MACHINES FOR SOLVINGALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

A third branch of the analogue calculating machine is the network analyzer. To solve problems, this machine uses the laws governing a network of electrical circuits. For example, an electric power company with a system of power lines over hundreds of miles may have a problem about electrical power: will an accident or a sudden demand cause abreakdown anywhere in the system? In the General Electric Company in Schenectady, N. Y., there is a machine called the A.C. Network Analyzer. All the properties of the power company’s network of lines can be fed on a small scale into the analyzer. Certain dials are turned and certain plugwires are connected. Then various kinds of “accidents” and “sudden demands” are fed into the machine, and the response of the system is noted. The answers given by the machine are multiplied by the proper scale factor, and in this way the problem of the power company is solved.There are two kinds of problems that network analyzers are built to solve: the steady state conditions and the transient conditions. For example, you may not overload a fuse with an electric iron when it is plugged in and being used, but as you pull out the cord, you may blow the fuse: the steady state does not overstrain the system, but the transient does.Some articles on network analyzers are:Enns, W. E., A New Simple Calculator of Load Flow in A.C. Networks,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 62, 1943, pp. 786-790.Hazen, H. L., and others,The M.I.T. Network Analyzer, Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Serial No. 69, Apr. 1931.Kuehni, H. P., andR. G. Lorraine, A New A.C. Network Analyzer,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, 1938, pp. 67-73.Parker, W. W., Dual A.C. Network Calculator,Electrical Engineering, May 1945, pp. 182-183.Parker, W. W., The Modern A.C. Network Calculator,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 60, Nov. 1941, pp. 977-982.Peterson, H. A., An Electric Circuit Transient Analyzer,General Electric Review, Sept. 1939, pp. 394-400.Varney, R. N., An All-Electric Integrator for Solving Differential Equations,Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 13, Jan. 1942, pp. 10-16.Some of the articles on applications of network analyzers to various problems are:Kron, Gabriel, Equivalent Circuits of the Elastic Field,Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. A11, Sept. 1944, pp. 146-161.Kron, Gabriel, Tensorial Analysis and Equivalent Circuits of Elastic Structures,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 238, Dec. 1944, pp. 399-442.Kron, Gabriel, Numerical Solution of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations by Means of Equivalent Circuits,Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 16, 1945, pp. 172-186.Kron, Gabriel, Electric Circuit Models for the Vibration Spectrum of Polyatomic Molecules,Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1946, pp. 19-31.Kron, G., andG. K. Carter, A.C. Network Analyzer Study of the Schrödinger Equation,Physical Review, vol. 67, 1945, pp. 44-49.Kron, G., andG. K. Carter, Network Analyzer Tests of Equivalent Circuits of Vibrating Polyatomic Molecules,Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1946, pp. 32-34.Peterson, H. A., andC. Concordia, Analyzers for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems,General Electric Review, vol. 48, no. 9, Sept. 1945, pp. 29-37.

A third branch of the analogue calculating machine is the network analyzer. To solve problems, this machine uses the laws governing a network of electrical circuits. For example, an electric power company with a system of power lines over hundreds of miles may have a problem about electrical power: will an accident or a sudden demand cause abreakdown anywhere in the system? In the General Electric Company in Schenectady, N. Y., there is a machine called the A.C. Network Analyzer. All the properties of the power company’s network of lines can be fed on a small scale into the analyzer. Certain dials are turned and certain plugwires are connected. Then various kinds of “accidents” and “sudden demands” are fed into the machine, and the response of the system is noted. The answers given by the machine are multiplied by the proper scale factor, and in this way the problem of the power company is solved.

There are two kinds of problems that network analyzers are built to solve: the steady state conditions and the transient conditions. For example, you may not overload a fuse with an electric iron when it is plugged in and being used, but as you pull out the cord, you may blow the fuse: the steady state does not overstrain the system, but the transient does.

Some articles on network analyzers are:

Enns, W. E., A New Simple Calculator of Load Flow in A.C. Networks,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 62, 1943, pp. 786-790.

Hazen, H. L., and others,The M.I.T. Network Analyzer, Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Serial No. 69, Apr. 1931.

Kuehni, H. P., andR. G. Lorraine, A New A.C. Network Analyzer,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, 1938, pp. 67-73.

Parker, W. W., Dual A.C. Network Calculator,Electrical Engineering, May 1945, pp. 182-183.

Parker, W. W., The Modern A.C. Network Calculator,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 60, Nov. 1941, pp. 977-982.

Peterson, H. A., An Electric Circuit Transient Analyzer,General Electric Review, Sept. 1939, pp. 394-400.

Varney, R. N., An All-Electric Integrator for Solving Differential Equations,Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 13, Jan. 1942, pp. 10-16.

Some of the articles on applications of network analyzers to various problems are:

Kron, Gabriel, Equivalent Circuits of the Elastic Field,Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. A11, Sept. 1944, pp. 146-161.

Kron, Gabriel, Tensorial Analysis and Equivalent Circuits of Elastic Structures,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 238, Dec. 1944, pp. 399-442.

Kron, Gabriel, Numerical Solution of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations by Means of Equivalent Circuits,Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 16, 1945, pp. 172-186.

Kron, Gabriel, Electric Circuit Models for the Vibration Spectrum of Polyatomic Molecules,Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1946, pp. 19-31.

Kron, G., andG. K. Carter, A.C. Network Analyzer Study of the Schrödinger Equation,Physical Review, vol. 67, 1945, pp. 44-49.

Kron, G., andG. K. Carter, Network Analyzer Tests of Equivalent Circuits of Vibrating Polyatomic Molecules,Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1946, pp. 32-34.

Peterson, H. A., andC. Concordia, Analyzers for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems,General Electric Review, vol. 48, no. 9, Sept. 1945, pp. 29-37.

