Stère(= 1 cubic mètre)1·31 cubic yard.Décastère(= 10 stères)13 cubic yards, 2 feet, 21 inches.Décistère(= ¹∕₁₀th of a stère)3 cubic feet, 918·7 cubic inches.
Fresh.Salt.1cubic foot at 40° weighs62·425 lbs.64 lbs.1cubic inch at 40° weighs·036,126 lbs.·037,037 lbs.1cubic foot at 40° equals6·242 gallons6·2 gallons.1ton equals35·943 cubic ft.35 cubic ft.1ton contains at 62°224 gallons217 gallons.
Falling fluids are governed by the same laws as falling bodies.
Fluid falls 1 foot in a ¼ of a second, 4 feet in ½ of a second, 9 feet in ¾ of a second, and so on.
The velocity of a fluid, flowing through an aperture in the side of a reservoir, is the same that a heavy body would acquire by falling from a height equal to that between the surface of the fluid and the middle of the opening.
The velocity of a fluid flowing out of an aperture is as the square root of the height of the head of the fluid. The theoretical velocity, therefore, in feet per second is as the square root of the product of the space fallen through in feet and 64·333; consequently, for 1 foot it is √64·333 = 8·02 feet. The mean velocity is about 5·4 feet, or 0·673.
H. = head in feet. P. = pressure in lbs. per sq. foot. p. = pressure in lbs. per sq. inch.
H.P.p.H.P.p.162·4·43339561·63·91·2578·5416106244·33331·593·6·652012488·66661·75109·2·7538301872132124·8·866640249617·33333187·21·350312021·66664249·61·73336037442653122·166670436830·33336374·42·680499234·66667436·83·0333905616398499·23·4666
To find the number of gallons contained in a tank, multiply the length, width, and depth together, in feet. This gives the contents in cubic feet; multiply by 6·24, and the result is the number of gallons contained. If the dimensions are in inches, use ·003607 in place of 6·24.
ThicknessB.W.G.Size of SheetsWeightPer SquareFoot.Square Footper Ton.Feet.lb. oz.166 × 2 to 8 × 32 180017 × 186 × 2 ” 8 × 32 4105019 × 206 × 2 ” 8 × 31 12130021 × 226 × 2 ” 7 × 2½1 7160023 × 246 × 2 ” 7 × 2½1 3190025 × 266 × 2 ” 7 × 2½1 02250
Size of sheet, 2 feet in width by from 6 to 9 feet in length.
WireGauge.WeightPer SquareFoot.WireGauge.WeightPer SquareFoot.No.Oz.No.Oz.3010222129112124281220282714193326151837251617432417164823191460
Strength.Rigidity.Weight Dry.Stretching.Italian Hemp—11}Baltic ”0·7 ·90·8 to 0·91} ¹∕₇ to ¹∕₁₂Manilla ”0·9 to 10·750·88}Flax0·9low—¹∕₇₅Iron Wire3high4—Steel6high4—
Steel wire rope stretches about ¹∕₃₆₀, ¹∕₂₅₀, and ¹∕₁₃₀, of ¼, ⅓, and ½ the breaking weight.
The composition of the atmosphere is by volume, oxygen 20·8, nitrogen 79·2; by weight, oxygen 23, nitrogen 77. There are also minute quantities of carbon dioxide, aqueous vapour, and ammonia.
The barometer falls about ½” for each 500’ increase of altitude the mean temperature being 50° Fahr.
= 14·706 lbs. per square inch.= 29·92 inches of mercury.= 33·7 feet of water.
