The preceding examples suggest a good approximation to a form of expression which, we confess, we have been unable to find under the prepositionki; i. e.withnoting concomitancy, (vid.ki(1)), as in the following examples: "Pray with faith;" "love God with your whole heart." In these sentences we should have no hesitation in usingrunga.A very common form of, we believe, Maori origin, is,Kia haere atu te inoi irungai a te Karaiti,let the prayer go forth upon Christ.
The preceding examples suggest a good approximation to a form of expression which, we confess, we have been unable to find under the prepositionki; i. e.withnoting concomitancy, (vid.ki(1)), as in the following examples: "Pray with faith;" "love God with your whole heart." In these sentences we should have no hesitation in usingrunga.
A very common form of, we believe, Maori origin, is,
The other compound prepositions may often be rendered very useful by giving them, as in the above, a figurative acceptation according with the nature of the subject. One or two examples will suffice.
Tuais thus employed:
The student should carefully remember thatmuriandmuado not exactly correspond withbehindandbeforein English, and thattuais very frequently employed to denote those words.
We have heard the following very erroneous expressions from some old settlers:
Muriandmua(as well as the substantivearoaro) are chiefly employed in connexion with living objects. When allusion is made to the date of events, the student will remember that the prepositionsa,mo,mo,a,hei,kei,ko,hei aandko a, denote future time, and thatno,i, andowill always indicate past time.
These prepositions will sometimes take verbal particles into connexion with them, and may be frequently found in other forms to occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and adverbs; vid. ch. 1, § 6. (c), ch. 7. § 1. (b), and ch. 9.
Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting what would be represented by a preposition in English. Though their proper place belongs to the dictionary, we beg the reader's permission to insert a few here:
The prefixwhaka, when in union with a word, will impart the meaning oftowards, and change it into an adverb; e. g.,
The above form deserves, we think, the notice of our Missionary brethren as supplying a good approximation to an useof the wordby, which we have not been able to find under the prepositionkiormo, viz., when it is used inadjuration. If, for example, we had to translate into prose the following stanza:—Bythy birth, and early years;Bythy griefs, and sighs, and tears;Jesus look with pitying eye.Hear, and spare us when we cry,we should feel very reluctant to use eitherkiormo. For, in that case, our Lord's hearing would be represented as a thingto beaccomplished, or purchased by himselfwithhis birth and early years—a version quite foreign from the original.We should therefore prefer something to this effect:—"Whakarongo mai, tohungia hoki matou, &c., wakamaharatia tou whanautanga, &c.," or, "kia mahara hoki ki tou whanautanga ki tou taitamarikitanga, &c., &c."Some, perhaps, would prefer—"I whanua nei hoki koe i taitamariki, &c.;" neither should we object to such a form. All we contend for is, thatkiandmowill not answer, and that they would often, in such kind of sentences, convey very erroneous doctrines. Approximation to such a meaning is all we can hope for; and that is the best which differs least insensefrom the original.
The above form deserves, we think, the notice of our Missionary brethren as supplying a good approximation to an useof the wordby, which we have not been able to find under the prepositionkiormo, viz., when it is used inadjuration. If, for example, we had to translate into prose the following stanza:—
Bythy birth, and early years;Bythy griefs, and sighs, and tears;Jesus look with pitying eye.Hear, and spare us when we cry,
we should feel very reluctant to use eitherkiormo. For, in that case, our Lord's hearing would be represented as a thingto beaccomplished, or purchased by himselfwithhis birth and early years—a version quite foreign from the original.
We should therefore prefer something to this effect:—"Whakarongo mai, tohungia hoki matou, &c., wakamaharatia tou whanautanga, &c.," or, "kia mahara hoki ki tou whanautanga ki tou taitamarikitanga, &c., &c."
Some, perhaps, would prefer—"I whanua nei hoki koe i taitamariki, &c.;" neither should we object to such a form. All we contend for is, thatkiandmowill not answer, and that they would often, in such kind of sentences, convey very erroneous doctrines. Approximation to such a meaning is all we can hope for; and that is the best which differs least insensefrom the original.
