Appendix I.

Appendix I.The text of the Treaty between the Hittites and Ramses II (Dr. Brugsch's translation):—In the year 21, in the month of Tybi, on the 21st day of the month, in the reign of king Ramessu Mi-Amun, the dispenser of life eternally and for ever, the worshipper of the divinities, Amun-Ra (of Thebes), Hor-em-khu (of Heliopolis), Ptah (of Memphis), Mut, the lady of the Asher Lake (near Karnak), and Khonsu, the peace-loving, there took place a public sitting on the throne of Horus among the living, resembling his father, Hor-em-khu in eternity, in eternity, evermore.On that day the king was in the city of Ramses (Zoan), presenting his peace-offerings to his father, Amun-ra, and to the gods, Hor-em-khu-Tum, the lord of Heliopolis (On), and to Amun of Ramessu Mi-Amun, to Ptah of Ramessu Mi-Amun, and to Sutekh, the strong, the son of Nut, the goddess of heaven, that they might grant to him many thirty years' jubilee feasts, and innumerable happy years, and the subjection of all peoples under his feet for ever.Then came forward the ambassador of the king and the governor (of his house, by name..., and presented the ambassadors) of the great king of the Hittites (Khita), Khita-sir, who were sent to Pharaoh to propose friendship with the king, Ramessu Mi-Amun, the dispenser of life eternally and for ever, just as his father, the Sun-god (dispenses it), each day.[pg 163]This is the copy of the contents of the silver tablet, which the great king of the Hittites, Khita-sir, had caused to be made, and which was presented to the Pharaoh by the hand of his ambassador Tartibus and his ambassador Ra-mes, to propose friendship to the king, Ramessu Mi-Amun, the bull among the princes, who places his boundary-marks where it pleases him in all lands.The treaty which had been proposed by the great king of the Hittites, Khita-sir, the powerful, the son of Maro-sir, the great king of the Hittites, the powerful, the grandson of Sapalili, the great king of the Hittites, the powerful, on the silver tablet, to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, the powerful, the grandson of Ramessu I, the great king of Egypt, the powerful,—this was a good treaty for friendship and concord, which assured peace (and established concord) for a longer period than was previously the case for a long time. For it was the agreement of the great prince of Egypt in common with the great king of the Hittites, that the god should not allow enmity to exist between them, on the basis of a treaty.To wit, in the times of Mauthaner, the great king of the Hittites, my brother, he was at war with (Meneptah Seti I) the great prince of Egypt.But now, from this very day forward, Khita-sir, the great king of the Hittites, shall look upon this treaty, so that the agreement may remain, which the Sun-god, Ra, has made, which the god Sutekh has made, for the people of Egypt and for the people of the Hittites, that there should be no enmity between them for evermore.And these are the contents:—Khita-sir, the great king of the Hittites, is in covenant with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, from this very[pg 164]day forward, that there may subsist a good friendship and a good understanding between them for evermore.He shall be my ally; he shall be my friend. I will be his ally; I will be his friend; for ever.To wit: in the time of Mauthaner, the great king of the Hittites, his brother, Khita-sir, after his murder, placed himself on the throne of his father as the great king of the Hittites. I strove for friendship with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, and it is (my wish) that the friendship and the concord may be better than the friendship and the concord which before existed, and which was broken.I declare: I, the great king of the Hittites, will hold together with (Ramessu Mi-Amun) the great prince of Egypt, in good friendship and good concord. The sons of the sons of the great king of the Hittites will hold together and be friends with the sons of the sons of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.In virtue of our treaty for concord, and in virtue of our agreement (for friendship, let the people) of Egypt (be bound in friendship) with the people of the Hittites. Let a like friendship and a like concord subsist in such measure for ever.Never let enmity rise between them. Never let the great king of the Hittites invade the land of Egypt, if anything has been plundered from it (the land of the Hittites). Never let Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, overstep the boundary of the land (of the Hittites, if anything shall have been plundered) from it (the land of Egypt).The just treaty which existed in the times of Sapalili, the great king of the Hittites, likewise the just treaty which existed in the times of Mauthaner, the great king of the Hittites, my brother, that will I keep.[pg 165]Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, declares that he will keep it. (We have come to an understanding about it) with one another at the same time from this day forward, and we will fulfil it, and will act in a righteous manner.If another shall come as an enemy to the lands of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, then let him send an embassy to the great king of the Hittites to this effect:“Come, and make me stronger than him.”Then shall the great king of the Hittites (assemble his warriors), and the king of the Hittites (shall come) and smite his enemies. But if it should not be the wish of the great king of the Hittites to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his chariots that they may smite his enemies. Otherwise (he would incur) the wrath of Ramessu Mi-Amun (the great prince of Egypt. And if Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, should banish for a crime) subjects from his country, and they should commit further crime against him, then shall the king of the Hittites come forward to kill them. The great king of the Hittites shall act in common with (the great prince of Egypt).(If another should come as an enemy to the lands of the great king of the Hittites, then shall he send an embassy to the great prince of Egypt with the request that) he would come in great power to kill his enemies; and if it be the intention of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (himself) to come, he shall (smite the enemies of the great king of the Hittites. If it is not the intention of the great prince of Egypt to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his two)-horse chariots, while he sends back the answer to the people of the Hittites.