[E197]"Bleets." The name of some pot-herb which Evelyn in Acetaria takes to be the "Good Henry," and remarks of it that, "'tis insipid enough." βλιτον [Greek: bliton] = insipid. In Lyte's Dodoens, p. 547, are given three kinds of Blitte or Bleet, and the French name is said to bePourrée rouge. "Suæda maritima, or sea-blite, belongs to the goose-foot tribe; the good-king-Henry, orChenopodium bonus-Henricus, is of the same tribe. See Flowers of the Field, by C. A. Johns."—Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat."Beets," although joined here with "bleets," no doubt refers to the common beetroot,Beta vulgaris, Linn. Gerard had the "White or Yellow Beete" in his garden.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E197]"Bleets." The name of some pot-herb which Evelyn in Acetaria takes to be the "Good Henry," and remarks of it that, "'tis insipid enough." βλιτον [Greek: bliton] = insipid. In Lyte's Dodoens, p. 547, are given three kinds of Blitte or Bleet, and the French name is said to bePourrée rouge. "Suæda maritima, or sea-blite, belongs to the goose-foot tribe; the good-king-Henry, orChenopodium bonus-Henricus, is of the same tribe. See Flowers of the Field, by C. A. Johns."—Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat.
"Beets," although joined here with "bleets," no doubt refers to the common beetroot,Beta vulgaris, Linn. Gerard had the "White or Yellow Beete" in his garden.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E198]"Bloodwoort," called also Bloody-dock, from its red veins and stems.Rumex sanguineus, L. Called alsoWalwortand Danewort in Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 380, who says that the "fumes of Walwort burned, driueth away Serpentes and other venemous beastes."
[E198]"Bloodwoort," called also Bloody-dock, from its red veins and stems.Rumex sanguineus, L. Called alsoWalwortand Danewort in Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 380, who says that the "fumes of Walwort burned, driueth away Serpentes and other venemous beastes."
[E199]"The rootes of Borage andBuglossesoden tender and made in a Succade, doth ingender good blode, and doth set a man in a temporaunce."—A. Boorde's Dyetary, E.E.T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 278.
[E199]"The rootes of Borage andBuglossesoden tender and made in a Succade, doth ingender good blode, and doth set a man in a temporaunce."—A. Boorde's Dyetary, E.E.T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 278.
[E200]"Burnet, a term formerly applied to a brown cloth, Fr.brunette, It.brunetta, and given to the plant so called from its brown flowers."—Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, 1870. Called alsoPimpinell.—Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 138.
[E200]"Burnet, a term formerly applied to a brown cloth, Fr.brunette, It.brunetta, and given to the plant so called from its brown flowers."—Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, 1870. Called alsoPimpinell.—Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 138.
[E201]"Burrage." Fr.bourache, M. Lat.borago. Apuleius says that its original name was "corrago, quia cordis affectibus medetur," a word that the herbalists suppose to have become, by change ofctob, borrago. See A. Boorde's Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, pp. 278-280.
[E201]"Burrage." Fr.bourache, M. Lat.borago. Apuleius says that its original name was "corrago, quia cordis affectibus medetur," a word that the herbalists suppose to have become, by change ofctob, borrago. See A. Boorde's Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, pp. 278-280.
[E202]"Clarie." M. Lat.sclarea, fromclarus= clear, and prefixex. Called by the apothecariesclear-eye, translated intoOculus Christi, Godes-eie, andSee-bright, and eye-salves made of it.Salvia Sclarea, Linn. "Called in FrenchOrnaleorFonte-bonne; it maketh men dronke and causeth headache, and therefore some Brewers do boyle it with their Bier in steede of Hoppes."—Lyte's Dodoens, ed. 1578, p. 253.
[E202]"Clarie." M. Lat.sclarea, fromclarus= clear, and prefixex. Called by the apothecariesclear-eye, translated intoOculus Christi, Godes-eie, andSee-bright, and eye-salves made of it.Salvia Sclarea, Linn. "Called in FrenchOrnaleorFonte-bonne; it maketh men dronke and causeth headache, and therefore some Brewers do boyle it with their Bier in steede of Hoppes."—Lyte's Dodoens, ed. 1578, p. 253.
[E203]"Coleworts." Dioscorides (quoted in Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 49) says (lib. 2, cap. 113) that "if they be eaten last after meats, they preserue the stomacke from surfetting, and the head from drunkennesse. Yea some write, that if one would drinke much wine for a wager, and not be drunke, but to haue also a good stomacke to meate, that he should eate before the banquet raw Cabage leaues with Vinegar so much as he list, and after the banquet to eate againe foure or fiue raw leaues, which practice is much vsed in Germanie.... The Vine and the Coleworts be so contrarie by nature that if you plant Coleworts neere to the rootes of the Vine, of it selfe it will flee from them. Therefore it is no maruaile if Colewortes be of such force against drunkennesse; But I trust no student will prooue this experiment, whether he may be drunken or not, if he eate Coleworte leaues before and after a feast."
[E203]"Coleworts." Dioscorides (quoted in Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 49) says (lib. 2, cap. 113) that "if they be eaten last after meats, they preserue the stomacke from surfetting, and the head from drunkennesse. Yea some write, that if one would drinke much wine for a wager, and not be drunke, but to haue also a good stomacke to meate, that he should eate before the banquet raw Cabage leaues with Vinegar so much as he list, and after the banquet to eate againe foure or fiue raw leaues, which practice is much vsed in Germanie.... The Vine and the Coleworts be so contrarie by nature that if you plant Coleworts neere to the rootes of the Vine, of it selfe it will flee from them. Therefore it is no maruaile if Colewortes be of such force against drunkennesse; But I trust no student will prooue this experiment, whether he may be drunken or not, if he eate Coleworte leaues before and after a feast."
[E204]The numerous virtues of this herb are thus summed up in the King's Coll. MS. of the Promptorium:"Bis duo dat maratrum, febres fugat atque venenum,Et purgat stomacum, sic reddit lumen acutum."Macer gives a detailed account, in which the following remarkable passages occur: "þe edderes wole ete fenel, when her yen dasnyþ, and so she getiþ ayene her clere sighte; and þer þoroghe it is founde and preved þat fenel doþ profit to mannis yene: þe yen þat ben dusked, and dasniþ, shul be anoynted with þe ius of fenelle rotis medeled with hony; and þis oynement shalle put a-way alle þe dasewenesse of hem, and make hem bryÈt." The virtue of fennel in restoring youth, was a discovery attributed by Macer to serpents; "Þis prouiþ auctours and filisoferis, for serpentis whan men(sic)olde, and willeth to wexe stronge, myghty, and yongly a-yean, þei gon and eten ofte fenel, and þei become yongliche and myghty."—MS. in the possession of H. W. Diamond, Esq. This herb is called in GermanFenchel, DutchVenckel. In Piers Plowman mention occurs of: "A ferthyng worth of fynkel-sede for fastinge daies;" C. vii. 360; spelt fenel in the other texts. "Fenkylle or fenelle,feniculum."—Prompt. Parv. "Fenelle or fenkelle,feniculum, maratrum."—Catholicon Anglicum.
[E204]The numerous virtues of this herb are thus summed up in the King's Coll. MS. of the Promptorium:
"Bis duo dat maratrum, febres fugat atque venenum,Et purgat stomacum, sic reddit lumen acutum."
