The Project Gutenberg eBook ofFilipino Popular Tales

The Project Gutenberg eBook ofFilipino Popular TalesThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Filipino Popular TalesEditor: Dean Spruill FanslerRelease date: June 1, 2005 [eBook #8299]Most recently updated: December 9, 2008Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Jeroen Hellingman*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FILIPINO POPULAR TALES ***

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Filipino Popular TalesEditor: Dean Spruill FanslerRelease date: June 1, 2005 [eBook #8299]Most recently updated: December 9, 2008Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Jeroen Hellingman

Title: Filipino Popular Tales

Editor: Dean Spruill Fansler

Release date: June 1, 2005 [eBook #8299]Most recently updated: December 9, 2008

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Jeroen Hellingman

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FILIPINO POPULAR TALES ***

Filipino Popular TalesCollected and Edited with Comparative NotesByDean S. Fansler, Ph. D.Lancaster, PA., and New York:Published by the American Folk-Lore Society.G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, Agents.1921Copyright, 1921By The American Folklore SocietyAll rights reserved.Preface.The folk-tales in this volume, which were collected in the Philippines during the years from 1908 to 1914, have not appeared in print before. They are given to the public now in the hope that they will be no mean or uninteresting addition to the volumes of OrientalMärchenalready in existence. The Philippine archipelago, from the very nature of its geographical position and its political history, cannot but be a significant field to the student of popular stories. Lying as it does at the very doors of China and Japan, connected as it is ethnically with the Malayan and Indian civilizations, Occidentalized as it has been for three centuries and more, it stands at the junction of East and West. It is therefore from this point of view that these tales have been put into a form convenient for reference. Their importance consists in their relationship to the body of world fiction.The language in which these stories are presented is the language in which they were collected and written down,—English. Perhaps no apology is required for not printing the vernacular herewith; nevertheless an explanation might be made. In the first place, the object in recording these tales has been a literary one, not a linguistic one. In the second place, the number of distinctly different languages represented by the originals might be baffling even to the reader interested in linguistics, especially as our method of approach has been from the point of view of cycles of stories, and not from the point of view of the separate tribes telling them. In the third place, the form of prose tales among the Filipinos is not stereotyped; and there is likely to be no less variation between two Visayan versions of the same story, or between a Tagalog and a Visayan, than between the native form and the English rendering. Clearly Spanish would not be a better medium than English: for to-day there is more English than Spanish spoken in the Islands; besides, Spanish never penetrated into the very lives of the peasants, as English penetrates to-day by way of the school-house. I have endeavored to offset the disadvantagesof the foreign medium by judicious and painstaking directions to my informants in the writing-down of the tales. Only in very rare cases was there any modification of the original version by the teller, as a concession to Occidental standards. Whatever substitutions I have been able to detect I have removed. In practically every case, not only to show that these arebona fidenative stories, but also to indicate their geographical distribution, I have given the name of the narrator, his native town, and his province. In many cases I have given, in addition, the source of his information. I am firmly convinced that all the tales recorded here represent genuine Filipino tradition so far as the narrators are concerned, and that nothing has been “manufactured” consciously.But what is “native,” and what is “derived”? The folklore of the wild tribes—Negritos, Bagobos, Igorots—is in its way no more “uncontaminated” than that of the Tagalogs, Pampangans, Zambals, Pangasinans, Ilocanos, Bicols, and Visayans. The traditions of these Christianized tribes present as survivals, adaptations, modifications, fully as many puzzling and fascinating problems as the popular lore of the Pagan peoples. It should be remembered, that, no matter how wild and savage and isolated a tribe may be, it is impossible to prove that there has been no contact of that tribe with the outside civilized world. Conquest is not necessary to the introduction of a story or belief. The crew of a Portuguese trading-vessel with a genial narrator on board might conceivably be a much more successful transmitting-medium than a thousandpraosfull of brown warriors come to stay. Clearly the problem of analyzing and tracing the story-literature of the Christianized tribes differs only in degree from that connected with the Pagan tribes. In this volume I have treated the problem entirely from the former point of view, since there has been hitherto a tendency to neglect as of small value the stories of the Christianized peoples. However, for illustrative material I have drawn freely on works dealing with the non-Christian tribes, particularly in the case of stories that appear to be native; and I shall use the term “native” to mean merely “existent in the Islands before the Spaniards went there.”In the notes, I have attempted to answer for some of the tales the question as to what is native and what imported. I have not been able to reach a decision in the case of all, becauseof a lack of sufficient evidence. While the most obvious sources of importation from the Occident have been Spain and Portugal, the possibility of the introduction of French, Italian, and even Belgian stories through the medium of priests of those nationalities must not be overlooked. Furthermore, there is a no inconsiderable number of Basque sailors to be found on the small inter-island steamers that connect one end of the archipelago with the other. Even a very cursory glance at the tales in this collection reveals the fact that many of them are more or less close variants and analogues of tales distributed throughout the world. How or when this material reached the Philippines is hard to say. The importation of Arabian stories, for example, might have been made over many routes. The Hindoo beast-tales, too, might have quite circled the globe in their progress from east to west, and thus have been introduced to the Filipinos by the Spaniards and Portuguese. Again, the germs of a number of widespreadMärchenmay have existed in the archipelago long before the arrival of the Europeans, and, upon the introduction of Occidental civilization and culture, have undergone a development entirely consistent with the development that took place in Europe, giving us as a result remarkably close analogues of the Western tales. This I suspect to have been the case of some of our stories where, parallel with the localized popular versions, exist printed romances (in the vernacular) with the mediaeval flavor and setting of chivalry. To give a specific case: the Visayans, Bicols, and Tagalogs in the coast towns feared the raids of Mindanao Mussulmans long before white feet trod the shores of the Islands, and many traditions of conflicts with these pirates are embedded in their legends. The Spaniard came in the sixteenth century, bringing with him stories of wars between Christians and Saracens in Europe. One result