[pg 166]If any subjects of the great king of the Hittites have offended him, then Ramessu Mi-Amun (the great prince of Egypt, shall not receive them in his land, but shall advance to kill them) ... the oath with the wish to say, I will go ... until ... Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, living for ever ... that he may be given for them (?) to the lord, and that Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, may speak according to his agreement for evermore....(If servants shall flee away) out of the territories of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, to betake themselves to) the great king of the Hittites, the great king of the Hittites shall not receive them, but the great king of the Hittites shall give them up to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt (that they may be punished).If servants of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, leave his country, and betake themselves to the land of the Hittites, to make themselves servants of another, they shall not remain in the land of the Hittites, (but shall be given up) to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.If, on the other hand, there should flee away (servants of the great king of the Hittites, in order to betake themselves to) Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (in order to stay in Egypt), then those who have come from the land of the Hittites in order to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, shall not be (received) by Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (but) the great prince of Egypt, Ramessu Mi-Amun, (shall deliver them up to the great king of the Hittites.And if shall leave the land of the Hittites persons) of skilled mind, so that they come to the land of Egypt to make themselves[pg 167]servants of another, then Ramessu Mi-Amun shall not allow them to settle, he shall deliver them up to the great king of the Hittites.When this (treaty) shall be known (by the inhabitants of the land of Egypt and of the land of the Hittites, then shall they not offend against it, for all that stands written on) the silver tablet, these are words which will have been approved by the company of the gods, among the male gods, and among the female gods, among those, namely, of the land of the Hittites, and by the company of the gods among the male gods and among the female gods, among those, namely, of the land of Egypt. They are witnesses for me (to the validity) of these words, (which they have allowed.This is the catalogue of the gods of the land of the Hittites:—(Sutekh of the city of) Tunep,Sutekh of the land of the Hittites,Sutekh of the city of Arnema,Sutekh of the city Zaranda [orTa-Orontes],Sutekh of the city of Pilka [orPairaka],Sutekh of the city of Khisasap,Sutekh of the city of Sarsu,Sutekh of the city of Aleppo,Sutekh of the city of...,(Sutekh of the city of...),Sutekh of the city of Sarpina,Astartha [orAntarata] of the land of the Hittites,The god of the land of Zaiath-khirri,The god of the land of Ka...,The god of the land of Kher...,The goddess of the city of Akh...,[pg 168](The goddess of the city of....) and of the land of A ... ua,The goddess of the land of Zaina,The god of the land of ... nath ... er.(I have invoked these male and these) female (gods of the land of the Hittites, these are the gods) of the land, as (witnesses to) my oath. (With them have been associated the male and the female gods) of the mountains, and of the rivers of the land of the Hittites, the gods of the land of Kazawatana. Amun, Ra, Sutekh, and the male and female gods of the land of Egypt, of the earth, of the sea, of the winds, and of the storms.With regard to the commandment which the silver tablet contains for the people of the Hittites and for the people of Egypt, he who shall not observe it shall be given over (to the vengeance) of the company of the gods of the Hittites, and shall be given over (to the vengeance of the) company of the gods of Egypt, (he) and his house and his servants.But he who shall observe these commandments, which the silver tablet contains, whether he be of the people of the Hittites or (of the people of the Egyptians), because he has not neglected them, the company of the gods of the land of the Hittites and the company of the gods of the land of Egypt shall secure his reward and preserve life (for him) and his servants, and those who are with him and who are with his servants.If there flee away of the inhabitants (one from the land of Egypt), or two or three, and they betake themselves to the great king of the Hittites, (the great king of the Hittites shall not) allow them (to remain, but he shall) deliver them up, and send them back to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.[pg 169]Now with regard to the (inhabitant of the land of Egypt), who is delivered up to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, his fault shall not be avenged upon him, his (house) shall not be taken away, nor his (wife), nor his (children). There shall not be (put to death his mother, neither shall he be punished in his eyes, nor in his mouth, nor on the soles of his feet), so that thus no crime shall be brought forward against him.In the same way shall it be done, if inhabitants of the land of the Hittites take to flight, be it one alone, or two or three, to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt; Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, shall cause them to be seized, and they shall be delivered up to the great king of the Hittites.(With regard to) him who (is delivered up, his crime shall not be brought forward against him). His (house) shall not be taken away, nor his wives nor his children, nor his people; his mother shall not be put to death, he shall not be punished in his eyes, nor on his mouth, nor on the soles of his feet, nor shall any accusation be brought forward against him.That which is in the middle of this silver tablet and on its front side is a likeness of the god Sutekh ... surrounded by an inscription to this effect:“This is the (picture) of the god Sutekh, the king of heaven and (earth).”At the time (?) of the treaty which the great king of the Hittites, Khita-sir made....