72.Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 9-11; Bunkim Ch. Chatterji,Krishnacharitra, 46; Macdonell, 174-175, 285; Hopkins,R. I., 33, 177-179.
72.Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 9-11; Bunkim Ch. Chatterji,Krishnacharitra, 46; Macdonell, 174-175, 285; Hopkins,R. I., 33, 177-179.
73.Macdonell, 285; Weber,I. L., 90.
73.Macdonell, 285; Weber,I. L., 90.
74.S. B. E.,Vol.XII,pp.XLI-XLII; Macdonell, 213.
74.S. B. E.,Vol.XII,pp.XLI-XLII; Macdonell, 213.
75.S. B. E.,Vol.XIV, Index.Cf.Weber,I. L., 186;Krishnacharitra, 31.
75.S. B. E.,Vol.XIV, Index.Cf.Weber,I. L., 186;Krishnacharitra, 31.
76.3, 17, 6.SeeDutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 189; Weber,I. L., 71; Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 26; Hopkins,R. I., 465.
76.3, 17, 6.SeeDutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 189; Weber,I. L., 71; Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 26; Hopkins,R. I., 465.
77.Weber,I. L., 70.
77.Weber,I. L., 70.
78.Whether Krishna Angirasa in theKaushītaki Brāhmanabe the same person as Krishna Devakiputra, or not, we cannot tell.
78.Whether Krishna Angirasa in theKaushītaki Brāhmanabe the same person as Krishna Devakiputra, or not, we cannot tell.
79.Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 127; Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 33-34; Hopkins,R. I., 403; Monier-Williams, 112.
79.Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 127; Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 33-34; Hopkins,R. I., 403; Monier-Williams, 112.
80.The reference to Krishna and Arjuna runsVāsudevārjunābhyām vun(IV, 3, 98), words which put the two on one level.
80.The reference to Krishna and Arjuna runsVāsudevārjunābhyām vun(IV, 3, 98), words which put the two on one level.
81.Hopkins,G. E. I., 390-395.
81.Hopkins,G. E. I., 390-395.
82.Hopkins,G. E. I., 395.
82.Hopkins,G. E. I., 395.
83.We need not stay to ask whether theSrimadbhāgavatand other Purānas can be trusted as evidence for the life of Krishna; for all scholars agree that, while ancient Purānas existed, all those that have come down to us reflecta later stage of Hinduism than that of the Mahābhārata; and that, while they contain much that is old scattered up and down their pages, the oldest fragments are of the same general date as theMahābhārataandManu. Hopkins,R. I., 434-445; Macdonell, 299-302; Dutt,C. A. I.,I, 19;II, 211; Müller,A. S. L., 61; Kaegi, 8, 105;Krishnacharitra,Chaps.XIV-XVI.
83.We need not stay to ask whether theSrimadbhāgavatand other Purānas can be trusted as evidence for the life of Krishna; for all scholars agree that, while ancient Purānas existed, all those that have come down to us reflecta later stage of Hinduism than that of the Mahābhārata; and that, while they contain much that is old scattered up and down their pages, the oldest fragments are of the same general date as theMahābhārataandManu. Hopkins,R. I., 434-445; Macdonell, 299-302; Dutt,C. A. I.,I, 19;II, 211; Müller,A. S. L., 61; Kaegi, 8, 105;Krishnacharitra,Chaps.XIV-XVI.
84.The study of Prof. Macdonell’s excellent manual ought surely now to be made part of any Sanskrit course prescribed for a University degree in India.
84.The study of Prof. Macdonell’s excellent manual ought surely now to be made part of any Sanskrit course prescribed for a University degree in India.
85.Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 5.
85.Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 5.
86.The Student’s Chronicle, May 1903,p.6.
86.The Student’s Chronicle, May 1903,p.6.
87.For some amusing instancesseeHopkins,R. I., 522, note, andcf.Monier-Williams,Chap.X.
87.For some amusing instancesseeHopkins,R. I., 522, note, andcf.Monier-Williams,Chap.X.
88.Monier-Williams, 260.
88.Monier-Williams, 260.
89.Garbe, 85; Monier-Williams, 98, 112, note.