of this close analogy of actual historical situation was, I believe, a general tendency to levelling: that is, native traditions of such struggles took on the color of the Spanish romances; Spanish romances, on the other hand, which were popularized in the Islands, were very likely to be “localized.” A maximum of caution and a minimum of dogmatism, then, are imperative, if one is to treat at all scientifically the relationship of the stories of a composite people like the Filipinos to the stories of the rest of the world.A word might be added as to the nature of the tales. I have included only “hero tales, serious and droll,” beast stories and fables, andpourquoior “just-so” stories. Myths, legends, and fairy-tales (including all kinds of spirit and demon stories) I have purposely excluded, in order to keep the size of the volume within reasonable limits. I have, however, occasionally drawn upon my manuscript collection of these types to illustrate a native superstition or custom.Columbia University,May, 1918.Contents.I.HERO TALES AND DROLLS.1. (a)Suan’s Good Luck1(b)Suan Eket22.The Charcoal-Maker who became King103.The Story of Carancal174. (a)Suac and his Adventures29(b)The Three Friends,—the Monkey, the Dog, and the Carabao315. (a)How Suan became Rich35(b)The King’s Decisions376. (a)The Four Blind Brothers42(b)Juan the Blind Man43(c)Teofilo the Hunchback, and the Giant46(d)Juan and the Buringcantada47(e)The Manglalabas497. (a)Sagacious Marcela53(b)King Tasio558. (a)The Story of Zaragoza64(b)Juan the Peerless Robber699.The Seven Crazy Fellows7510. (a)Juan Manalaksan79(b)Juan the Poor, who became Juan the King8111. (a)Lucas the Strong89(b)Juan and his Six Companions92(c)The Story of King Palmarin9812. (a)The Three Brothers116(b)Three Brothers of Fortune118(c)Pablo and the Princess120(d)Legend of Prince Oswaldo12213. (a)The Rich and the Poor137(b)Lucas the Rope-Maker14014. (a)The King and the Dervish144(b)The Mysterious Book14515.The Miraculous Cow15016.The Clever Husband and Wife15217.The Three Brothers15518.Juan and his Adventures17119.Juan wearing a Monkey’s Skin17820. (a)How Salaksak became Rich183(b)Clever Juan and Envious Diego186(c)Ruined because of Invidiousness188(d)The Two Friends190(e)Juan the Orphan19221.Is he the Crafty Ulysses?19722.The Reward of Kindness20723.Pedro and Satan21124.The Devil and the Guachinango21425.Juan Sadut22326.An Act of Kindness22727.The Indolent Husband23128.Cecilio, the Servant of Emilio23729.Chonguita24430.The Golden Lock24831.Who is the Nearest Relative?25732.With One Centavo Juan marries a Princess26233. (a)The Three Humpbacks265(b)The Seven Humpbacks26734. (a)Respect Old Age271(b)The Golden Rule27135.Cochinango27636.Pedro and the Witch27937.The Woman and herColesPlant28538.A Negrito Slave28739.Alberto and the Monsters29140.Juan and Maria29541.The Enchanted Prince30142.The Prince’s Dream30443.The Wicked Woman’s Reward30944.The Magic Ring31045. (a)Maria and the Golden Slipper314(b)Abadeja31646.Juan the Poor31947.The Fate of an Envious Woman32348. (a)The Monkey and Juan Pusong Tambi-Tambi326(b)Andres the Trapper33249.Juan the Fool33850.Juan and his Painted Hat35351.Juan and Clotilde35552.The Poor Man and his Three Sons35953.The Denied Mother36154.Tomarind and the Wicked Datu363II.FABLES AND ANIMAL STORIES.55.The Monkey and the Turtle(three versions) 36656.The Monkey and the Crocodile(two versions) 37457.The Monkeys and the Dragon-Flies37958.The Monkey, the Turtle, and the Crocodile38259.The Iguana and the Turtle38360. (a)The Trial among the Animals385(b)The Pugu’s Case386(c)Why Mosquitoes hum and try to get into the Holes of our Ears387(d)A Tyrant38861.The Greedy Crow39162.The Humming-Bird and the Carabao39363.The Camanchile and the Passion39464.Auac and Lamiran395III.“JUST-SO” STORIES.65.Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake39866.Why Locusts are Harmful39967.How Lansones became Edible40168.Why Cocks fight One Another40369.Why Bats fly at Night40470.Why the Sun shines more brightly than the Moon40471. (a)Why the Culing has a Tonsure407(b)The Culeto and the Crow407(c)The Hawk and the Coling40872. (a)Why the Cow’s Skin is Loose on the Neck410(b)The First Loose-Skinned Cow and the First Tight-Skinned Carabao41173.Why the Monkey is Wise41274. (a)The Lost Necklace414(b)The Cock and the Sparrow-Hawk41575.The Story of our Fingers41676.Why Snails climb up Grass41777.Why the Cuttlefish and Squids produce a Black Liquid41978.Why Cocks have Combs on their Heads42079. (a)How the Crow became Black420(b)Why the Crow is Black421(c)The Dove and the Crow42280.Why the Ocean is Salty42581. (a)Why the Sky is Curved426(b)Why the Sky is High42682.An Unequal Match; or, Why the Carabao’s Hoof is split428Filipino Stories given in the Notes.[Only stories from my own manuscript collection are listed here. Titles of those given in full are printed in Roman; of those given merely in abstract, in Italics. A “(C)” after a title indicates that the story is taken from one of the nativecorridos, or metrical romances printed in the vernacular.]Pedro’s Fortunes15Pusong23Cabagboc23Sandapal23Sandangcal23Greedy Juan23Juan Tapon23Dangandangan23Tangarangan23Kakarangkang29How Piro became Rich41The Cripple and the Blind Man51Marcela outwits the King56Cay Calabasa(C) 57Rodolfo(C) 60Juan and his Six Friends78Edmundo(C) 87The Three Brothers127The Priest and his Pupil148Abu-Hasan(C) 154Don Agustin, Don Pedro, and Don Juan(C) 169The Adarna Bird(C) (two versions) 169Pedro and the Giants175The Monkey becomes King182Juan the Ashes-Trader195Colassit and Colaskel195Juan the Poor202Juan Bachiller(C) 202Mabait and the Duende217The Fortunes of Andoy, an Orphan241Peter the Violinist241Duke Almanzor(C) 251The Seven Hunchbacked Brothers268Juan and his Father275Pugut Negro(C) 280Juan Tiñoso(C) 283Juan and Maria(C) 298Pitong299The Wonderful Tree318King Asuero and Juan the Poor(C) 322Ricardo and his Adventures347Juan and the Robbers348The Adventure of Two Robbers349Juan Sadut351Juan Loco352The Monkey and the Crocodile377The Battle between the Birds and the Beasts381The Bacuit’s Case389Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake399The Origin of Locusts399The Origin of Locusts400The Adam and Eve of the Tagalogs402How Lanzones became Edible402The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars405The Sun and the Moon406Origin of the Monkey413The First Monkey413The Deer and the Snail429APPENDIX431INDEX 447Bibliography.[The following list includes only such works as are referred to in abbreviated form in the notes throughout the volume.]Aarne, Antti.Vergleichende Märchenforschungen.Helsingfors, 1908.Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Translated by SirRichard Burton. 10 vols., 1885.Supplemental Nights, 6 vols., 1886–88.Bahar-i-Danush. Translated from the Persian byJonathan Scott. 3 vols. Shrewsbury, 1799.Bain, R. Nisbet. Russian Fairy Tales. From the Skazki of Polevoi. New York, N.D.Basile, G.Pentamerone. Translated by SirRichard Burton. 2 vols. London, 1893.Bateman, G. W.Zanzibar Tales. Chicago, 1901.Benfey, Theodor.Pantschatantra: fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und Erzählungen. Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt, mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1859.Blumentritt, Ferdinand.Diccionario mitológico(in Retana’sArchivo del bibliófilo filipino, Vol. 2, Madrid, 1896).Bolte (Johannes) und Polívka (Georg).Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm.2 vols. Leipzig, 1913, 1915. (Cited Bolte-Polívka.)Bompas, C. H.Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London, 1909.Burton, SirRichard. SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainments, andBasile.