[pg 171]Appendix II.Translation of a cylinder of Nabonidos, king of Babylonia, containing the name of Belshazzar. The cylinder is one of four, each containing the same text and buried at the four corners of the temple of Sin, the Moon-god, at Mugheir or Ur.Col. I.“Nabonidos, the king of Babylon, the beautifier of Bit-Saggil and Bit-Zida, the worshipper of the great gods, am I. The temple of the king who provides plenty (Sin), the tower of the temple of Gis-nu-gal,15which is within Ur, which Lig-Bagas, an ancient king, had made but did not finish, Dungi, his son, completed its work. I looked into the cylinders of Lig-Bagas and Dungi his son, and (read) how Lig-Bagas had made this tower but did not finish it, and how Dungi his son completed its work. Subsequently this tower became old, and accordingly above the old platform which Lig-Bagas and Dungi his son had made I built the walls16of this tower, as of old, with cement and brick, and I founded and erected them for Sin, the lord of the gods of heaven and earth, the king of the gods, even the gods of gods, who inhabit heaven, the great ones, the lord of the temple of Gis-nu-gal within Ur, my lord.”[pg 172]Col. II.“O Sin, lord of the gods, king of the gods of heaven and earth, even the gods of gods, who inhabit heaven, the great ones, for this temple, with joy at thy entrance, may thy lips establish the blessings of Bit-Saggil, Bit-Zida, and Bit-Gis-nu-gal, the temples of thy great divinity; set the fear of thy great divinity in the hearts of his (i.e., Nabonidos') men that they err not; for thy great divinity may their foundations remain firm like the heavens. As for me, Nabonidos, the king of Babylon, preserve me from sinning against thy great divinity, and grant me the gift of a life of long days; and plant in the heart of Bilu-sarra-utsur (Belshazzar), the eldest son, the offspring of my heart, reverence for thy great divinity, and never may he incline to sin; with fulness of life may he be satisfied.”[pg 173]Index.Abraham, origin of word,46;birthplace of,46;campaign of,47;in Egypt,50.Accadian account of the Deluge,27;translation of,29.Accadian Olympos,35.Accadians, the,20.Achæmenian inscriptions,10.Adam, origin of word,27.Ahab, date of death of,103.Alphabet, origin of,74.Aram,44.Ararat,35.Arpad, fall of,108.Arphaxad,43.Asshur, or Assur,43.Assur-bani-pal,131.Assyrian king, the last,132.Assyrian prayers,157.Assyrian texts of inscriptions,13.Assyrians, rites of,67.Babel, Tower of,37.Babylon, description of,138;rebuilt by Esar-haddon,129.Babylonian empire, rise of,135.Babylonian gem,25.Babylonian king, the last,151.Babylonian libraries,21.Babylonian psalm,159.Babylonian Sabbath,24.Babylonians, rites of,67.Bel, prayer to,68.[pg 174]Canaan,41.Carchemish, battle of,138.Chaldæan account of the Deluge,27;translation of,29.Chaldæans, meaning of the word,21.Chedor-laomer, campaign of,47.Cherub, origin of word,26.Chronological tables,133,161.Circumcision, rite of,66.Creation, legend of the,22;translation of,23.Cuneiform inscriptions, decipherment of,9;Grotefend's guess,10;studies of Lassen and Rawlinson,12;discoveries of Layard,14;of Smith and Rassam,15;hieroglyphic origin of,15.Cush,40.Cyprus, names of,40.Cyrus, empire of,141;not a Persian,143;cylinder of,146;a polytheist,149;not King of Persia,153;language of,156.Damascus, capture of,107;overthrow of,111.Darius,150.Deluge, Accadian account of,27.Egypt during sojourn of Israelites,58.Egypt, the burden of,130.Egyptian traditions,49.Elam,42.Esar-haddon,130.Evil-Merodach,141.Exodus, the, time of,60; stages of,62.Fall of man, Babylonian account of,25.Genesis, Book of, confirmations of,19;the creation,22;the Sabbath,24;the fall of man,25;the site of Paradise,26;the Deluge,27;monotheism of,34;site of Ararat,35;the Tower of Babel,37;dispersion of mankind,38;Abraham,46;Joseph,51.Gisdhubar, adventures of,28.Gomer,39.Goshen, land of,56.Grotefend, guess of, as to decipherment of inscriptions,10.Ham,38.Hamath, discovery of Hittite inscriptions at,95.Haran, site of,46.[pg 175]Hazael, contest of, with Shalmaneser,105.Hebrew inscriptions,82.Hezekiah, illness of,116;deliverance of,126;library of,127.Hiddekhel, origin of word,26.Hittite inscriptions, discovery of,95.Hittites, empire of, discovery of,92;cities of,94;origin of,96;dress of,97;art of,98.Hyksos, the,50.Istar, descent of, into Hades,152.Japhet,38.Javan,39.Jehovah, origin of the word,63.Jerusalem, capture of, by Shishak,100;capture of, by Sargon,117.Jerusalem, underground,91.Joseph in Egypt,51.Josiah,137.Kadesh,94.Kirjath-sepher,94.Klein, Dr., discovers Moabite Stone,76.Lassen's studies of inscriptions,12.Lud,44.Madai,39.Media,136.Merodach, the god who raises the dead to life,156.Merodach-baladan, wars of,116.Mizraim,40.Moab, language of,79.Moabite Stone, the, discovery of76;translation of inscription,77;language of,79;forms of the letters,82.Months, names given to,72.Moses, origin of the word,66.Nabonidos, inscription concerning,141.Naville, M., discovery of,62.Nebuchadrezzar,138;wars of,139;inscription of,140.Nimrod,44.Nineveh, fall of,132.Nizir, land of,35.[pg 176]Omri, tribute of,105.Palestine, early travels in,59.Paradise, site of,26.Pharaoh, origin of word,51.Pharaoh Necho,136.Phœnician ritual,68.Phut,41.Pishon, origin of word,26.Pithom, site of,62.Pool of Siloam, site of,84;recent discoveries at,90.Ramses, sites of,60.Rawlinson's studies of inscriptions,12.Rimmon,104.Rimmon-nirari, conquests of,107.Rowandiz,35.Sabbath, Babylonian,24.Samaria, capture of,113;re-settlement of,114.Sarah, origin of word,46.Sargon, wars of,116;capture of Jerusalem by,117;death of,120.Scythians, the,131.Sennacherib, wars of,120;inscription of,120;bas-relief of,124;at Lachish,125;defeat of,126;murder of,127.Shalmaneser II, campaigns of,101;inscription of,102;conquers Hazael,105;erects his own image,105;obelisk of,106.Shem,38.Shishak, capture of Jerusalem by,100.Siloam inscription, discovery of,83;site of,84;translation of,87;language of,88;date of,88.Sisuthros, adventures of,28;translation of legend concerning,29;meaning of the name,36.Sumirians, the,20.Tariff of Sacrifices, translation of,69.Tiglath-Pileser, campaigns of,108;death of,112.Two Brothers, Tale of the,54.Ur, site of,46.