89.Garbe, 85; Monier-Williams, 98, 112, note.
90.McCrindle,Ancient India, 201.Cf.Hopkins,R. I., 459; Macdonell, 411; Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 219; Garbe, 19, 83.
90.McCrindle,Ancient India, 201.Cf.Hopkins,R. I., 459; Macdonell, 411; Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.I, 219; Garbe, 19, 83.
91.That it was only at a very late date that this identification took place is evident from the fact that it is not once mentioned in the early literature. Even in two of the Vishnu Upanishads of the Atharva Veda, theAtmabodha, and theNārāyana, Krishna is referred to as a mere man. Apart from theGītāand theMahābhārata, the earliest reference to him as God incarnate is in theGopālatāpanīyopanishad. See Weber,I. L., 169; andcf.Garbe, 18-19, 85; Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 25-26; Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.II, 191.
91.That it was only at a very late date that this identification took place is evident from the fact that it is not once mentioned in the early literature. Even in two of the Vishnu Upanishads of the Atharva Veda, theAtmabodha, and theNārāyana, Krishna is referred to as a mere man. Apart from theGītāand theMahābhārata, the earliest reference to him as God incarnate is in theGopālatāpanīyopanishad. See Weber,I. L., 169; andcf.Garbe, 18-19, 85; Bose,H. C.,Vol.I, 25-26; Dutt,C. A. I.,Vol.II, 191.
92.For the inconsistencies of theGītā, see Telang,p.11; Hopkins,R. I., 390, 399, 400.
92.For the inconsistencies of theGītā, see Telang,p.11; Hopkins,R. I., 390, 399, 400.
93.VII, 6; 10;IX, 8; 10; 13;XIV, 3.
93.VII, 6; 10;IX, 8; 10; 13;XIV, 3.
94.VII, 7;IX, 5.
94.VII, 7;IX, 5.
95.IX, 7.
95.IX, 7.
96.IX, 7.
96.IX, 7.
97.IX, 4.
97.IX, 4.
98.VII, 8-11;X, 20-38.
98.VII, 8-11;X, 20-38.
99.IX, 10; 17-18.
99.IX, 10; 17-18.
100.IV, 14.
100.IV, 14.
101.IX, 9.
101.IX, 9.
102.III;22-24.
102.III;22-24.
103.This is Telang’s translation of two very difficult, yet very instructive phrases. In theGītāthe wordprakritiis used, first for the primeval matter of the Sānkhya system (III, 27; 29;IX, 8, 10, 12;XIII, 19, 20, 23, 29), and secondly for the primeval matter of personal character, each man’s natural disposition (III, 33;VII, 20;XI, 51;XVIII, 59). There is then a third class of passages in which the word is used in the Sānkhyan sense, but,by the addition of a personal pronoun,prakritiis made to belong to Krishna personally (VII, 4, 5;IX, 7, 13). Here we have one of the devices our author employed to give the great old phrases a vivid personal colouring. Now such a phrase as “my prakriti” is already ambiguous; so we are not surprised to meet with two passages, in which it is impossible to tell whether the meaning is metaphysical or ethical (IV, 6;IX, 8). Probably the author intended to suggest both meanings. Most translators take the meaning to be metaphysical, but Telang may be right in taking it as ethical: Krishna is regarded as the ideal of Action Yoga. For a similar use of the personal pronoun comparesarvakarmāni mayi sannyasya(XVIII, 57) withsarvakarmāni sannyasyaof theParamahansopanishad. Pages 706, 708 and 709 of Jacob’sConcordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgītāare peculiarly instructive in this connection.
