FOOTNOTES:

(7.) Beasts of prey (“creeping” here meaning “prowling”)—

(8.) Man.

In this succession, we observe not merely an order of events, like that deduced from science; there is a system in the arrangement, and a far-reaching prophecy, to which philosophy could not have attained, however instructed.

The account recognizes in creation two great eras of three days each,—anInorganicand anOrganic.

Each of these eras opens with the appearance oflight: thefirst, light cosmical; thesecond, light from the sun for the special uses of the earth.

Each are ends in a “day” of two great works,—the two shown to be distinct by being severally pronounced “good.” On thethird“day,” that closing the Inorganic era, there was first thedividing of the land from the waters, and afterward thecreation of vegetation, or the institution of a kingdom of life,—a work widely diverse from all preceding it in the era. Soon thesixth“day,” terminating the Organic era, there was firstthe creation of Mammals, and then a second far greater work, totally new in its grandest element,the creation of Man.

The arrangement is, then, as follows:—

1.The Inorganic Era.1st Day.—LIGHT cosmical.2d Day.—The earth divided from the fluid around it, orindividualized.3d Day.—{ 1. Outlining of the land and water.{ 2. Creation of vegetation.2.The Organic Era.4th Day.—LIGHT from the sun.5th Day.—Creation of the lower orders of animals.6th Day.—{ 1. Creation of Mammals.{ 2. Creation of Man.

In addition, the last day of each era included one work typical of the era, and another related to it in essential points, but also prophetic of the future. Vegetation, while, for physical reasons, a part of the creation of the third day, was also prophetic of the future Organic era, in which the progress of life was the grand characteristic. The record thus accords with the fundamental principle in history that the characteristic of an age has its beginnings within the age preceding. So, again, Man, while like other Mammals in structure, even to the homologies of every bone and muscle, was endowed with a spiritual nature, which looked forward to another era, that of spiritual existence.—Theseventh“day,” the day of rest from the work of creation, is man’s period of preparation for that new existence; and it is to promote this special end that—in strict parallelism—the Sabbath follows man’s six days of work.

The record in the Bible is, therefore, profoundly philosophical in the scheme of creation which it presents. It is both true and divine. It is a declaration of authorship, both of Creation and the Bible, on the first page of the sacred volume.

There can be no real conflict between the two Books of theGreat Author. Both are revelations made by Him to man,—theearliertelling of God-made harmonies coming up from the deep past, and rising to their height when man appeared, thelaterteaching man’s relations to his Maker, and speaking of loftier harmonies in the eternal future.

