1.Nominative Form.Reflective Form.Singular.Plural.Singular.Plural.1st pers. je,I, nous,we. me,myself, nous,ourselves.2d " tu,thou, vous,you,ye. te,thyself, vous,yourselves.3d " {il,he,it,m., ils, m.,they. se {himself{elle,she,it,f., elles, f.,they. soi {herself, se,themselves{itself
2. Accusative:
When placed before the verb.
Singular.Plural.1st pers. me,me. nous,us.2d " te,thee. vous,you.{le,m.,him,it. { both3d " { les,them{{la,f.,her,it. { gend.
When placed after the verb.
Singular.Plural.1st pers. moi,me. nous,us.2d " toi,thee. vous,you.{le,m.,him,it. { both3d " { les,them{{la,f.,her,it. { gend.
3. Dative:
When placed before the verb.
Singular.Plural.1st pers. me,to me. nous,to us.2d " te,to thee. vous,to you.{to him. leur,to them(both gend.).3d " lui, {to her.{to it.
When placed after the verb.
Singular.Plural.à moi,to me. à nous,to us.à toi,to thee. à vous,to you.à lui,to him. à eux,m., }}to them.à elle,to her. à elles,f.,}
4. Genitive and ablative:
Always placed after the verb.Singular.Plural.de moi,oforfrom me. de nous,oforfrom us.de toi,oforfrom thee. de vous,oforfrom you.de lui,oforfrom him. d'eux,m.,oforfrom them.d'elle,oforfrom her. d'elles,f.,oforfrom them.
§ 27.Possessive Pronouns.
1. The possessive pronouns, like the possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed. Some relate to one person, some to several.
2. Possessives relating to one person:
Singular.Plural.Masculine.Feminine.Masculine.Feminine.1st pers. le mien, la mienne. les miens, les miennes,mine.2d " le tien, la tienne. les tiens, les tiennes,thine.3d " le sien, la sienne. les siens, les siennes,his,hers,its.
3. Relating to two or more persons:
Singular.Plural.Masculine.Feminine.Masculine and Feminine.1st pers. le nôtre, la nôtre. les nôtres,ours.2d " le vôtre, la vôtre. les vôtres,yours.3d " le leur, la leur. les leurs,theirs.Votre jardin et le mien,Your garden and mine.Vos enfants et les miens,Your children and mine.Notre maison et la sienne,Our house and his(orhers).Nos fleurs et les leurs,Our flowers and theirs.
§ 28.Demonstrative Pronouns.
1.Singular.Plural.Masculine.Feminine.Masculine.Feminine.{this. {these.celui, celle, { ceux, celles, {{that. {those.celui-ci, celle-ci,this(here). ceux-ci, celles-ci,these(here}.celui-là, celle-là,that(there}. ceux-là, celles-là,those(there}.ce,it,they.
2.Absolute Demonstrative Pronouns.
ceci,this, }} not used in the plural.cela,that, }
3. The demonstrative pronounscelui,celle, etc., assume the gender and number of the nouns for which they stand:
4.Ce,it, as the nominative of the verbêtre:
c'est moi,it is I. c'est vous,it is you.
5. The absolutesceci,celaserve only to point out objects:
Prenez ceci,take this. Rendez-moi cela,give me that back.
§ 29.Relative Pronouns.
1. Qui,who,which(nominative). de qui,of, from whom, } genitive andque,whom,which(accusative). dont,of, from whom;which, } ablative.à qui,to whom(dative).
2.Singular.Plural.Masculine.Feminine.Masculine.Feminine.lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles,who,which.duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles,of, from which.auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles,to which.y,to it,of it, etc. en,of it,of them, etc.quoi,what,which,why, etc.
3.Quistands generally for persons or things in the nominative; thus it is invariable:
4. As an absolute it has no antecedent.
5. Interrogatively, as an absolute, it may either stand in the nominative or objective.
6.Questands generally in the objective; it is thus invariable, and used for persons or things.
7.Que, as an interrogative, has no antecedent.
8.Quoi, what, is invariable and used only of things; it may be used absolutely or relatively.
9.Dont, whose, of whom, of which, used for persons and things, is invariable.
10.De quiis preferable todontwhenever in English we would rather sayfrom whichthanof which.
11.Lequel,laquelle,lesquelles, who, which one, relate to persons and things, and should stand only for nominatives and objectives, to avoid ambiguity.
12.En, of it, of them, is invariable, and relates mostly to animals and things.
(Seeenjoined to the verbavoir, in § 33.)
13.Y, to it, to them, thereto, of it, is invariable. It is used of things. Adverbially it means there.
§ 30.Indefinite Pronouns.
1. These pronouns refer to persons and things in a general way:
2.A autrui, to others,d'autrui, of others, apply only to persons.
3.Chacun, chacune.
4.Onconveys the idea of plurality, and is always the adjunct of a verb in the third person. See the auxiliary verbavoir, § 31.
5.Personne, used indefinitely, is always masculine and in the singular. As a subject to a verb it is followed byne.
N. B.--As a noun it is always feminine, even when applied to a man.
6.Quelqu'un, used in a general sense, is invariable.
Used relatively it varies.
7.Quiconque, in a general sense, is masculine. When referring to a woman it is feminine.
8.L'un l'autre,l'une l'autre,les uns les autres,les unes les autres, one another, each other.
9.L'un et l'autre,les uns et les autres, both.
10.Tel,telle, such, many a one.
11.Tout, when used absolutely, is invariable.
§ 31.Verbs.
There are five kinds of verbs--active, passive, neuter, reflective, and impersonal. In the composition of these largely enter the auxiliaries,avoir, to have, andêtre, to be.
§ 32.Auxiliary Verbs.Avoir,to have(affirmatively).INDICATIVE MOOD.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Participle.
§ 33.Models.Avoir with Adjuncts.
Avoir in combination with particles. These particles retain their respective places, just as given in the models, throughout its conjugation. (The student should write these models out.)
Assertives.
Interrogatives.
N. B.--By placing est-ce que before the seven assertives, interrogatives are obtained, as: Est-ce que je l'ai?Have I it?etc. Whenever in the interrogative forma-il,a-on,aura-iloccur, atis inserted to help over the vowels, as:a-t-il,a-t-on,aura-t-il.
§ 34.Être, to be.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Participle.
§ 35.Models. Être With Adjuncts.
As withavoir, the particles combined withêtreretain their respective places, as given in the models, throughout its conjugation. (The student should write these models out.)
Assertives.
Interrogatives.
N. B.--By placingest-ce quebefore the seven assertives, interrogatives are obtained, as:Est-ce que je le suis?Am I it? etc.
§ 36.Regular Verbs.
First Conjugation, ending iner.
Model Verb.parler,to speak.
INDICATIVE MOOD.