The dialect of Cumberland, spoken in its purity only in the central parts of the county, may be admitted to be deficient in rhythm; and remarkable as it is for force and expression, its harshness of cadence renders it scarcely available for any poetry except the humorous or descriptive. By those unaccustomed or unattached to it, it may probably be considered hard and coarse even in prose compositions.
Its principal peculiarity is to be found in its vowel and diphthongal sounds, which, for the most part, are made either broader or deeper than in ordinary pronunciation; and this may be indicated with sufficient ease and distinctness, by means of phonetic spelling, when written or printed, to enable any reader with a little practice and care to pronounce broad Cumbrian with tolerable correctness.
The most important instance of this vowel peculiarity exists in the pronunciation of the long A and the short U, the former of which is sounded generallyyahand the latteruh; thus to secure the Cumbrian pronunciation—ale must be spelledyahland ace,yahss, lame is madelyahm, namenyahm, etc., etc., all monosyllabic, or, to prevent the accent being laid upon the Y, and so making two syllables, these words might be writtenleahm,neahm. As regards the U, the first syllable of cunning is in Cumberland lengthened out exactly to the sound of the Germankuhn, and come is madekuhm. These sounds can only be conveyed by the interposition of the H. When I first scribbled in the folk-speech of Cumberland I wrote it after this fashion, and the efficacy of the method was proved by the fact that intelligent or painstaking readers, knowing nothing of the dialect as spoken, were able to repeat the verses called “Branthet Neuk Boggle” in a style that might have satisfied even an exigeant professor of our Cumbrian philology.
The Cumberland dialect so written, however, had a remarkably ugly and uncouth appearance when printed, and the remonstrances of my present provincial publisher induced me to abandon the H orthography, and endeavour to secure the proper pronunciations by means of accent marks, spelling the words instanced aboveleàm,neàm,cūnning,cūm, et similia similiter.
The broad O and Oa are in our Cumberland speech altered intoeà, with the sound ofyah, home becomingheàm, broadbreàd, etc. There are exceptions to this as to most other rules, for lane is rendered aslwoanorlonnin’, choke aschowk, croak ascrowk, road asrwoad, and more asmair, while shore has its ordinary sound. Almost in reversal of these changes the broad A as in ball, a dance, Al, as in walk, Aw, as in awful, are sounded like the broad O or Oa, thusboall,woak,oaful, etc.; but the L is preserved inoala’s, for always, scalp is pronouncedscowpe, and ball, a plaything, isbo’, all,oa’, call,co’, hall,ho’, etc., etc.
Ea gets the pronunciation properly given to it in veal and mead; so that bread isbreed, head,heed, dead,deed, etc., etc.; but when this diphthong precedes R, as in bear, wear, etc., it becomes dissyllabic like fear, as commonly pronounced, and mare too becomesmee-ar.
Ei becomesay, either and neither becomingayderandnayder, sometimesowderandnowder.
The broad I in bite, write, etc., the Cumbrians deepen almostas is done by well educated people in the southern counties, with notable exceptions however, the first personal pronoun being made Ah; Igh, shortened and gutturalized by the Scotch, being sounded likeEe, night beingneet, light,leet, etc., and find and bind pronounced like wind, viz.—finnd,binnd.
The double O is generally pronouncedeù, or more exactlyyuhshortly, fool beingfeùl, school,scheùl, etc., in one short syllable. Do and too are often pronounced according to this rule, but almost equally often are made intodeeandtee, while the preposition to is for the most part changed intotillortull.
With Ou and Ow Cumberland speakers are somewhat capricious, round being maderoond, town,toon, etc., but found and bound becomefūndandbūnd, ought,owte, nought,nowte, etc.
O with the sound of the short U is treated in a very arbitrary manner—one being calledyan, none,nin, and oven,yubben.
Qu is generally softened intowh, aspirated distinctly—quick being pronounced whick, and quite,white, and Quaker, with old people, isWhaker.
Y is sometimes converted into G, as ingarthfor yard,garnfor yarn; and again that habit is sometimes reversed, as inyattfor gate.
