167cf.p.89.
167cf.p.89.
168This term is nowadays limited to the drawing action of a blister,cf.p.223.
168This term is nowadays limited to the drawing action of a blister,cf.p.223.
169The radicles of the hepatic ducts in the liver were supposed to be the active agents in extracting bile from the blood.cf.pp.145-149.
169The radicles of the hepatic ducts in the liver were supposed to be the active agents in extracting bile from the blood.cf.pp.145-149.
170Anadosis;cf.p. 13,note 5.
170Anadosis;cf.p. 13,note 5.
171The term κοιλία is used both specifically for the stomach proper and also (as probably here) in a somewhat wider sense for the stomachregion, including the adjacent part of the small intestine; this was the part of the alimentary canal from which nutriment was believed to be absorbed by the mesenteric veins;cf.p. 309,note 2.
171The term κοιλία is used both specifically for the stomach proper and also (as probably here) in a somewhat wider sense for the stomachregion, including the adjacent part of the small intestine; this was the part of the alimentary canal from which nutriment was believed to be absorbed by the mesenteric veins;cf.p. 309,note 2.
172cf.p. 100,note 2; p. 167,note 2.
172cf.p. 100,note 2; p. 167,note 2.
173A characteristic “lesion” in Erasistratus’s pathology.
173A characteristic “lesion” in Erasistratus’s pathology.
174A certain subordinate place allowed to the horror vacui.
174A certain subordinate place allowed to the horror vacui.
175i.e.the parts to which the veins convey blood after it leaves the liver—second stage ofanadosis;cf.p. 91,note 2; p. 13,note 5.
175i.e.the parts to which the veins convey blood after it leaves the liver—second stage ofanadosis;cf.p. 91,note 2; p. 13,note 5.
176What we now call the pulmonary artery. Galen believed that the right ventricle existed for the purpose of sending nutrient blood to the lungs.
176What we now call the pulmonary artery. Galen believed that the right ventricle existed for the purpose of sending nutrient blood to the lungs.
177Lit. owing to the ongrowth (epiphysis) of membranes; he means the tricuspid valve;cf.p. 314,note 2; p. 321,note 4.
177Lit. owing to the ongrowth (epiphysis) of membranes; he means the tricuspid valve;cf.p. 314,note 2; p. 321,note 4.
178Horror vacui.
178Horror vacui.
179But Erasistratus had never upheld this in the case of urinary secretion,cf.p.99.
179But Erasistratus had never upheld this in the case of urinary secretion,cf.p.99.
180This was the characteristically “anatomical” explanation of bile-secretion made by Erasistratus.cf.p. 170,note 2. Why, then, says Galen, does not urine, rather than bile, enter the bile-ducts?
180This was the characteristically “anatomical” explanation of bile-secretion made by Erasistratus.cf.p. 170,note 2. Why, then, says Galen, does not urine, rather than bile, enter the bile-ducts?
181Urine, or, more exactly, blood-serum.
181Urine, or, more exactly, blood-serum.
182Or ducts, canals, conduits,i.e.morphologicalfactors.
182Or ducts, canals, conduits,i.e.morphologicalfactors.
183Or artistic skill, “artistry.”cf.Book I., chap.xii.
183Or artistic skill, “artistry.”cf.Book I., chap.xii.
184“Only”;cf.Introd., p.xxviii.
184“Only”;cf.Introd., p.xxviii.
185Note how Galen, although he has not yet clearly differentiated physiological from physical processes (both are “natural”) yet separates them definitely from the psychical.cf.p. 2,footnote. Apsychicalfunction or activity is, in Latin,actio animalis(fromanima=psyche).
185Note how Galen, although he has not yet clearly differentiated physiological from physical processes (both are “natural”) yet separates them definitely from the psychical.cf.p. 2,footnote. Apsychicalfunction or activity is, in Latin,actio animalis(fromanima=psyche).
186The stage of organogenesis ordiaplasis; cf. p. 25,note 4.
186The stage of organogenesis ordiaplasis; cf. p. 25,note 4.
187The spermatozoon now becomes an “organism” proper.
187The spermatozoon now becomes an “organism” proper.
188Galen attributed to the sperma or semen what we should to the fertilized ovum: to him the maternal contribution is purely passive—mere food for the sperm. The epoch-making Ovum Theory was not developed till the seventeenth century.cf.p. 19,note 3.