Macer gives a detailed account, in which the following remarkable passages occur: "þe edderes wole ete fenel, when her yen dasnyþ, and so she getiþ ayene her clere sighte; and þer þoroghe it is founde and preved þat fenel doþ profit to mannis yene: þe yen þat ben dusked, and dasniþ, shul be anoynted with þe ius of fenelle rotis medeled with hony; and þis oynement shalle put a-way alle þe dasewenesse of hem, and make hem bryÈt." The virtue of fennel in restoring youth, was a discovery attributed by Macer to serpents; "Þis prouiþ auctours and filisoferis, for serpentis whan men(sic)olde, and willeth to wexe stronge, myghty, and yongly a-yean, þei gon and eten ofte fenel, and þei become yongliche and myghty."—MS. in the possession of H. W. Diamond, Esq. This herb is called in GermanFenchel, DutchVenckel. In Piers Plowman mention occurs of: "A ferthyng worth of fynkel-sede for fastinge daies;" C. vii. 360; spelt fenel in the other texts. "Fenkylle or fenelle,feniculum."—Prompt. Parv. "Fenelle or fenkelle,feniculum, maratrum."—Catholicon Anglicum.
[E205]"Andreas the Herborist writeth that the root of the Langdebeefe tyed or bounde to the diseased place, swageth the ache of the veynes (calledVarix) being to muche opened or enlarged and fylled with grosse blood."—Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 568. See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633.This is no doubtHelminthia echioides, Linn., of which Parkinson (Paradisus) gives a good description and figure under this name, and says, "The leaves are onely used ... for an herbe for the pot among others." Lyte's reference is to some other plant which has "a purple flower."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E205]"Andreas the Herborist writeth that the root of the Langdebeefe tyed or bounde to the diseased place, swageth the ache of the veynes (calledVarix) being to muche opened or enlarged and fylled with grosse blood."—Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 568. See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633.
This is no doubtHelminthia echioides, Linn., of which Parkinson (Paradisus) gives a good description and figure under this name, and says, "The leaves are onely used ... for an herbe for the pot among others." Lyte's reference is to some other plant which has "a purple flower."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E206]"Leek." A remnant of A.S.porleac, from Lat.porrumandleac= a plant, Ger.lauch.
[E206]"Leek." A remnant of A.S.porleac, from Lat.porrumandleac= a plant, Ger.lauch.
[E207]"Longwort," called in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 125, Sage of Jerusalem, "whiche herbe hath no particular vse in Physicke, but it is much vsed in Meates and Salades with egges, as is also Cowslippes and Prymeroses, whervnto in temperature it is much like." See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633, where it is called "Cowslips of Jerusalem."
[E207]"Longwort," called in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 125, Sage of Jerusalem, "whiche herbe hath no particular vse in Physicke, but it is much vsed in Meates and Salades with egges, as is also Cowslippes and Prymeroses, whervnto in temperature it is much like." See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633, where it is called "Cowslips of Jerusalem."
[E208]"Liuerwort," so called from the liver shape of the thallus, and its supposed effects in disease of the liver. O. L. Ger.Steenleuerwnyt. According to Lyte's Dodoens, p. 59, "a soueraigne medicine against the heate and inflammation of the Lyuer, and all hoate Feuers or Agues."Anemone Hepatica, Linn.The first portion of this note refers to a Cryptogam called Liverwort, having nothing to do with the plant meant by Tusser.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E208]"Liuerwort," so called from the liver shape of the thallus, and its supposed effects in disease of the liver. O. L. Ger.Steenleuerwnyt. According to Lyte's Dodoens, p. 59, "a soueraigne medicine against the heate and inflammation of the Lyuer, and all hoate Feuers or Agues."Anemone Hepatica, Linn.
The first portion of this note refers to a Cryptogam called Liverwort, having nothing to do with the plant meant by Tusser.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E209]"Marigolds are hote and drye, an herbe well knowen and as vsual in the kitchin as in the hal: the nature whereof is to open at the Sunne rising, and to close vp at the Sunne setting. It hath one good propertie and very profitable for Students, that is by the vse thereof the sight is sharpened. And againe the water distilled of Marigolds when it flowreth, doth help the rednesse and inflammation of the eyes if it be dropped into them, or if a linnen cloth wet in the water be laid upon them. Also the powder of Marigolds dried, being put into the hollownesse of the teeth, easeth toothach. And the juice of the herbe mingled with a little salt, and rubbed often times vpon Warts, at length weareth them away."—Cogan's Haven of Health, ch. 63. Called in the Grete HerbalMary Gowles, a name that seems to have originated in the A.S.mersc-mear-gealla= marsh-horse-gowl, the marsh marigold, orcaltha, transferred to the exotic plant of our gardens and misunderstood asMary Gold. It is often mentioned as Gold simply by our older poets:"That she sprunge up out of the moldeInto a floure was namedgolde."—Gower, ed. 1554, f. 120."The yellow marigold, the sunne's own flower," says Heywood in Marriage Triumphe, and "so called," says Hyll (Art of Gard. ch. xxx.), "for that after the rising of the sun unto noon, this flower openeth larger and larger; but after the noontime unto the setting of the sun the flower closeth more and more, so that after the setting thereof it is wholly shut up.""The marigold observes the sun,More than my subjects me have done."—K. Charles I.
[E209]"Marigolds are hote and drye, an herbe well knowen and as vsual in the kitchin as in the hal: the nature whereof is to open at the Sunne rising, and to close vp at the Sunne setting. It hath one good propertie and very profitable for Students, that is by the vse thereof the sight is sharpened. And againe the water distilled of Marigolds when it flowreth, doth help the rednesse and inflammation of the eyes if it be dropped into them, or if a linnen cloth wet in the water be laid upon them. Also the powder of Marigolds dried, being put into the hollownesse of the teeth, easeth toothach. And the juice of the herbe mingled with a little salt, and rubbed often times vpon Warts, at length weareth them away."—Cogan's Haven of Health, ch. 63. Called in the Grete HerbalMary Gowles, a name that seems to have originated in the A.S.mersc-mear-gealla= marsh-horse-gowl, the marsh marigold, orcaltha, transferred to the exotic plant of our gardens and misunderstood asMary Gold. It is often mentioned as Gold simply by our older poets:
"That she sprunge up out of the moldeInto a floure was namedgolde."—Gower, ed. 1554, f. 120.
"The yellow marigold, the sunne's own flower," says Heywood in Marriage Triumphe, and "so called," says Hyll (Art of Gard. ch. xxx.), "for that after the rising of the sun unto noon, this flower openeth larger and larger; but after the noontime unto the setting of the sun the flower closeth more and more, so that after the setting thereof it is wholly shut up."
"The marigold observes the sun,More than my subjects me have done."—K. Charles I.
[E210]"Mercurie." A name rather vaguely applied in old works, probably the "Good Henry,Chenopodium Bonus Henricus." Called also "Allgood," Dutchalgoede, Ger.allgut, from Lat.tota bona,Cotgrave and Palsgravetoutte bonne, on account of its excellent qualities as a remedy and as an esculent; hence the proverb: "Be thou sick or whole, putMercuryin thy koale."—Cogan, Haven of Health, ch. 28. "The Barons Mercury, or male Phyllon dronken, causeth to engender male children, and the Mayden Mercurie, or gyrles Phyllon dronken, causeth to engender Gyrles or Daughters."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 78.It is still much grown in some districts, as in Lincolnshire (where it is called "Marquerry"), being boiled and eaten as spinach.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E210]"Mercurie." A name rather vaguely applied in old works, probably the "Good Henry,Chenopodium Bonus Henricus." Called also "Allgood," Dutchalgoede, Ger.allgut, from Lat.tota bona,Cotgrave and Palsgravetoutte bonne, on account of its excellent qualities as a remedy and as an esculent; hence the proverb: "Be thou sick or whole, putMercuryin thy koale."—Cogan, Haven of Health, ch. 28. "The Barons Mercury, or male Phyllon dronken, causeth to engender male children, and the Mayden Mercurie, or gyrles Phyllon dronken, causeth to engender Gyrles or Daughters."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 78.
