol. XVII, p. 315.

[51]Busby's Lucretius, B. IV.

[52]Temora.

[53]Notes and Queries, Vol. VIII, p. 7.

[54]Letters on Natural Magic. 5th Ed., p. 166.

[55]D. Jardine, "Notes and Queries," Vol. VIII, p. 512, Nov. 26, 1853.

[56]Hudibras. Can. III.

[57]Athenæum. July 2, 1853, p. 801, and Appendix.

[58]Müller. "Manuel de Physiologie." Traduit par A. J. L. Jourdan. 2nd ed., 1851, par E. Littré, T. II., p. 388. See also ¶ A. B. C. E. F., Sect. V, "Phénomènes Subjectifs de Vision," p. 386.

[59]Müller. Op. cit., T. II, p. 549.

[60]Boismont. Op. cit., p. 74.

[61]"Researches on Magnetism, Electricity, &c., in their Relations to the Vital Force," by Karl von Reichenbach, Pts. I & II.

[62]"The Night Side of Nature," by Mrs. Crowe. Ed. 1853, p. 362.

[63]"I waste the matin lamp in sighs for thee,Thy image steals between my God and me;Thy voice I seem in every hymn to hear,With every bead I drop too soft a tear."Eloise and Abelard.Pope.

[63]

"I waste the matin lamp in sighs for thee,Thy image steals between my God and me;Thy voice I seem in every hymn to hear,With every bead I drop too soft a tear."Eloise and Abelard.Pope.

[64]Notes and Narrative of a Six Years' Mission principally among the Dens of London. By R. W. Vanderkiste, p. 182.

[65]Boismont. Op. cit., p. 110.

[66]"Theory of Pneumatology." By Dr. J. H. Jung-Stilling: translated by Saml. Jackson; p. 197, Lond., 1834.

[67]Op. cit., p. 200.

[68]The apparition of the "White Lady" was very irregular and uncertain, for many members of the family died without her spectre having been seen.

[69]"Demonology and Witchcraft." 2nd Ed., p. 350, note.

[70]"Household Words." Conducted by Charles Dickens, March, 1853, p. 6.

[71]Op. cit., p. 142.

[72]"Notes and Queries." Vol. VIII., p. 287.

[73]Ed. 1829, Vol. IV., p. 271.

[74]Op. cit., p. 182.

[75]Op. cit., p. 470.

[76]De. Divinatione et de Fato.

[77]Op. cit. p. 243.

[78]"Of Human Understanding." Bk. II, ch. 33, sect. 10.

[79]Op. cit., p. 65.

[80]"History of Europe," from 1789 to 1815. By Sir Archibald Alison, Bart. Chap. XX, Sect. 25, and notes.

[81]Op. cit., p. 10.

Transcriber's Note:Punctuation in the text has been standardised, and typographical errors have been silently corrected.Variations in hyphenation, and obsolete or variant spelling, including quoted passages, have all been preserved. Inconsistencies in quotation mark usage, single quotes, double quotes, and quotes-within-quotes are all as in the original.

Punctuation in the text has been standardised, and typographical errors have been silently corrected.

Variations in hyphenation, and obsolete or variant spelling, including quoted passages, have all been preserved. Inconsistencies in quotation mark usage, single quotes, double quotes, and quotes-within-quotes are all as in the original.

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