188Galen attributed to the sperma or semen what we should to the fertilized ovum: to him the maternal contribution is purely passive—mere food for the sperm. The epoch-making Ovum Theory was not developed till the seventeenth century.cf.p. 19,note 3.
189i.e.we should be talking psychology, not biology;cf.stomach, p. 307,note 3.
189i.e.we should be talking psychology, not biology;cf.stomach, p. 307,note 3.
190Attraction now described not merely asqualitativebut also asquantitative.cf.p. 85,note 3.
190Attraction now described not merely asqualitativebut also asquantitative.cf.p. 85,note 3.
191He still tends either to biologize physics, or to physicize biology—whichever way we prefer to look at it.cf.Book I., chap.xiv.
191He still tends either to biologize physics, or to physicize biology—whichever way we prefer to look at it.cf.Book I., chap.xiv.
192Aristotelian and Stoic duality of an active and a passive principle.
192Aristotelian and Stoic duality of an active and a passive principle.
193Note that early embryonic development is described as a process ofnutrition.cf.p. 130,note 2.
193Note that early embryonic development is described as a process ofnutrition.cf.p. 130,note 2.
194On thealterativeandshapingfacultiescf.p. 18,note 1.
194On thealterativeandshapingfacultiescf.p. 18,note 1.
195pp. 27-29.
195pp. 27-29.
196cf.Introduction, p.xxvi.
196cf.Introduction, p.xxvi.
197cf.p.15.
197cf.p.15.
198For definitions ofalterationandmingling(crasis, “temperament”)cf.Book I., chaps.ii. andiii.
198For definitions ofalterationandmingling(crasis, “temperament”)cf.Book I., chaps.ii. andiii.
199i.e.are associated with oxidation?cf.p. 41,note 3.
199i.e.are associated with oxidation?cf.p. 41,note 3.
200“Useless” organs;cf.p. 56,note 2. For fallacy of Erasistratus’s view on the spleenv.p.205.
200“Useless” organs;cf.p. 56,note 2. For fallacy of Erasistratus’s view on the spleenv.p.205.
201The Stoics.
201The Stoics.
202The Peripatetics (Aristotelians).
202The Peripatetics (Aristotelians).
203Aristotle regarded thequalitativedifferences apprehended by our senses (the cold, the warm, the moist, and the dry) as fundamental, while the Stoics held the four corporeal elements (earth, air, fire, and water) to be still more fundamental.cf.p. 8,note 3.
203Aristotle regarded thequalitativedifferences apprehended by our senses (the cold, the warm, the moist, and the dry) as fundamental, while the Stoics held the four corporeal elements (earth, air, fire, and water) to be still more fundamental.cf.p. 8,note 3.
204Lit. bile-receiving (choledochous).
204Lit. bile-receiving (choledochous).
205Jecoris portae, the transverse fissure, by which the portal vein enters the liver.
205Jecoris portae, the transverse fissure, by which the portal vein enters the liver.
206Lit. “anastomosing.”
206Lit. “anastomosing.”
207More literally, “synapse.”
207More literally, “synapse.”
208The portal vein.
208The portal vein.
209The hepatic vein or veins.
209The hepatic vein or veins.
210The portal vein.
210The portal vein.
211cf.p. 120,note 1.
211cf.p. 120,note 1.
212cf.p. 272,note 1.
212cf.p. 272,note 1.
213i.e.one might assume anattraction.
213i.e.one might assume anattraction.
214i.e.visible to the mind’s eye as distinguished from the bodily eye.cf.p. 21,note 4.Theoretonwithout qualification means merelyvisible, nottheoretic.cf.p. 205,note 1.
214i.e.visible to the mind’s eye as distinguished from the bodily eye.cf.p. 21,note 4.Theoretonwithout qualification means merelyvisible, nottheoretic.cf.p. 205,note 1.
215According to the Pneumatist school, certain of whose ideas were accepted by Erasistratus, the air, breath, pneuma, or spirit was brought by inspiration into the left side of the heart, where it was converted into natural, vital, and psychic pneuma; the latter then went to the brain, whence it was distributed through the nervous system; practically this teaching involved the idea of apsyche, or conscious vital principle. “Psychic pneuma” is in Latinspiritus animalis(anima=psyche);cf.p. 126,note 4. Introduction, p.xxxiv.