103.This is Telang’s translation of two very difficult, yet very instructive phrases. In theGītāthe wordprakritiis used, first for the primeval matter of the Sānkhya system (III, 27; 29;IX, 8, 10, 12;XIII, 19, 20, 23, 29), and secondly for the primeval matter of personal character, each man’s natural disposition (III, 33;VII, 20;XI, 51;XVIII, 59). There is then a third class of passages in which the word is used in the Sānkhyan sense, but,by the addition of a personal pronoun,prakritiis made to belong to Krishna personally (VII, 4, 5;IX, 7, 13). Here we have one of the devices our author employed to give the great old phrases a vivid personal colouring. Now such a phrase as “my prakriti” is already ambiguous; so we are not surprised to meet with two passages, in which it is impossible to tell whether the meaning is metaphysical or ethical (IV, 6;IX, 8). Probably the author intended to suggest both meanings. Most translators take the meaning to be metaphysical, but Telang may be right in taking it as ethical: Krishna is regarded as the ideal of Action Yoga. For a similar use of the personal pronoun comparesarvakarmāni mayi sannyasya(XVIII, 57) withsarvakarmāni sannyasyaof theParamahansopanishad. Pages 706, 708 and 709 of Jacob’sConcordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgītāare peculiarly instructive in this connection.
104.IV, 14;IX, 9.
104.IV, 14;IX, 9.
105.X, 12, 20.
105.X, 12, 20.
106.III, 3;IV, 36-38;XII, 12.
106.III, 3;IV, 36-38;XII, 12.
107.XII, 12;XIII, 24.
107.XII, 12;XIII, 24.
108.II, 47-53;III, 7, 30;IV, 14-23;V, 2;VI, 1;XII, 12;XVIII, 1-11.
108.II, 47-53;III, 7, 30;IV, 14-23;V, 2;VI, 1;XII, 12;XVIII, 1-11.
109.VII, 13-14;XII, 20.
109.VII, 13-14;XII, 20.
110.VII, 15;IX, 11-12;XVI, 6-20.
110.VII, 15;IX, 11-12;XVI, 6-20.
111.II, 61;VII, 14;XII, 6;XVIII, 57.
111.II, 61;VII, 14;XII, 6;XVIII, 57.
112.XII, 2.
112.XII, 2.
113.VI, 14, 31;IX, 13-14, 22, 30, 34;X, 8-10;XII, 2, 6-7, 14.
113.VI, 14, 31;IX, 13-14, 22, 30, 34;X, 8-10;XII, 2, 6-7, 14.
114.IV, 10;VII, 1, 29;IX, 32.
114.IV, 10;VII, 1, 29;IX, 32.
115.VI, 14;X, 9;XVIII, 57-58.
115.VI, 14;X, 9;XVIII, 57-58.
116.VIII, 5, 7, 14.
116.VIII, 5, 7, 14.
117.X, 3;XVIII, 66.
117.X, 3;XVIII, 66.
118.IV, 14;IX, 28;XVIII, 49.
118.IV, 14;IX, 28;XVIII, 49.
119.V, 29;VI, 15;XVIII, 62.
119.V, 29;VI, 15;XVIII, 62.
120.X, 11.
120.X, 11.
121.VI, 15;VIII, 15.
121.VI, 15;VIII, 15.
122.IV, 9;VII, 19;VIII, 5, 7, 15-16;IX, 25, 28, 32, 34;XII, 8;XIII, 18;XIV, 2;XVIII, 55-56, 62, 65.
122.IV, 9;VII, 19;VIII, 5, 7, 15-16;IX, 25, 28, 32, 34;XII, 8;XIII, 18;XIV, 2;XVIII, 55-56, 62, 65.
123.X, 2.
123.X, 2.
124.X, 1-3, 20.
124.X, 1-3, 20.
125.IX, 23.
125.IX, 23.
126.VII, 21-22.
126.VII, 21-22.
127.IX, 29.
127.IX, 29.
128.IX, 22;X, 7-11.
128.IX, 22;X, 7-11.
129.Zeller,Socrates,Chaps.IandII.
129.Zeller,Socrates,Chaps.IandII.
130.Zeller,Socrates,Chaps.IIItoIX; Bury,History of Greece,II, 140-146; Grote,History of Greece,Chap.LXVIII.
130.Zeller,Socrates,Chaps.IIItoIX; Bury,History of Greece,II, 140-146; Grote,History of Greece,Chap.LXVIII.
131.Zeller,Socrates,Chap.X; Bury,History of Greece,II, 147.
131.Zeller,Socrates,Chap.X; Bury,History of Greece,II, 147.
132.So called by Pericles, her greatest statesman. SeeThucydides,II, 41.