Another branch of the analogue calculating machine is a type of machine that will solve various kinds of algebraic equations (see Supplement 2). A list of some articles follows. The article by Mallock describes a machine for solving up to 10 linear simultaneous equations in 10 unknowns, and the article by Wilbur, a machine for solving up to 9.Dietzold, Robert L., The Isograph—A Mechanical Root-Finder,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 16, no. 4, Dec. 1937, pp. 130-134.Duncan, W. J., Some Devices for the Solution of Large Sets of Simultaneous Linear Equations,London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 35, series 7, 1944, pp. 660-670.Frame, J. Sutherland, Machines for Solving Algebraic Equations,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 1, no. 9, Jan. 1945, pp. 337-353.Hart, H. C., andIrven Travis, Mechanical Solution of Algebraic Equations,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 225, Jan. 1938, pp. 63-72.Herr, D. L., andR. S. Graham, An Electrical Algebraic Equation Solver,Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 9, Oct. 1938, pp. 310-315.Mallock, R. R. M., An Electrical Calculating Machine,Proceedings of the Royal Society, series A, vol. 140, 1933, pp. 457-483.Mercner, R. O., The Mechanism of the Isograph,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 16, no. 4, Dec. 1937, pp. 135-140.Stibitz, George R., Electric Root-finder,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 328-329.Wilbur, J. B., The Mechanical Solution of Simultaneous Equations,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 222, Dec. 1936, pp. 715-724.

Another branch of the analogue calculating machine is a type of machine that will solve various kinds of algebraic equations (see Supplement 2). A list of some articles follows. The article by Mallock describes a machine for solving up to 10 linear simultaneous equations in 10 unknowns, and the article by Wilbur, a machine for solving up to 9.

Dietzold, Robert L., The Isograph—A Mechanical Root-Finder,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 16, no. 4, Dec. 1937, pp. 130-134.

Duncan, W. J., Some Devices for the Solution of Large Sets of Simultaneous Linear Equations,London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 35, series 7, 1944, pp. 660-670.

Frame, J. Sutherland, Machines for Solving Algebraic Equations,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 1, no. 9, Jan. 1945, pp. 337-353.

Hart, H. C., andIrven Travis, Mechanical Solution of Algebraic Equations,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 225, Jan. 1938, pp. 63-72.

Herr, D. L., andR. S. Graham, An Electrical Algebraic Equation Solver,Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 9, Oct. 1938, pp. 310-315.

Mallock, R. R. M., An Electrical Calculating Machine,Proceedings of the Royal Society, series A, vol. 140, 1933, pp. 457-483.

Mercner, R. O., The Mechanism of the Isograph,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 16, no. 4, Dec. 1937, pp. 135-140.

Stibitz, George R., Electric Root-finder,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 328-329.

Wilbur, J. B., The Mechanical Solution of Simultaneous Equations,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 222, Dec. 1936, pp. 715-724.

Some articles referring to various other kinds of analogue machines and their applications are here listed together:Bush, V.,F. D. Gage, andR. R. Stewart, A Continuous Integraph,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 203, 1927, pp. 63-84.Gray, T. S., A Photo-Electric Integraph,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 212, 1931, pp. 77-102.Hazen, H. L.,G. S. Brown, andW. R. Hedeman, The Cinema Integraph: A Machine for Evaluating a Parametric Product Integral (two parts and appendix),Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 230, July 1940, pp. 19-44, and Aug. 1940, pp. 183-205.McCann, G. D., andH. E. Criner, Mechanical Problems Solved Electrically,Westinghouse Engineer, vol. 6, no. 2, March 1946, pp. 49-56.Myers, D. M., An Integraph for the Solution of Differential Equations of the Second-Order,Journal of Scientific Instruments, vol. 16, 1939, pp. 209-222.Pekeris, C. L., andW. T. White, Differentiation with the Cinema Integraph,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 234, July 1942, pp. 17-29.Smith, C. E., andE. L. Gove, An Electromechanical Calculator for Directional-Antenna Patterns,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 62, 1943, pp. 78-82.Yavne, R. O., High Accuracy Contour Cams,Product Engineering, vol. 19, part 2, Aug. 1948, 3 pp.Anonymous, Electrical Gun Director Demonstrated,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 22, no. 4, Dec. 1943, pp. 157-167.Anonymous, Development of the Electric Director,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 22, no. 5, Jan. 1944, pp. 225-230.Anonymous, Old Field Fortune Teller: Electronic Oil Pool Analyzer,Popular Mechanics, vol. 86, Sept. 1946, p. 154.

Some articles referring to various other kinds of analogue machines and their applications are here listed together:

Bush, V.,F. D. Gage, andR. R. Stewart, A Continuous Integraph,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 203, 1927, pp. 63-84.

Gray, T. S., A Photo-Electric Integraph,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 212, 1931, pp. 77-102.

Hazen, H. L.,G. S. Brown, andW. R. Hedeman, The Cinema Integraph: A Machine for Evaluating a Parametric Product Integral (two parts and appendix),Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 230, July 1940, pp. 19-44, and Aug. 1940, pp. 183-205.

McCann, G. D., andH. E. Criner, Mechanical Problems Solved Electrically,Westinghouse Engineer, vol. 6, no. 2, March 1946, pp. 49-56.

Myers, D. M., An Integraph for the Solution of Differential Equations of the Second-Order,Journal of Scientific Instruments, vol. 16, 1939, pp. 209-222.

Pekeris, C. L., andW. T. White, Differentiation with the Cinema Integraph,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 234, July 1942, pp. 17-29.

Smith, C. E., andE. L. Gove, An Electromechanical Calculator for Directional-Antenna Patterns,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 62, 1943, pp. 78-82.

Yavne, R. O., High Accuracy Contour Cams,Product Engineering, vol. 19, part 2, Aug. 1948, 3 pp.

Anonymous, Electrical Gun Director Demonstrated,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 22, no. 4, Dec. 1943, pp. 157-167.

Anonymous, Development of the Electric Director,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 22, no. 5, Jan. 1944, pp. 225-230.

Anonymous, Old Field Fortune Teller: Electronic Oil Pool Analyzer,Popular Mechanics, vol. 86, Sept. 1946, p. 154.