The text of the Treaty between the Hittites and Ramses II (Dr. Brugsch's translation):—

In the year 21, in the month of Tybi, on the 21st day of the month, in the reign of king Ramessu Mi-Amun, the dispenser of life eternally and for ever, the worshipper of the divinities, Amun-Ra (of Thebes), Hor-em-khu (of Heliopolis), Ptah (of Memphis), Mut, the lady of the Asher Lake (near Karnak), and Khonsu, the peace-loving, there took place a public sitting on the throne of Horus among the living, resembling his father, Hor-em-khu in eternity, in eternity, evermore.

On that day the king was in the city of Ramses (Zoan), presenting his peace-offerings to his father, Amun-ra, and to the gods, Hor-em-khu-Tum, the lord of Heliopolis (On), and to Amun of Ramessu Mi-Amun, to Ptah of Ramessu Mi-Amun, and to Sutekh, the strong, the son of Nut, the goddess of heaven, that they might grant to him many thirty years' jubilee feasts, and innumerable happy years, and the subjection of all peoples under his feet for ever.

Then came forward the ambassador of the king and the governor (of his house, by name..., and presented the ambassadors) of the great king of the Hittites (Khita), Khita-sir, who were sent to Pharaoh to propose friendship with the king, Ramessu Mi-Amun, the dispenser of life eternally and for ever, just as his father, the Sun-god (dispenses it), each day.

This is the copy of the contents of the silver tablet, which the great king of the Hittites, Khita-sir, had caused to be made, and which was presented to the Pharaoh by the hand of his ambassador Tartibus and his ambassador Ra-mes, to propose friendship to the king, Ramessu Mi-Amun, the bull among the princes, who places his boundary-marks where it pleases him in all lands.

The treaty which had been proposed by the great king of the Hittites, Khita-sir, the powerful, the son of Maro-sir, the great king of the Hittites, the powerful, the grandson of Sapalili, the great king of the Hittites, the powerful, on the silver tablet, to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, the powerful, the grandson of Ramessu I, the great king of Egypt, the powerful,—this was a good treaty for friendship and concord, which assured peace (and established concord) for a longer period than was previously the case for a long time. For it was the agreement of the great prince of Egypt in common with the great king of the Hittites, that the god should not allow enmity to exist between them, on the basis of a treaty.

To wit, in the times of Mauthaner, the great king of the Hittites, my brother, he was at war with (Meneptah Seti I) the great prince of Egypt.

But now, from this very day forward, Khita-sir, the great king of the Hittites, shall look upon this treaty, so that the agreement may remain, which the Sun-god, Ra, has made, which the god Sutekh has made, for the people of Egypt and for the people of the Hittites, that there should be no enmity between them for evermore.

And these are the contents:—

Khita-sir, the great king of the Hittites, is in covenant with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, from this very[pg 164]day forward, that there may subsist a good friendship and a good understanding between them for evermore.

He shall be my ally; he shall be my friend. I will be his ally; I will be his friend; for ever.

To wit: in the time of Mauthaner, the great king of the Hittites, his brother, Khita-sir, after his murder, placed himself on the throne of his father as the great king of the Hittites. I strove for friendship with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, and it is (my wish) that the friendship and the concord may be better than the friendship and the concord which before existed, and which was broken.

I declare: I, the great king of the Hittites, will hold together with (Ramessu Mi-Amun) the great prince of Egypt, in good friendship and good concord. The sons of the sons of the great king of the Hittites will hold together and be friends with the sons of the sons of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.

In virtue of our treaty for concord, and in virtue of our agreement (for friendship, let the people) of Egypt (be bound in friendship) with the people of the Hittites. Let a like friendship and a like concord subsist in such measure for ever.

Never let enmity rise between them. Never let the great king of the Hittites invade the land of Egypt, if anything has been plundered from it (the land of the Hittites). Never let Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, overstep the boundary of the land (of the Hittites, if anything shall have been plundered) from it (the land of Egypt).

The just treaty which existed in the times of Sapalili, the great king of the Hittites, likewise the just treaty which existed in the times of Mauthaner, the great king of the Hittites, my brother, that will I keep.

Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, declares that he will keep it. (We have come to an understanding about it) with one another at the same time from this day forward, and we will fulfil it, and will act in a righteous manner.

If another shall come as an enemy to the lands of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, then let him send an embassy to the great king of the Hittites to this effect:“Come, and make me stronger than him.”Then shall the great king of the Hittites (assemble his warriors), and the king of the Hittites (shall come) and smite his enemies. But if it should not be the wish of the great king of the Hittites to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his chariots that they may smite his enemies. Otherwise (he would incur) the wrath of Ramessu Mi-Amun (the great prince of Egypt. And if Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, should banish for a crime) subjects from his country, and they should commit further crime against him, then shall the king of the Hittites come forward to kill them. The great king of the Hittites shall act in common with (the great prince of Egypt).

(If another should come as an enemy to the lands of the great king of the Hittites, then shall he send an embassy to the great prince of Egypt with the request that) he would come in great power to kill his enemies; and if it be the intention of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (himself) to come, he shall (smite the enemies of the great king of the Hittites. If it is not the intention of the great prince of Egypt to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his two)-horse chariots, while he sends back the answer to the people of the Hittites.