(Busk.) Sagas from the Far East; or Kalmouk and Mongolian Traditionary Tales. London, 1873. (Compiled byRachel Harriette Busk.)Caballero, Fernan.Cuentos y poesias populares Andaluces.Leipzig, 1866. See alsoIngram.Campbell, A.Santal Folk-Tales. Pokhuria, India, 1891.Campbell, J. F.Popular Tales of the West Highlands. 4 vols. 1890.Campbell, Killis.The Seven Sages of Rome. Boston, 1907.Child, Francis J.English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. in 10 parts. Boston, 1882–98.Clouston, W. A.Book of Noodles. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 1.)—A Group of Eastern Romances. 1889. Privately printed. (Cited Clouston 2.)—Popular Tales and Fictions. 2 vols. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 3.)Cole, Fay-Cooper.Traditions of the Tinguian. Chicago, 1915. (Cited Cole.)Cole, Mabel Cook.Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago, 1916. (Cited M. C. Cole.)Comparetti, D.Novelline Popolari Italiane.Rome, 1875.Cosquin, Emmanuel.Contes Populaires de Lorraine.2 vols. Paris (1887).Crane, Thomas F.Italian Popular Tales. Boston, 1885.Crooke, W.Religion and Folklore of Northern India. 2 vols. Westminster, 1896.Dähnhardt, Oskar.Natursagen. Eine Sammlung naturdeutender Sagen, Märchen, Fabeln und Legenden.4 vols. Leipzig, 1907–12.Dasent, G. W.Popular Tales from the Norse. London, N.D. (The London Library.)Dayrell, Elphinstone.Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria, West Africa. London, 1910.Dracott, Alice E.Simla Village Tales. London, 1906.Dunlop, John Colin.History of Fiction. Edited byH. Wilson. 2 vols. London, 1896.Evans, Ivor H. N.Folk Stories of the Tempassuk and Tuaran Districts, British North Borneo (in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43 [1913] : 422–479). (Cited Evans.)Fansler, Harriott E.Types of Prose Narratives. Chicago, 1911.Fleeson, Katherine Neville.Laos Folk-Lore of Farther India. Chicago, 1899.Folk-Lore Journal. Folk-Lore Society. 7 vols. London, 1883–89. (Cited FLJ.)Folk-Lore: A Quarterly Review, current since 1890. (Cited FL.)Frere, M.Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends Current in Southern India. London, 1868.Gerould, G. H.The Grateful Dead. (Folk-Lore Society.) London, 1907.Gesta Romanorum. Translated by the Rev.Charles Swan.Revised edition. London, 1906.Gonzenbach, Laura.Sicilianische Märchen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1870.Grimm, The brothers.Household Tales: with the Author’s Notes. Translated from the German, and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction by Andrew Lang. 2 vols. London, 1884.Groome, F. H.Gypsy Folk Tales. London, 1899.Hahn, J. G. Von.Griechische und albanesische Märchen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1864.Hartland, E. S.Science of Fairy Tales. London, 1891.Honeÿ, James A.South African Folk Tales. New York, 1910.Hose (Charles)andMcDougall (William).The Pagan Tribes of Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1912. (Cited Hose-McDougall.)Indian Antiquary—A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Philosophy, Religion, etc. Bombay (current).Ingram, J. H.Spanish Fairy Tales. Translated from Fernan Caballero. New York, N.D.Jacobs, Joseph.Indian Fairy Tales. New York and London, 1913. (Cited Jacobs 1.)—The Fables of Æsop. I. History of the Æsopic Fable. London, 1889. (Cited Jacobs 2.)Jātaka, or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births. Translated from the Pāli by various hands. Edited byE. B. Cowell. 6 vols. Cambridge, V.D.Journal of American Folk-Lore. (Cited JAFL.)—Bayliss, Clara K.,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 21 : 45–53).—Benedict, Laura W.,Bagobo Myths(JAFL 26 : 13–63).—Chamberlain, A. F.,Notes on Tagal Folk-Lore(JAFL 15 : 196–198).—Gardner, Fletcher,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 20 : 104–116, 300–310).—Maxfield, B. L., and Millington, W. H.,Visayan Folk-Tales(JAFL 19 : 97–112; 20 : 89–103, 311–318).Journal of Philology.Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S. (Cited JRASB.) Kathā-sarit-sāgara. SeeSomadeva.Kingscote,Mrs.Howard.Tales of the Sun, or Folklore of Southern India. London, 1890.Kittredge, George L.Arthur and Gorlagon (in Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature).Knowles,the Rev. J. H. Folk-Tales of Kashmir. 2d ed. London, 1893.Kohler, Reinhold.Kleinere Schriften. I. Zur Märchenforschung.Edited byJ. Bolte. Weimar, 1898. (Cited Köhler-Bolte.)Lal Behari Day.Folk-Tales of Bengal. London, 1883.Lang, Andrew.Custom and Myth. 2d ed. London, 1885.Legrand, E.Recueil de contes populaires grecs.Paris, 1881.Macculloch, J. A.The Childhood of Fiction: A Study of Folk Tales and Primitive Thought. London, 1905.Mcculloch, William.Bengali Household Tales. London, 1912.Meier, E.Deutsche Volksmärchen aus Schwaben.Stuttgart, 1852.Metelerkamp, Sanni.Outa Karel’s Stories: South African Folk-Lore Tales. London, 1914.Mijatovies,Mme. Serbian Folk-Lore. London, 1874.Orient und Occident, insbesondere in ihren gegenwärtigen Beziehungen,etc. 3 vols. Göttingen, 1860–64.Pantschatantra.SeeBenfey.Panzer, Friedrich.Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. I. Beowulf.München, 1910.Persian Tales: The 1001 Days. Translated byAmbrose Phillips.2 vols. London, 1722. (References are to the 6th edition.)Pitrè, G.Fiabe, Novelline e Racconti Popolari Siciliane.4 vols. Palermo, 1875.Pröhle, H.Kinder- und Volksmärchen.Leipzig, 1853.Radloff, W.Proben der Volkslitteratur der Turkischen Stämme Sud-Sibiriens.6 vols. St. Petersburg, 1866–86.Ralston, W. R. S.Russian Folk Tales. London, 1873. (Cited Ralston 1.)—Tibetan Tales. London, 1882. (Cited Ralston 2.)Retana, Wenceslao.Aparato Bibliográfico.3 vols. Madrid, 1906.Rittershaus, Adeline.Die Neuisländischen Volksmärchen.Halle, 1902.Riviere, J.Recueil de contes populaires de la Kabylie.Paris, 1882.Romancero General.2 vols. Ed.Duran.Romania: Recueil trimestriel. Ed. parP. MeyeretG. Paris.Paris, current since 1872.Rondallayre. Lo Rondallayre. Quentos populars catalans, colleccionats per Fr. Maspons y Labros.Barcelona, 1875.Roth, H. Ling.The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1896.Rouse, W. H. D.The Talking Thrush and Other Tales from India. London, 1899.Schiefner, Anton Von.SeeTibetan Tales.Schleicher, August.Litauische Märchen, Sprichworte, Rätsel und Lieder.Weimar, 1857.Schneller, C.Märchen und Sagen aus Wälschtirol.Innsbruck, 1867.Schott, ArthurundAlbert.Walachische Maerchen.Stuttgart, 1845.Scott, Jonathan. SeeBahar-i-Danush.Sellers, C.Tales from the Land of Nuts and Grapes. London, 1888.Skeat, W. W.Fables and Folk-Tales from an Eastern Forest. Cambridge, 1901. (Cited Skeat 1.)Skeat, W. W.Malay Magic. London, 1900. (Cited Skeat 2.)Somadeva. Kathā-sarit-sāgara. Translated into English byC. H. Tawney. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1880, 1884.Steel (F. A.)andTemple (R. C.). Wideawake Stories = Tales of the Punjab. London, 1894. (Cited Steel-Temple.)Steere, E.Swahili Tales. London, 1870.Stokes, Maive.Indian Fairy Tales. London, 1880.Straparola, Giovan F.Tredici piacevoli Notti.The Nights, now first translated into English byW. G. Waters. 2 vols. London, 1894.Tawney, C. H.SeeSomadeva.Thornhill, Mark. Indian Fairy Tales. London, 1888.Thorpe, B.Yule-Tide Stories. London, 1853.Thousand and One Nights. SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainment.Tibetan Tales. Translated from the Tibetan of the Kah-Gyur byF. Anton Von Schiefner. Done into English from the German, with an Introduction, byW. R. S. Ralston. London, 1882. (Cited Ralston 2.)Tootinameh; or Tales of a Parrot. Persian text with English translation. Calcutta, 1792.Waldau, A.Böhmisches Märchenbuch.Prag, 1860.Wardrop, M.Georgian Folk Tales. London, 1894.Webster, Wentworth.Basque Legends. London (2d ed.), 1879.Wratislaw, A. H.Sixty Slavonic Folk-Tales. Boston, 1890.Wuk.Volksmärchen der Serben.Berlin, 1854.