The basic scientific description of this machine as of September 1, 1945, is contained in:Aiken, Howard H., andStaff of the Computation Laboratory,A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946, 561 pp.The machine has changed rather a good deal since Sept. 1, 1945. Some circuits have been removed. Other circuits have been added. The capacity of the machine to do problems has been greatly increased. The Computation Laboratory at Harvard University is cordial towards scientific inquiries, and some unpublished, mimeographed information is available at the laboratory regarding the details of these changes.Some shorter scientific and technical descriptions of the machine are contained in:Aiken, Howard H., andGrace M. Hopper, The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (3 parts),Electrical Engineering, vol. 65, nos. 8, 9, and 10, Aug. to Nov. 1946, p. 384 ... (21 pp.).Bloch, Richard M., Mark I Calculator,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 23-30.Harrison, Joseph O., Jr., The Preparation of Problems for the Mark I Calculator,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 208-210.International Business Machines Corporation,IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, Endicott, N. Y.: International Business Machines Corporation, 1945, 6 pp.Some of the less technical articles regarding the machine are:Genet, N., Got a Problem? Harvard’s Amazing New Mathematical Robot,Scholastic, vol. 45, Sept. 18, 1944, p. 35.Torrey, V., Robot Mathematician Knows All the Answers,Popular Science, vol. 145, Oct. 1944, pp. 86-89....Anonymous, Giant New Calculator,Science News Letter, vol. 46, Aug. 12, 1944, p. 111.Anonymous, Mathematical Robot Presented to Harvard,Time, vol. 44, Aug. 14, 1944, p. 72.Anonymous, World’s Greatest Machine for Automatic Calculation,Science News Letter, vol. 46, Aug. 19, 1944, p. 123.Anonymous, Superbrain,Nation’s Business, vol. 32, Sept. 1944, p. 8.Anonymous, Robot Works Problems Never Before Solved,Popular Mechanics, vol. 82, Oct. 1944, p. 13.

The basic scientific description of this machine as of September 1, 1945, is contained in:

Aiken, Howard H., andStaff of the Computation Laboratory,A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946, 561 pp.

The machine has changed rather a good deal since Sept. 1, 1945. Some circuits have been removed. Other circuits have been added. The capacity of the machine to do problems has been greatly increased. The Computation Laboratory at Harvard University is cordial towards scientific inquiries, and some unpublished, mimeographed information is available at the laboratory regarding the details of these changes.

Some shorter scientific and technical descriptions of the machine are contained in:

Aiken, Howard H., andGrace M. Hopper, The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (3 parts),Electrical Engineering, vol. 65, nos. 8, 9, and 10, Aug. to Nov. 1946, p. 384 ... (21 pp.).

Bloch, Richard M., Mark I Calculator,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 23-30.

Harrison, Joseph O., Jr., The Preparation of Problems for the Mark I Calculator,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 208-210.

International Business Machines Corporation,IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, Endicott, N. Y.: International Business Machines Corporation, 1945, 6 pp.

Some of the less technical articles regarding the machine are:

Genet, N., Got a Problem? Harvard’s Amazing New Mathematical Robot,Scholastic, vol. 45, Sept. 18, 1944, p. 35.

Torrey, V., Robot Mathematician Knows All the Answers,Popular Science, vol. 145, Oct. 1944, pp. 86-89....

Anonymous, Giant New Calculator,Science News Letter, vol. 46, Aug. 12, 1944, p. 111.

Anonymous, Mathematical Robot Presented to Harvard,Time, vol. 44, Aug. 14, 1944, p. 72.

Anonymous, World’s Greatest Machine for Automatic Calculation,Science News Letter, vol. 46, Aug. 19, 1944, p. 123.

Anonymous, Superbrain,Nation’s Business, vol. 32, Sept. 1944, p. 8.

Anonymous, Robot Works Problems Never Before Solved,Popular Mechanics, vol. 82, Oct. 1944, p. 13.

There is as yet no full-scale, published scientific account of the Eniac. At the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Md., where the machine now is, there are a few copies of some long mimeographed reports on the machine and the way it works. These were prepared by H. H. Goldstine and others when at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, as a part of the contract under which the machine was constructed for the U. S. Government. It is possible that these reports might be consulted on request by serious students.Some scientific descriptions of the machine and its properties are:Burks, Arthur W., Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC,Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 35, no. 8, Aug. 1947, pp. 756-767.Clippinger, R. F.,A Logical Coding System Applied to the Eniac, B. R. L. Report No. 673, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Sept. 29, 1948, 41 pp.Eckert, J. Presper, Jr.,John W. Mauchly,Herman H. Goldstine, andJ. G. Brainerd, Description of the ENIAC and Comments on Electronic Digital Computing Machines, Applied Mathematics Panel Report 171.2R, Washington, D. C.: National Defense Research Committee, Nov. 1945, 78 pp.Goldstine, Herman H., andAdele Goldstine, The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC),Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 15, July 1946, pp. 97-110.Hartree, D. R., The ENIAC, an Electronic Computing Machine,Nature, vol. 158, Oct. 12, 1946, pp. 500-506.Hartree, D. R.,Calculating Machines: Recent and Prospective Developments and Their Impact on Mathematical Physics, Cambridge, England: The University Press, 1947, 40 pp. (Pages 14 to 27 are devoted to the Eniac.)Tabor, Lewis P., Brief Description and Operating Characteristics of the ENIAC,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 31-39.Some of the less technical articles on Eniac are:Rose, A., Lightning Strikes Mathematics: ENIAC,Popular Science, vol. 148, Apr. 1946, pp. 83-86.Anonymous, Robot Calculator: ENIAC, All Electronic Device,Business Week, Feb. 16, 1946, p. 50 ...Anonymous, Answers by ENY: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC,Newsweek, vol. 27, Feb. 18, 1946, p. 76.Anonymous, Adds in ¹/₅₀₀₀ Second: Electronic Computing Machine at the University of Pennsylvania,Science News Letter, vol. 49, Feb. 23, 1946, p. 113 ...Anonymous, ENIAC: at the University of Pennsylvania,Time, vol. 47, Feb. 25, 1946, p. 90.Anonymous, It Thinks with Electrons; the ENIAC,Popular Mechanics, vol. 85, June 1946, p. 139.Anonymous, Electronic Calculator: ENIAC,Scientific American, vol. 174, June 1946, p. 248.

There is as yet no full-scale, published scientific account of the Eniac. At the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Md., where the machine now is, there are a few copies of some long mimeographed reports on the machine and the way it works. These were prepared by H. H. Goldstine and others when at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, as a part of the contract under which the machine was constructed for the U. S. Government. It is possible that these reports might be consulted on request by serious students.

Some scientific descriptions of the machine and its properties are:

Burks, Arthur W., Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC,Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 35, no. 8, Aug. 1947, pp. 756-767.

Clippinger, R. F.,A Logical Coding System Applied to the Eniac, B. R. L. Report No. 673, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Sept. 29, 1948, 41 pp.

Eckert, J. Presper, Jr.,John W. Mauchly,Herman H. Goldstine, andJ. G. Brainerd, Description of the ENIAC and Comments on Electronic Digital Computing Machines, Applied Mathematics Panel Report 171.2R, Washington, D. C.: National Defense Research Committee, Nov. 1945, 78 pp.