If any subjects of the great king of the Hittites have offended him, then Ramessu Mi-Amun (the great prince of Egypt, shall not receive them in his land, but shall advance to kill them) ... the oath with the wish to say, I will go ... until ... Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, living for ever ... that he may be given for them (?) to the lord, and that Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, may speak according to his agreement for evermore....

(If servants shall flee away) out of the territories of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, to betake themselves to) the great king of the Hittites, the great king of the Hittites shall not receive them, but the great king of the Hittites shall give them up to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt (that they may be punished).

If servants of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, leave his country, and betake themselves to the land of the Hittites, to make themselves servants of another, they shall not remain in the land of the Hittites, (but shall be given up) to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.

If, on the other hand, there should flee away (servants of the great king of the Hittites, in order to betake themselves to) Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (in order to stay in Egypt), then those who have come from the land of the Hittites in order to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, shall not be (received) by Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (but) the great prince of Egypt, Ramessu Mi-Amun, (shall deliver them up to the great king of the Hittites.

And if shall leave the land of the Hittites persons) of skilled mind, so that they come to the land of Egypt to make themselves[pg 167]servants of another, then Ramessu Mi-Amun shall not allow them to settle, he shall deliver them up to the great king of the Hittites.

When this (treaty) shall be known (by the inhabitants of the land of Egypt and of the land of the Hittites, then shall they not offend against it, for all that stands written on) the silver tablet, these are words which will have been approved by the company of the gods, among the male gods, and among the female gods, among those, namely, of the land of the Hittites, and by the company of the gods among the male gods and among the female gods, among those, namely, of the land of Egypt. They are witnesses for me (to the validity) of these words, (which they have allowed.

This is the catalogue of the gods of the land of the Hittites:—

(Sutekh of the city of) Tunep,Sutekh of the land of the Hittites,Sutekh of the city of Arnema,Sutekh of the city Zaranda [orTa-Orontes],Sutekh of the city of Pilka [orPairaka],Sutekh of the city of Khisasap,Sutekh of the city of Sarsu,Sutekh of the city of Aleppo,Sutekh of the city of...,(Sutekh of the city of...),Sutekh of the city of Sarpina,Astartha [orAntarata] of the land of the Hittites,The god of the land of Zaiath-khirri,The god of the land of Ka...,The god of the land of Kher...,The goddess of the city of Akh...,[pg 168](The goddess of the city of....) and of the land of A ... ua,The goddess of the land of Zaina,The god of the land of ... nath ... er.

(Sutekh of the city of) Tunep,

Sutekh of the land of the Hittites,

Sutekh of the city of Arnema,

Sutekh of the city Zaranda [orTa-Orontes],

Sutekh of the city of Pilka [orPairaka],

Sutekh of the city of Khisasap,

Sutekh of the city of Sarsu,

Sutekh of the city of Aleppo,

Sutekh of the city of...,

(Sutekh of the city of...),

Sutekh of the city of Sarpina,

Astartha [orAntarata] of the land of the Hittites,

The god of the land of Zaiath-khirri,

The god of the land of Ka...,

The god of the land of Kher...,

The goddess of the city of Akh...,

(The goddess of the city of....) and of the land of A ... ua,

The goddess of the land of Zaina,

The god of the land of ... nath ... er.

(I have invoked these male and these) female (gods of the land of the Hittites, these are the gods) of the land, as (witnesses to) my oath. (With them have been associated the male and the female gods) of the mountains, and of the rivers of the land of the Hittites, the gods of the land of Kazawatana. Amun, Ra, Sutekh, and the male and female gods of the land of Egypt, of the earth, of the sea, of the winds, and of the storms.

With regard to the commandment which the silver tablet contains for the people of the Hittites and for the people of Egypt, he who shall not observe it shall be given over (to the vengeance) of the company of the gods of the Hittites, and shall be given over (to the vengeance of the) company of the gods of Egypt, (he) and his house and his servants.

But he who shall observe these commandments, which the silver tablet contains, whether he be of the people of the Hittites or (of the people of the Egyptians), because he has not neglected them, the company of the gods of the land of the Hittites and the company of the gods of the land of Egypt shall secure his reward and preserve life (for him) and his servants, and those who are with him and who are with his servants.

If there flee away of the inhabitants (one from the land of Egypt), or two or three, and they betake themselves to the great king of the Hittites, (the great king of the Hittites shall not) allow them (to remain, but he shall) deliver them up, and send them back to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.

Now with regard to the (inhabitant of the land of Egypt), who is delivered up to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, his fault shall not be avenged upon him, his (house) shall not be taken away, nor his (wife), nor his (children). There shall not be (put to death his mother, neither shall he be punished in his eyes, nor in his mouth, nor on the soles of his feet), so that thus no crime shall be brought forward against him.

In the same way shall it be done, if inhabitants of the land of the Hittites take to flight, be it one alone, or two or three, to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt; Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, shall cause them to be seized, and they shall be delivered up to the great king of the Hittites.

(With regard to) him who (is delivered up, his crime shall not be brought forward against him). His (house) shall not be taken away, nor his wives nor his children, nor his people; his mother shall not be put to death, he shall not be punished in his eyes, nor on his mouth, nor on the soles of his feet, nor shall any accusation be brought forward against him.

That which is in the middle of this silver tablet and on its front side is a likeness of the god Sutekh ... surrounded by an inscription to this effect:“This is the (picture) of the god Sutekh, the king of heaven and (earth).”At the time (?) of the treaty which the great king of the Hittites, Khita-sir made....