By The American Folklore Society

Preface.The folk-tales in this volume, which were collected in the Philippines during the years from 1908 to 1914, have not appeared in print before. They are given to the public now in the hope that they will be no mean or uninteresting addition to the volumes of OrientalMärchenalready in existence. The Philippine archipelago, from the very nature of its geographical position and its political history, cannot but be a significant field to the student of popular stories. Lying as it does at the very doors of China and Japan, connected as it is ethnically with the Malayan and Indian civilizations, Occidentalized as it has been for three centuries and more, it stands at the junction of East and West. It is therefore from this point of view that these tales have been put into a form convenient for reference. Their importance consists in their relationship to the body of world fiction.The language in which these stories are presented is the language in which they were collected and written down,—English. Perhaps no apology is required for not printing the vernacular herewith; nevertheless an explanation might be made. In the first place, the object in recording these tales has been a literary one, not a linguistic one. In the second place, the number of distinctly different languages represented by the originals might be baffling even to the reader interested in linguistics, especially as our method of approach has been from the point of view of cycles of stories, and not from the point of view of the separate tribes telling them. In the third place, the form of prose tales among the Filipinos is not stereotyped; and there is likely to be no less variation between two Visayan versions of the same story, or between a Tagalog and a Visayan, than between the native form and the English rendering. Clearly Spanish would not be a better medium than English: for to-day there is more English than Spanish spoken in the Islands; besides, Spanish never penetrated into the very lives of the peasants, as English penetrates to-day by way of the school-house. I have endeavored to offset the disadvantagesof the foreign medium by judicious and painstaking directions to my informants in the writing-down of the tales. Only in very rare cases was there any modification of the original version by the teller, as a concession to Occidental standards. Whatever substitutions I have been able to detect I have removed. In practically every case, not only to show that these arebona fidenative stories, but also to indicate their geographical distribution, I have given the name of the narrator, his native town, and his province. In many cases I have given, in addition, the source of his information. I am firmly convinced that all the tales recorded here represent genuine Filipino tradition so far as the narrators are concerned, and that nothing has been “manufactured” consciously.But what is “native,” and what is “derived”? The folklore of the wild tribes—Negritos, Bagobos, Igorots—is in its way no more “uncontaminated” than that of the Tagalogs, Pampangans, Zambals, Pangasinans, Ilocanos, Bicols, and Visayans. The traditions of these Christianized tribes present as survivals, adaptations, modifications, fully as many puzzling and fascinating problems as the popular lore of the Pagan peoples. It should be remembered, that, no matter how wild and savage and isolated a tribe may be, it is impossible to prove that there has been no contact of that tribe with the outside civilized world. Conquest is not necessary to the introduction of a story or belief. The crew of a Portuguese trading-vessel with a genial narrator on board might conceivably be a much more successful transmitting-medium than a thousandpraosfull of brown warriors come to stay. Clearly the problem of analyzing and tracing the story-literature of the Christianized tribes differs only in degree from that connected with the Pagan tribes. In this volume I have treated the problem entirely from the former point of view, since there has been hitherto a tendency to neglect as of small value the stories of the Christianized peoples. However, for illustrative material I have drawn freely on works dealing with the non-Christian tribes, particularly in the case of stories that appear to be native; and I shall use the term “native” to mean merely “existent in the Islands before the Spaniards went there.”In the notes, I have attempted to answer for some of the tales the question as to what is native and what imported. I have not been able to reach a decision in the case of all, becauseof a lack of sufficient evidence. While the most obvious sources of importation from the Occident have been Spain and Portugal, the possibility of the introduction of French, Italian, and even Belgian stories through the medium of priests of those nationalities must not be overlooked. Furthermore, there is a no inconsiderable number of Basque sailors to be found on the small inter-island steamers that connect one end of the archipelago with the other. Even a very cursory glance at the tales in this collection reveals the fact that many of them are more or less close variants and analogues of tales distributed throughout the world. How or when this material reached the Philippines is hard to say. The importation of Arabian stories, for example, might have been made over many routes. The Hindoo beast-tales, too, might have quite circled the globe in their progress from east to west, and thus have been introduced to the Filipinos by the Spaniards and Portuguese. Again, the germs of a number of widespreadMärchenmay have existed in the archipelago long before the arrival of the Europeans, and, upon the introduction of Occidental civilization and culture, have undergone a development entirely consistent with the development that took place in Europe, giving us as a result remarkably close analogues of the Western tales. This I suspect to have been the case of some of our stories where, parallel with the localized popular versions, exist printed romances (in the vernacular) with the mediaeval flavor and setting of chivalry. To give a specific case: the Visayans, Bicols, and Tagalogs in the coast towns feared the raids of Mindanao Mussulmans long before white feet trod the shores of the Islands, and many traditions of conflicts with these pirates are embedded in their legends. The Spaniard came in the sixteenth century, bringing with him stories of wars between Christians and Saracens in Europe. One result of this close analogy of actual historical situation was, I believe, a general tendency to levelling: that is, native traditions of such struggles took on the color of the Spanish romances; Spanish romances, on the other hand, which were popularized in the Islands, were very likely to be “localized.” A maximum of caution and a minimum of dogmatism, then, are imperative, if one is to treat at all scientifically the relationship of the stories of a composite people like the Filipinos to the stories of the rest of the world.A word might be added as to the nature of the tales. I have included only “hero tales, serious and droll,” beast stories and fables, andpourquoior “just-so” stories. Myths, legends, and fairy-tales (including all kinds of spirit and demon stories) I have purposely excluded, in order to keep the size of the volume within reasonable limits. I have, however, occasionally drawn upon my manuscript collection of these types to illustrate a native superstition or custom.Columbia University,May, 1918.

The folk-tales in this volume, which were collected in the Philippines during the years from 1908 to 1914, have not appeared in print before. They are given to the public now in the hope that they will be no mean or uninteresting addition to the volumes of OrientalMärchenalready in existence. The Philippine archipelago, from the very nature of its geographical position and its political history, cannot but be a significant field to the student of popular stories. Lying as it does at the very doors of China and Japan, connected as it is ethnically with the Malayan and Indian civilizations, Occidentalized as it has been for three centuries and more, it stands at the junction of East and West. It is therefore from this point of view that these tales have been put into a form convenient for reference. Their importance consists in their relationship to the body of world fiction.

The language in which these stories are presented is the language in which they were collected and written down,—English. Perhaps no apology is required for not printing the vernacular herewith; nevertheless an explanation might be made. In the first place, the object in recording these tales has been a literary one, not a linguistic one. In the second place, the number of distinctly different languages represented by the originals might be baffling even to the reader interested in linguistics, especially as our method of approach has been from the point of view of cycles of stories, and not from the point of view of the separate tribes telling them. In the third place, the form of prose tales among the Filipinos is not stereotyped; and there is likely to be no less variation between two Visayan versions of the same story, or between a Tagalog and a Visayan, than between the native form and the English rendering. Clearly Spanish would not be a better medium than English: for to-day there is more English than Spanish spoken in the Islands; besides, Spanish never penetrated into the very lives of the peasants, as English penetrates to-day by way of the school-house. I have endeavored to offset the disadvantagesof the foreign medium by judicious and painstaking directions to my informants in the writing-down of the tales. Only in very rare cases was there any modification of the original version by the teller, as a concession to Occidental standards. Whatever substitutions I have been able to detect I have removed. In practically every case, not only to show that these arebona fidenative stories, but also to indicate their geographical distribution, I have given the name of the narrator, his native town, and his province. In many cases I have given, in addition, the source of his information. I am firmly convinced that all the tales recorded here represent genuine Filipino tradition so far as the narrators are concerned, and that nothing has been “manufactured” consciously.

But what is “native,” and what is “derived”? The folklore of the wild tribes—Negritos, Bagobos, Igorots—is in its way no more “uncontaminated” than that of the Tagalogs, Pampangans, Zambals, Pangasinans, Ilocanos, Bicols, and Visayans. The traditions of these Christianized tribes present as survivals, adaptations, modifications, fully as many puzzling and fascinating problems as the popular lore of the Pagan peoples. It should be remembered, that, no matter how wild and savage and isolated a tribe may be, it is impossible to prove that there has been no contact of that tribe with the outside civilized world. Conquest is not necessary to the introduction of a story or belief. The crew of a Portuguese trading-vessel with a genial narrator on board might conceivably be a much more successful transmitting-medium than a thousandpraosfull of brown warriors come to stay. Clearly the problem of analyzing and tracing the story-literature of the Christianized tribes differs only in degree from that connected with the Pagan tribes. In this volume I have treated the problem entirely from the former point of view, since there has been hitherto a tendency to neglect as of small value the stories of the Christianized peoples. However, for illustrative material I have drawn freely on works dealing with the non-Christian tribes, particularly in the case of stories that appear to be native; and I shall use the term “native” to mean merely “existent in the Islands before the Spaniards went there.”