It is still much grown in some districts, as in Lincolnshire (where it is called "Marquerry"), being boiled and eaten as spinach.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E211]"Nep," common Cat-mint. "Dronken with honied water is good for them that haue fallen from a lofte, and haue some bruse or squat, and bursting, for it digesteth the congeled and clotted bloud, and is good for the payne of the bowels, the shortnesse of breath, the oppillation or stopping of the breast, and against the Jaundice."—Lyte, p. 148. See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633. "Nepe, herbe,Coloquintida, cucurbita."—Prompt. Parv. "Neppe, an herbe,herbe du chat."—Palsgrave. Forby gives the Norfolk simile "as white asnep," in allusion to the white down which covers this plant.The plant referred to in the quotation from the Prompt. Parv. is not that meant by Tusser.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E211]"Nep," common Cat-mint. "Dronken with honied water is good for them that haue fallen from a lofte, and haue some bruse or squat, and bursting, for it digesteth the congeled and clotted bloud, and is good for the payne of the bowels, the shortnesse of breath, the oppillation or stopping of the breast, and against the Jaundice."—Lyte, p. 148. See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633. "Nepe, herbe,Coloquintida, cucurbita."—Prompt. Parv. "Neppe, an herbe,herbe du chat."—Palsgrave. Forby gives the Norfolk simile "as white asnep," in allusion to the white down which covers this plant.
The plant referred to in the quotation from the Prompt. Parv. is not that meant by Tusser.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E212]"Orach,"Atriplex hortensis, orsativa, formerlyArach, Prompt. Parv.Arage, in MS. Harl. 979Arasches, Fr.arroche, from Low Lat.auragofromaurum= gold, by the addition to it ofago= wort, as in plantago, lappago, etc. At the same time its use in the cure of jaundice,aurugo, may have fixed upon the plant the name of the disease."Atriplicemtritam cum nitro, melle, et aceto,Dicunt appositam calidam sedare podagram:Ictericisdicitque Galenus tollere morbumIllius semen cum vino sæpius haustum."—Macer, cap. xxviii. l. 7, quoted by Dr. Prior.
[E212]"Orach,"Atriplex hortensis, orsativa, formerlyArach, Prompt. Parv.Arage, in MS. Harl. 979Arasches, Fr.arroche, from Low Lat.auragofromaurum= gold, by the addition to it ofago= wort, as in plantago, lappago, etc. At the same time its use in the cure of jaundice,aurugo, may have fixed upon the plant the name of the disease.
"Atriplicemtritam cum nitro, melle, et aceto,Dicunt appositam calidam sedare podagram:Ictericisdicitque Galenus tollere morbumIllius semen cum vino sæpius haustum."—Macer, cap. xxviii. l. 7, quoted by Dr. Prior.
[E213]"Patience," called in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 559, "Wild Docke," and stated to be a remedy for jaundice, the "bitinges and stinginges of Scorpions," and the tooth ache, and if "hanged about the necke it doth helpe the kinges euill or swelling in the throte."
[E213]"Patience," called in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 559, "Wild Docke," and stated to be a remedy for jaundice, the "bitinges and stinginges of Scorpions," and the tooth ache, and if "hanged about the necke it doth helpe the kinges euill or swelling in the throte."
[E214]If the virtues of Penny Royal, as stated in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 232, be true, the use of it might now be advantageously adopted by the consumers of London drinking water. He says: "If at any time men be constrayned to drinkecorrupt, naughtie, stinking,or salte water, throw Penny royal into it, or strow the pouder thereof into it, and it shall not hurte any bodie." It is sometimes called Pudding-grass, from its being used to make stuffings for meat, formerly calledpuddings. It is recommended by Andrew Boorde (Dyetary, ed. E.E.T. Soc. p. 281) as a remedy for melancholy, and to comfort the spirits of men.
[E214]If the virtues of Penny Royal, as stated in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 232, be true, the use of it might now be advantageously adopted by the consumers of London drinking water. He says: "If at any time men be constrayned to drinkecorrupt, naughtie, stinking,or salte water, throw Penny royal into it, or strow the pouder thereof into it, and it shall not hurte any bodie." It is sometimes called Pudding-grass, from its being used to make stuffings for meat, formerly calledpuddings. It is recommended by Andrew Boorde (Dyetary, ed. E.E.T. Soc. p. 281) as a remedy for melancholy, and to comfort the spirits of men.
[E215]"Primerose," fromPryme rolles, the name it bears in old books and MSS. The Grete Herball, ch. cccl. says: "It is calledPryme Rollesofpryme tyme, because it beareth the first floure inpryme tyme." It is also so called in Frere Randolph's Catalogue.Chaucer writes it in one wordprimerole. (See also MS. Addit. 11, 307, f. 37:"He shal ben lyk the lytel beeThat seketh the blosme on the tre,And souketh on theprumorole.")Primeroleis an abbreviation of Fr.primeverole, It.primaverola, dimin. ofprima vera, fromfior di prima vera= the first spring flower. Primerole, as an outlandish unintelligible word, was soon familiarized intoprime rolles, and this intoprimrose. This is explained in popular works as meaning the first rose of the spring, a name that never could have been given to a plant that in form and colour is so unlike a rose. But the rightful claimant is, strange to say, thedaisy, which in the South of Europe is a common and conspicuous flower in early spring, while theprimroseis an extremely rare one, and it is thedaisythat bears the name in all the old books. See Fuchs, Hist. Stirpium, 1542, p. 145, where there is an excellent figure of it, titledprimula veris; and the Ortus Sanitatis, ed. Augsb. 1486, ch. cccxxxiii., where we have a very good woodcut of a daisy titled "masslieben,Premula veris, Latine." Brunfelsius, Novum Herbarium, ed. 1531, speaking of the Herba paralysis, the cowslip, says, p. 1590, expressly, "Sye würt von etlichen DoctoresPrimula verisgenaunt, das doch falsch ist wannPrimula verisist matsomen oder zeitlosen." Brunschwygk (De Arte Distillandi, 1500, book ii. c. viii.) uses the same words. The Zeitlose is the daisy. Parkinson (Th. Bot. p. 531) assigns the name to both the daisy and the primrose. Matthioli (ed. Frankfort, 1586, p. 653) calls his Bellis Major "Primo fiore maggiore, seuFiore di prima vera, nonnullisPrimula veris major" and figures the moon-daisy. His Bellis minor, which seems to be our daisy, he calls "Primo fiore minore, Fior di primavera, GallisMarguerites, GermanisMasslieben." At p. 883, he figures the cowslip, and calls that also "Primula veris, ItalisFiore di primavera, Gallisprimevere."—Dr. Prior's Pop. Names of British Plants. "Petie Mulleyn(whiche we callCowslippeandPrimerose) is of two sortes. The smaller sorte, which we call Primerose,Herbasculum minus, is of diuers kindes, as yellow and greene, single and dubble."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 122.Lupton (Book of Notable Things, v. 89) speaks of "Primroses, which some take to be Daisies."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E215]"Primerose," fromPryme rolles, the name it bears in old books and MSS. The Grete Herball, ch. cccl. says: "It is calledPryme Rollesofpryme tyme, because it beareth the first floure inpryme tyme." It is also so called in Frere Randolph's Catalogue.Chaucer writes it in one wordprimerole. (See also MS. Addit. 11, 307, f. 37:
"He shal ben lyk the lytel beeThat seketh the blosme on the tre,And souketh on theprumorole.")