215According to the Pneumatist school, certain of whose ideas were accepted by Erasistratus, the air, breath, pneuma, or spirit was brought by inspiration into the left side of the heart, where it was converted into natural, vital, and psychic pneuma; the latter then went to the brain, whence it was distributed through the nervous system; practically this teaching involved the idea of apsyche, or conscious vital principle. “Psychic pneuma” is in Latinspiritus animalis(anima=psyche);cf.p. 126,note 4. Introduction, p.xxxiv.
216Observe that Erasistratus’s “simple nerve” may be almost looked on as an anticipation of thecell. The question Galen now asks is whether this vessel is a “unit mass of living matter,” or merely an agglomeration ofatomssubject to mechanical law.cf.Galen’s “fibres,” p.329.
216Observe that Erasistratus’s “simple nerve” may be almost looked on as an anticipation of thecell. The question Galen now asks is whether this vessel is a “unit mass of living matter,” or merely an agglomeration ofatomssubject to mechanical law.cf.Galen’s “fibres,” p.329.
217cf.Book I., chap.xii.
217cf.Book I., chap.xii.
218i.e.in biology we must begin with living substance—with something which is specifically alive—here with the “unit mass of living matter.”cf.p. 73,note 3.
218i.e.in biology we must begin with living substance—with something which is specifically alive—here with the “unit mass of living matter.”cf.p. 73,note 3.
219“Ad elementa quae nec coalescere possunt nec in partes dividi” (Linacre). On the two contrasted schoolscf.p.45.
219“Ad elementa quae nec coalescere possunt nec in partes dividi” (Linacre). On the two contrasted schoolscf.p.45.
220cf.loc. cit.
220cf.loc. cit.
221“Auxetic.”cf.p. 26,note 1.
221“Auxetic.”cf.p. 26,note 1.
222“At corporum quae nec una committi nec dividi possunt nullum in se formatricem, auctricem, nutricem, aut in summa artificem facultatem habet; quippe quod impatibile esse immutibileque praesumitur” (Linacre).
222“At corporum quae nec una committi nec dividi possunt nullum in se formatricem, auctricem, nutricem, aut in summa artificem facultatem habet; quippe quod impatibile esse immutibileque praesumitur” (Linacre).
223Book I., chaps.v.-xi.
223Book I., chaps.v.-xi.
224cf.p.153.
224cf.p.153.
225On account of his idea of a simple tissue not susceptible of further analysis.
225On account of his idea of a simple tissue not susceptible of further analysis.
226Or “cell”;cf.p. 153,note 2.
226Or “cell”;cf.p. 153,note 2.
227Thehorror vacui.
227Thehorror vacui.
228Prosthesisof nutriment;cf.p. 39,note 6.
228Prosthesisof nutriment;cf.p. 39,note 6.
229Anadosis, “absorption”;cf.p. 13,note 5.
229Anadosis, “absorption”;cf.p. 13,note 5.
230Lit.diadosis.
230Lit.diadosis.
231i.e.let him explain thediadosis.
231i.e.let him explain thediadosis.
232“Spiritus animalis”;cf.p. 152,note 1. The nutriment was for thewallsof the vessels, not for their cavities.cf.p. 319,note 3.
232“Spiritus animalis”;cf.p. 152,note 1. The nutriment was for thewallsof the vessels, not for their cavities.cf.p. 319,note 3.
233Specific attraction;cf.Book I., chap.xiv.
233Specific attraction;cf.Book I., chap.xiv.
234cf.p. 100,note 2.
234cf.p. 100,note 2.
235In Book II., chap.i.
235In Book II., chap.i.
236Prevention better than cure.
236Prevention better than cure.
237e.g.Anaxagoras;cf.p. 7,note 5; p. 20,note 3.
237e.g.Anaxagoras;cf.p. 7,note 5; p. 20,note 3.
238Lit.haematosis.
238Lit.haematosis.
239cf.p. 174,note 4.
239cf.p. 174,note 4.
240Erasistratus held the spleen to be useless,cf.p.143.
240Erasistratus held the spleen to be useless,cf.p.143.
241Induration: Gk.skirros, Lat.scirrhus. The condition is now commonly known by Laënnec’s termcirrhosis, from Gk.kirros, meaning yellow or tawny. Here again we have an example of Erasistratus’s bias towards anatomical or structural rather than functional explanations of disease,cf.p. 124,note 1.