In the notes, I have attempted to answer for some of the tales the question as to what is native and what imported. I have not been able to reach a decision in the case of all, becauseof a lack of sufficient evidence. While the most obvious sources of importation from the Occident have been Spain and Portugal, the possibility of the introduction of French, Italian, and even Belgian stories through the medium of priests of those nationalities must not be overlooked. Furthermore, there is a no inconsiderable number of Basque sailors to be found on the small inter-island steamers that connect one end of the archipelago with the other. Even a very cursory glance at the tales in this collection reveals the fact that many of them are more or less close variants and analogues of tales distributed throughout the world. How or when this material reached the Philippines is hard to say. The importation of Arabian stories, for example, might have been made over many routes. The Hindoo beast-tales, too, might have quite circled the globe in their progress from east to west, and thus have been introduced to the Filipinos by the Spaniards and Portuguese. Again, the germs of a number of widespreadMärchenmay have existed in the archipelago long before the arrival of the Europeans, and, upon the introduction of Occidental civilization and culture, have undergone a development entirely consistent with the development that took place in Europe, giving us as a result remarkably close analogues of the Western tales. This I suspect to have been the case of some of our stories where, parallel with the localized popular versions, exist printed romances (in the vernacular) with the mediaeval flavor and setting of chivalry. To give a specific case: the Visayans, Bicols, and Tagalogs in the coast towns feared the raids of Mindanao Mussulmans long before white feet trod the shores of the Islands, and many traditions of conflicts with these pirates are embedded in their legends. The Spaniard came in the sixteenth century, bringing with him stories of wars between Christians and Saracens in Europe. One result of this close analogy of actual historical situation was, I believe, a general tendency to levelling: that is, native traditions of such struggles took on the color of the Spanish romances; Spanish romances, on the other hand, which were popularized in the Islands, were very likely to be “localized.” A maximum of caution and a minimum of dogmatism, then, are imperative, if one is to treat at all scientifically the relationship of the stories of a composite people like the Filipinos to the stories of the rest of the world.

A word might be added as to the nature of the tales. I have included only “hero tales, serious and droll,” beast stories and fables, andpourquoior “just-so” stories. Myths, legends, and fairy-tales (including all kinds of spirit and demon stories) I have purposely excluded, in order to keep the size of the volume within reasonable limits. I have, however, occasionally drawn upon my manuscript collection of these types to illustrate a native superstition or custom.

Columbia University,

May, 1918.

Contents.I.HERO TALES AND DROLLS.1. (a)Suan’s Good Luck1(b)Suan Eket22.The Charcoal-Maker who became King103.The Story of Carancal174. (a)Suac and his Adventures29(b)The Three Friends,—the Monkey, the Dog, and the Carabao315. (a)How Suan became Rich35(b)The King’s Decisions376. (a)The Four Blind Brothers42(b)Juan the Blind Man43(c)Teofilo the Hunchback, and the Giant46(d)Juan and the Buringcantada47(e)The Manglalabas497. (a)Sagacious Marcela53(b)King Tasio558. (a)The Story of Zaragoza64(b)Juan the Peerless Robber699.The Seven Crazy Fellows7510. (a)Juan Manalaksan79(b)Juan the Poor, who became Juan the King8111. (a)Lucas the Strong89(b)Juan and his Six Companions92(c)The Story of King Palmarin9812. (a)The Three Brothers116(b)Three Brothers of Fortune118(c)Pablo and the Princess120(d)Legend of Prince Oswaldo12213. (a)The Rich and the Poor137(b)Lucas the Rope-Maker14014. (a)The King and the Dervish144(b)The Mysterious Book14515.The Miraculous Cow15016.The Clever Husband and Wife15217.The Three Brothers15518.Juan and his Adventures17119.Juan wearing a Monkey’s Skin17820. (a)How Salaksak became Rich183(b)Clever Juan and Envious Diego186(c)Ruined because of Invidiousness188(d)The Two Friends190(e)Juan the Orphan19221.Is he the Crafty Ulysses?19722.The Reward of Kindness20723.Pedro and Satan21124.The Devil and the Guachinango21425.Juan Sadut22326.An Act of Kindness22727.The Indolent Husband23128.Cecilio, the Servant of Emilio23729.Chonguita24430.The Golden Lock24831.Who is the Nearest Relative?25732.With One Centavo Juan marries a Princess26233. (a)The Three Humpbacks265(b)The Seven Humpbacks26734. (a)Respect Old Age271(b)The Golden Rule27135.Cochinango27636.Pedro and the Witch27937.The Woman and herColesPlant28538.A Negrito Slave28739.Alberto and the Monsters29140.Juan and Maria29541.The Enchanted Prince30142.The Prince’s Dream30443.The Wicked Woman’s Reward30944.The Magic Ring31045. (a)Maria and the Golden Slipper314(b)Abadeja31646.Juan the Poor31947.The Fate of an Envious Woman32348. (a)The Monkey and Juan Pusong Tambi-Tambi326(b)Andres the Trapper33249.Juan the Fool33850.Juan and his Painted Hat35351.Juan and Clotilde35552.The Poor Man and his Three Sons35953.The Denied Mother36154.Tomarind and the Wicked Datu363II.FABLES AND ANIMAL STORIES.55.The Monkey and the Turtle(three versions) 36656.The Monkey and the Crocodile(two versions) 37457.The Monkeys and the Dragon-Flies37958.The Monkey, the Turtle, and the Crocodile38259.The Iguana and the Turtle38360. (a)The Trial among the Animals385(b)The Pugu’s Case386(c)Why Mosquitoes hum and try to get into the Holes of our Ears387(d)A Tyrant38861.The Greedy Crow39162.The Humming-Bird and the Carabao39363.The Camanchile and the Passion39464.Auac and Lamiran395III.“JUST-SO” STORIES.65.Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake39866.Why Locusts are Harmful39967.How Lansones became Edible40168.Why Cocks fight One Another40369.Why Bats fly at Night40470.Why the Sun shines more brightly than the Moon40471. (a)Why the Culing has a Tonsure407(b)The Culeto and the Crow407(c)The Hawk and the Coling40872. (a)Why the Cow’s Skin is Loose on the Neck410(b)The First Loose-Skinned Cow and the First Tight-Skinned Carabao41173.Why the Monkey is Wise41274. (a)The Lost Necklace414(b)The Cock and the Sparrow-Hawk41575.The Story of our Fingers41676.Why Snails climb up Grass41777.Why the Cuttlefish and Squids produce a Black Liquid41978.Why Cocks have Combs on their Heads42079. (a)How the Crow became Black420(b)Why the Crow is Black421(c)The Dove and the Crow42280.Why the Ocean is Salty42581. (a)Why the Sky is Curved426(b)Why the Sky is High42682.An Unequal Match; or, Why the Carabao’s Hoof is split428Filipino Stories given in the Notes.[Only stories from my own manuscript collection are listed here. Titles of those given in full are printed in Roman; of those given merely in abstract, in Italics. A “(C)” after a title indicates that the story is taken from one of the nativecorridos, or metrical romances printed in the vernacular.]Pedro’s Fortunes15Pusong23Cabagboc23Sandapal23Sandangcal23Greedy Juan23Juan Tapon23Dangandangan23Tangarangan23Kakarangkang29How Piro became Rich41The Cripple and the Blind Man51Marcela outwits the King56Cay Calabasa(C) 57Rodolfo(C) 60Juan and his Six Friends78Edmundo(C) 87The Three Brothers127The Priest and his Pupil148Abu-Hasan(C) 154Don Agustin, Don Pedro, and Don Juan(C) 169The Adarna Bird(C) (two versions) 169Pedro and the Giants175The Monkey becomes King182Juan the Ashes-Trader195Colassit and Colaskel195Juan the Poor202Juan Bachiller(C) 202Mabait and the Duende217The Fortunes of Andoy, an Orphan241Peter the Violinist241Duke Almanzor(C) 251The Seven Hunchbacked Brothers268Juan and his Father275Pugut Negro(C) 280Juan Tiñoso(C) 283Juan and Maria(C) 298Pitong299The Wonderful Tree318King Asuero and Juan the Poor(C) 322Ricardo and his Adventures347Juan and the Robbers348The Adventure of Two Robbers349Juan Sadut351Juan Loco352The Monkey and the Crocodile377The Battle between the Birds and the Beasts381The Bacuit’s Case389Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake399The Origin of Locusts399The Origin of Locusts400The Adam and Eve of the Tagalogs402How Lanzones became Edible402The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars405The Sun and the Moon406Origin of the Monkey413The First Monkey413The Deer and the Snail429APPENDIX431INDEX 447