Goldstine, Herman H., andAdele Goldstine, The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC),Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 15, July 1946, pp. 97-110.

Hartree, D. R., The ENIAC, an Electronic Computing Machine,Nature, vol. 158, Oct. 12, 1946, pp. 500-506.

Hartree, D. R.,Calculating Machines: Recent and Prospective Developments and Their Impact on Mathematical Physics, Cambridge, England: The University Press, 1947, 40 pp. (Pages 14 to 27 are devoted to the Eniac.)

Tabor, Lewis P., Brief Description and Operating Characteristics of the ENIAC,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 31-39.

Some of the less technical articles on Eniac are:

Rose, A., Lightning Strikes Mathematics: ENIAC,Popular Science, vol. 148, Apr. 1946, pp. 83-86.

Anonymous, Robot Calculator: ENIAC, All Electronic Device,Business Week, Feb. 16, 1946, p. 50 ...

Anonymous, Answers by ENY: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC,Newsweek, vol. 27, Feb. 18, 1946, p. 76.

Anonymous, Adds in ¹/₅₀₀₀ Second: Electronic Computing Machine at the University of Pennsylvania,Science News Letter, vol. 49, Feb. 23, 1946, p. 113 ...

Anonymous, ENIAC: at the University of Pennsylvania,Time, vol. 47, Feb. 25, 1946, p. 90.

Anonymous, It Thinks with Electrons; the ENIAC,Popular Mechanics, vol. 85, June 1946, p. 139.

Anonymous, Electronic Calculator: ENIAC,Scientific American, vol. 174, June 1946, p. 248.

As yet no full-scale scientific report is available on the Bell Laboratories general-purpose relay computers that went to Aberdeen and Langley Field. However, there is some information about these and other Bell Laboratories relay computing machines in the following articles:Alt, Franz L., A Bell Telephone Laboratories’ Computing Machine (two parts),Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 21, Jan. 1948, pp. 1-13, and vol. 3, no. 22, Apr. 1948, pp. 69-84.Cesareo, O., The Relay Interpolator,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 24, no. 12, Dec. 1946, pp. 457-460.Juley, Joseph, The Ballistic Computer,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan. 1947, pp. 5-9.Williams, Samuel B., A Relay Computer for General Application,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 25, no. 2, Feb. 1947, pp. 49-54.Williams, Samuel B., Bell Telephone Laboratories’ Relay Computing System,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 40-68.Anonymous, Complex Computer Demonstrated,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 19, no. 2, Oct. 1940, pp. v-vi.Anonymous,Computer Mark 22 Mod. 0: Development and Description, Navord Report No. 178-45, Washington, D. C.: Navy Department, Dec. 6, 1945, 225 pp.Anonymous, Relay Computer for the Army,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 26, no. 5, May 1948, pp. 208-209.

As yet no full-scale scientific report is available on the Bell Laboratories general-purpose relay computers that went to Aberdeen and Langley Field. However, there is some information about these and other Bell Laboratories relay computing machines in the following articles:

Alt, Franz L., A Bell Telephone Laboratories’ Computing Machine (two parts),Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 21, Jan. 1948, pp. 1-13, and vol. 3, no. 22, Apr. 1948, pp. 69-84.

Cesareo, O., The Relay Interpolator,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 24, no. 12, Dec. 1946, pp. 457-460.

Juley, Joseph, The Ballistic Computer,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan. 1947, pp. 5-9.

Williams, Samuel B., A Relay Computer for General Application,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 25, no. 2, Feb. 1947, pp. 49-54.

Williams, Samuel B., Bell Telephone Laboratories’ Relay Computing System,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 40-68.

Anonymous, Complex Computer Demonstrated,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 19, no. 2, Oct. 1940, pp. v-vi.

Anonymous,Computer Mark 22 Mod. 0: Development and Description, Navord Report No. 178-45, Washington, D. C.: Navy Department, Dec. 6, 1945, 225 pp.

Anonymous, Relay Computer for the Army,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 26, no. 5, May 1948, pp. 208-209.

As yet there are no published references on the Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator.Some books covering a good deal of mathematical logic are:Quine, W. V.,Mathematical Logic, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1940, 348 pp.Reichenbach, Hans,Elements of Symbolic Logic, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1947, 444 pp.Tarski, Alfred,Introduction to Logic, New York: Oxford University Press, 1941, 239 pp.Woodger, J. H.,The Axiomatic Method in Biology, Cambridge, England: The University Press, 1937, 174 pp.Chapter 2,pp. 18-52, is an excellent and understandable summary of the concepts of mathematical logic.Several papers on the application of mathematical logic to the analysis of practical situations are:Berkeley, Edmund C., Boolean Algebra (The Technique for Manipulating “And,” “Or,” “Not,” and Conditions) and Applications to Insurance,Record of the American Institute of Actuaries, vol. 26, Oct. 1937, pp. 373-414.Berkeley, Edmund C., Conditions Affecting the Application of Symbolic Logic,Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol. 7, no. 4, Dec. 1942, pp. 160-168.Shannon, Claude E., A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, 1938, pp. 713-723.This paper has had a good deal of influence here and there on the development of electric circuits using relays.The following report discusses the solution of some problems of mathematical logic by means of a large-scale digital calculator:Tarski, Alfred,A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry, Report R-109, California: Rand Corporation, Aug. 1, 1948, 60 pp.

As yet there are no published references on the Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator.

Some books covering a good deal of mathematical logic are:

Quine, W. V.,Mathematical Logic, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1940, 348 pp.

Reichenbach, Hans,Elements of Symbolic Logic, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1947, 444 pp.

Tarski, Alfred,Introduction to Logic, New York: Oxford University Press, 1941, 239 pp.

Woodger, J. H.,The Axiomatic Method in Biology, Cambridge, England: The University Press, 1937, 174 pp.

Chapter 2,pp. 18-52, is an excellent and understandable summary of the concepts of mathematical logic.

Several papers on the application of mathematical logic to the analysis of practical situations are:

Berkeley, Edmund C., Boolean Algebra (The Technique for Manipulating “And,” “Or,” “Not,” and Conditions) and Applications to Insurance,Record of the American Institute of Actuaries, vol. 26, Oct. 1937, pp. 373-414.