Primeroleis an abbreviation of Fr.primeverole, It.primaverola, dimin. ofprima vera, fromfior di prima vera= the first spring flower. Primerole, as an outlandish unintelligible word, was soon familiarized intoprime rolles, and this intoprimrose. This is explained in popular works as meaning the first rose of the spring, a name that never could have been given to a plant that in form and colour is so unlike a rose. But the rightful claimant is, strange to say, thedaisy, which in the South of Europe is a common and conspicuous flower in early spring, while theprimroseis an extremely rare one, and it is thedaisythat bears the name in all the old books. See Fuchs, Hist. Stirpium, 1542, p. 145, where there is an excellent figure of it, titledprimula veris; and the Ortus Sanitatis, ed. Augsb. 1486, ch. cccxxxiii., where we have a very good woodcut of a daisy titled "masslieben,Premula veris, Latine." Brunfelsius, Novum Herbarium, ed. 1531, speaking of the Herba paralysis, the cowslip, says, p. 1590, expressly, "Sye würt von etlichen DoctoresPrimula verisgenaunt, das doch falsch ist wannPrimula verisist matsomen oder zeitlosen." Brunschwygk (De Arte Distillandi, 1500, book ii. c. viii.) uses the same words. The Zeitlose is the daisy. Parkinson (Th. Bot. p. 531) assigns the name to both the daisy and the primrose. Matthioli (ed. Frankfort, 1586, p. 653) calls his Bellis Major "Primo fiore maggiore, seuFiore di prima vera, nonnullisPrimula veris major" and figures the moon-daisy. His Bellis minor, which seems to be our daisy, he calls "Primo fiore minore, Fior di primavera, GallisMarguerites, GermanisMasslieben." At p. 883, he figures the cowslip, and calls that also "Primula veris, ItalisFiore di primavera, Gallisprimevere."—Dr. Prior's Pop. Names of British Plants. "Petie Mulleyn(whiche we callCowslippeandPrimerose) is of two sortes. The smaller sorte, which we call Primerose,Herbasculum minus, is of diuers kindes, as yellow and greene, single and dubble."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 122.
Lupton (Book of Notable Things, v. 89) speaks of "Primroses, which some take to be Daisies."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E216]"Rosemary," Lat.rosmarinus, sea-spray, from its usually growing on the sea-coast and its odour, is recommended by Lyte for fastening loose teeth. "Take of rewe a grete quantite, and sawge halfe als mekille, androsemarynethe same quantitee."—MS. Linc. Med. f. 283. According to Andrew Boorde it is a remedy for "palses and for the fallynge syckenes, and for the cowghe, and good agaynst colde."
[E216]"Rosemary," Lat.rosmarinus, sea-spray, from its usually growing on the sea-coast and its odour, is recommended by Lyte for fastening loose teeth. "Take of rewe a grete quantite, and sawge halfe als mekille, androsemarynethe same quantitee."—MS. Linc. Med. f. 283. According to Andrew Boorde it is a remedy for "palses and for the fallynge syckenes, and for the cowghe, and good agaynst colde."
[E217]"Safron," Sp.azafran, from Arabical zahafaran. On the cultivation, etc., of Saffron in England, there is a long account in Harrison's Description of England, book iii. cap. 24. See noteE354.
[E217]"Safron," Sp.azafran, from Arabical zahafaran. On the cultivation, etc., of Saffron in England, there is a long account in Harrison's Description of England, book iii. cap. 24. See noteE354.
[E218]"Spinage." "Called in ArabicHispanach; 'Arabicæ factionis principesHispanach, hoc est, Hispanicum olus nominant.'—Fuchs, Hist. Stirp. p. 668. Dodoens (bk. v. 1. 5) tells us, 'Spinachiamnostra ætas appellat, nonnullispinacheumolus. Ab Arabibus et SerapioneHispanacdicitur.' Brunfelsius (ed. 1531) says expressly at p. 16, 'Quæ vulgospinachiahodie, AtriplexHispaniensisdicta est quondam; eo quod ab Hispania primum allata est ad alias exteras nationes.' Tragus also calls itOlus Hispanicum; Cotgrave,Herbe d'Espaigne; and the modern Greeks σπαναχιον [Greek: spanachion]."—Dr. R. A. Prior.
[E218]"Spinage." "Called in ArabicHispanach; 'Arabicæ factionis principesHispanach, hoc est, Hispanicum olus nominant.'—Fuchs, Hist. Stirp. p. 668. Dodoens (bk. v. 1. 5) tells us, 'Spinachiamnostra ætas appellat, nonnullispinacheumolus. Ab Arabibus et SerapioneHispanacdicitur.' Brunfelsius (ed. 1531) says expressly at p. 16, 'Quæ vulgospinachiahodie, AtriplexHispaniensisdicta est quondam; eo quod ab Hispania primum allata est ad alias exteras nationes.' Tragus also calls itOlus Hispanicum; Cotgrave,Herbe d'Espaigne; and the modern Greeks σπαναχιον [Greek: spanachion]."—Dr. R. A. Prior.
[E219]Lyte, p. 642, says: "Cyuesor Rushe onions: this kinde of Leekes is called in English Cyues, and of Turner in Latine,Cepa pallacana, and in Greke Gethyun, which he Englisheth by al these names, a Cyue, a Civet, a Chyue, orSweth."
[E219]Lyte, p. 642, says: "Cyuesor Rushe onions: this kinde of Leekes is called in English Cyues, and of Turner in Latine,Cepa pallacana, and in Greke Gethyun, which he Englisheth by al these names, a Cyue, a Civet, a Chyue, orSweth."
[E220]"Tanzie," Fr.athanasie, contracted totanacéeandtanaisie. Lyte says, p. 18, that it was sold in the shops under the name ofAthanasia, the Greek word for immortality, and that it was so called, "quod non cito flos inarexat." A cake used to be made in which tansy was one of the ingredients, and which was called Tansay-Cake. The following recipe for it is given in MS. Sloane 1986, f. 100:"Breke egges in bassyn, and swynge hem sone,Do powder of peper therto anone,Then gryndetansay, tho juse owte wrynge,To blynde with tho egges, withowte lesynge.In pan or skelet thou shalt hit frye,In buttur well skymm et wyturly,Or white grece thou may take therto,Geder hit on acake, thenne hase thou do,With platere of tre, and frye hit browne,On brodeleches serve hit thou schalle,With fraunche-mele* or other metis withalle."* A dish composed chiefly of eggs and sheeps' fat.In Halliwell's Dict. is also given a recipe for a dish calledTansie. Cogan, in his Haven of Health, p. 65, says: "It is much vsed among vs in England about Easter, with fried egs, not without good cause, to purge away the fleame engendred of fish in Lent season, whereof wormes are soone bred in them that be thereto disposed, though the common people vnderstand not the cause, whyTansiesare more vsed after Lent, than at any other time of the yeare." "To prevent being Bug-bitten. Put a sprig or two ofTansyat the bed head, or as near the pillow as the smell may be agreeable."—T. Cosnett's Footman's Directory, p. 292. "For to dystroy a Wrang Nayle, othewyse callyd a Corne. Take wyldetansey, and grynde yt, and make yt neshe, and ley it therto, and itwyl bryng yt owght."—Lambeth MS. 306, f. 65, quoted in Political, Relig. and Love Poems (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 36.The wild tansey is not Tusser's plant.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E220]"Tanzie," Fr.athanasie, contracted totanacéeandtanaisie. Lyte says, p. 18, that it was sold in the shops under the name ofAthanasia, the Greek word for immortality, and that it was so called, "quod non cito flos inarexat." A cake used to be made in which tansy was one of the ingredients, and which was called Tansay-Cake. The following recipe for it is given in MS. Sloane 1986, f. 100:
"Breke egges in bassyn, and swynge hem sone,Do powder of peper therto anone,Then gryndetansay, tho juse owte wrynge,To blynde with tho egges, withowte lesynge.In pan or skelet thou shalt hit frye,In buttur well skymm et wyturly,Or white grece thou may take therto,Geder hit on acake, thenne hase thou do,With platere of tre, and frye hit browne,On brodeleches serve hit thou schalle,With fraunche-mele* or other metis withalle."
* A dish composed chiefly of eggs and sheeps' fat.