The corruptions or variations of consonants are not so marked as those of vowels. The most notable are the hardening of Th into Dd, making father,fadder, mother,mūdder, etc.; and the dropping of the two last of the three letters in the definite article, well illustrated by the Whitehaven boy’s reply to an enquiry as to what ships had come in:—“T’’Enry, an’t’’Ebe, an’t’Ant, an’t’Atlas, an’t’Aurora;” i.e. the Henry, the Hebe, the Ant, the Atlas, and the Aurora. Then we may notice the discarding of the final letter from all words ending in ing, and changing that syllable in all present participles toan, the participle of pass being in Cumberland more like the French passantthan the English passing; also the final age being madeish, as incabbishfor cabbage,manishfor manage, etc.; the final ous too undergoing the same change, as infaymishfor famous,parlishfor parlous, etc.; also idge as inpoddishfor porridge, or primarily, potage.
V is often converted into B or Bb—evening, eleven, Whitehaven being calledebenin’,elebben,Whitehebben, etc.
These corruptions and deviations comprise nearly all the points wherein the dialect of Cumberland differs in sound and pronunciation from ordinary English speech; and set forth roughly, as they are, (abbreviations explaining themselves, and archaic words being given in a concise glossary) they may, with a little attention, enable the uninitiated reader to understand all the Cumbrian pieces contained in this volume.
Some irregular verbs, as well as some not commonly classed as irregular, are curiously varied in Cumbrian conjugations. I give a few of these, written down as they rise in recollection, and arranged a la Lindley Murray.
Present.Past.Past Participle.BreakBrackBrockenBringBrong, and BrangBrowteBrust (burst)BrastBrossenCleed (clothe)CleàdCledClim’ClamClim’t and ClumCūm (come)ComCum’tCutCot and CuttitCuttenDrinkDrunkDrucken and DrockenDriveDreàvDruvvenFlingFlangFlungGit (get)GatGittenGi’e (give)GevGi’enGa and Gang (go)WentGeànGreet (weep)GratGrūttenHitHat and HotHittenHo’d (hold)HoditHoddenLetLetLettenKest (cast)KestKessenKneadKnodKnoddenMayMay’d or MedMun (must)MūdPutPotPuttenRiveReàvRuvvenRunRonRunRiseReùzRuzzenStickStackStuck and StuckenSetSetSettenTakTok and TeùkTockenThrustThrustitThrossen
Minced or modified oaths are remarkably numerous in Cumberland, and in very common use. Most of them have descended from the old Roman Catholic times when, as Dr. Newman in speaking of Roman Catholic populations of the present day, avers, habitual swearing indicated piety and reverence for things sacred, and not profaneness. As heard now in Cumberland, these ancient expletives are as void of piety as of profanity, being used without any knowledge of their original signification, and merely to add force to asseveration, and to express, as varied in tone, surprise, disgust, pleasure, or indeed almost any feeling or emotion whatever. I append a few of these with their probable, often obvious, etyma:—
’Scush or SkerseGod’s curseGoy, and Goy SonnGod, and God’s SonGock, and Gock SonnIbid. Ibid.’Od’s wuns an’ deethGod’s wounds and deathLoavin’ daysLoving Jesus’Od’s wintry wunsGod’s sundry, or wondrous, wounds’Od’s wyte leet on theeGod’s blame fall on you’Od rot, ’Od sink, etc., etc.SeeDickinson’sGlossary’ MarryBy Mary’ MessBy the MassDār, Dy, and DyneDamnFaix, and FaikinsFaithCock’s wuntersGod’s wondersLozeLordMy songMy soulDeil binDevil be in
The peculiarities of the Scottish dialect have been explained by many writers, much more ably, as well as more at length, than may be done by me. Therefore the only assistance towards the understanding my Scots rhymes that I offer the reader is to intermingle, in the glossary appended, such Scottish words as I have used, with those proper to Cumberland and those common to both sides the Border.
The brief glossary here given consists, then, only of the words used in Scotland or Cumberland, or both, which appear in the foregoingTales and Rhymes; corruptions and abbreviations being omitted. The significations I alone am answerable for, having, in nearly all instances, adopted the sense I can recollect the words being used in by the people speaking them in their daily talk. The quotations are intended to make these significations more intelligible, and also, by showing the manner in which the words so illustrated are used by others, to prove that the meanings I have so adopted are generally correct.