Appendix II.Translation of a cylinder of Nabonidos, king of Babylonia, containing the name of Belshazzar. The cylinder is one of four, each containing the same text and buried at the four corners of the temple of Sin, the Moon-god, at Mugheir or Ur.Col. I.“Nabonidos, the king of Babylon, the beautifier of Bit-Saggil and Bit-Zida, the worshipper of the great gods, am I. The temple of the king who provides plenty (Sin), the tower of the temple of Gis-nu-gal,15which is within Ur, which Lig-Bagas, an ancient king, had made but did not finish, Dungi, his son, completed its work. I looked into the cylinders of Lig-Bagas and Dungi his son, and (read) how Lig-Bagas had made this tower but did not finish it, and how Dungi his son completed its work. Subsequently this tower became old, and accordingly above the old platform which Lig-Bagas and Dungi his son had made I built the walls16of this tower, as of old, with cement and brick, and I founded and erected them for Sin, the lord of the gods of heaven and earth, the king of the gods, even the gods of gods, who inhabit heaven, the great ones, the lord of the temple of Gis-nu-gal within Ur, my lord.”[pg 172]Col. II.“O Sin, lord of the gods, king of the gods of heaven and earth, even the gods of gods, who inhabit heaven, the great ones, for this temple, with joy at thy entrance, may thy lips establish the blessings of Bit-Saggil, Bit-Zida, and Bit-Gis-nu-gal, the temples of thy great divinity; set the fear of thy great divinity in the hearts of his (i.e., Nabonidos') men that they err not; for thy great divinity may their foundations remain firm like the heavens. As for me, Nabonidos, the king of Babylon, preserve me from sinning against thy great divinity, and grant me the gift of a life of long days; and plant in the heart of Bilu-sarra-utsur (Belshazzar), the eldest son, the offspring of my heart, reverence for thy great divinity, and never may he incline to sin; with fulness of life may he be satisfied.”

Translation of a cylinder of Nabonidos, king of Babylonia, containing the name of Belshazzar. The cylinder is one of four, each containing the same text and buried at the four corners of the temple of Sin, the Moon-god, at Mugheir or Ur.

Col. I.

“Nabonidos, the king of Babylon, the beautifier of Bit-Saggil and Bit-Zida, the worshipper of the great gods, am I. The temple of the king who provides plenty (Sin), the tower of the temple of Gis-nu-gal,15which is within Ur, which Lig-Bagas, an ancient king, had made but did not finish, Dungi, his son, completed its work. I looked into the cylinders of Lig-Bagas and Dungi his son, and (read) how Lig-Bagas had made this tower but did not finish it, and how Dungi his son completed its work. Subsequently this tower became old, and accordingly above the old platform which Lig-Bagas and Dungi his son had made I built the walls16of this tower, as of old, with cement and brick, and I founded and erected them for Sin, the lord of the gods of heaven and earth, the king of the gods, even the gods of gods, who inhabit heaven, the great ones, the lord of the temple of Gis-nu-gal within Ur, my lord.”

Col. II.

“O Sin, lord of the gods, king of the gods of heaven and earth, even the gods of gods, who inhabit heaven, the great ones, for this temple, with joy at thy entrance, may thy lips establish the blessings of Bit-Saggil, Bit-Zida, and Bit-Gis-nu-gal, the temples of thy great divinity; set the fear of thy great divinity in the hearts of his (i.e., Nabonidos') men that they err not; for thy great divinity may their foundations remain firm like the heavens. As for me, Nabonidos, the king of Babylon, preserve me from sinning against thy great divinity, and grant me the gift of a life of long days; and plant in the heart of Bilu-sarra-utsur (Belshazzar), the eldest son, the offspring of my heart, reverence for thy great divinity, and never may he incline to sin; with fulness of life may he be satisfied.”