In Halliwell's Dict. is also given a recipe for a dish calledTansie. Cogan, in his Haven of Health, p. 65, says: "It is much vsed among vs in England about Easter, with fried egs, not without good cause, to purge away the fleame engendred of fish in Lent season, whereof wormes are soone bred in them that be thereto disposed, though the common people vnderstand not the cause, whyTansiesare more vsed after Lent, than at any other time of the yeare." "To prevent being Bug-bitten. Put a sprig or two ofTansyat the bed head, or as near the pillow as the smell may be agreeable."—T. Cosnett's Footman's Directory, p. 292. "For to dystroy a Wrang Nayle, othewyse callyd a Corne. Take wyldetansey, and grynde yt, and make yt neshe, and ley it therto, and itwyl bryng yt owght."—Lambeth MS. 306, f. 65, quoted in Political, Relig. and Love Poems (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 36.
The wild tansey is not Tusser's plant.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E221]"Blessed Thistle." "So worthily named for the singular vertues that it hath.... It sharpneth the wit and memorie, strengthneth all the principall parts of the bodie, quickneth all the senses, comforteth the stomacke, procureth appetite, and hath a speciall vertue against poyson, and preserueth from the Pestilence, and is excellent good against any kinde of Feuer, being vsed in this manner: Take a dramme of the powder, put it into a good draught of ale or wine, warme it and drink it a quarter of an hour before the fit doth come, then goe to bed, couer you well with clothes and procure sweate, which by the force of the herbe will easily come foorth, and so continue vntill the fit be past.... For which notable effects this herbe may worthily be calledBenedictusorOmnimorbia, that is a salue for euery sore, not knowen to Physitians of old time, but lately reuealed by the speciall providence of Almighty God."—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 545.
[E221]"Blessed Thistle." "So worthily named for the singular vertues that it hath.... It sharpneth the wit and memorie, strengthneth all the principall parts of the bodie, quickneth all the senses, comforteth the stomacke, procureth appetite, and hath a speciall vertue against poyson, and preserueth from the Pestilence, and is excellent good against any kinde of Feuer, being vsed in this manner: Take a dramme of the powder, put it into a good draught of ale or wine, warme it and drink it a quarter of an hour before the fit doth come, then goe to bed, couer you well with clothes and procure sweate, which by the force of the herbe will easily come foorth, and so continue vntill the fit be past.... For which notable effects this herbe may worthily be calledBenedictusorOmnimorbia, that is a salue for euery sore, not knowen to Physitians of old time, but lately reuealed by the speciall providence of Almighty God."—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 545.
[E222]"Purslane," in Turner's HerballPurcellaine, in the Grete HerballPorcelayne, in DodoensPurcelayne. "It is good against St. Antonies fier, callederysipelas."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 576. "Purslain in Latin is calledPortulaca, a portula= a little gate, because they fancied it to be like one."—Lemery's Treatise on Foods, 1704, p. 92.
[E222]"Purslane," in Turner's HerballPurcellaine, in the Grete HerballPorcelayne, in DodoensPurcelayne. "It is good against St. Antonies fier, callederysipelas."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 576. "Purslain in Latin is calledPortulaca, a portula= a little gate, because they fancied it to be like one."—Lemery's Treatise on Foods, 1704, p. 92.
[E223]"Rampions," Fr.raiponce, "a word mistaken as in the case ofceriseandpease, for a plural, and theminserted for euphony."—Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants.
[E223]"Rampions," Fr.raiponce, "a word mistaken as in the case ofceriseandpease, for a plural, and theminserted for euphony."—Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants.
[E224]"Men say that who so taketh the seede of Rockat before he be beaten or whipt, shalbe so hardened that he shall easily endure the payne, according as Plinie writeth."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 622. What a pity Tusser did not know of this property of the Rocket! from his own account he had plenty of opportunities of testing it at Eton.
[E224]"Men say that who so taketh the seede of Rockat before he be beaten or whipt, shalbe so hardened that he shall easily endure the payne, according as Plinie writeth."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 622. What a pity Tusser did not know of this property of the Rocket! from his own account he had plenty of opportunities of testing it at Eton.
[E225]"Sage causeth wemen to be fertill, wherefore in times past the people of Egypt, after a great mortalite and pestilence, constreyned their wemen to drinke the iuyce therof, to cause them the sooner to conceyue, and to bring foorth store of children."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 252.
[E225]"Sage causeth wemen to be fertill, wherefore in times past the people of Egypt, after a great mortalite and pestilence, constreyned their wemen to drinke the iuyce therof, to cause them the sooner to conceyue, and to bring foorth store of children."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 252.
[E226]"Sea holie."Eryngium maritimum, Linn. "The leaves are good to be eaten in sallads."—Langham's Garden of Health. "The young and tender shoots are eaten of divers either raw or pickled."—Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum, 1640, p. 988.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E226]"Sea holie."Eryngium maritimum, Linn. "The leaves are good to be eaten in sallads."—Langham's Garden of Health. "The young and tender shoots are eaten of divers either raw or pickled."—Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum, 1640, p. 988.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E227]"Sampere is a weede growing neare the sea-side, and is very plentifull about the Ile of Man, from whence it is brought to diuers parts of England, preserved in Brine, and is no lesse wholesome than Capers."—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 64. The Eng. Samphire is a corruption of the Fr. Herbe deSaint Pierre, from its growing on the rocks on the sea-shore. The leaves are used in the form of a pickle as an article of diet.
[E227]"Sampere is a weede growing neare the sea-side, and is very plentifull about the Ile of Man, from whence it is brought to diuers parts of England, preserved in Brine, and is no lesse wholesome than Capers."—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 64. The Eng. Samphire is a corruption of the Fr. Herbe deSaint Pierre, from its growing on the rocks on the sea-shore. The leaves are used in the form of a pickle as an article of diet.
[E228]"TheIonianshad so much Veneration for them that they swore byCabbages, and were therein as superstitious as theEgyptians, who gave divine Honours toLeeksandOnions, for the great Benefitswhich they said they received from them."—Lemery's "Treatise on Foods," 1704, p. 73.
[E228]"TheIonianshad so much Veneration for them that they swore byCabbages, and were therein as superstitious as theEgyptians, who gave divine Honours toLeeksandOnions, for the great Benefitswhich they said they received from them."—Lemery's "Treatise on Foods," 1704, p. 73.
[E229]"Citrons," according to Lyte, p. 704, will cure "tremblynge of the hart and pensiue heavinesse, wamblynges, vomitinges, and lothsomnesse of the stomache." The citron was probably introduced into Europe with the orange by the Arab conquerors of Spain, and first received in England from that country. By a MS. in the Tower it appears that in 1290, 18 Edw. I., a large Spanish ship came to Portsmouth, and that from her cargo Queen Eleanor purchased Seville figs, dates, pomegranates, 15Citrons, and 7poma de orenge.—Way in Prompt. Parv.
[E229]"Citrons," according to Lyte, p. 704, will cure "tremblynge of the hart and pensiue heavinesse, wamblynges, vomitinges, and lothsomnesse of the stomache." The citron was probably introduced into Europe with the orange by the Arab conquerors of Spain, and first received in England from that country. By a MS. in the Tower it appears that in 1290, 18 Edw. I., a large Spanish ship came to Portsmouth, and that from her cargo Queen Eleanor purchased Seville figs, dates, pomegranates, 15Citrons, and 7poma de orenge.—Way in Prompt. Parv.
[E230]"The garden Basill is called in EnglishBasill RoyallorBasill gentle, and the smaller kinde is calledBushse(sic)Basill. The herbe brused with vineger and holden to the nose of suche as are faynt and fallen into a sound bringeth them againe to themselues, and the seede therof giuen to be smelled upon causeth the sternutation or niesing."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 241. "One thing I read in Hollerius (Lib. i. cap. i.) of Basill, which is wonderfull. 'A certaine Italian, by often smelling to Basill, had a scorpion bred in his braine, and after vehement and long paines he died thereof.'"—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 50. See also51. 34.
[E230]"The garden Basill is called in EnglishBasill RoyallorBasill gentle, and the smaller kinde is calledBushse(sic)Basill. The herbe brused with vineger and holden to the nose of suche as are faynt and fallen into a sound bringeth them againe to themselues, and the seede therof giuen to be smelled upon causeth the sternutation or niesing."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 241. "One thing I read in Hollerius (Lib. i. cap. i.) of Basill, which is wonderfull. 'A certaine Italian, by often smelling to Basill, had a scorpion bred in his braine, and after vehement and long paines he died thereof.'"—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 50. See also51. 34.