241Induration: Gk.skirros, Lat.scirrhus. The condition is now commonly known by Laënnec’s termcirrhosis, from Gk.kirros, meaning yellow or tawny. Here again we have an example of Erasistratus’s bias towards anatomical or structural rather than functional explanations of disease,cf.p. 124,note 1.
242On the risks which were supposed to attend the checking of habitual bleeding from pilescf.Celsus (De Re Med.VI. xviii. 9), “Atque in quibusdam parum tuto supprimitur, qui sanguinis profluvio imbecilliores non fiunt; habent enim purgationem hanc, non morbum.” (i.e.the habit was to be looked on as a periodical cleansing, not as a disease.)
242On the risks which were supposed to attend the checking of habitual bleeding from pilescf.Celsus (De Re Med.VI. xviii. 9), “Atque in quibusdam parum tuto supprimitur, qui sanguinis profluvio imbecilliores non fiunt; habent enim purgationem hanc, non morbum.” (i.e.the habit was to be looked on as a periodical cleansing, not as a disease.)
243Lit.catharsis.
243Lit.catharsis.
244Apparently some form of anaemia.
244Apparently some form of anaemia.
245Philistion of Locri, a contemporary of Plato, was one of the chief representatives of the Sicilian school of medicine. For Diocles and Praxagoras see p. 51,note 1.
245Philistion of Locri, a contemporary of Plato, was one of the chief representatives of the Sicilian school of medicine. For Diocles and Praxagoras see p. 51,note 1.
246cf.Book I., chap.iii.
246cf.Book I., chap.iii.
247Gk.pepsis; otherwise renderedcoction.
247Gk.pepsis; otherwise renderedcoction.
248cf.p. 13,note 5.
248cf.p. 13,note 5.
249e.g.Asclepiades.
249e.g.Asclepiades.
250Lit.chylosis;cf.p. 238,note 2.
250Lit.chylosis;cf.p. 238,note 2.
251That is to say, the haematopoietic function deserves consideration as much as the digestive processes which precede it.
251That is to say, the haematopoietic function deserves consideration as much as the digestive processes which precede it.
252i.e.Erasistratus could obviously say nothing about any of the humours or their origins, since he had not postulated the four qualities (particularly the Warm—that is, innate heat).
252i.e.Erasistratus could obviously say nothing about any of the humours or their origins, since he had not postulated the four qualities (particularly the Warm—that is, innate heat).
253i.e.bile.
253i.e.bile.
254i.e.deprived of its bile.
254i.e.deprived of its bile.
255Here it is rather the living organism we consider than the particular food that is put into it.
255Here it is rather the living organism we consider than the particular food that is put into it.
256Supreme importance of the “soil.”cf.Introduction,pp. xii. andxxxi.
256Supreme importance of the “soil.”cf.Introduction,pp. xii. andxxxi.
257Aristotle,Hist. Animal., iii. xix.; Plato,Timaeus, 80E.
257Aristotle,Hist. Animal., iii. xix.; Plato,Timaeus, 80E.
258Philotimus succeeded Diocles and Praxagoras, who were successive leaders of the Hippocratic school.cf.p. 51,note 1.
258Philotimus succeeded Diocles and Praxagoras, who were successive leaders of the Hippocratic school.cf.p. 51,note 1.
259Lit.phenomena.
259Lit.phenomena.
260i.e.living organisms;cf.p. 47,note 1.
260i.e.living organisms;cf.p. 47,note 1.
261Erasistratus rejected the idea of innate heat; he held that the heat of the body was introduced from outside.
261Erasistratus rejected the idea of innate heat; he held that the heat of the body was introduced from outside.
262As abubois a swelling in the groin, we must suppose that the wound referred to would be in the leg or lower abdomen.
262As abubois a swelling in the groin, we must suppose that the wound referred to would be in the leg or lower abdomen.
263i.e.fever as acauseof disease.
263i.e.fever as acauseof disease.
264As we should say, “circulatory” changes.
264As we should say, “circulatory” changes.
265This is the “vital spirit” or pneuma which, according to Erasistratus and the Pneumatist school, was elaborated in the left ventricle, and thereafter carried by the arteries all over the body, there to subserve circulatory processes. It has some analogy with oxygen, but this is also the case with the “naturalspirit” or pneuma, whose seat was the liver and which was distributed by theveinsthrough the body; it presided over the morevegetativeprocesses.cf.p. 152,note 1;Introduction, p.xxxiv.