Berkeley, Edmund C., Conditions Affecting the Application of Symbolic Logic,Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol. 7, no. 4, Dec. 1942, pp. 160-168.

Shannon, Claude E., A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, 1938, pp. 713-723.

This paper has had a good deal of influence here and there on the development of electric circuits using relays.

The following report discusses the solution of some problems of mathematical logic by means of a large-scale digital calculator:

Tarski, Alfred,A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry, Report R-109, California: Rand Corporation, Aug. 1, 1948, 60 pp.

The Aiken Mark II Relay CalculatorThe Computation Laboratory of Harvard University finished during 1947 a second large relay calculator, called the Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator. This machine is alluded to briefly at the end ofChapter 10and is described more fully in the following:Campbell, Robert V. D., Mark II Calculator,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 69-79.Freeland, Stephen L., Inside the Biggest Man-Made Brain,Popular Science, May 1947, pp. 95-100.Miller, Frederick G., Application of Printing Telegraph Equipment to Large-Scale Calculating Machinery,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 213-222.The EdsacThe Edsac is a machine under construction in England.Wilkes, M. V., The Design of a Practical High-Speed Computing Machine: the EDSAC,Proceedings of the Royal Society, series A, vol. 195, 1948, pp. 274-279.Wilkes, M. V., andW. Renwick, An Ultrasonic Memory Unit for the EDSAC,Electronic Engineering, vol. 20, no. 245, July 1948, pp. 208-213.The EdvacThe Edvac is a machine under construction at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Philadelphia.Koons, Florence, andSamuel Lubkin, Conversion of Numbers from Decimal to Binary Form in the EDVAC,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 26, Apr. 1949, pp. 427-431.Anonymous, EDVAC Replaces ENIAC,The Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, vol. 45, no. 8, Apr. 1947, pp. 9-10.The IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic CalculatorThe IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator was finished and announced in January 1948, and is alluded to briefly at the end ofChapter 10. More information about this machine is in the following references:Eckert, W. J., Electrons and Computation,The Scientific Monthly, vol. 67, no. 5, Nov. 1948, pp. 315-323.International Business Machines Corporation,IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator, New York: International Business Machines Corporation (form no. 52-3927-0), 1948, 16 pp.The Raytheon ComputerThe Raytheon Computer is a machine under construction at the Raytheon Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Mass.Bloch, R. M.,R. V. D. Campbell, andM. Ellis, The Logical Design of the Raytheon Computer,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 286-295.Bloch, R. M.,R. V. D. Campbell, andM. Ellis, General Design Considerations for the Raytheon Computer,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 317-323.A “System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting”During the 1930’s a system using connected punch-card machinery was experimented with in a department store in Pittsburgh. The purpose of the system was automatic accounting and analysis of sales. This system is described in:Woodruff, L. F., A System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, Feb. 1938, pp. 78-87.The UnivacThe Univac is a machine under construction at the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, Philadelphia. A similar but smaller digital computer called the Binac is also being developed.Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation,The Univac System, Philadelphia: Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp., 1948, 8 pp.Electronic Control Co.(nowEckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.),A Tentative Instruction Code for a Statistical Edvac, Philadelphia: Electronic Control Co. (now Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.), May 7, 1947, 19 pp.Snyder, Frances E., andHubert M. Livingston, Coding of a Laplace Boundary Value Problem for the UNIVAC,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 25, Jan. 1949, pp. 341-350.The Zuse ComputerThe Zuse Computer is a small digital computer constructed in Germany.Lyndon, Roger C., The Zuse Computer,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 355-359.

The Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator

The Computation Laboratory of Harvard University finished during 1947 a second large relay calculator, called the Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator. This machine is alluded to briefly at the end ofChapter 10and is described more fully in the following:

Campbell, Robert V. D., Mark II Calculator,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 69-79.

Freeland, Stephen L., Inside the Biggest Man-Made Brain,Popular Science, May 1947, pp. 95-100.

Miller, Frederick G., Application of Printing Telegraph Equipment to Large-Scale Calculating Machinery,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 213-222.

The Edsac

The Edsac is a machine under construction in England.

Wilkes, M. V., The Design of a Practical High-Speed Computing Machine: the EDSAC,Proceedings of the Royal Society, series A, vol. 195, 1948, pp. 274-279.

Wilkes, M. V., andW. Renwick, An Ultrasonic Memory Unit for the EDSAC,Electronic Engineering, vol. 20, no. 245, July 1948, pp. 208-213.

The Edvac

The Edvac is a machine under construction at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Philadelphia.

Koons, Florence, andSamuel Lubkin, Conversion of Numbers from Decimal to Binary Form in the EDVAC,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 26, Apr. 1949, pp. 427-431.

Anonymous, EDVAC Replaces ENIAC,The Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, vol. 45, no. 8, Apr. 1947, pp. 9-10.

The IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator

The IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator was finished and announced in January 1948, and is alluded to briefly at the end ofChapter 10. More information about this machine is in the following references:

Eckert, W. J., Electrons and Computation,The Scientific Monthly, vol. 67, no. 5, Nov. 1948, pp. 315-323.

International Business Machines Corporation,IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator, New York: International Business Machines Corporation (form no. 52-3927-0), 1948, 16 pp.

The Raytheon Computer

The Raytheon Computer is a machine under construction at the Raytheon Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Mass.

Bloch, R. M.,R. V. D. Campbell, andM. Ellis, The Logical Design of the Raytheon Computer,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 286-295.

Bloch, R. M.,R. V. D. Campbell, andM. Ellis, General Design Considerations for the Raytheon Computer,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 317-323.

A “System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting”

During the 1930’s a system using connected punch-card machinery was experimented with in a department store in Pittsburgh. The purpose of the system was automatic accounting and analysis of sales. This system is described in:

Woodruff, L. F., A System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting,Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 57, Feb. 1938, pp. 78-87.

The Univac

The Univac is a machine under construction at the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, Philadelphia. A similar but smaller digital computer called the Binac is also being developed.

Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation,The Univac System, Philadelphia: Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp., 1948, 8 pp.

Electronic Control Co.(nowEckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.),A Tentative Instruction Code for a Statistical Edvac, Philadelphia: Electronic Control Co. (now Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.), May 7, 1947, 19 pp.

Snyder, Frances E., andHubert M. Livingston, Coding of a Laplace Boundary Value Problem for the UNIVAC,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 25, Jan. 1949, pp. 341-350.