FOOTNOTES:1Twelve Lectures on the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion, byNicholas Wiseman, D.D., Principal of the English College, and Professor in the University of Rome. Andover: Gould & Newman, 1837.2Prelectiones Theologicæ.3Cosmogonia Naturale comparata Col Genesi.4A Manual of Geology; treating of the Principles of the science with special reference to American Geological History, etc., byJames D. Dana, M. A., LL. D., etc., 8vo, pp. 998. Philadelphia: Thos. Bliss & Co.5January and July, 1856, and April and July, 1857, covering in all 219 pages, 8vo.6The Six Days of Creation, or the Scriptural Cosmology; with the Ancient Idea of Time Worlds in Distinction from Worlds in Space, byTayler Lewis, Professor of Greek in Union College. 12mo, pp. 407. Schenectady, 1855.7Man in Genesis and Geology; or, the Bible account of Man’s Creation tested by Scientific Theories of his Origin and Antiquity, byJoseph P. Thompson, D. D., LL. D. New York, 12mo, pp. 149. 1870.8The Chemical History of the Six Days of Creation, byJohn Phin, editor of the Technologist. American News Company, New York, pp. 95, 12mo, 1870.9Genesis, or the First Book of Moses, together with a General Theological and Homitetical Introduction to the Old Testament, byJohn Peter Lange, D. D., Professor in Ordinary of Theology in the University of Bonn. Translated from the German, with additions by ProfessorTayler Lewis, LL. D., Schenectady, New York, andA. Gosman, D. D., Lawrenceville, N. J. New York: Charles Scribner & Co., 654 Broadway. 1868. 8vo, pp. 665.102 Cor. vi. 1.112 Pet. iii. 10.12Rom. i. 18.13It may be useful once for all to inform the reader that the termRockis employed by Geologists in a technical sense. It is applied to every large mass of mineral matter that goes to form the Crust of the Earth, whether it be hard and strong, or soft and plastic. Thus, for example, gravel and clay, coal and slate, are calledRocks, just as well as limestone and granite. “Our older writers endeavored to avoid offering such violence to our language, by speaking of the component materials of the Earth as consisting of rocks andsoils. But there is often so insensible a passage from a soft and incoherent state to that of stone, that Geologists of all countries have found it indispensable to have one technical term to include both, and in this sense we findrocheapplied in French,roccain Italian, andfelsartin German. The beginner, however, must constantly bear in mind, that the term rock by no means implies that a mineral mass is in an indurated or stony condition.”—Lyell’s Elements of Geology, p. 4.14Lyell’s Elements of Geology, p. 7.15See Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 411-413.16See Jukes, The Student’s Manual of Geology, p. 125.17Professor Tyndall, Odds and Ends of Alpine Life.18Ecclesiastes, i. 7.19Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, p. 55.20See on this subject, Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 458, and pp. 480-3; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 105-11; Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, pp. 52-56.21Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 356-7.22Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 360.23See Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 108-10; Hopkins, Presidential Address to the Geological Society of London, 1852, p. xxvii.24For these facts see Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 349, 350; Quarterly Journal of Science, No. xiii., New Series; The English Cyclopædia, Natural History Division, Alluvium.25For these facts illustrating the destructive action of the waves of the sea we are chiefly indebted to the following authorities: Hibbert, Description of the Shetland Isles; Phillips, Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire; Geology of Yorkshire, by the same author; Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, vol. i.; Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapters xx. and xxi.; Gardner’s History of the Borough of Dunwich; the English Cyclopædia, Alluvium.26Rennell’s Investigation of the Currents in the Atlantic Ocean; Maury’s Physical Geography of the Sea, chapters ii. and iii.; Humboldt’s Cosmos; The English Cyclopædia, Atlantic Ocean; Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapter xx.27Mantell’s Wonders of Geology, p. 70.28In his notes to the translation of Humboldt’s Cosmos, p. xcvii.29A Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamouni, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.30Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 374-5.31Voyage in 1822, p. 233.32Elements of Geology, pp. 145, 146.33Captain Horsburg, On Icebergs in Low Latitudes. Phil. Trans., 1830.34Agassiz, Etudes sur les Glaciers; Tyndall, Glaciers of the Alps; also Heat as a mode of Motion, by the same Author; Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapter xvi.; Elements of Geology, chapters xi., xii.; Wallace, Ice Marks in North Wales, in the Quarterly Journal of Science, No. xiii.35Elements of Geology, p. 38.36Mantell, Wonders of Geology, vol. i., p. 102.37Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 42; also Principles, vol. i., p. 410.38Mantell’s Wonders of Geology, pp. 70, 81, 82, 83.39Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 431.40Id. ib., p. 429.41The figures given by Sir Charles Lyell, and derived from the observations of Mr. Everest, are these: total discharge during the four months of rain, 6,082,041,600 cubic feet; total discharge during the three months of hot weather, 38,154,240 cubic feet.—Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 481.42From a Special Correspondent, in the Times Newspaper, December 7, 1866.43Horner, Alluvial Land of Egypt, Phil. Trans., partI., for 1855; Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 431-9.44The English Cyclopædia, Alluvium.45Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., chaptersXVIII.,XIX.46Consolations in Travel, p. 127.47Handbook of Rome and its Environs: Murray, 1858, p. 325.48Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., 400-3.49Jukes, Manual of Geology, p. 127.50See his Lecture On a Piece of Chalk, delivered during the Meeting of the British Association at Norwich, 1868.51Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 318.52Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xlix.; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Lecture vi.; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 130-3.53Sacred Philosophy of the Seasons, by the Rev. Henry Duncan, D.D.; Summer, p. 168.54Ps. xcix. 3.55Kotzebue’s Voyages, 1815-18, vol. iii., pp. 331-33.56Wonders of Geology, p. 648.57Organic Remains of a Former World, vol. ii., p. 16.58Carbonic acid gas contains two equivalents of oxygen to one of carbon, the chemical expression for the compound being CO2; carburetted hydrogen, which is the gas we employ in illuminating our streets and houses, contains four equivalents of hydrogen to two of carbon, and is chemically expressed by the symbols C2H4; water is composed of one equivalent of oxygen, and one of hydrogen, the symbolic form being HO.59See Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 138-141; Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 500.60Jukes, Manual of Geology, p. 140.61See Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 680-2; also 760; Lyell, Elements of Geology, 464, 465.62Elements of Geology, p. 488.63Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 67.64Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 66.65Id. Ib.66Chemical Technology, Ronalds and Richardson, vol. i., p. 32.67See Lyell, Elements of Geology, 477-81; Jukes, Manual of Geology, 138, 149-53; The English Cyclopædia, Natural History Department, Article, Coal; Mantell, Fossils of the British Museum, Chapter i., Part I.68Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, n. 7, pp. 20, 21.69From the LatinFossilis,dug up.70Elements of Geology, p. 38.71Elements of Geology, p. 40.72Manual of Geology, p. 375.73Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 40-41. The reader will find a singularly clear and simple exposition of this subject in Doctor Haughton’s Manual of Geology, Lecture III.; an exposition which it was not our good fortune to have read until our own brief summary was already in type.74Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., p. 123; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 269; Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 687.75Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Lecture IV., Fossils of the British Museum, chapter V.; see, also, Medals of Creation, and Fossils of the South Downs, by the same Author.76Owen’s Palæontology, pp. 200-9; Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 168-186; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 576-581; Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 420-425; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 598-599.77Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 202-14; Owen’s Palæontology, 223-232.78Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 139-164; Owen’s Palæontology, pp. 390-2; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 166-9; Fossils of the British Museum, pp. 465-480; The English Cyclopædia, Natural History Division, Article, Megatheridæ.79Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 4.80Wonders of Geology, p. 400.81See Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 31, who refers to Da Vinci’s MSS. now in the Library of the Institute of France.82See Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 94-96; Principles of Geology, p. 116; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 410, 411.83Elements of Geology, p. 95.84Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 115.85Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 100.86Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 312.87Ib. 313.88Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 321, 322.89Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects: London, 1867; pp. 9, 10.90It would be more strictly correct to say that the rate of increase varies considerably in different places, though the main fact is everywhere palpably apparent that the deeper we descend into the Earth the higher the temperature becomes. Sir Charles Lyell records a number of careful experiments made in England, France, Germany, and Italy, which seem to show that an increase of one degree Fahrenheit for every sixty-five feet of descent would represent pretty correctly the general average. See his Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 205, 206.91See Sir John Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 26, 27.92See the elaborate work of Sir William Hamilton, entitled Campi Phlegraei, in which he gives a full account of the formation of Monte Nuovo, accompanied with colored plates. He has preserved two interesting narratives of the eruption written at the time by eye-witnesses. See also Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 606-616.93Sir John Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, p. 34; see also Lyell, Principles of Geology, chap. xxvii.; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 872-4.94See Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 34-6. Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 104-6.95Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 31, 32.96Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 59, 60.97Principles of Geology, vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.98For the account of these various Earthquakes we are mainly indebted to the indefatigable industry of Sir Charles Lyell, who has collected the facts with great care partly from the descriptions of eye-witnesses, and partly from authentic documents written upon the spot. See his Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap, xxviii., xxix., xxx. See also Mr. Mallet’s Earthquake Catalogue; and the first of Sir John Herschel’s Lectures on Familiar Subjects.99The following are the sources from which we have chiefly derived our information regarding the Peruvian Earthquake of 1868: (1) a series of letters written upon the scene of the catastrophe, and published inThe Timesof September 26, 1868; amongst them is one from the British Vice-consul, and one from the agent of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, who were both at the time residents of Arica: (2) a letter of Mr. Clements Markham inThe Timesof September 15, 1868: (3) Captain Powell’s Report to the Admiralty, dated September 14, 1868.100Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., p. 176.101Id. ib.102Letter from C. Hullmandel, Esq.; see Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Appendix G., p. 470. For a full and elaborate disquisition on the Temple of Jupiter Serapis, see also Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xxv.103Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xxxi.104Ibid.105On a Piece of Chalk: A Lecture to Working Men.106Genesis, v. 3-32.107Ib., xi. 10-26.108Ib., v. 3-9.109Genesis, xii. 4.110The Genesis of the Earth and Man, Edited by Reginald Stuart Poole: London; Williams and Norgate; 1860.111“Sem was a hundred years old when he begot Arphaxad, two years after the flood.”—Genesis, xi. 10.112This second Cainan does not appear in the Hebrew or the Samaritan version.113Appendix (1).114Appendix (2).115Appendix (3).116Exodus, xx. 9-11.117Appendix (4), (5), (6).118See Gesenius, sub vocibus.119Appendix (7).120Appendix (8).121Appendix (9).122Appendix (10).123Appendix (11) (12).124Appendix (13) (14) (15).125Appendix (16).126In Genes. cap. i. Quæst. xiv.127Appendix (17).128See his various works upon Genesis, passim; in particular de Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xv., Lib. iv. cap. xxxiii.; De Genesi Liber Imperfectus, cap. vii. and cap. ix.129This latter view might be fairly maintained in conformity with the principles which Saint Augustine professes to follow in the interpretation of Genesis. See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xxi. and cap. xxii.130See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xv.; De Genesi Liber Imperfectus, cap. vii.; Confess., Lib. xii. cap. xxix.1312 Peter, iii. 8.132Appendix (18) (19) (20).133Wisdom, ix. 13-16.134See Pianciani, Cosmogonia, pp. 384-90.135See Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures; in voce. He thus explains the first meaning of this word: “copulative, and serves to connect both words and sentences, especially incontinuing a discourse.”136Appendix (21).137See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. iv. capp. xxvi.-xxxv., Lib. v. cap. i. n. 3, and cap. iii. n. 6.138Ecclesiasticus, xviii. 1.139Appendix (22).140Appendix (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31).141See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. iv. capp. xxvi., xxvii.; also Lib. i. capp. x., xi., xii.142Appendix (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37).143Amos, viii. 11, 12.144Psalm ii. 7.145Heb. i. 5.146Jeremias, cap. l. vv. 24-32.147Jeremias, li. 1, 2.148Jeremias, xlvi. 3-10, 19-21.149Ezechiel, xxix. 19-21.150Ezechiel, xxx. 3-9.151Sophonias, v. 8-11, 14-17.152Isaias, xxix. 17-19.153Matth. xi. 4, 5.154John, viii. 56.1552 Cor. vii. 1, 2.156Luke, xix. 41-43.157Dan. viii. 14.158Appendix (38) (39) (40) (41).159Exodus, xx. 9-11.160Exodus, xxiii. 10-12.161Leviticus, xxv. 2-7.1622 Cor. v. 14, 15.163Matt. viii. 22; Luke, ix. 60.164John, xx. 17.165Rom. xiii. 12, 13.166I.Thessal. v. 4, 5.167Amos, viii. 9.168Appendix (42) (43).169Gen. i. 11, 12.170The Testimony of the Rocks, p. 125.171Genesis, i. 20, 21.172Testimony of the Rocks, p. 126.173Genesis, i. 24, 25.174Testimony of the Rocks, pp. 127, 128.175Elements of Geology, p. 100.176“Aliquid esse a Deo conditum, de quo sileat liber Genesis, nihil repugnat.” Saint Augustine, Confess. Lib. xii., cap. xxii.177Appendix (44).178Ecclesiastes, iii. 2.