No.Square.Cube.SquareRoot√CubeRoot∛1111·01·02481·4141·25939271·7321·442416642·01·5875251252·2361·7096362162·4491·8177493432·6451·9128645122·8282·09817293·02·0801010010003·1622·1541112113313·3162·2231214417283·4642·2891316921973·602·351419627443·742·411522533753·872·461625640964·02·511728949134·122·581832458324·242·621936168594·352·662040080004·472·7125625156255·02·9230900270005·473·10351225428755·913·27401600640006·323·41452025911256·703·555025001250007·073·685530251663757·413·806036002160007·243·916542252746258·064·027049003430008·364·127556254218758·664·418064005120008·944·308572256141259·214·399081007290009·484·489590258573759·744·5610010000100000010·04·6411012100133100010·484·7912014400172800010·954·9313016900219700011·405·0614019600274400011·835·1915022500337500012·245·3116025600409600012·645·4217028900491300013·035·5318032400583200013·415·6419036100685900013·785·7420040000800000014·145·8421044100926100014·495·94220484001064800014·836·03230529001216700015·166·12240576001382400015·496·21250625001562500015·816·29260676001757600016·126·38270729001968300016·436·46280784002195200016·736·54290841002438900017·026·61300900002700000017·326·69310961002979100017·606·763201024003276800017·886·833301089003593700018·166·913401156003930400018·436·973501225004287500018·177·043601296004665600018·977·113701369005065300019·237·173801444005487200019·497·243901521005931900019·747·304001600006400000020·07·364101681006892100020·247·424201764007408800020·497·484301849007950700020·737·544401936008518400020·977·604502025009112500021·217·664602116009733600021·447·7147022090010382300021·677·7748023040011059200021·907·8249024010011764900022·137·8850025000012500000022·367·9351026010013265100022·587·9852027040014060800022·808·0453028090014887700023·028·0954029160015746400023·238·1455030250016637500023·458·1956031360017561600023·668·2457032490018519300023·878·2958033640019519200024·088·3359034810020537900024·298·3860036000021600000024·498·4361037210022698100024·698·4862038440023832800024·908·52
Year.Per Month.Per Week.Per Day.££s.d.£s.d.s.d.1018004½00¾2034009¼01¼3050011¾024068016½02¾5084011103¼60100021¾0470118028¼04½8013403105¼90150035½061001680310¼06½110184043¾07¼12100047½081311805008½14134054½09¼15150059¼09¾16168061¾010½17184066½011¼1811000611011¾191118073½10½201134078¼11¼3021000116½17¾403680154½22¼504340192¾296050013133½70516816113108061341109¼44½9071001147½411½1008681185½55¾
If the Wages be Guineas instead of Pounds, for each Guinea add 1d.to each month, or ¼d.to each week.
(By Alfred Fryer.)
Showing the Interest, to the 100th part of a farthing, on any Sum from £1 to £1,000,000, for any number of days, at any rate per cent.
£s.d.f.100ths.£s.d.f.100ths.10012350,000136198285200112660,00016478022300138970,000191157159400225280,00021936096500311590,0002461160326003378100,0002731951707004241200,0005471810340800514300,000821184199005367400,000109517927910006230500,000136917304920011060600,000164316821930017290700,000191716138940022121800,000219115715950028351900,0002465150329600331811,000,0002739146099700310011The Rule.—Multiply the number of £ upon which the interest is to be calculated by the number of days, and then multiply this product by the rate of interest, strike out the last two figures to the right hand, and find from the table the interest on the remaining figures.80044241900411011100055312000101123300016514400111105Example.—What is the interest of £271 for 90 days at 7 per cent. per ann.?500174376001121028Multiply£2717001184110by90number of days8002310011then multiply24390900293312by7rate of interest1,00021492141717302,0005970273,0008442414,000101920555,0001313112686,00016890827,0001936296strike out last 2 figures,8,00021184110viz.: 30, and in the table£s.d.f.100ths.9,00024131323against 1000 you find214921410,00027711137aga”nst700you”find118411020,000541510274aga”nst7you”find00424130,00082310011£413616540,000109119148
If the product of the number of £ on which the interest be calculated × number of days × rate of interest is, after elision of the last two figures, a multiple of a million, multiply the figures in table against 1,000,000 by the number of that multiple.