132.So called by Pericles, her greatest statesman. SeeThucydides,II, 41.
133.See Milton,Paradise Regained,IV, 272-280.
133.See Milton,Paradise Regained,IV, 272-280.
134.Socrates, PartIII.
134.Socrates, PartIII.
135.Mahaffy,Greek Literature,II, 160-162; Ritchie,Plato,Chap.I; Mayor,Ancient Philosophy, 41ff.
135.Mahaffy,Greek Literature,II, 160-162; Ritchie,Plato,Chap.I; Mayor,Ancient Philosophy, 41ff.
136.For the DialoguesseeRitchie’sPlato,Chap.II.
136.For the DialoguesseeRitchie’sPlato,Chap.II.
137.On theRepublicsee Mahaffy,Greek Literature,II, 195-201.
137.On theRepublicsee Mahaffy,Greek Literature,II, 195-201.
138.Plato,Rep.,II, 360E-362A, Davies and Vaughan’s translation.
138.Plato,Rep.,II, 360E-362A, Davies and Vaughan’s translation.
139.The Bible, complete or in part, is printed and published to-day in 454 languages and dialects. The number of Bibles, New Testaments and portions sold by the various Bible Societies of Europe and America, in lands outside Europe, amounted in 1901 to 3,286,834. (Centennial Survey of Foreign Missionsby the Rev. JamesS.Dennis,D.D.) These figures do not include the Bibles sold by the ordinary publishers of Christian countries, nor the Bibles sold in Europe by Bible Societies. If it were possible to gather all the statistics, we may be certain the figures would amount up to five or six millions. What a book that must be, which circulates in 454 languages, and is sold at the rate of 5,000,000 copies per annum!
139.The Bible, complete or in part, is printed and published to-day in 454 languages and dialects. The number of Bibles, New Testaments and portions sold by the various Bible Societies of Europe and America, in lands outside Europe, amounted in 1901 to 3,286,834. (Centennial Survey of Foreign Missionsby the Rev. JamesS.Dennis,D.D.) These figures do not include the Bibles sold by the ordinary publishers of Christian countries, nor the Bibles sold in Europe by Bible Societies. If it were possible to gather all the statistics, we may be certain the figures would amount up to five or six millions. What a book that must be, which circulates in 454 languages, and is sold at the rate of 5,000,000 copies per annum!
140.Hosea, 11, 1.
140.Hosea, 11, 1.
141.Amos, 3, 2.
141.Amos, 3, 2.
142.2Kings, 17, 1-23; the figures are from an inscription of Sargon, the victorious Assyrian King: seeAuthority and Archæology, 101.
142.2Kings, 17, 1-23; the figures are from an inscription of Sargon, the victorious Assyrian King: seeAuthority and Archæology, 101.
143.2Kings, 19, 35-36; Wellhausen,Israel and Judah,Chap.VII;Authority and Archæology, 105-108.
143.2Kings, 19, 35-36; Wellhausen,Israel and Judah,Chap.VII;Authority and Archæology, 105-108.
144.Jeremiah, 25, 1-14.
144.Jeremiah, 25, 1-14.
145.2Kings, 25, 1-22.
145.2Kings, 25, 1-22.
146.Psalm137.
146.Psalm137.
147.The details have now been read in Cyrus’s own inscriptions: Hastings,Dictionary of the Bible,I, 541.
147.The details have now been read in Cyrus’s own inscriptions: Hastings,Dictionary of the Bible,I, 541.
148.FromChap.40 onwards.SeeDriver,Introduction, 217.
148.FromChap.40 onwards.SeeDriver,Introduction, 217.
149.Isaiah, 40, 1-10; 44, 24-28.
149.Isaiah, 40, 1-10; 44, 24-28.
150.Authority and Archaeology, 123-126.
150.Authority and Archaeology, 123-126.
151.Ezra,Chap.1.
151.Ezra,Chap.1.
152.Isaiah, 42, 19.
152.Isaiah, 42, 19.
153.For the ideas of this great prophet, seethe Cambridge Bible for Schools, Isaiah,Vol.II,pp.XXII-XXXIX.