The Zuse Computer

The Zuse Computer is a small digital computer constructed in Germany.

Lyndon, Roger C., The Zuse Computer,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 355-359.

Following are a number of references on various aspects of the design of digital computing machines:OrganizationBurks, Arthur W., Super-Electronic Computing Machine,Electronic Industries, vol. 5, no. 7, July 1946, p. 62.Burks, Arthur W.,Herman H. GoldstineandJohn von Neumann,Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument, Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study, 2nd edition, Sept. 1947, 42 pp.Eckert, J. Presper, Jr.,John W. Mauchly, andJ. R. Weiner, An Octal System Automatic Computer,Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 4, Apr. 1949, p. 335.Forrester, Jay W.,Warren S. Loud,Robert R. Everett, andDavid R. Brown,Lectures by Project Whirlwind Staff on Electronic Digital Computation, Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, Mar. and Apr. 1947, 149 pp.Lubkin, Samuel, Decimal Point Location in Computing Machines,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 21, Jan. 1948, pp. 44-50.Patterson, George W., editor, and others,Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers(subtitle:Lectures Given at the Moore School 8 July 1946-31 August 1946), Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, vol. 1, lectures 1-10, Sept. 10, 1947, 161 pp.; vol. 2, lectures 11-21, Nov. 1, 1947, 173 pp.; vol. 3 and 4 in preparation.Stibitz, George R.,Relay Computers, Applied Mathematics Panel Report 171.1R, Washington, D. C.: National Defense Research Council, Feb. 1945, 83 pp.Stibitz, George R., Should Automatic Computers be Large or Small?Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 362-364.Stibitz, George R., The Organization of Large-Scale Calculating Machinery,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 91-100.Stibitz, George R., A New Class of Computing Aids,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 23, July 1948, pp. 217-221.Input and Output DevicesAlexander, Samuel N., Input and Output Devices for Electronic Digital Calculating Machinery,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 248-253.Fuller, Harrison W., The Numeroscope,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 238-247.O’neal, R. D., Photographic Methods for Handling Input and Output Data,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 260-266.Tyler, Arthur W., Optical and Photographic Storage Techniques,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 146-150.Zworykin, V. K.,L. E. Flory, andW. S. Pike, Letter-Reading Machine,Electronics, vol. 22, no. 6, June 1949, pp. 80-86.Anonymous, Letter-Printing Cathode-Ray Tube,Electronics, vol. 22, no. 6, June 1949, pp. 160-162.Storage DevicesBrillouin, Leon N., Electromagnetic Delay Lines,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 110-124.Forrester, Jay W., High-Speed Electrostatic Storage,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 125-129.Haeff, Andrew V., The Memory Tube and its Application to Electronic Computation,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 281-286.Kornei, Otto, Survey of Magnetic Recording,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 223-237.Moore, Benjamin L., Magnetic and Phosphor Coated Discs,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 130-132.Rajchman, Jan A., The Selectron—A Tube for Selective Electrostatic Storage,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 359-361 and frontispiece.Sharpless, T. Kite, Mercury Delay Lines as a Memory Unit,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 103-109.Sheppard, C. Bradford, Transfer Between External and Internal Memory,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 267-273.Programming or CodingEverett, Robert R.,Digital Computing Machine Logic(memorandum M-63), Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, Mar. 19, 1947, 48 pp.Goldstine, Herman H., andJohn von Neumann,Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study, 1947, 69 pp.Goldstine, Herman H., andJohn von Neumann,Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study, part 2, vol. 3, 1948, 23 pp.Mauchly, John W., Preparation of Problems for Edvac-Type Machines,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 203-207.

Following are a number of references on various aspects of the design of digital computing machines:

Organization

Burks, Arthur W., Super-Electronic Computing Machine,Electronic Industries, vol. 5, no. 7, July 1946, p. 62.

Burks, Arthur W.,Herman H. GoldstineandJohn von Neumann,Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument, Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study, 2nd edition, Sept. 1947, 42 pp.

Eckert, J. Presper, Jr.,John W. Mauchly, andJ. R. Weiner, An Octal System Automatic Computer,Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 4, Apr. 1949, p. 335.

Forrester, Jay W.,Warren S. Loud,Robert R. Everett, andDavid R. Brown,Lectures by Project Whirlwind Staff on Electronic Digital Computation, Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, Mar. and Apr. 1947, 149 pp.

Lubkin, Samuel, Decimal Point Location in Computing Machines,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 21, Jan. 1948, pp. 44-50.

Patterson, George W., editor, and others,Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers(subtitle:Lectures Given at the Moore School 8 July 1946-31 August 1946), Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, vol. 1, lectures 1-10, Sept. 10, 1947, 161 pp.; vol. 2, lectures 11-21, Nov. 1, 1947, 173 pp.; vol. 3 and 4 in preparation.

Stibitz, George R.,Relay Computers, Applied Mathematics Panel Report 171.1R, Washington, D. C.: National Defense Research Council, Feb. 1945, 83 pp.

Stibitz, George R., Should Automatic Computers be Large or Small?Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 362-364.

Stibitz, George R., The Organization of Large-Scale Calculating Machinery,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 91-100.

Stibitz, George R., A New Class of Computing Aids,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 23, July 1948, pp. 217-221.

Input and Output Devices

Alexander, Samuel N., Input and Output Devices for Electronic Digital Calculating Machinery,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 248-253.

Fuller, Harrison W., The Numeroscope,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 238-247.

O’neal, R. D., Photographic Methods for Handling Input and Output Data,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 260-266.

Tyler, Arthur W., Optical and Photographic Storage Techniques,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 146-150.

Zworykin, V. K.,L. E. Flory, andW. S. Pike, Letter-Reading Machine,Electronics, vol. 22, no. 6, June 1949, pp. 80-86.

Anonymous, Letter-Printing Cathode-Ray Tube,Electronics, vol. 22, no. 6, June 1949, pp. 160-162.

Storage Devices

Brillouin, Leon N., Electromagnetic Delay Lines,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 110-124.

Forrester, Jay W., High-Speed Electrostatic Storage,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 125-129.

Haeff, Andrew V., The Memory Tube and its Application to Electronic Computation,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948, pp. 281-286.

Kornei, Otto, Survey of Magnetic Recording,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 223-237.

Moore, Benjamin L., Magnetic and Phosphor Coated Discs,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 130-132.