By the Mining Act of 1874, the Governor was empowered to proclaim Crown lands to be gold-fields, and to grant “miners’ rights” at a fee of 10s., between January and June exclusive, of each year, and 5s.after that date in each year, subject to certain regulations to be from to time to time prescribed. All miners’ rights terminate with the last day of the year, and without a miner’s right no person is allowed to mine for gold, under a penalty not exceeding £10. Business licences may also be granted enabling persons to occupy Crown lands within gold-fields for business purposes, on payment of a fee of £1 for a year, and 10s.for six months. Leases of auriferous lands may be obtained in accordance with the regulations for the time being, the rent to be fixed by the Governor in Council (£1 per acre for one to twenty-five acres alluvial and quartz reef). Special leases may be granted up to 100 acres. By the regulations issued on March 31, 1882, it is enacted that any parcel of new or unworked land, taken possession of with a view of obtaining a lease, shall be efficiently and continuously worked from the date of possession by not less than two men to four acres or less, and an additional man to every other two acres, under pain of forfeiture of the title to the land. The holder of a miner’s right may apply for authority to search for gold, and the holder of a mineral licence may apply for authority to search for minerals on land aforesaid.
At the expiration of two months the Warden may grant an authority to search on such land, and the holder may, within the period named in the authority, remove from any vein or lode outcropping at the surface 28 lb. weight, but must not break the ground.
Application to lease may be made and lodged with the Warden of the district, or nearest Warden’s Clerk, within one month from date of authority to search:
1. By the holder of an authority to search, the area not to exceed 20 acres for gold-mining, or 80 acres for other minerals.
2. By the holder of a miner’s right, the area not to exceed 20 acres of ordinary auriferous land, or 40 acres of alluvial auriferous land, where the mining operations will be conducted through basaltic rock formation, or where steam machinery is necessary to contend against water, or where a large outlay of money is necessary.
3. By the holder of a mineral licence to mine for silver, lead, tin, antimony, the area not to exceed 80 acres.
4. By the holder of a prospecting licence, within 30 days after discovery of an auriferous quartz vein in a prospecting area, area not to exceed 20 acres.
5. By the holder of a miner’s right or mineral licence, for the purpose of cutting races, conveying water or detritus to any mine, tramway, machine site, smelting works, water conservation, or other purpose connected with mining.
With every application to lease, the applicant, not being the owner of the land, shall deposit for rent for first half year, 10s.for every acre or part of an acre. Fees are required for the survey of the leasehold and road thereto, and also for appraising damage.
The owner may agree with the applicant to lease upon the amount of compensation and the mode of payment of same, otherwise an appraiser appointed by the Government may assess the amount of compensation to be paid by the applicant to the owner. If the applicant fail to pay the compensation awarded within the time specified, the application shall become void, and all moneys deposited shall become forfeited.
Miners’ rights are issued at the rate of 5s.per annum, and consolidated miners’ rights may be issued on the application of the manager or trustees of any company agreeing to work in partnership any claims registered under the Act, on payment of a sumat the prescribed rate multiplied by the number of miners’ rights so consolidated. Miners’ rights entitle the holders to take possession of, and reside on and mine, so much of the Crown lands as may be prescribed by the bylaws of the Local Mining Board. Business licences enable the holders to occupy and carry on business on the gold-fields, on lands not exceeding one acre in extent, and are issued at £2 10s.for six months, and £5 for twelve months. A lease may be granted of not more than 100 acres in one lot for such term as the Governor may determine and at a nominal rent, to any holder of a miners’ right who may be desirous to prospect for gold in any place where sinking through basalt will be necessary, and to which no part of any gold workings shall be nearer than five miles, one mile being allowed to be marked off for the prospecting, and the lease of 100 acres to be granted only in case of remunerative gold being found.