Filipino Stories given in the Notes.[Only stories from my own manuscript collection are listed here. Titles of those given in full are printed in Roman; of those given merely in abstract, in Italics. A “(C)” after a title indicates that the story is taken from one of the nativecorridos, or metrical romances printed in the vernacular.]Pedro’s Fortunes15Pusong23Cabagboc23Sandapal23Sandangcal23Greedy Juan23Juan Tapon23Dangandangan23Tangarangan23Kakarangkang29How Piro became Rich41The Cripple and the Blind Man51Marcela outwits the King56Cay Calabasa(C) 57Rodolfo(C) 60Juan and his Six Friends78Edmundo(C) 87The Three Brothers127The Priest and his Pupil148Abu-Hasan(C) 154Don Agustin, Don Pedro, and Don Juan(C) 169The Adarna Bird(C) (two versions) 169Pedro and the Giants175The Monkey becomes King182Juan the Ashes-Trader195Colassit and Colaskel195Juan the Poor202Juan Bachiller(C) 202Mabait and the Duende217The Fortunes of Andoy, an Orphan241Peter the Violinist241Duke Almanzor(C) 251The Seven Hunchbacked Brothers268Juan and his Father275Pugut Negro(C) 280Juan Tiñoso(C) 283Juan and Maria(C) 298Pitong299The Wonderful Tree318King Asuero and Juan the Poor(C) 322Ricardo and his Adventures347Juan and the Robbers348The Adventure of Two Robbers349Juan Sadut351Juan Loco352The Monkey and the Crocodile377The Battle between the Birds and the Beasts381The Bacuit’s Case389Why the Ant is not so Venomous as the Snake399The Origin of Locusts399The Origin of Locusts400The Adam and Eve of the Tagalogs402How Lanzones became Edible402The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars405The Sun and the Moon406Origin of the Monkey413The First Monkey413The Deer and the Snail429APPENDIX431INDEX 447

[Only stories from my own manuscript collection are listed here. Titles of those given in full are printed in Roman; of those given merely in abstract, in Italics. A “(C)” after a title indicates that the story is taken from one of the nativecorridos, or metrical romances printed in the vernacular.]