Rajchman, Jan A., The Selectron—A Tube for Selective Electrostatic Storage,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 359-361 and frontispiece.

Sharpless, T. Kite, Mercury Delay Lines as a Memory Unit,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 103-109.

Sheppard, C. Bradford, Transfer Between External and Internal Memory,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 267-273.

Programming or Coding

Everett, Robert R.,Digital Computing Machine Logic(memorandum M-63), Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, Mar. 19, 1947, 48 pp.

Goldstine, Herman H., andJohn von Neumann,Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study, 1947, 69 pp.

Goldstine, Herman H., andJohn von Neumann,Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study, part 2, vol. 3, 1948, 23 pp.

Mauchly, John W., Preparation of Problems for Edvac-Type Machines,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 203-207.

Many of the following articles are nontechnical and contain much interesting information about machines that think:Alt, Franz L., New High-Speed Computing Devices,The American Statistician, vol. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1947, pp. 14-15.Bush, Vannevar, As We May Think,Atlantic Monthly, July 1945, pp. 101-108.Condon, Edward U.,The Electronic Brain Means a Better Future for You(broadcast), Columbia Broadcasting System, Jan. 4, 1948.Davis, Harry M., Mathematical Machines,Scientific American, vol. 180, no. 4, Apr. 1949, pp. 29-39.Lagemann, John K., It All Adds Up,Collier’s Magazine, May 31, 1947, pp. 22-23 ...Locke, E. L., Modern Calculators,Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 52, no. 5, Jan. 1949, pp. 87-106.MacLaughlan, Lorne, Electrical Mathematicians,Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 53, no. 3, May 1949, pp. 93-108.Mann, Martin, Want to Buy a Brain?Popular Science, vol. 154, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 148-152.Newman, James R., Custom-Built Genius,New Republic, June 23, 1947, pp. 14-18.Pfeiffer, John E., The Machine That Plays Gin Rummy,Science Illustrated, vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 1949, pp. 46-48 ...Ridenour, Louis N., Mechanical Brains,Fortune, vol. 39, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 108-118.Tumbleson, Robert C., Calculating Machines,Federal Science Progress, June 1947, pp. 3-7.Anonymous, Almost Human,Home Office News, Newark, N. J.: Prudential Insurance Company of America, Feb. 1947, p. 8.

Many of the following articles are nontechnical and contain much interesting information about machines that think:

Alt, Franz L., New High-Speed Computing Devices,The American Statistician, vol. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1947, pp. 14-15.

Bush, Vannevar, As We May Think,Atlantic Monthly, July 1945, pp. 101-108.

Condon, Edward U.,The Electronic Brain Means a Better Future for You(broadcast), Columbia Broadcasting System, Jan. 4, 1948.

Davis, Harry M., Mathematical Machines,Scientific American, vol. 180, no. 4, Apr. 1949, pp. 29-39.

Lagemann, John K., It All Adds Up,Collier’s Magazine, May 31, 1947, pp. 22-23 ...

Locke, E. L., Modern Calculators,Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 52, no. 5, Jan. 1949, pp. 87-106.

MacLaughlan, Lorne, Electrical Mathematicians,Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 53, no. 3, May 1949, pp. 93-108.

Mann, Martin, Want to Buy a Brain?Popular Science, vol. 154, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 148-152.

Newman, James R., Custom-Built Genius,New Republic, June 23, 1947, pp. 14-18.

Pfeiffer, John E., The Machine That Plays Gin Rummy,Science Illustrated, vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 1949, pp. 46-48 ...

Ridenour, Louis N., Mechanical Brains,Fortune, vol. 39, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 108-118.

Tumbleson, Robert C., Calculating Machines,Federal Science Progress, June 1947, pp. 3-7.

Anonymous, Almost Human,Home Office News, Newark, N. J.: Prudential Insurance Company of America, Feb. 1947, p. 8.

Some of the problems that mechanical brains can solve, some of the methods for controlling them to solve problems, and some of theimplications of mechanical brains for future problems are covered in the following references:Solving ProblemsBerkeley, Edmund C., Electronic Machinery for Handling Information, and its Uses in Insurance,Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, vol. 48, May 1947, pp. 36-52.Berkeley, Edmund C., Electronic Sequence Controlled Calculating Machinery and Applications in Insurance,Proceedings of 1947 Annual Conference, Life Office Management Association, New York: Life Office Management Association, 1947, pp. 116-129.Curry, Haskell B., andWilla A. Wyatt,A Study of Inverse Interpolation of the Eniac, B. R. L. Report No. 615, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aug. 19, 1946, 100 pp.Harrison, Joseph O., Jr., andHelen Malone, Piecewise Polynomial Approximation for Large-Scale Digital Calculators,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 26, Apr. 1949, pp. 400-407.Hoffleit, Dorrit, A Comparison of Various Computing Machines Used in Reduction of Doppler Observations,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 25, Jan. 1949, pp. 373-377.Leontief, Wassily W., Computational Problems Arising in Connection with Economic Analysis of Interindustrial Relationships,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 169-175.Lotkin, Max,Inversion on the Eniac Using Osculatory Interpolation, B. R. L. Report No. 632, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, July 15, 1947, 42 pp.Lowan, Arnold N., The Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards,Scripta Mathematica, vol. 15, no. 1, Mar. 1949, pp. 33-63.Matz, Adolph, Electronics in Accounting,Accounting Review, vol. 21, no. 4, Oct. 1946, pp. 371-379.McPherson, James L., Applications of High-Speed Computing Machines to Statistical Work,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 22, Apr. 1948, pp. 121-126.Mitchell, Herbert F., Jr., Inversion of a Matrix of Order 38,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 23, July 1948, pp. 161-166.Anonymous, Revolutionizing the Office,Business Week, May 28, 1949, no. 1030, pp. 65-72.SpeechSome of the possibilities of machines dealing with voice and speech are indicated in:Dudley, Homer,R. R. Riesz, andS. S. A. Watkins, A Synthetic Speaker,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 227, June 1939, pp. 739-764.This is an article on theVoder, which is an abbreviation ofVoiceOperationDemonstrator. The machine was exhibited at the New York World’s Fair, 1939.Dudley, Homer, The Vocoder,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 18, no. 4, Dec. 1939, pp. 122-126.This is a more general type of machine than the Voder. The Vocoder is both an analyzer and synthesizer of human speech.Potter, Ralph K.,George A. Kopp, andHarriet C. Green,Visible Speech, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, 441 pp.Anonymous, Pedro the Voder: A Machine that Talks,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 17, no. 6, Feb. 1939, pp. 170-171.WeatherSome of the possibilities of machines dealing with weather information are covered in:Lagemann, John K., Making Weather to Order,New York Herald Tribune: This Week, Feb. 23, 1947.Shalett, Sidney, Electronics to Aid Weather Figuring,The New York Times, Jan. 11, 1946.Zworykin, V. K.,Outline of Weather Proposal, Princeton, N. J.: Radio Corporation of America Research Laboratories, Oct. 1945, 11 pp.Anonymous, Weather Under Control,Fortune, Feb. 1948, pp. 106-111 ...The Robot MachineČapek, Karel,R. U. R.(translated from the Czech by Paul Selver), New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1923.Lagemann, John K., From Piggly Wiggly to Keedoozle,Collier’s Magazine, vol. 122, no. 18, Oct. 30, 1948, pp. 20-21 ...Leaver, E. W., andJ. J. Brown, Machines Without Men,Fortune, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946, pp. 165 ...Pease, M. C., Devious Weapon,Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 53, no. 2, Apr. 1949, pp. 34-43.Shannon, Claude E.,Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Oct. 8, 1948, 34 pp.Shelley, Mary W.,Frankenstein(in Everyman’s Library, No. 616), New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., last reprinted 1945, 242 pp.Spilhaus, Athelstan, Let Robot Work for You,The American Magazine, Dec. 1948, p. 47 ...Anonymous, Another New Product for Robot Salesmen,Modern Industry, vol. 13, no. 2, Feb. 15, 1947.Anonymous, The Automatic Factory,Fortune, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946, p. 160 ...Anonymous, Machines Predict What Happens in Your Plant,Business Week, Sept. 25, 1948, pp. 68-69 ...