153.For the ideas of this great prophet, seethe Cambridge Bible for Schools, Isaiah,Vol.II,pp.XXII-XXXIX.
154.Isaiah, 42, 1-4.
154.Isaiah, 42, 1-4.
155.Isaiah, 49, 1-6.
155.Isaiah, 49, 1-6.
156.Isaiah, 50, 4-9.
156.Isaiah, 50, 4-9.
157.Isaiah, 52, 13-53, 12.
157.Isaiah, 52, 13-53, 12.
158.Froude,Cæsar, 12-19.
158.Froude,Cæsar, 12-19.
159.For the whole pictureseeMommsen, especially the very last page of his history.
159.For the whole pictureseeMommsen, especially the very last page of his history.
160.Virgil,Eclogues,IV, 4-25.
160.Virgil,Eclogues,IV, 4-25.
161.Sellar,Virgil, 146; Simcox,Latin Literature,Vol.I, 257.
161.Sellar,Virgil, 146; Simcox,Latin Literature,Vol.I, 257.
162.Sellar,Virgil, 145.Cf.Boissier,La Religion Romaine.
162.Sellar,Virgil, 145.Cf.Boissier,La Religion Romaine.
163.See articleSlaveryinEncyclopædia Brittanica; andcf.Gibbon,Chaps.IIandXXXVIII; Cunningham,An Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects; Wallon,Histoire de l’Esclavage dans l’Antiquité.
163.See articleSlaveryinEncyclopædia Brittanica; andcf.Gibbon,Chaps.IIandXXXVIII; Cunningham,An Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects; Wallon,Histoire de l’Esclavage dans l’Antiquité.
164.Fowler,The City-State of the Greeks and Romans; Mahaffy,Social Life in Greece, 44; Kidd,P. W. C.,Chap.VI.
164.Fowler,The City-State of the Greeks and Romans; Mahaffy,Social Life in Greece, 44; Kidd,P. W. C.,Chap.VI.
165.Kidd,P. W. C.,Chaps.VIItoIX.
165.Kidd,P. W. C.,Chaps.VIItoIX.
166.Kidd,P. W. C., 190, 223-4.
166.Kidd,P. W. C., 190, 223-4.
167.Sohm,The Institutes of Roman Law; Wallon,Histoire de l’Esclavage dans l’Antiquité.
167.Sohm,The Institutes of Roman Law; Wallon,Histoire de l’Esclavage dans l’Antiquité.
168.Bury,History of Greece,I, 72.
168.Bury,History of Greece,I, 72.
169.Kidd,P. W. C., 223.
169.Kidd,P. W. C., 223.
170.Kidd,P. W. C., 168.
170.Kidd,P. W. C., 168.
171.Kidd,P. W. C., 160-172; Seebohm,The Structure of Greek Tribal Society, 4, 138.
171.Kidd,P. W. C., 160-172; Seebohm,The Structure of Greek Tribal Society, 4, 138.
172.Sir Robert Giffen,Address to the Manchester Statistical Society, 15.
172.Sir Robert Giffen,Address to the Manchester Statistical Society, 15.
173.Kidd,Social Evolution,Chaps.IV&V.
173.Kidd,Social Evolution,Chaps.IV&V.
174.Tacitus,Annals,XV, 44, Church and Brodribb’s translation.
174.Tacitus,Annals,XV, 44, Church and Brodribb’s translation.
175.Church and Brodribb’sAnnals, 374.
175.Church and Brodribb’sAnnals, 374.
176.For all the facts and the opinions of various scholars,seeHastings,Dictionary of the Bible,I, 410-415.
176.For all the facts and the opinions of various scholars,seeHastings,Dictionary of the Bible,I, 410-415.
177.Matthew, Chapters 26 & 27.
177.Matthew, Chapters 26 & 27.
178.For the criticism of the Gospelsseebelow, pages49-50.
178.For the criticism of the Gospelsseebelow, pages49-50.
179.Matt., 26, 67-68.
179.Matt., 26, 67-68.
180.Matt., 27, 27-31.
180.Matt., 27, 27-31.
181.Matt., 27, 32-44.
181.Matt., 27, 32-44.