Gold-mining leases may be granted under Part I. of the “Mines Act 1890,” of Crown lands, pastoral areas, also lands alienated in fee since December 29, 1884, lands licensed or leased (with right of purchase) since December 29, 1884.
Leases to mine for gold and silver may be granted under Part II. of the “Mines Act 1890,” of lands alienated in fee prior to December 29, 1884.
The rent on gold-mining leases of any lands—except lands alienated in fee prior to December 29, 1884—is at the rate of 5s.per acre per annum, payable half-yearly in advance; and for lands alienated in fee prior to December 29, 1884, the rent is, for any area up to 40 acres, 1£ per annum, payable quarterly in advance in each case. On mineral leases the rent is not less than 3d.or more than £5 per acre per annum, payable half-yearly, in advance.
The amount to be lodged with an application for mining lease is £5, and such further sum as may be required to cover cost of survey.
Licences to cut, construct, and use races, drains, dams, and reservoirs for mining purposes, may be granted for a term not to exceed fifteen years, at a minimum rent of £2 per annum in advance.
A miner’s right authorises the holder to prospect for any metal, mineral, coal, or oil, the property of the Crown; under a gold claim of 20 acres, a mineral claim not exceeding 40 acres, and a coal or oil claim, 640 acres. Ownership of claim confers the right to reside thereon, and preferential right to a lease.
The dimensions of a gold claim are for an ordinary reef claim, 100 by 600 feet, and an ordinary alluvial claim 30 by 30 feet, with a labour condition requiring one man to be kept employed. A mineral claim of 40 acres requires two men; coal and oil claims (640 acres) require eight men. A business licence (quarter acre in township, and one acre on other land) costs 10s.for six months and £1 for one year. Occupation licence (half acre), 2s.per annum, term fourteen years. A person may hold any number of claims (except alluvial claims, of which only one can be held at one time), but for each claim must hold a miner’s right.
Gold leases not exceeding 20 acres, term forty-two years, rent 1s.per acre and 6d.in the pound on net profits; labour, one man to every 5 acres. Mineral leases not exceeding 40 acres, term forty-two years, rent 1s.per acre, and 6d.in the pound on net profits; labour, one man to every 10 acres. Coal and oil leases (640 acres), term forty-two years, rent 6d.per acre until coal or oil is found in payable quantities, then 1s.per acre; labour, one man for every 40 acres. Miscellaneous lease for salt and gypsum, 40 acres; mineral springs, 20 acres, and smelting works’ site, 5 acres, term forty-two years; labour for salt and gypsum and mineral springs, two men for each 40 acres.
Any number of leases may be held, but a miner’s right for each is required. All claims must be constantly worked, and must be registered within thirty days after being pegged out.
On April 17, 1884, amended Mining Regulations were issued, empowering the Governor to proclaim any portion of Crown land to be a gold-field, and to appoint Wardens, who could grant miner’s rights to any person upon payment of £1 per year,authorising the holder to search and mine for gold on any waste land upon registering the occupation of the claim with the Warden or other duly appointed officer.
Alluvial ordinary claims to comprise an area of 16 by 16 yards for one person, ordinary river and steam claims to have a frontage of 20 yards on the course of the river or stream, and a depth of 50 yards on both banks; ordinary quartz claims not to exceed 50 feet in length on the supposed course of the reef by a width not exceeding 400 feet. Any ground taken up for mining and unoccupied and unworked for ten days to be considered as abandoned.
On October 1, 1886, “Regulations for the Management of Gold-fields” came into operation, dealing with the conditions under which a miner desirous of prospecting may mark off and hold a protection area; also as regards alluvial claims, and the rewards to be had for discoveries of new gold-fields.
By an additional amended regulation, granted under regulations of February 2, 1888, any protection area which after the date of the grant thereof comes within the limits of a proclaimed gold-field, may, notwithstanding such proclamation, continue to be held until the expiration of twelve months from the date of such grant, or until payable gold on such area is discovered, which ever shall first happen. The labour conditions must however be fully complied with, or the extension of time will cease, and the protection area will be forfeited.