Some of the problems that mechanical brains can solve, some of the methods for controlling them to solve problems, and some of theimplications of mechanical brains for future problems are covered in the following references:

Solving Problems

Berkeley, Edmund C., Electronic Machinery for Handling Information, and its Uses in Insurance,Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, vol. 48, May 1947, pp. 36-52.

Berkeley, Edmund C., Electronic Sequence Controlled Calculating Machinery and Applications in Insurance,Proceedings of 1947 Annual Conference, Life Office Management Association, New York: Life Office Management Association, 1947, pp. 116-129.

Curry, Haskell B., andWilla A. Wyatt,A Study of Inverse Interpolation of the Eniac, B. R. L. Report No. 615, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aug. 19, 1946, 100 pp.

Harrison, Joseph O., Jr., andHelen Malone, Piecewise Polynomial Approximation for Large-Scale Digital Calculators,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 26, Apr. 1949, pp. 400-407.

Hoffleit, Dorrit, A Comparison of Various Computing Machines Used in Reduction of Doppler Observations,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 25, Jan. 1949, pp. 373-377.

Leontief, Wassily W., Computational Problems Arising in Connection with Economic Analysis of Interindustrial Relationships,Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 169-175.

Lotkin, Max,Inversion on the Eniac Using Osculatory Interpolation, B. R. L. Report No. 632, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, July 15, 1947, 42 pp.

Lowan, Arnold N., The Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards,Scripta Mathematica, vol. 15, no. 1, Mar. 1949, pp. 33-63.

Matz, Adolph, Electronics in Accounting,Accounting Review, vol. 21, no. 4, Oct. 1946, pp. 371-379.

McPherson, James L., Applications of High-Speed Computing Machines to Statistical Work,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 22, Apr. 1948, pp. 121-126.

Mitchell, Herbert F., Jr., Inversion of a Matrix of Order 38,Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 23, July 1948, pp. 161-166.

Anonymous, Revolutionizing the Office,Business Week, May 28, 1949, no. 1030, pp. 65-72.

Speech

Some of the possibilities of machines dealing with voice and speech are indicated in:

Dudley, Homer,R. R. Riesz, andS. S. A. Watkins, A Synthetic Speaker,Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 227, June 1939, pp. 739-764.

This is an article on theVoder, which is an abbreviation ofVoiceOperationDemonstrator. The machine was exhibited at the New York World’s Fair, 1939.

Dudley, Homer, The Vocoder,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 18, no. 4, Dec. 1939, pp. 122-126.

This is a more general type of machine than the Voder. The Vocoder is both an analyzer and synthesizer of human speech.

Potter, Ralph K.,George A. Kopp, andHarriet C. Green,Visible Speech, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, 441 pp.

Anonymous, Pedro the Voder: A Machine that Talks,Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 17, no. 6, Feb. 1939, pp. 170-171.

Weather

Some of the possibilities of machines dealing with weather information are covered in:

Lagemann, John K., Making Weather to Order,New York Herald Tribune: This Week, Feb. 23, 1947.

Shalett, Sidney, Electronics to Aid Weather Figuring,The New York Times, Jan. 11, 1946.

Zworykin, V. K.,Outline of Weather Proposal, Princeton, N. J.: Radio Corporation of America Research Laboratories, Oct. 1945, 11 pp.

Anonymous, Weather Under Control,Fortune, Feb. 1948, pp. 106-111 ...

The Robot Machine

ÄŒapek, Karel,R. U. R.(translated from the Czech by Paul Selver), New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1923.

Lagemann, John K., From Piggly Wiggly to Keedoozle,Collier’s Magazine, vol. 122, no. 18, Oct. 30, 1948, pp. 20-21 ...

Leaver, E. W., andJ. J. Brown, Machines Without Men,Fortune, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946, pp. 165 ...

Pease, M. C., Devious Weapon,Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 53, no. 2, Apr. 1949, pp. 34-43.

Shannon, Claude E.,Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Oct. 8, 1948, 34 pp.

Shelley, Mary W.,Frankenstein(in Everyman’s Library, No. 616), New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., last reprinted 1945, 242 pp.

Spilhaus, Athelstan, Let Robot Work for You,The American Magazine, Dec. 1948, p. 47 ...

Anonymous, Another New Product for Robot Salesmen,Modern Industry, vol. 13, no. 2, Feb. 15, 1947.

Anonymous, The Automatic Factory,Fortune, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946, p. 160 ...

Anonymous, Machines Predict What Happens in Your Plant,Business Week, Sept. 25, 1948, pp. 68-69 ...

Back to IndexNext