APPENDIX431

INDEX 447

Bibliography.[The following list includes only such works as are referred to in abbreviated form in the notes throughout the volume.]Aarne, Antti.Vergleichende Märchenforschungen.Helsingfors, 1908.Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Translated by SirRichard Burton. 10 vols., 1885.Supplemental Nights, 6 vols., 1886–88.Bahar-i-Danush. Translated from the Persian byJonathan Scott. 3 vols. Shrewsbury, 1799.Bain, R. Nisbet. Russian Fairy Tales. From the Skazki of Polevoi. New York, N.D.Basile, G.Pentamerone. Translated by SirRichard Burton. 2 vols. London, 1893.Bateman, G. W.Zanzibar Tales. Chicago, 1901.Benfey, Theodor.Pantschatantra: fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und Erzählungen. Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt, mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1859.Blumentritt, Ferdinand.Diccionario mitológico(in Retana’sArchivo del bibliófilo filipino, Vol. 2, Madrid, 1896).Bolte (Johannes) und Polívka (Georg).Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm.2 vols. Leipzig, 1913, 1915. (Cited Bolte-Polívka.)Bompas, C. H.Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London, 1909.Burton, SirRichard. SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainments, andBasile.(Busk.) Sagas from the Far East; or Kalmouk and Mongolian Traditionary Tales. London, 1873. (Compiled byRachel Harriette Busk.)Caballero, Fernan.Cuentos y poesias populares Andaluces.Leipzig, 1866. See alsoIngram.Campbell, A.Santal Folk-Tales. Pokhuria, India, 1891.Campbell, J. F.Popular Tales of the West Highlands. 4 vols. 1890.Campbell, Killis.The Seven Sages of Rome. Boston, 1907.Child, Francis J.English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. in 10 parts. Boston, 1882–98.Clouston, W. A.Book of Noodles. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 1.)—A Group of Eastern Romances. 1889. Privately printed. (Cited Clouston 2.)—Popular Tales and Fictions. 2 vols. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 3.)Cole, Fay-Cooper.Traditions of the Tinguian. Chicago, 1915. (Cited Cole.)Cole, Mabel Cook.Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago, 1916. (Cited M. C. Cole.)Comparetti, D.Novelline Popolari Italiane.Rome, 1875.Cosquin, Emmanuel.Contes Populaires de Lorraine.2 vols. Paris (1887).Crane, Thomas F.Italian Popular Tales. Boston, 1885.Crooke, W.Religion and Folklore of Northern India. 2 vols. Westminster, 1896.Dähnhardt, Oskar.Natursagen. Eine Sammlung naturdeutender Sagen, Märchen, Fabeln und Legenden.4 vols. Leipzig, 1907–12.Dasent, G. W.Popular Tales from the Norse. London, N.D. (The London Library.)Dayrell, Elphinstone.Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria, West Africa. London, 1910.Dracott, Alice E.Simla Village Tales. London, 1906.Dunlop, John Colin.History of Fiction. Edited byH. Wilson. 2 vols. London, 1896.Evans, Ivor H. N.Folk Stories of the Tempassuk and Tuaran Districts, British North Borneo (in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43 [1913] : 422–479). (Cited Evans.)Fansler, Harriott E.Types of Prose Narratives. Chicago, 1911.Fleeson, Katherine Neville.Laos Folk-Lore of Farther India. Chicago, 1899.Folk-Lore Journal. Folk-Lore Society. 7 vols. London, 1883–89. (Cited FLJ.)Folk-Lore: A Quarterly Review, current since 1890. (Cited FL.)Frere, M.Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends Current in Southern India. London, 1868.Gerould, G. H.The Grateful Dead. (Folk-Lore Society.) London, 1907.Gesta Romanorum. Translated by the Rev.Charles Swan.Revised edition. London, 1906.Gonzenbach, Laura.Sicilianische Märchen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1870.Grimm, The brothers.Household Tales: with the Author’s Notes. Translated from the German, and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction by Andrew Lang. 2 vols. London, 1884.Groome, F. H.Gypsy Folk Tales. London, 1899.Hahn, J. G. Von.Griechische und albanesische Märchen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1864.Hartland, E. S.Science of Fairy Tales. London, 1891.Honeÿ, James A.South African Folk Tales. New York, 1910.Hose (Charles)andMcDougall (William).The Pagan Tribes of Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1912. (Cited Hose-McDougall.)Indian Antiquary—A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Philosophy, Religion, etc. Bombay (current).Ingram, J. H.Spanish Fairy Tales. Translated from Fernan Caballero. New York, N.D.Jacobs, Joseph.Indian Fairy Tales. New York and London, 1913. (Cited Jacobs 1.)—The Fables of Æsop. I. History of the Æsopic Fable. London, 1889. (Cited Jacobs 2.)Jātaka, or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births. Translated from the Pāli by various hands. Edited byE. B. Cowell. 6 vols. Cambridge, V.D.Journal of American Folk-Lore. (Cited JAFL.)—Bayliss, Clara K.,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 21 : 45–53).—Benedict, Laura W.,Bagobo Myths(JAFL 26 : 13–63).—Chamberlain, A. F.,Notes on Tagal Folk-Lore(JAFL 15 : 196–198).—Gardner, Fletcher,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 20 : 104–116, 300–310).—Maxfield, B. L., and Millington, W. H.,Visayan Folk-Tales(JAFL 19 : 97–112; 20 : 89–103, 311–318).Journal of Philology.Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S. (Cited JRASB.) Kathā-sarit-sāgara. SeeSomadeva.Kingscote,Mrs.Howard.Tales of the Sun, or Folklore of Southern India. London, 1890.Kittredge, George L.Arthur and Gorlagon (in Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature).Knowles,the Rev. J. H. Folk-Tales of Kashmir. 2d ed. London, 1893.Kohler, Reinhold.Kleinere Schriften. I. Zur Märchenforschung.Edited byJ. Bolte. Weimar, 1898. (Cited Köhler-Bolte.)Lal Behari Day.Folk-Tales of Bengal. London, 1883.Lang, Andrew.Custom and Myth. 2d ed. London, 1885.Legrand, E.Recueil de contes populaires grecs.Paris, 1881.Macculloch, J. A.The Childhood of Fiction: A Study of Folk Tales and Primitive Thought. London, 1905.Mcculloch, William.Bengali Household Tales. London, 1912.Meier, E.Deutsche Volksmärchen aus Schwaben.Stuttgart, 1852.Metelerkamp, Sanni.Outa Karel’s Stories: South African Folk-Lore Tales. London, 1914.Mijatovies,Mme. Serbian Folk-Lore. London, 1874.Orient und Occident, insbesondere in ihren gegenwärtigen Beziehungen,etc. 3 vols. Göttingen, 1860–64.Pantschatantra.SeeBenfey.Panzer, Friedrich.Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. I. Beowulf.München, 1910.Persian Tales: The 1001 Days. Translated byAmbrose Phillips.2 vols. London, 1722. (References are to the 6th edition.)Pitrè, G.Fiabe, Novelline e Racconti Popolari Siciliane.4 vols. Palermo, 1875.Pröhle, H.Kinder- und Volksmärchen.Leipzig, 1853.Radloff, W.Proben der Volkslitteratur der Turkischen Stämme Sud-Sibiriens.6 vols. St. Petersburg, 1866–86.Ralston, W. R. S.Russian Folk Tales. London, 1873. (Cited Ralston 1.)—Tibetan Tales. London, 1882. (Cited Ralston 2.)Retana, Wenceslao.Aparato Bibliográfico.3 vols. Madrid, 1906.Rittershaus, Adeline.Die Neuisländischen Volksmärchen.Halle, 1902.Riviere, J.Recueil de contes populaires de la Kabylie.Paris, 1882.Romancero General.2 vols. Ed.Duran.Romania: Recueil trimestriel. Ed. parP. MeyeretG. Paris.Paris, current since 1872.Rondallayre. Lo Rondallayre. Quentos populars catalans, colleccionats per Fr. Maspons y Labros.Barcelona, 1875.Roth, H. Ling.The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1896.Rouse, W. H. D.The Talking Thrush and Other Tales from India. London, 1899.Schiefner, Anton Von.SeeTibetan Tales.Schleicher, August.Litauische Märchen, Sprichworte, Rätsel und Lieder.Weimar, 1857.Schneller, C.Märchen und Sagen aus Wälschtirol.Innsbruck, 1867.Schott, ArthurundAlbert.Walachische Maerchen.Stuttgart, 1845.Scott, Jonathan. SeeBahar-i-Danush.Sellers, C.Tales from the Land of Nuts and Grapes. London, 1888.Skeat, W. W.Fables and Folk-Tales from an Eastern Forest. Cambridge, 1901. (Cited Skeat 1.)Skeat, W. W.Malay Magic. London, 1900. (Cited Skeat 2.)Somadeva. Kathā-sarit-sāgara. Translated into English byC. H. Tawney. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1880, 1884.Steel (F. A.)andTemple (R. C.). Wideawake Stories = Tales of the Punjab. London, 1894. (Cited Steel-Temple.)Steere, E.Swahili Tales. London, 1870.Stokes, Maive.Indian Fairy Tales. London, 1880.Straparola, Giovan F.Tredici piacevoli Notti.The Nights, now first translated into English byW. G. Waters. 2 vols. London, 1894.Tawney, C. H.SeeSomadeva.Thornhill, Mark. Indian Fairy Tales. London, 1888.Thorpe, B.Yule-Tide Stories. London, 1853.Thousand and One Nights. SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainment.Tibetan Tales. Translated from the Tibetan of the Kah-Gyur byF. Anton Von Schiefner. Done into English from the German, with an Introduction, byW. R. S. Ralston. London, 1882. (Cited Ralston 2.)Tootinameh; or Tales of a Parrot. Persian text with English translation. Calcutta, 1792.Waldau, A.Böhmisches Märchenbuch.Prag, 1860.Wardrop, M.Georgian Folk Tales. London, 1894.Webster, Wentworth.Basque Legends. London (2d ed.), 1879.Wratislaw, A. H.Sixty Slavonic Folk-Tales. Boston, 1890.Wuk.Volksmärchen der Serben.Berlin, 1854.

[The following list includes only such works as are referred to in abbreviated form in the notes throughout the volume.]

Aarne, Antti.Vergleichende Märchenforschungen.Helsingfors, 1908.

Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Translated by SirRichard Burton. 10 vols., 1885.Supplemental Nights, 6 vols., 1886–88.

Bahar-i-Danush. Translated from the Persian byJonathan Scott. 3 vols. Shrewsbury, 1799.

Bain, R. Nisbet. Russian Fairy Tales. From the Skazki of Polevoi. New York, N.D.

Basile, G.Pentamerone. Translated by SirRichard Burton. 2 vols. London, 1893.

Bateman, G. W.Zanzibar Tales. Chicago, 1901.

Benfey, Theodor.Pantschatantra: fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und Erzählungen. Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt, mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1859.

Blumentritt, Ferdinand.Diccionario mitológico(in Retana’sArchivo del bibliófilo filipino, Vol. 2, Madrid, 1896).

Bolte (Johannes) und Polívka (Georg).Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm.2 vols. Leipzig, 1913, 1915. (Cited Bolte-Polívka.)

Bompas, C. H.Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London, 1909.

Burton, SirRichard. SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainments, andBasile.

(Busk.) Sagas from the Far East; or Kalmouk and Mongolian Traditionary Tales. London, 1873. (Compiled byRachel Harriette Busk.)

Caballero, Fernan.Cuentos y poesias populares Andaluces.Leipzig, 1866. See alsoIngram.

Campbell, A.Santal Folk-Tales. Pokhuria, India, 1891.

Campbell, J. F.Popular Tales of the West Highlands. 4 vols. 1890.

Campbell, Killis.The Seven Sages of Rome. Boston, 1907.

Child, Francis J.English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. in 10 parts. Boston, 1882–98.

Clouston, W. A.Book of Noodles. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 1.)

—A Group of Eastern Romances. 1889. Privately printed. (Cited Clouston 2.)

—Popular Tales and Fictions. 2 vols. London, 1888. (Cited Clouston 3.)

Cole, Fay-Cooper.Traditions of the Tinguian. Chicago, 1915. (Cited Cole.)

Cole, Mabel Cook.Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago, 1916. (Cited M. C. Cole.)

Comparetti, D.Novelline Popolari Italiane.Rome, 1875.

Cosquin, Emmanuel.Contes Populaires de Lorraine.2 vols. Paris (1887).

Crane, Thomas F.Italian Popular Tales. Boston, 1885.

Crooke, W.Religion and Folklore of Northern India. 2 vols. Westminster, 1896.

Dähnhardt, Oskar.Natursagen. Eine Sammlung naturdeutender Sagen, Märchen, Fabeln und Legenden.4 vols. Leipzig, 1907–12.