182.It was not theteachingof Jesus, but Hisinterference, in the interests of His own supreme standards, with the traditional worship and customs of the Jews, that led the Jewish hierarchy to determine on His death. See belowp. 52.
182.It was not theteachingof Jesus, but Hisinterference, in the interests of His own supreme standards, with the traditional worship and customs of the Jews, that led the Jewish hierarchy to determine on His death. See belowp. 52.
183.See Hastings,Dictionary of the Bible,ad loca, and Moffatt,Historical New Testament,pp.272-274. The most probable dates are, forMark, 66 to 70A.D., and forMatthewandLuke, 70 to 75A.D.
183.See Hastings,Dictionary of the Bible,ad loca, and Moffatt,Historical New Testament,pp.272-274. The most probable dates are, forMark, 66 to 70A.D., and forMatthewandLuke, 70 to 75A.D.
184.See the masses of evidence gathered in Schürer,H. J. P.
184.See the masses of evidence gathered in Schürer,H. J. P.
185.Fairbairn,The Philosophy of the Christian Religion,pp.328-9.
185.Fairbairn,The Philosophy of the Christian Religion,pp.328-9.
186.Mark, 1, 9.
186.Mark, 1, 9.
187.Mark, 1, 9.
187.Mark, 1, 9.
188.Mark, 6, 3.
188.Mark, 6, 3.
189.Luke, 3, 1; 1, 4, 14.
189.Luke, 3, 1; 1, 4, 14.
190.Luke, 5, 8.
190.Luke, 5, 8.
191.Luke, 7, 36-50.
191.Luke, 7, 36-50.
192.Luke, 19, 1-10.
192.Luke, 19, 1-10.
193.Luke, 23, 39-43.
193.Luke, 23, 39-43.
194.See Harnack,What is Christianity,pp.32-35.
194.See Harnack,What is Christianity,pp.32-35.
195.See specially Weiss,N. T.Theology; Beyschlag,N. T.Theology; Wendt,Teaching of Jesus; Stevens,Theology of the New Testament; Robertson,Our Lord’s Teaching; and many others.
195.See specially Weiss,N. T.Theology; Beyschlag,N. T.Theology; Wendt,Teaching of Jesus; Stevens,Theology of the New Testament; Robertson,Our Lord’s Teaching; and many others.
196.See Schürer,H. J. P., Div.II,Vol.II,pp.126ff.
196.See Schürer,H. J. P., Div.II,Vol.II,pp.126ff.
197.The reason for His silence is to be found in the fact that the Messianic hope, as popularly held, had become largely political: to have confessed Himself the Christ would have been to precipitate a revolt against Rome.Cf.McGiffert’sApostolic Age, 28.
197.The reason for His silence is to be found in the fact that the Messianic hope, as popularly held, had become largely political: to have confessed Himself the Christ would have been to precipitate a revolt against Rome.Cf.McGiffert’sApostolic Age, 28.
198.Matt., 21, 1-11.
198.Matt., 21, 1-11.
199.Matt., 21, 12-17.
199.Matt., 21, 12-17.
200.Matt., 21, 23-23, 39.
200.Matt., 21, 23-23, 39.
201.Matt., 26, 3-5.
201.Matt., 26, 3-5.
202.Matt., 26, 47-56.
202.Matt., 26, 47-56.
203.Matt., 26, 57 and 59.
203.Matt., 26, 57 and 59.
204.Matt., 26, 59-62.
204.Matt., 26, 59-62.
205.Matt., 26, 63-64.
205.Matt., 26, 63-64.
206.Matt., 26, 65-66.
206.Matt., 26, 65-66.
207.Schürer,H. J. P., Div.II,Vol.I, 188;John, 18, 31.
207.Schürer,H. J. P., Div.II,Vol.I, 188;John, 18, 31.
208.Matt., 27, 1-2; 27, 11.
208.Matt., 27, 1-2; 27, 11.
209.Matt., 27, 18.
209.Matt., 27, 18.
210.Matt., 27, 11-26.
210.Matt., 27, 11-26.
211.McGiffert’sApostolic Age, 27-32.
211.McGiffert’sApostolic Age, 27-32.