1Twelve Lectures on the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion, byNicholas Wiseman, D.D., Principal of the English College, and Professor in the University of Rome. Andover: Gould & Newman, 1837.

2Prelectiones Theologicæ.

3Cosmogonia Naturale comparata Col Genesi.

4A Manual of Geology; treating of the Principles of the science with special reference to American Geological History, etc., byJames D. Dana, M. A., LL. D., etc., 8vo, pp. 998. Philadelphia: Thos. Bliss & Co.

5January and July, 1856, and April and July, 1857, covering in all 219 pages, 8vo.

6The Six Days of Creation, or the Scriptural Cosmology; with the Ancient Idea of Time Worlds in Distinction from Worlds in Space, byTayler Lewis, Professor of Greek in Union College. 12mo, pp. 407. Schenectady, 1855.

7Man in Genesis and Geology; or, the Bible account of Man’s Creation tested by Scientific Theories of his Origin and Antiquity, byJoseph P. Thompson, D. D., LL. D. New York, 12mo, pp. 149. 1870.

8The Chemical History of the Six Days of Creation, byJohn Phin, editor of the Technologist. American News Company, New York, pp. 95, 12mo, 1870.

9Genesis, or the First Book of Moses, together with a General Theological and Homitetical Introduction to the Old Testament, byJohn Peter Lange, D. D., Professor in Ordinary of Theology in the University of Bonn. Translated from the German, with additions by ProfessorTayler Lewis, LL. D., Schenectady, New York, andA. Gosman, D. D., Lawrenceville, N. J. New York: Charles Scribner & Co., 654 Broadway. 1868. 8vo, pp. 665.

102 Cor. vi. 1.

112 Pet. iii. 10.

12Rom. i. 18.

13It may be useful once for all to inform the reader that the termRockis employed by Geologists in a technical sense. It is applied to every large mass of mineral matter that goes to form the Crust of the Earth, whether it be hard and strong, or soft and plastic. Thus, for example, gravel and clay, coal and slate, are calledRocks, just as well as limestone and granite. “Our older writers endeavored to avoid offering such violence to our language, by speaking of the component materials of the Earth as consisting of rocks andsoils. But there is often so insensible a passage from a soft and incoherent state to that of stone, that Geologists of all countries have found it indispensable to have one technical term to include both, and in this sense we findrocheapplied in French,roccain Italian, andfelsartin German. The beginner, however, must constantly bear in mind, that the term rock by no means implies that a mineral mass is in an indurated or stony condition.”—Lyell’s Elements of Geology, p. 4.

14Lyell’s Elements of Geology, p. 7.

15See Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 411-413.

16See Jukes, The Student’s Manual of Geology, p. 125.

17Professor Tyndall, Odds and Ends of Alpine Life.

18Ecclesiastes, i. 7.

19Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, p. 55.

20See on this subject, Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 458, and pp. 480-3; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 105-11; Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, pp. 52-56.

21Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 356-7.

22Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 360.

23See Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 108-10; Hopkins, Presidential Address to the Geological Society of London, 1852, p. xxvii.

24For these facts see Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 349, 350; Quarterly Journal of Science, No. xiii., New Series; The English Cyclopædia, Natural History Division, Alluvium.

25For these facts illustrating the destructive action of the waves of the sea we are chiefly indebted to the following authorities: Hibbert, Description of the Shetland Isles; Phillips, Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire; Geology of Yorkshire, by the same author; Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, vol. i.; Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapters xx. and xxi.; Gardner’s History of the Borough of Dunwich; the English Cyclopædia, Alluvium.

26Rennell’s Investigation of the Currents in the Atlantic Ocean; Maury’s Physical Geography of the Sea, chapters ii. and iii.; Humboldt’s Cosmos; The English Cyclopædia, Atlantic Ocean; Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapter xx.

27Mantell’s Wonders of Geology, p. 70.

28In his notes to the translation of Humboldt’s Cosmos, p. xcvii.

29A Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamouni, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

30Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 374-5.

31Voyage in 1822, p. 233.

32Elements of Geology, pp. 145, 146.

33Captain Horsburg, On Icebergs in Low Latitudes. Phil. Trans., 1830.

34Agassiz, Etudes sur les Glaciers; Tyndall, Glaciers of the Alps; also Heat as a mode of Motion, by the same Author; Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapter xvi.; Elements of Geology, chapters xi., xii.; Wallace, Ice Marks in North Wales, in the Quarterly Journal of Science, No. xiii.

35Elements of Geology, p. 38.

36Mantell, Wonders of Geology, vol. i., p. 102.

37Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 42; also Principles, vol. i., p. 410.

38Mantell’s Wonders of Geology, pp. 70, 81, 82, 83.

39Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 431.

40Id. ib., p. 429.

41The figures given by Sir Charles Lyell, and derived from the observations of Mr. Everest, are these: total discharge during the four months of rain, 6,082,041,600 cubic feet; total discharge during the three months of hot weather, 38,154,240 cubic feet.—Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 481.

42From a Special Correspondent, in the Times Newspaper, December 7, 1866.

43Horner, Alluvial Land of Egypt, Phil. Trans., partI., for 1855; Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 431-9.

44The English Cyclopædia, Alluvium.

45Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., chaptersXVIII.,XIX.

46Consolations in Travel, p. 127.

47Handbook of Rome and its Environs: Murray, 1858, p. 325.

48Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., 400-3.