Dasent, G. W.Popular Tales from the Norse. London, N.D. (The London Library.)

Dayrell, Elphinstone.Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria, West Africa. London, 1910.

Dracott, Alice E.Simla Village Tales. London, 1906.

Dunlop, John Colin.History of Fiction. Edited byH. Wilson. 2 vols. London, 1896.

Evans, Ivor H. N.Folk Stories of the Tempassuk and Tuaran Districts, British North Borneo (in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43 [1913] : 422–479). (Cited Evans.)

Fansler, Harriott E.Types of Prose Narratives. Chicago, 1911.

Fleeson, Katherine Neville.Laos Folk-Lore of Farther India. Chicago, 1899.

Folk-Lore Journal. Folk-Lore Society. 7 vols. London, 1883–89. (Cited FLJ.)

Folk-Lore: A Quarterly Review, current since 1890. (Cited FL.)

Frere, M.Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends Current in Southern India. London, 1868.

Gerould, G. H.The Grateful Dead. (Folk-Lore Society.) London, 1907.

Gesta Romanorum. Translated by the Rev.Charles Swan.Revised edition. London, 1906.

Gonzenbach, Laura.Sicilianische Märchen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1870.

Grimm, The brothers.Household Tales: with the Author’s Notes. Translated from the German, and edited by M. Hunt. With an Introduction by Andrew Lang. 2 vols. London, 1884.

Groome, F. H.Gypsy Folk Tales. London, 1899.

Hahn, J. G. Von.Griechische und albanesische Märchen.2 vols. Leipzig, 1864.

Hartland, E. S.Science of Fairy Tales. London, 1891.

Honeÿ, James A.South African Folk Tales. New York, 1910.

Hose (Charles)andMcDougall (William).The Pagan Tribes of Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1912. (Cited Hose-McDougall.)

Indian Antiquary—A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Philosophy, Religion, etc. Bombay (current).

Ingram, J. H.Spanish Fairy Tales. Translated from Fernan Caballero. New York, N.D.

Jacobs, Joseph.Indian Fairy Tales. New York and London, 1913. (Cited Jacobs 1.)

—The Fables of Æsop. I. History of the Æsopic Fable. London, 1889. (Cited Jacobs 2.)

Jātaka, or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births. Translated from the Pāli by various hands. Edited byE. B. Cowell. 6 vols. Cambridge, V.D.

Journal of American Folk-Lore. (Cited JAFL.)

—Bayliss, Clara K.,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 21 : 45–53).

—Benedict, Laura W.,Bagobo Myths(JAFL 26 : 13–63).

—Chamberlain, A. F.,Notes on Tagal Folk-Lore(JAFL 15 : 196–198).

—Gardner, Fletcher,Tagalog Folk-Tales(JAFL 20 : 104–116, 300–310).

—Maxfield, B. L., and Millington, W. H.,Visayan Folk-Tales(JAFL 19 : 97–112; 20 : 89–103, 311–318).

Journal of Philology.

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S. (Cited JRASB.) Kathā-sarit-sāgara. SeeSomadeva.

Kingscote,Mrs.Howard.Tales of the Sun, or Folklore of Southern India. London, 1890.

Kittredge, George L.Arthur and Gorlagon (in Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature).

Knowles,the Rev. J. H. Folk-Tales of Kashmir. 2d ed. London, 1893.

Kohler, Reinhold.Kleinere Schriften. I. Zur Märchenforschung.Edited byJ. Bolte. Weimar, 1898. (Cited Köhler-Bolte.)

Lal Behari Day.Folk-Tales of Bengal. London, 1883.

Lang, Andrew.Custom and Myth. 2d ed. London, 1885.

Legrand, E.Recueil de contes populaires grecs.Paris, 1881.

Macculloch, J. A.The Childhood of Fiction: A Study of Folk Tales and Primitive Thought. London, 1905.

Mcculloch, William.Bengali Household Tales. London, 1912.

Meier, E.Deutsche Volksmärchen aus Schwaben.Stuttgart, 1852.

Metelerkamp, Sanni.Outa Karel’s Stories: South African Folk-Lore Tales. London, 1914.

Mijatovies,Mme. Serbian Folk-Lore. London, 1874.

Orient und Occident, insbesondere in ihren gegenwärtigen Beziehungen,etc. 3 vols. Göttingen, 1860–64.

Pantschatantra.SeeBenfey.

Panzer, Friedrich.Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. I. Beowulf.München, 1910.

Persian Tales: The 1001 Days. Translated byAmbrose Phillips.2 vols. London, 1722. (References are to the 6th edition.)

Pitrè, G.Fiabe, Novelline e Racconti Popolari Siciliane.4 vols. Palermo, 1875.

Pröhle, H.Kinder- und Volksmärchen.Leipzig, 1853.

Radloff, W.Proben der Volkslitteratur der Turkischen Stämme Sud-Sibiriens.6 vols. St. Petersburg, 1866–86.

Ralston, W. R. S.Russian Folk Tales. London, 1873. (Cited Ralston 1.)

—Tibetan Tales. London, 1882. (Cited Ralston 2.)

Retana, Wenceslao.Aparato Bibliográfico.3 vols. Madrid, 1906.

Rittershaus, Adeline.Die Neuisländischen Volksmärchen.Halle, 1902.

Riviere, J.Recueil de contes populaires de la Kabylie.Paris, 1882.

Romancero General.2 vols. Ed.Duran.

Romania: Recueil trimestriel. Ed. parP. MeyeretG. Paris.Paris, current since 1872.

Rondallayre. Lo Rondallayre. Quentos populars catalans, colleccionats per Fr. Maspons y Labros.Barcelona, 1875.

Roth, H. Ling.The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. 2 vols. London, 1896.

Rouse, W. H. D.The Talking Thrush and Other Tales from India. London, 1899.

Schiefner, Anton Von.SeeTibetan Tales.

Schleicher, August.Litauische Märchen, Sprichworte, Rätsel und Lieder.Weimar, 1857.

Schneller, C.Märchen und Sagen aus Wälschtirol.Innsbruck, 1867.

Schott, ArthurundAlbert.Walachische Maerchen.Stuttgart, 1845.

Scott, Jonathan. SeeBahar-i-Danush.

Sellers, C.Tales from the Land of Nuts and Grapes. London, 1888.

Skeat, W. W.Fables and Folk-Tales from an Eastern Forest. Cambridge, 1901. (Cited Skeat 1.)

Skeat, W. W.Malay Magic. London, 1900. (Cited Skeat 2.)

Somadeva. Kathā-sarit-sāgara. Translated into English byC. H. Tawney. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1880, 1884.

Steel (F. A.)andTemple (R. C.). Wideawake Stories = Tales of the Punjab. London, 1894. (Cited Steel-Temple.)

Steere, E.Swahili Tales. London, 1870.

Stokes, Maive.Indian Fairy Tales. London, 1880.

Straparola, Giovan F.Tredici piacevoli Notti.The Nights, now first translated into English byW. G. Waters. 2 vols. London, 1894.

Tawney, C. H.SeeSomadeva.

Thornhill, Mark. Indian Fairy Tales. London, 1888.

Thorpe, B.Yule-Tide Stories. London, 1853.

Thousand and One Nights. SeeArabian Nights’ Entertainment.

Tibetan Tales. Translated from the Tibetan of the Kah-Gyur byF. Anton Von Schiefner. Done into English from the German, with an Introduction, byW. R. S. Ralston. London, 1882. (Cited Ralston 2.)

Tootinameh; or Tales of a Parrot. Persian text with English translation. Calcutta, 1792.

Waldau, A.Böhmisches Märchenbuch.Prag, 1860.

Wardrop, M.Georgian Folk Tales. London, 1894.

Webster, Wentworth.Basque Legends. London (2d ed.), 1879.

Wratislaw, A. H.Sixty Slavonic Folk-Tales. Boston, 1890.

Wuk.Volksmärchen der Serben.Berlin, 1854.

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