265This is the “vital spirit” or pneuma which, according to Erasistratus and the Pneumatist school, was elaborated in the left ventricle, and thereafter carried by the arteries all over the body, there to subserve circulatory processes. It has some analogy with oxygen, but this is also the case with the “naturalspirit” or pneuma, whose seat was the liver and which was distributed by theveinsthrough the body; it presided over the morevegetativeprocesses.cf.p. 152,note 1;Introduction, p.xxxiv.
266Even leaving the pneuma out of account, Galen claims that he can still prove his thesis.
266Even leaving the pneuma out of account, Galen claims that he can still prove his thesis.
267In other words: ifdyscrasiais a first principle inpathology, theneucrasiamust be a first principle inphysiology.
267In other words: ifdyscrasiais a first principle inpathology, theneucrasiamust be a first principle inphysiology.
268The above is a good instance of Galen’s “logical” method as applied to medical questions; an appeal to those who are capable of following “logical sequence.”cf.p. 209,note 1.
268The above is a good instance of Galen’s “logical” method as applied to medical questions; an appeal to those who are capable of following “logical sequence.”cf.p. 209,note 1.
269The aim of dietetics always being the production of moderate heat—i.e.blood.
269The aim of dietetics always being the production of moderate heat—i.e.blood.
270Note contrasted methods of Rationalists and Empiricists.
270Note contrasted methods of Rationalists and Empiricists.
271Lit.anaesthesia. Linacre renders itindocilitas.
271Lit.anaesthesia. Linacre renders itindocilitas.
272p. 15.
272p. 15.
273Iatros: lit. “healer.”
273Iatros: lit. “healer.”
274Lit. “physicist” or “physiologist,” the student of thephysis.cf.p. 70,note 2.
274Lit. “physicist” or “physiologist,” the student of thephysis.cf.p. 70,note 2.
275That is, ablendingof the four principles in their natural proportion; Lat.temperies. Dyscrasia =intemperies, “distemper.”
275That is, ablendingof the four principles in their natural proportion; Lat.temperies. Dyscrasia =intemperies, “distemper.”
276This is the orthodox Hippocratic treatment, that ofopposites by opposites. Contrast thehomoeopathicprinciple which is the basis of our modern methods ofimmunisation(similia similibus curentur, Hahnemann).
276This is the orthodox Hippocratic treatment, that ofopposites by opposites. Contrast thehomoeopathicprinciple which is the basis of our modern methods ofimmunisation(similia similibus curentur, Hahnemann).
277Lit.aseptic.
277Lit.aseptic.
278Prodicus of Ceos, a Sophist, contemporary of Socrates.
278Prodicus of Ceos, a Sophist, contemporary of Socrates.
279Plato,Timaeus, 83-86,passim.
279Plato,Timaeus, 83-86,passim.
280cf.the termblennorrhoea, which is still used.
280cf.the termblennorrhoea, which is still used.
281cf.the Scotch term “colded” for “affected with a cold”; Germ.erkältet.
281cf.the Scotch term “colded” for “affected with a cold”; Germ.erkältet.
282The wordtheôriaused here is not the same as ourtheory. It is rather a “contemplation,” the process by which a theory is arrived at.cf.p. 226,note 2.
282The wordtheôriaused here is not the same as ourtheory. It is rather a “contemplation,” the process by which a theory is arrived at.cf.p. 226,note 2.
283Erasistratus on the uselessness of the spleen.cf.p. 143.
283Erasistratus on the uselessness of the spleen.cf.p. 143.
284The Empirical school,cf.p.193.
284The Empirical school,cf.p.193.
285Enlargement and suppuration (?) of spleen associated with toxaemia or “cacochymy.”
285Enlargement and suppuration (?) of spleen associated with toxaemia or “cacochymy.”
286Lit. “melancholic.”
286Lit. “melancholic.”
287i.e.the combination of sensible qualities which we call black bile.cf.p. 8,note 3.
287i.e.the combination of sensible qualities which we call black bile.cf.p. 8,note 3.
288Thus Galen has demonstrated the functions of the spleen both deductively and inductively. For another example of the combined methodcf.Book III., chaps, i. and ii.;cf.also Introd.p. xxxii.
288Thus Galen has demonstrated the functions of the spleen both deductively and inductively. For another example of the combined methodcf.Book III., chaps, i. and ii.;cf.also Introd.p. xxxii.
289i.e.its innate heat.
289i.e.its innate heat.