[E231]"Costmary, L.Costus amarus, Fr.coste amere, misunderstood asCostus Mariæ, an error that has very naturally arisen from this plant having been dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, and called after her,Maudlin, either in allusion to her box of scented ointment, or to its use in the uterine affections over which she presided. In old authors it occurs asHerba sanctæordivæ Mariæ."—Dr. R. Prior, Popular Names of Brit. Plants. Called also Alecost from its having formerly been esteemed an agreeable aromatic bitter, and much used for flavouring ale: "If you list to make a pleasant drinke, and comfortable to the stomache, put certaine handfuls of this herbe in the bottome of a vesselle, and tunne up new Ale vpon it."—Cogan, Haven of Health, ch. 69.
[E231]"Costmary, L.Costus amarus, Fr.coste amere, misunderstood asCostus Mariæ, an error that has very naturally arisen from this plant having been dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, and called after her,Maudlin, either in allusion to her box of scented ointment, or to its use in the uterine affections over which she presided. In old authors it occurs asHerba sanctæordivæ Mariæ."—Dr. R. Prior, Popular Names of Brit. Plants. Called also Alecost from its having formerly been esteemed an agreeable aromatic bitter, and much used for flavouring ale: "If you list to make a pleasant drinke, and comfortable to the stomache, put certaine handfuls of this herbe in the bottome of a vesselle, and tunne up new Ale vpon it."—Cogan, Haven of Health, ch. 69.
[E232]"Paggles," spelt also Paigle, Pagle, Pagel, Peagle, Pegyll and Pygil, a name now confined to the Eastern Counties, and generally assigned to the Cowslip, but by Ray and Moor to theRanunculus bulbosus. The derivation is uncertain. "Blake (yellow) as a paigle."—Ray. In Suffolk the name is applied to the Crowfoot, theCuckoo-flower.
[E232]"Paggles," spelt also Paigle, Pagle, Pagel, Peagle, Pegyll and Pygil, a name now confined to the Eastern Counties, and generally assigned to the Cowslip, but by Ray and Moor to theRanunculus bulbosus. The derivation is uncertain. "Blake (yellow) as a paigle."—Ray. In Suffolk the name is applied to the Crowfoot, theCuckoo-flower.
[E233]"Our common germander or thistle benet is found and knowne to bee so wholesome and of so great power in medicine, as anie other hearbe, if they be vsed accordinglie."—Harrison, Descript. of Eng., ed. Furnivall, pt. i. p. 326. "The iuyce of the leaues mengled with oyle, and straked vpon the eyes, driueth away the white cloude, called the Hawe or Pearle in the eye, and all manner dimness of the same."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 25.
[E233]"Our common germander or thistle benet is found and knowne to bee so wholesome and of so great power in medicine, as anie other hearbe, if they be vsed accordinglie."—Harrison, Descript. of Eng., ed. Furnivall, pt. i. p. 326. "The iuyce of the leaues mengled with oyle, and straked vpon the eyes, driueth away the white cloude, called the Hawe or Pearle in the eye, and all manner dimness of the same."—Lyte's Dodoens, p. 25.
[E234]"That which is commonly called Sothernewood is themale kinde of this herbe, and that which we doe callLauender-cottenis the female, named in LatineCypressusorSantolina. The setting ofLauender-cottenwithin the house in floure pots must needes be very wholesome, for it driveth away venemous wormes, both by strawing, and by the sauour of it, and being drunke in wine it is a remedie against poyson."—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 56.
[E234]"That which is commonly called Sothernewood is themale kinde of this herbe, and that which we doe callLauender-cottenis the female, named in LatineCypressusorSantolina. The setting ofLauender-cottenwithin the house in floure pots must needes be very wholesome, for it driveth away venemous wormes, both by strawing, and by the sauour of it, and being drunke in wine it is a remedie against poyson."—Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 56.
[E235]"Mawdelin," spelt alsoMaudlin, MawdeleynandMaudeline, appears to have derived its name similarly toCostmary, q.v., and to have been applied to the same uses.
[E235]"Mawdelin," spelt alsoMaudlin, MawdeleynandMaudeline, appears to have derived its name similarly toCostmary, q.v., and to have been applied to the same uses.
[E236]"Baies," Bays, from Frenchbaie, which is formed from Lat.bacca= a berry. In old writersbayis used for aberrygenerally, as "the bayes of ivyne," but in time the term came to be applied to the berries of thesweet bay, called by Virgillauri baccas, from their being an article of commerce; from the berry the term was extended to the tree itself.
[E236]"Baies," Bays, from Frenchbaie, which is formed from Lat.bacca= a berry. In old writersbayis used for aberrygenerally, as "the bayes of ivyne," but in time the term came to be applied to the berries of thesweet bay, called by Virgillauri baccas, from their being an article of commerce; from the berry the term was extended to the tree itself.
[E237]"Bachelor's Buttons." So called, according to Johnson's Gerarde, p. 472, "from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons anciently worne in this kingdom," but according to others from "a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts." Called by Lyte (Dodoens, p. 421),GoldcuporGold knoppe, and described as a double variety of the flower now known so well as the Butterflower, or Buttercup, the Fr.bouton d'or.
[E237]"Bachelor's Buttons." So called, according to Johnson's Gerarde, p. 472, "from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons anciently worne in this kingdom," but according to others from "a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts." Called by Lyte (Dodoens, p. 421),GoldcuporGold knoppe, and described as a double variety of the flower now known so well as the Butterflower, or Buttercup, the Fr.bouton d'or.
[E238]"Columbine," called Colourbine in Lincoln,Aquilegia vulgaris, used for making stuffed chine."There are many sorts of Colombines, as well differing in forme as colour of the flowers, and of them both single and double carefully noursed up in our gardens, for the delight both of their forme and colours."—Parkinson,Paradisus, 1629, p. 271.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E238]"Columbine," called Colourbine in Lincoln,Aquilegia vulgaris, used for making stuffed chine.
"There are many sorts of Colombines, as well differing in forme as colour of the flowers, and of them both single and double carefully noursed up in our gardens, for the delight both of their forme and colours."—Parkinson,Paradisus, 1629, p. 271.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E239]"Daffadowndilly, Daffodilly, Affodilly, and Daffodil, Lat.asphodelus, from which was formed Affodilly, the name of it in all the older writers, but subsequently confused with that of another flower, the so-calledsapharounor saffronlily:'The thyrdelylyeÈyt there ys,That ys called felde lylye, y wys,Hys levys be lyke tosapharoun,Men know yt therby many one.'—MS. Sloane, 1571.With the taste for alliteration that is shown in popular names, theSapharoun-lily, upon blending withaffodilly, became, by a sort of mutual compromise,daffadowndilly, whence ourdaffodillyanddaffodil."—Dr. R. A. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants. "Strew me the ground with daffadowndillies."—Spenser, Shep. Cal. 140.
[E239]"Daffadowndilly, Daffodilly, Affodilly, and Daffodil, Lat.asphodelus, from which was formed Affodilly, the name of it in all the older writers, but subsequently confused with that of another flower, the so-calledsapharounor saffronlily:
'The thyrdelylyeÈyt there ys,That ys called felde lylye, y wys,Hys levys be lyke tosapharoun,Men know yt therby many one.'—MS. Sloane, 1571.
With the taste for alliteration that is shown in popular names, theSapharoun-lily, upon blending withaffodilly, became, by a sort of mutual compromise,daffadowndilly, whence ourdaffodillyanddaffodil."—Dr. R. A. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants. "Strew me the ground with daffadowndillies."—Spenser, Shep. Cal. 140.