Gold-mining leases are granted for areas not exceeding 25 acres, at an annual rent, payable in advance, of 20s.per acre. The term may not exceed twenty-one years. The leases are liable to cancellation unless worked by the proper number of men, or machinery power equal to the men. The leases can be determined by giving three months’ notice, and the lessees have power to remove all machinery used on the land.
On payment of 10s.the Governor may cause to be issued to any person (not being an Asiatic or African alien), a mining licence for one year, and on payment of the sum of £4 a business licence.All applications for mineral leases to be made on the prescribed form, and to be accompanied by the proper survey fee and the first year’s rent. The yearly rental of every lease to be at the rate of 10s.per acre, payable in advance, the term not to exceed twenty-one years, but a further lease of twenty-one years may be granted on such terms as the Minister deems equitable. Area not to exceed 100 acres.
Mining without a right is punishable by removal of the offender from the field, and the infliction of a fine of £10, or one month’s imprisonment.
Miners desirous of prospecting for gold may mark off and hold protection areas, ranging according to the distance from a proclaimed gold-field of 150 to 400 yards square. Such areas have to be pegged, registered, and continuously worked. On payable gold being found and reported to the Warden, the prospectors are entitled to a reward claim which varies from two to twenty claims of the ordinary area. 50 feet frontage are allowed to each miner on river and creek claims. On ordinary quartz claims, 50 feet along the line of reef, by a width of 400 feet, are allowed. The extent of ground in any lode claim not to exceed 3 chains by 5 chains, alluvial claim not to exceed 4 chains by 4 chains. This area may be increased by the Warden when the ground is poor, or expensive machinery has been erected. Europeans holding miners’ rights, which are granted for ten years or less on payment of an annual rate of 10s., are allowed to occupy and enclose, for the purpose of residence, an area of land not exceeding a quarter of an acre, to be marked off in a rectangular block, or as near thereto as possible, the frontage of which to any road, creek, or water shall not exceed 72 feet, the boundaries to be defined by corner pegs 3 inches in diameter and standing 18 inches out of the ground, and can also occupy, under certain conditions, market-garden areas not exceeding 5 acres. They are also entitled to mine in Crown lands, to make dams, races, and tramways, to divert waters, to put up and remove any building, and to use any timber, gravel, or clay for their own building purposes. Upon erecting buildings or making improvements on a business or residence area, to the value of £5, theholder can have such area registered as exempt from the condition of residence for a period not exceeding one year.
Leases of land not exceeding 25 acres for any term not exceeding 21 years are also granted for mining purposes at a yearly rental of £1 per acre. These leases, however, are not granted on new gold-fields until two years after proclamation.
The Mineral Lands Act of 1892, applies to lands on gold-fields and gives the power to the holders of miner’s rights and licences to mine on land sold, subject to reservation of gold and silver, on obtaining the written sanction of the Warden or commissioner.
A miner’s right, or prospector’s protection order, issued under the Gold-fields Act (the fee for a miner’s right being 5s., and a prospector’s licence 10s.per annum), authorises the holder to reside upon a gold-field, and to occupy a quarter of an acre for residence, and entitles him to a claim for mining purposes:—Alluvial, single claim, 35 yards by 35 yards; united claims, up to 10 men, 110 yards by 110 yards. Creek claims; 35 yards by 35 yards along course of creek; united claims not to exceed six men’s area. Extended alluvial claims; 70 yards by 70 yards, up to 170 yards by 170 yards for six men; also to take any quantity of water and of timber required for mining purposes. Extended alluvial claims of one acre for ground previously worked and abandoned may be taken up. Prospecting claims, gold, not exceeding 10 acres. Fee for registration, which is not compulsory, 2s.6d.; survey 25s.United claim of 10, fee 5s.; survey, £2. Leases not to exceed 10 acres, except in special cases by permission of the Minister; term, ten years; rent, £1 per acre. Leases may be amalgamated to the extent of 60 acres. Lessee has the right to renewal for ten years, rent not to exceed £3 an acre. Fee for preparation of lease, £1; transfer, 10s.Survey fee, 10 acres, £3 15s.ordinary land; £5 10s.heavy bush. On the West Coast the survey fees are: 1 acre and under, £1 15s.; 2 acres, and under 5 acres, £3 15s.; under 10 acres, £5 10s., up to a maximum of £23 for not exceeding 320 acres.