Index.Abraham, origin of word,46;birthplace of,46;campaign of,47;in Egypt,50.Accadian account of the Deluge,27;translation of,29.Accadian Olympos,35.Accadians, the,20.Achæmenian inscriptions,10.Adam, origin of word,27.Ahab, date of death of,103.Alphabet, origin of,74.Aram,44.Ararat,35.Arpad, fall of,108.Arphaxad,43.Asshur, or Assur,43.Assur-bani-pal,131.Assyrian king, the last,132.Assyrian prayers,157.Assyrian texts of inscriptions,13.Assyrians, rites of,67.Babel, Tower of,37.Babylon, description of,138;rebuilt by Esar-haddon,129.Babylonian empire, rise of,135.Babylonian gem,25.Babylonian king, the last,151.Babylonian libraries,21.Babylonian psalm,159.Babylonian Sabbath,24.Babylonians, rites of,67.Bel, prayer to,68.[pg 174]Canaan,41.Carchemish, battle of,138.Chaldæan account of the Deluge,27;translation of,29.Chaldæans, meaning of the word,21.Chedor-laomer, campaign of,47.Cherub, origin of word,26.Chronological tables,133,161.Circumcision, rite of,66.Creation, legend of the,22;translation of,23.Cuneiform inscriptions, decipherment of,9;Grotefend's guess,10;studies of Lassen and Rawlinson,12;discoveries of Layard,14;of Smith and Rassam,15;hieroglyphic origin of,15.Cush,40.Cyprus, names of,40.Cyrus, empire of,141;not a Persian,143;cylinder of,146;a polytheist,149;not King of Persia,153;language of,156.Damascus, capture of,107;overthrow of,111.Darius,150.Deluge, Accadian account of,27.Egypt during sojourn of Israelites,58.Egypt, the burden of,130.Egyptian traditions,49.Elam,42.Esar-haddon,130.Evil-Merodach,141.Exodus, the, time of,60; stages of,62.Fall of man, Babylonian account of,25.Genesis, Book of, confirmations of,19;the creation,22;the Sabbath,24;the fall of man,25;the site of Paradise,26;the Deluge,27;monotheism of,34;site of Ararat,35;the Tower of Babel,37;dispersion of mankind,38;Abraham,46;Joseph,51.Gisdhubar, adventures of,28.Gomer,39.Goshen, land of,56.Grotefend, guess of, as to decipherment of inscriptions,10.Ham,38.Hamath, discovery of Hittite inscriptions at,95.Haran, site of,46.[pg 175]Hazael, contest of, with Shalmaneser,105.Hebrew inscriptions,82.Hezekiah, illness of,116;deliverance of,126;library of,127.Hiddekhel, origin of word,26.Hittite inscriptions, discovery of,95.Hittites, empire of, discovery of,92;cities of,94;origin of,96;dress of,97;art of,98.Hyksos, the,50.Istar, descent of, into Hades,152.Japhet,38.Javan,39.Jehovah, origin of the word,63.Jerusalem, capture of, by Shishak,100;capture of, by Sargon,117.Jerusalem, underground,91.Joseph in Egypt,51.Josiah,137.Kadesh,94.Kirjath-sepher,94.Klein, Dr., discovers Moabite Stone,76.Lassen's studies of inscriptions,12.Lud,44.Madai,39.Media,136.Merodach, the god who raises the dead to life,156.Merodach-baladan, wars of,116.Mizraim,40.Moab, language of,79.Moabite Stone, the, discovery of76;translation of inscription,77;language of,79;forms of the letters,82.Months, names given to,72.Moses, origin of the word,66.Nabonidos, inscription concerning,141.Naville, M., discovery of,62.Nebuchadrezzar,138;wars of,139;inscription of,140.Nimrod,44.Nineveh, fall of,132.Nizir, land of,35.[pg 176]Omri, tribute of,105.Palestine, early travels in,59.Paradise, site of,26.Pharaoh, origin of word,51.Pharaoh Necho,136.Phœnician ritual,68.Phut,41.Pishon, origin of word,26.Pithom, site of,62.Pool of Siloam, site of,84;recent discoveries at,90.Ramses, sites of,60.Rawlinson's studies of inscriptions,12.Rimmon,104.Rimmon-nirari, conquests of,107.Rowandiz,35.Sabbath, Babylonian,24.Samaria, capture of,113;re-settlement of,114.Sarah, origin of word,46.Sargon, wars of,116;capture of Jerusalem by,117;death of,120.Scythians, the,131.Sennacherib, wars of,120;inscription of,120;bas-relief of,124;at Lachish,125;defeat of,126;murder of,127.Shalmaneser II, campaigns of,101;inscription of,102;conquers Hazael,105;erects his own image,105;obelisk of,106.Shem,38.Shishak, capture of Jerusalem by,100.Siloam inscription, discovery of,83;site of,84;translation of,87;language of,88;date of,88.Sisuthros, adventures of,28;translation of legend concerning,29;meaning of the name,36.Sumirians, the,20.Tariff of Sacrifices, translation of,69.Tiglath-Pileser, campaigns of,108;death of,112.Two Brothers, Tale of the,54.Ur, site of,46.

Abraham, origin of word,46;birthplace of,46;campaign of,47;in Egypt,50.

Abraham, origin of word,46;

birthplace of,46;

campaign of,47;

in Egypt,50.

Accadian account of the Deluge,27;translation of,29.

Accadian account of the Deluge,27;

translation of,29.

Accadian Olympos,35.

Accadians, the,20.

Achæmenian inscriptions,10.

Adam, origin of word,27.

Ahab, date of death of,103.

Alphabet, origin of,74.

Aram,44.

Ararat,35.

Arpad, fall of,108.

Arphaxad,43.

Asshur, or Assur,43.

Assur-bani-pal,131.

Assyrian king, the last,132.

Assyrian prayers,157.

Assyrian texts of inscriptions,13.

Assyrians, rites of,67.

Babel, Tower of,37.

Babylon, description of,138;rebuilt by Esar-haddon,129.

Babylon, description of,138;

rebuilt by Esar-haddon,129.

Babylonian empire, rise of,135.

Babylonian gem,25.

Babylonian king, the last,151.

Babylonian libraries,21.

Babylonian psalm,159.

Babylonian Sabbath,24.

Babylonians, rites of,67.

Bel, prayer to,68.

Canaan,41.

Carchemish, battle of,138.

Chaldæan account of the Deluge,27;translation of,29.

Chaldæan account of the Deluge,27;

translation of,29.

Chaldæans, meaning of the word,21.

Chedor-laomer, campaign of,47.

Cherub, origin of word,26.

Chronological tables,133,161.

Circumcision, rite of,66.

Creation, legend of the,22;translation of,23.

Creation, legend of the,22;

translation of,23.

Cuneiform inscriptions, decipherment of,9;Grotefend's guess,10;studies of Lassen and Rawlinson,12;discoveries of Layard,14;of Smith and Rassam,15;hieroglyphic origin of,15.

Cuneiform inscriptions, decipherment of,9;

Grotefend's guess,10;

studies of Lassen and Rawlinson,12;

discoveries of Layard,14;

of Smith and Rassam,15;

hieroglyphic origin of,15.

Cush,40.