49Jukes, Manual of Geology, p. 127.

50See his Lecture On a Piece of Chalk, delivered during the Meeting of the British Association at Norwich, 1868.

51Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 318.

52Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xlix.; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Lecture vi.; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 130-3.

53Sacred Philosophy of the Seasons, by the Rev. Henry Duncan, D.D.; Summer, p. 168.

54Ps. xcix. 3.

55Kotzebue’s Voyages, 1815-18, vol. iii., pp. 331-33.

56Wonders of Geology, p. 648.

57Organic Remains of a Former World, vol. ii., p. 16.

58Carbonic acid gas contains two equivalents of oxygen to one of carbon, the chemical expression for the compound being CO2; carburetted hydrogen, which is the gas we employ in illuminating our streets and houses, contains four equivalents of hydrogen to two of carbon, and is chemically expressed by the symbols C2H4; water is composed of one equivalent of oxygen, and one of hydrogen, the symbolic form being HO.

59See Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 138-141; Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 500.

60Jukes, Manual of Geology, p. 140.

61See Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 680-2; also 760; Lyell, Elements of Geology, 464, 465.

62Elements of Geology, p. 488.

63Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 67.

64Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 66.

65Id. Ib.

66Chemical Technology, Ronalds and Richardson, vol. i., p. 32.

67See Lyell, Elements of Geology, 477-81; Jukes, Manual of Geology, 138, 149-53; The English Cyclopædia, Natural History Department, Article, Coal; Mantell, Fossils of the British Museum, Chapter i., Part I.

68Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, n. 7, pp. 20, 21.

69From the LatinFossilis,dug up.

70Elements of Geology, p. 38.

71Elements of Geology, p. 40.

72Manual of Geology, p. 375.

73Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 40-41. The reader will find a singularly clear and simple exposition of this subject in Doctor Haughton’s Manual of Geology, Lecture III.; an exposition which it was not our good fortune to have read until our own brief summary was already in type.

74Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., p. 123; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 269; Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 687.

75Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Lecture IV., Fossils of the British Museum, chapter V.; see, also, Medals of Creation, and Fossils of the South Downs, by the same Author.

76Owen’s Palæontology, pp. 200-9; Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 168-186; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 576-581; Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 420-425; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 598-599.

77Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 202-14; Owen’s Palæontology, 223-232.

78Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 139-164; Owen’s Palæontology, pp. 390-2; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 166-9; Fossils of the British Museum, pp. 465-480; The English Cyclopædia, Natural History Division, Article, Megatheridæ.

79Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 4.

80Wonders of Geology, p. 400.

81See Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 31, who refers to Da Vinci’s MSS. now in the Library of the Institute of France.

82See Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 94-96; Principles of Geology, p. 116; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 410, 411.

83Elements of Geology, p. 95.

84Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 115.

85Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 100.

86Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 312.

87Ib. 313.

88Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 321, 322.

89Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects: London, 1867; pp. 9, 10.

90It would be more strictly correct to say that the rate of increase varies considerably in different places, though the main fact is everywhere palpably apparent that the deeper we descend into the Earth the higher the temperature becomes. Sir Charles Lyell records a number of careful experiments made in England, France, Germany, and Italy, which seem to show that an increase of one degree Fahrenheit for every sixty-five feet of descent would represent pretty correctly the general average. See his Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 205, 206.

91See Sir John Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 26, 27.

92See the elaborate work of Sir William Hamilton, entitled Campi Phlegraei, in which he gives a full account of the formation of Monte Nuovo, accompanied with colored plates. He has preserved two interesting narratives of the eruption written at the time by eye-witnesses. See also Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 606-616.

93Sir John Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, p. 34; see also Lyell, Principles of Geology, chap. xxvii.; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 872-4.

94See Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 34-6. Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 104-6.

95Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 31, 32.

96Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 59, 60.

97Principles of Geology, vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.

98For the account of these various Earthquakes we are mainly indebted to the indefatigable industry of Sir Charles Lyell, who has collected the facts with great care partly from the descriptions of eye-witnesses, and partly from authentic documents written upon the spot. See his Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap, xxviii., xxix., xxx. See also Mr. Mallet’s Earthquake Catalogue; and the first of Sir John Herschel’s Lectures on Familiar Subjects.