[E240]"Eglantine," a word of doubtful origin. Chaucer writes iteglatereandeglentere. Fr.aiglantier, Prov.aiglentina= wild rose. Diez derives it from Lat.aculeus= a prickle, through the adj.aculentus.
[E240]"Eglantine," a word of doubtful origin. Chaucer writes iteglatereandeglentere. Fr.aiglantier, Prov.aiglentina= wild rose. Diez derives it from Lat.aculeus= a prickle, through the adj.aculentus.
[E241]Feverfew (Pyrethrum parthenium), a genus of Composite plants, common in our gardens, and deriving its name from having long been employed as a popular remedy in ague and other fevers, and as an emmenagogue. It appears to possess stimulant and tonic properties. It is a perennial plant, and may attain aheight of one or two feet. Its leaves are flat and broad, its flowers small. It is nearly allied to Camomile. The variety grown in gardens is well known under the name of "golden feather."
[E241]Feverfew (Pyrethrum parthenium), a genus of Composite plants, common in our gardens, and deriving its name from having long been employed as a popular remedy in ague and other fevers, and as an emmenagogue. It appears to possess stimulant and tonic properties. It is a perennial plant, and may attain aheight of one or two feet. Its leaves are flat and broad, its flowers small. It is nearly allied to Camomile. The variety grown in gardens is well known under the name of "golden feather."
[E242]"Flower armor," evidently theFloramor, Fr.fleur d'amour, from a misconception of its Latin nameAmaranthus, as though a compound ofAmor, love, andanthus, a flower.
[E242]"Flower armor," evidently theFloramor, Fr.fleur d'amour, from a misconception of its Latin nameAmaranthus, as though a compound ofAmor, love, andanthus, a flower.
[E243]"Flower de luce," theflos deliciarumof the Middle Ages. Ducange, quoting from the history of the Harcourts, says:—"Thomas, Dux Exoniæ habet comitatum de Harcourt ... per homagium ac reddendumflorem deliciarumapud Castrum de Rouen," etc. (A.D. 1423). Another derivation is as follows:—"Louis VII. dit le Jeune, prit le premier desfleurs de lis, par allusion à son nom de Loys (comme on l'écrivait alors). On a dit dans ce temps-là Fleur de Loys, puisFleur de Louis, enfin,Fleur de Lis." (Grandmaison, Dict. Heraldique.) The flower that he chose seems to have been awhiteone, for Chaucer says:"His nekke was white as is the flour de lis."In E. K.'s Glossary to Spenser's Shep. Cal. April, we read "Flower delice, that which they use to mistermeFlowre delucebeing in the Latine calledFlos delitiarum."
[E243]"Flower de luce," theflos deliciarumof the Middle Ages. Ducange, quoting from the history of the Harcourts, says:—"Thomas, Dux Exoniæ habet comitatum de Harcourt ... per homagium ac reddendumflorem deliciarumapud Castrum de Rouen," etc. (A.D. 1423). Another derivation is as follows:—"Louis VII. dit le Jeune, prit le premier desfleurs de lis, par allusion à son nom de Loys (comme on l'écrivait alors). On a dit dans ce temps-là Fleur de Loys, puisFleur de Louis, enfin,Fleur de Lis." (Grandmaison, Dict. Heraldique.) The flower that he chose seems to have been awhiteone, for Chaucer says:
"His nekke was white as is the flour de lis."
In E. K.'s Glossary to Spenser's Shep. Cal. April, we read "Flower delice, that which they use to mistermeFlowre delucebeing in the Latine calledFlos delitiarum."
[E244]According to Lyte the Flower Gentle is identical with the Floramor (see above). Various species ofAmaranthus, including the Flower amor (43. 10), and what we now callCelosia cristata, or Cockscomb, were included under this name. Parkinson (Paradisus, p. 370) says: "We have foure or five sorts of Flower-gentle to trimme up this our Garden withall."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E244]According to Lyte the Flower Gentle is identical with the Floramor (see above). Various species ofAmaranthus, including the Flower amor (43. 10), and what we now callCelosia cristata, or Cockscomb, were included under this name. Parkinson (Paradisus, p. 370) says: "We have foure or five sorts of Flower-gentle to trimme up this our Garden withall."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E245]"Gilliflower, formerly speltgylloferandgilofrewith theolong, from Fr.giroflée, ltal.garofalo, in Douglas's Virgiljereflouris, words formed from M. Lat.garoffolum, gariofilum, or, as in Albert Magn. (lib. vi. cap. 22),gariofilus, corrupted from Lat.caryophyllum= a clove, and referring to the spicy odour of the flower, which seems to have been used in flavouring wines to replace the more costly clove of India. The name was originally given in India to plants of the Pink tribe, especially the carnation, but has in England been transferred of late years to several Cruciferous plants. That of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakspere was, as in Italy,Dianthus caryophyllus, Linn., that of later writers and gardenersMatthiolaandCheiranthus, Linn. Much of the confusion in the names of plants has arisen from the vague use of the French termsGiroflée, Oeillet, andViolette, which were, all three of them, applied to flowers of the Pink tribe, but subsequently extended, and finally restricted in English to very different plants.Girofléehas becomeGilliflower, and passed over to theCruciferæ, Oeillethas been restricted to theSweet Williams, andViolettehas been appropriated to one of the numerous claimants of its name, the genus to which the pansy belongs."—Dr. R. A. Prior.
[E245]"Gilliflower, formerly speltgylloferandgilofrewith theolong, from Fr.giroflée, ltal.garofalo, in Douglas's Virgiljereflouris, words formed from M. Lat.garoffolum, gariofilum, or, as in Albert Magn. (lib. vi. cap. 22),gariofilus, corrupted from Lat.caryophyllum= a clove, and referring to the spicy odour of the flower, which seems to have been used in flavouring wines to replace the more costly clove of India. The name was originally given in India to plants of the Pink tribe, especially the carnation, but has in England been transferred of late years to several Cruciferous plants. That of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakspere was, as in Italy,Dianthus caryophyllus, Linn., that of later writers and gardenersMatthiolaandCheiranthus, Linn. Much of the confusion in the names of plants has arisen from the vague use of the French termsGiroflée, Oeillet, andViolette, which were, all three of them, applied to flowers of the Pink tribe, but subsequently extended, and finally restricted in English to very different plants.Girofléehas becomeGilliflower, and passed over to theCruciferæ, Oeillethas been restricted to theSweet Williams, andViolettehas been appropriated to one of the numerous claimants of its name, the genus to which the pansy belongs."—Dr. R. A. Prior.
[E246]"Holiokes," in Huloet's Dict. Holy Hoke. Wedgwood (Etym. Dict.) derives it from A.S.hoc, Welshhocys= a mallow, and says that it obtained the title ofHolyfrom its being brought from the Holy Land, where it is indigenous.
[E246]"Holiokes," in Huloet's Dict. Holy Hoke. Wedgwood (Etym. Dict.) derives it from A.S.hoc, Welshhocys= a mallow, and says that it obtained the title ofHolyfrom its being brought from the Holy Land, where it is indigenous.
[E247]"Indian Eie." This was probably aDianthusof some kind (Frenchœillet), the same perhaps which is now grown in our gardens as Indian or Chinese Pink.
[E247]"Indian Eie." This was probably aDianthusof some kind (Frenchœillet), the same perhaps which is now grown in our gardens as Indian or Chinese Pink.