Cyprus, names of,40.

Cyrus, empire of,141;not a Persian,143;cylinder of,146;a polytheist,149;not King of Persia,153;language of,156.

Cyrus, empire of,141;

not a Persian,143;

cylinder of,146;

a polytheist,149;

not King of Persia,153;

language of,156.

Damascus, capture of,107;overthrow of,111.

Damascus, capture of,107;

overthrow of,111.

Darius,150.

Deluge, Accadian account of,27.

Egypt during sojourn of Israelites,58.

Egypt, the burden of,130.

Egyptian traditions,49.

Elam,42.

Esar-haddon,130.

Evil-Merodach,141.

Exodus, the, time of,60; stages of,62.

Fall of man, Babylonian account of,25.

Genesis, Book of, confirmations of,19;the creation,22;the Sabbath,24;the fall of man,25;the site of Paradise,26;the Deluge,27;monotheism of,34;site of Ararat,35;the Tower of Babel,37;dispersion of mankind,38;Abraham,46;Joseph,51.

Genesis, Book of, confirmations of,19;

the creation,22;

the Sabbath,24;

the fall of man,25;

the site of Paradise,26;

the Deluge,27;

monotheism of,34;

site of Ararat,35;

the Tower of Babel,37;

dispersion of mankind,38;

Abraham,46;

Joseph,51.

Gisdhubar, adventures of,28.

Gomer,39.

Goshen, land of,56.

Grotefend, guess of, as to decipherment of inscriptions,10.

Ham,38.

Hamath, discovery of Hittite inscriptions at,95.

Haran, site of,46.

Hazael, contest of, with Shalmaneser,105.

Hebrew inscriptions,82.

Hezekiah, illness of,116;deliverance of,126;library of,127.

Hezekiah, illness of,116;

deliverance of,126;

library of,127.

Hiddekhel, origin of word,26.

Hittite inscriptions, discovery of,95.

Hittites, empire of, discovery of,92;cities of,94;origin of,96;dress of,97;art of,98.

Hittites, empire of, discovery of,92;

cities of,94;

origin of,96;

dress of,97;

art of,98.

Hyksos, the,50.

Istar, descent of, into Hades,152.

Japhet,38.

Javan,39.

Jehovah, origin of the word,63.

Jerusalem, capture of, by Shishak,100;capture of, by Sargon,117.

Jerusalem, capture of, by Shishak,100;

capture of, by Sargon,117.

Jerusalem, underground,91.

Joseph in Egypt,51.

Josiah,137.

Kadesh,94.

Kirjath-sepher,94.

Klein, Dr., discovers Moabite Stone,76.

Lassen's studies of inscriptions,12.

Lud,44.

Madai,39.

Media,136.

Merodach, the god who raises the dead to life,156.

Merodach-baladan, wars of,116.

Mizraim,40.

Moab, language of,79.

Moabite Stone, the, discovery of76;translation of inscription,77;language of,79;forms of the letters,82.

Moabite Stone, the, discovery of76;

translation of inscription,77;

language of,79;

forms of the letters,82.

Months, names given to,72.

Moses, origin of the word,66.

Nabonidos, inscription concerning,141.

Naville, M., discovery of,62.

Nebuchadrezzar,138;wars of,139;inscription of,140.

Nebuchadrezzar,138;

wars of,139;

inscription of,140.

Nimrod,44.

Nineveh, fall of,132.

Nizir, land of,35.

Omri, tribute of,105.

Palestine, early travels in,59.

Paradise, site of,26.

Pharaoh, origin of word,51.

Pharaoh Necho,136.

Phœnician ritual,68.

Phut,41.

Pishon, origin of word,26.

Pithom, site of,62.

Pool of Siloam, site of,84;recent discoveries at,90.

Pool of Siloam, site of,84;

recent discoveries at,90.

Ramses, sites of,60.

Rawlinson's studies of inscriptions,12.

Rimmon,104.

Rimmon-nirari, conquests of,107.

Rowandiz,35.

Sabbath, Babylonian,24.

Samaria, capture of,113;re-settlement of,114.

Samaria, capture of,113;

re-settlement of,114.

Sarah, origin of word,46.

Sargon, wars of,116;capture of Jerusalem by,117;death of,120.

Sargon, wars of,116;

capture of Jerusalem by,117;

death of,120.

Scythians, the,131.

Sennacherib, wars of,120;inscription of,120;bas-relief of,124;at Lachish,125;defeat of,126;murder of,127.

Sennacherib, wars of,120;

inscription of,120;

bas-relief of,124;

at Lachish,125;

defeat of,126;

murder of,127.

Shalmaneser II, campaigns of,101;inscription of,102;conquers Hazael,105;erects his own image,105;obelisk of,106.

Shalmaneser II, campaigns of,101;

inscription of,102;

conquers Hazael,105;

erects his own image,105;

obelisk of,106.

Shem,38.

Shishak, capture of Jerusalem by,100.

Siloam inscription, discovery of,83;site of,84;translation of,87;language of,88;date of,88.

Siloam inscription, discovery of,83;

site of,84;

translation of,87;

language of,88;

date of,88.

Sisuthros, adventures of,28;translation of legend concerning,29;meaning of the name,36.

Sisuthros, adventures of,28;

translation of legend concerning,29;

meaning of the name,36.

Sumirians, the,20.

Tariff of Sacrifices, translation of,69.

Tiglath-Pileser, campaigns of,108;death of,112.

Tiglath-Pileser, campaigns of,108;

death of,112.

Two Brothers, Tale of the,54.

Ur, site of,46.

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