99The following are the sources from which we have chiefly derived our information regarding the Peruvian Earthquake of 1868: (1) a series of letters written upon the scene of the catastrophe, and published inThe Timesof September 26, 1868; amongst them is one from the British Vice-consul, and one from the agent of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, who were both at the time residents of Arica: (2) a letter of Mr. Clements Markham inThe Timesof September 15, 1868: (3) Captain Powell’s Report to the Admiralty, dated September 14, 1868.

100Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., p. 176.

101Id. ib.

102Letter from C. Hullmandel, Esq.; see Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Appendix G., p. 470. For a full and elaborate disquisition on the Temple of Jupiter Serapis, see also Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xxv.

103Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xxxi.

104Ibid.

105On a Piece of Chalk: A Lecture to Working Men.

106Genesis, v. 3-32.

107Ib., xi. 10-26.

108Ib., v. 3-9.

109Genesis, xii. 4.

110The Genesis of the Earth and Man, Edited by Reginald Stuart Poole: London; Williams and Norgate; 1860.

111“Sem was a hundred years old when he begot Arphaxad, two years after the flood.”—Genesis, xi. 10.

112This second Cainan does not appear in the Hebrew or the Samaritan version.

113Appendix (1).

114Appendix (2).

115Appendix (3).

116Exodus, xx. 9-11.

117Appendix (4), (5), (6).

118See Gesenius, sub vocibus.

119Appendix (7).

120Appendix (8).

121Appendix (9).

122Appendix (10).

123Appendix (11) (12).

124Appendix (13) (14) (15).

125Appendix (16).

126In Genes. cap. i. Quæst. xiv.

127Appendix (17).

128See his various works upon Genesis, passim; in particular de Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xv., Lib. iv. cap. xxxiii.; De Genesi Liber Imperfectus, cap. vii. and cap. ix.

129This latter view might be fairly maintained in conformity with the principles which Saint Augustine professes to follow in the interpretation of Genesis. See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xxi. and cap. xxii.

130See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xv.; De Genesi Liber Imperfectus, cap. vii.; Confess., Lib. xii. cap. xxix.

1312 Peter, iii. 8.

132Appendix (18) (19) (20).

133Wisdom, ix. 13-16.

134See Pianciani, Cosmogonia, pp. 384-90.

135See Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures; in voce. He thus explains the first meaning of this word: “copulative, and serves to connect both words and sentences, especially incontinuing a discourse.”

136Appendix (21).

137See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. iv. capp. xxvi.-xxxv., Lib. v. cap. i. n. 3, and cap. iii. n. 6.

138Ecclesiasticus, xviii. 1.

139Appendix (22).

140Appendix (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31).

141See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. iv. capp. xxvi., xxvii.; also Lib. i. capp. x., xi., xii.

142Appendix (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37).

143Amos, viii. 11, 12.

144Psalm ii. 7.

145Heb. i. 5.

146Jeremias, cap. l. vv. 24-32.

147Jeremias, li. 1, 2.

148Jeremias, xlvi. 3-10, 19-21.

149Ezechiel, xxix. 19-21.

150Ezechiel, xxx. 3-9.

151Sophonias, v. 8-11, 14-17.

152Isaias, xxix. 17-19.

153Matth. xi. 4, 5.

154John, viii. 56.

1552 Cor. vii. 1, 2.

156Luke, xix. 41-43.

157Dan. viii. 14.

158Appendix (38) (39) (40) (41).

159Exodus, xx. 9-11.

160Exodus, xxiii. 10-12.

161Leviticus, xxv. 2-7.

1622 Cor. v. 14, 15.

163Matt. viii. 22; Luke, ix. 60.

164John, xx. 17.

165Rom. xiii. 12, 13.

166I.Thessal. v. 4, 5.

167Amos, viii. 9.

168Appendix (42) (43).

169Gen. i. 11, 12.

170The Testimony of the Rocks, p. 125.

171Genesis, i. 20, 21.

172Testimony of the Rocks, p. 126.

173Genesis, i. 24, 25.

174Testimony of the Rocks, pp. 127, 128.

175Elements of Geology, p. 100.

176“Aliquid esse a Deo conditum, de quo sileat liber Genesis, nihil repugnat.” Saint Augustine, Confess. Lib. xii., cap. xxii.

177Appendix (44).

178Ecclesiastes, iii. 2.

Transcriber's Note:Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

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