[E248]Laus tibi, "a narcissus with white flowers. It groweth plenteously in my Lorde's garden in Syon and it is called of divers White Laus tibi."—Turner's Herball, pt. ii. b. 2. "It is very difficult to ascertain what plant was meant by this name, which is also mentioned by Turner in his 'Names of Herbes' (1548), and in his 'Libellus' (1538), where there is a long disquisition concerning it. It may beNarcissus poeticus, L., as Mr. B. D. Jackson supposes in his reprint of the 'Libellus' or possiblyN. biflorus, L."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E248]Laus tibi, "a narcissus with white flowers. It groweth plenteously in my Lorde's garden in Syon and it is called of divers White Laus tibi."—Turner's Herball, pt. ii. b. 2. "It is very difficult to ascertain what plant was meant by this name, which is also mentioned by Turner in his 'Names of Herbes' (1548), and in his 'Libellus' (1538), where there is a long disquisition concerning it. It may beNarcissus poeticus, L., as Mr. B. D. Jackson supposes in his reprint of the 'Libellus' or possiblyN. biflorus, L."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E249]"Lillium cum vallium," the "Lily of the Valley," in LyteLyllie Conuall, and also termedMay Blossoms, May Lyllies, andLyryconfancy.
[E249]"Lillium cum vallium," the "Lily of the Valley," in LyteLyllie Conuall, and also termedMay Blossoms, May Lyllies, andLyryconfancy.
[E250]"Nigella Romana." TheNigella Damascena, Linn., a favourite old-fashioned garden annual, still to be met with in gardens under the names of "Love-in-a-mist," or "Devil-in-a-bush."
[E250]"Nigella Romana." TheNigella Damascena, Linn., a favourite old-fashioned garden annual, still to be met with in gardens under the names of "Love-in-a-mist," or "Devil-in-a-bush."
[E251]"Pansy," or Paunce, Fr.pensée, thought. According to Dr. Johnson the name is derived from Lat.panacea, but there is no evidence of the plant ever having been so called, or having been regarded as a panacea. It has received more popular names perhaps than any other plant, both in our own and in foreign languages. The following are some of the quaint titles given to it: "Cull me to you," or "Cuddle me to you," "Love and Idle," "Live in Idleness," "Love in Idleness" (originally "Love in idle,"i.e.in vain); "Love in idle Pances," "Tittle my fancy," "Kiss me, ere I rise," "Jump up and kiss me," "Kiss me at the garden gate," "Pink of my John," "Herb Trinity," and "Three faces under one hood," from the three colours combined in one flower. It was also called "Hearts-ease," and "Flame flower" (M. Lat.Viola flammea).Heartsease, a term meaning "a cordial," as in Sir W. Scott's Antiquary, ch. xi., "Buy a dram to be eilding and claise, and a supper andhearts-easeinto the bargain," given to certain plants supposed to be cardiac: at present [applied] to thepansyalone, but by Lyte, Bulleyn, and W. Turner, to theWallflowerequally.—Dr. R. A. Prior's Popular Names of British Plants, which see for an account of the origin of the name.
[E251]"Pansy," or Paunce, Fr.pensée, thought. According to Dr. Johnson the name is derived from Lat.panacea, but there is no evidence of the plant ever having been so called, or having been regarded as a panacea. It has received more popular names perhaps than any other plant, both in our own and in foreign languages. The following are some of the quaint titles given to it: "Cull me to you," or "Cuddle me to you," "Love and Idle," "Live in Idleness," "Love in Idleness" (originally "Love in idle,"i.e.in vain); "Love in idle Pances," "Tittle my fancy," "Kiss me, ere I rise," "Jump up and kiss me," "Kiss me at the garden gate," "Pink of my John," "Herb Trinity," and "Three faces under one hood," from the three colours combined in one flower. It was also called "Hearts-ease," and "Flame flower" (M. Lat.Viola flammea).
Heartsease, a term meaning "a cordial," as in Sir W. Scott's Antiquary, ch. xi., "Buy a dram to be eilding and claise, and a supper andhearts-easeinto the bargain," given to certain plants supposed to be cardiac: at present [applied] to thepansyalone, but by Lyte, Bulleyn, and W. Turner, to theWallflowerequally.—Dr. R. A. Prior's Popular Names of British Plants, which see for an account of the origin of the name.
[E252]"Sops-in-Wine," the Clove Gilliflower,Dianthus caryophyllus, L., so called from the flowers being used to flavour wine or ale. Cf. Chaucer's Rime of Sir Thopas, B. 1950:"Ther springen herbes grete and smale,The lycorys and cetewale,And many a clowe gilofre,And notemuge to putte in ale,Whether it be moyste or stale.""Bring Coronations andSops in wineworne of Paramoures."—-Spenser, Shep. Cal. April."Garlands of Roses andSopps in Wine."—Ibid. May. E. K., in his Glossary, says: "Sops in Wine, a flowre in colour much like acoronation(carnation), but differing in smel and quantitye."
[E252]"Sops-in-Wine," the Clove Gilliflower,Dianthus caryophyllus, L., so called from the flowers being used to flavour wine or ale. Cf. Chaucer's Rime of Sir Thopas, B. 1950:
"Ther springen herbes grete and smale,The lycorys and cetewale,And many a clowe gilofre,And notemuge to putte in ale,Whether it be moyste or stale."
"Bring Coronations andSops in wineworne of Paramoures."—-Spenser, Shep. Cal. April.
"Garlands of Roses andSopps in Wine."—Ibid. May. E. K., in his Glossary, says: "Sops in Wine, a flowre in colour much like acoronation(carnation), but differing in smel and quantitye."
[E253]"Sweete Williams,"from Fr.œillet, Lat.ocellus, a little eye, corrupted toWilly, and thence toWilliam, "in reference, perhaps, to a popular ballad, 'Fair Margaret and Sweet William,' [printed in Ritson's Early Songs and Ballads, ed. Hazlitt, 1877] a name assigned by W. Bulleyn (f. 48) to the Wallflower, but by later herbalists and modern gardeners, as here, to a species of pink,Dianthus barbatus, Linn. According to an article in the Quarterly Review (No. 227), it formerly bore the name of 'Sweet Saint William'; but the writer gives no reference, and probably had no authority for saying so."—Dr. R. A. Prior, pp. 228 and 250.
[E253]"Sweete Williams,"from Fr.œillet, Lat.ocellus, a little eye, corrupted toWilly, and thence toWilliam, "in reference, perhaps, to a popular ballad, 'Fair Margaret and Sweet William,' [printed in Ritson's Early Songs and Ballads, ed. Hazlitt, 1877] a name assigned by W. Bulleyn (f. 48) to the Wallflower, but by later herbalists and modern gardeners, as here, to a species of pink,Dianthus barbatus, Linn. According to an article in the Quarterly Review (No. 227), it formerly bore the name of 'Sweet Saint William'; but the writer gives no reference, and probably had no authority for saying so."—Dr. R. A. Prior, pp. 228 and 250.
[E254]"Sweete Johns." Apparently a variety of Sweet William. See Parkinson's "Paradisus," pp. 319, 321, for descriptions and figures: "The chiefe differences betweene them are, that [Sweet Williams] have broader, and darker greene leaues, somewhat brownish, especially towards the points, and that the flowers stand thicker and closer, and more in number together, in the head or tuft."—Note by Mr. J. Britten,, F.L.S.
[E254]"Sweete Johns." Apparently a variety of Sweet William. See Parkinson's "Paradisus," pp. 319, 321, for descriptions and figures: "The chiefe differences betweene them are, that [Sweet Williams] have broader, and darker greene leaues, somewhat brownish, especially towards the points, and that the flowers stand thicker and closer, and more in number together, in the head or tuft."—Note by Mr. J. Britten,, F.L.S.
[E255]"Star of Jerusalem." This is usuallyTragopogon pratensis, L., as in Gerard, p. 736, but some other plant is likely to be meant here.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E255]"Star of Jerusalem." This is usuallyTragopogon pratensis, L., as in Gerard, p. 736, but some other plant is likely to be meant here.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E256]"Tuft gilleflowers." Probably some low-growingDianthus, such as that figured as "Matted Pinkes" by Parkinson (Paradisus, p. 315).—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E256]"Tuft gilleflowers." Probably some low-growingDianthus, such as that figured as "Matted Pinkes" by Parkinson (Paradisus, p. 315).—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.