Leases are liable to forfeiture by the Governor in Council ifthe rent is not paid in advance, or the labour conditions are not complied with.
Licences to occupy land upon a gold-field, for the purpose of cultivation, are issued under the Waste Lands Acts. Area, 5 acres or under, rent £2.
The price of a “miner’s right” is 10s.per year, which authorises the holder to mine on Crown lands throughout the colony outside of a native district; and 20s., which authorises him to mine on native lands and Crown lands, or such other sum as shall not be less than the sum which the Governor may have agreed to pay to the owners of the land as consideration for the right to mine thereon. Consolidated miners’ rights are issued at the rate of a single miner’s right (10s.), multiplied by the number of miners’ rights which the consolidated right is to represent. Business licences, to be in force for twelve or six months, are issued on payment in advance of £3 for a yearly, and £1 10s.for a half-yearly licence respectively. The holder of a miner’s right is entitled to enter upon any Crown land for the purpose of prospecting and searching for gold, and to take and maintain possession of a parcel or parcels of land and work the same, subject to the regulations and provisions of the Act; he is also authorised to cut timber for removal or for the erection of a place of residence or of business, and with the Warden’s consent, to make tramways or roads for mining purposes. Claims are of four kinds—alluvial deposits and river or creek beds; quartz lodes, reefs, and leaders; sea-beach claims; prospecting claims and areas. Claims may be marked out by any person desiring the exclusive occupation of the land, but they must be continuously worked, or they are liable to forfeiture.
The holder of a miner’s right can obtain a licence for the occupation of land as a licensed holding by paying the necessary expenses for surveying, &c., together with a deposit of £5 in respect of such application.
A
Adobie hut,127,128
Aërial tramways,112
Amalgam, Retort for small quantities of,142;
squeezing,155
Amalgamation of gold,30
Amalgamators,91-93
Aneroid barometer, Use of, for leveling,160,161
Antifriction compound,165
Aqueous origin of ore deposits,36-38
Assay apparatus, Simple form of,14,15
Assaying gold by amalgamation,30
Areas, To lay out,174,175
Atherton, on native sulphide of gold,45,46
Atmosphere,190
Atomic weights,181,182
Australian mining regulations,194,et seq.;
New South Wales,194;
Victoria,195;
S. Australia,195;
W. Australia,195;
Queensland,198;
Tasmania,200
B
Battery, the best way to test value of lodes,31
Becker, on Comstock lode,42,43
Belting, Data as to,178,180
Bischof, experiment on formation of dendroidal gold,39
Black jack,33
Blanket tables,79
Boilers, How to clean,164
Boiling points,184
Boring,172
Bottom, Signs of,20
Braidwood nugget,54
Brass, How to clean,165
Brückner furnace,105
Bucket, Hide,139
Bulk of materials,180
Burra Burra Mine,24
Bush bed,130
Bynoe harbour, Tin at,32
C
California pump,171
Challenger ore feeder,74,75
Charcoal, To make,141
Chemical formulas,182
Chlorine as a lixiviator,73-75
Company formation,113-126
Comstock lode,42,43
Copper mine at Burra Burra,24
Copper plates, Scaling,144,145;
Silvering,149;
Dressing,151
Correspondence, How to make copies of,137
Cube roots,191
Cubes,191
Cyanide of potassium, Use of, in extracting gold,95,96