[16]Many of the following remarks belong properly to the Syntax. The student however will, we trust, find it advantageous to have the whole subject placed thus, in one connected view before him.[17]By neuter verbs, here, are intended also participial adjectives. (Vid. verbs, note, under head "Neuter.")
[16]Many of the following remarks belong properly to the Syntax. The student however will, we trust, find it advantageous to have the whole subject placed thus, in one connected view before him.
[17]By neuter verbs, here, are intended also participial adjectives. (Vid. verbs, note, under head "Neuter.")
The adverbs of Maori may be considered under two heads,primitiveandderivative.
Theprimitiveare but few in number.
Thederivativeare very numerous, and may be thus ranked:
1st. Those which require some preposition to exhibit their application; e. g.,
2ndly. Those which are derived from words of other parts of speech.
3rdly. Those phrases which supply the place of adverbs.
The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in the variety of adverbs; and though, strictly speaking, most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we shall mention them:
1stly. Because many foreigners are much perplexed from not being acquainted with them, and
2ndly. Because, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge of them is of great importance to the composition of elegant Maori.
Note 1.—Some of the following adverbs might, it will be seen, have been easily classified under other heads. It was necessary, however, to have a classification, and it is not of much consequence under which head a phrase of equivocal character should be classed.
Note 2.—Some of the adverbial particles are fully considered in the next chapter.
Adverbs may be reduced to the following classes:—to those of time, place, order, quantity, quality, manner, affirmation, negation, comparison, interrogation, and intensity.
While he may be found, might also be rendered byi tona kiteatanga.
Note 2.Ki reira,no reira,hei reira, &c., correspond, in most cases, withki kona,no kona,hei kona, with this difference, however,that thenaandrafollow the rule already noticed. Videtena, Pronouns.
Maori is very well supplied with affirmative and negative particles, all of which differ by very slight shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of which will be best learned by practice.
Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal particles. We have given some examples of them in chapter vii., (vid. paradigm of the tenses,) and we shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax.
Haunga,[24]not, (denoting exclusion, or exception); e. g.,
Maori has many particles which indicate interrogation, and which correspond, in some particulars, withthe enclitic particlesneandnumof Latin; e. g.,
Ranei,ianei,iana, andiara, are always incorporated into the sentence, and generally denote a question, e. g.,
Raneiis very frequently used in the sense ofwhether.
Ianei,iana, andiara, are sometimes pleonastic in Waikato.
Pairawa,tinotika,tinopairawa, kinowhakaharahara, tikapu, henoa iho, tiniwhakarere, tikatonu; all these adverbs stand forveryor some modification of it; e. g.,
Maori, as might be expected in the language of a rude people, abounds in adverbs of intensity. We shall have to mention some of these hereafter, (vid. adjective, comparative degree, Syntax.) They sometimes elegantly supply the place of verbal particles, aswe shall have occasion to show when we treat on the Syntax of the verbs.From the preceding table the student will see that Maori has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and that the chief process by which a word may be converted into an adverb, is by placing it in immediate connexion with the verb or adjective.It should, perhaps, be here noticed, 1st, that Maori inclines to this mode of construction. Thus, where we should say,the women and the children must all roll the log; a native would most probably employ the adverb; e. g., Huritanehuriwahine. Such a mode of construction, though loose, is, however, concise and emphatic.2ndly. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same variations as the verb—admits of number, voice, and the form of the verbal noun. For this, however, vid. Syntax.3rdly. That another process for the creation of adverbs is by prefixingwhaka, orato the preposition, noun, or adverb.4thly. That the compound prepositions, especially whentimeandplaceare denoted, will very often take the adverbial form.[27]5thly and lastly. It would be a very useful exercise for the student to examine those sentences, the place of which would be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of their construction. Some, for example, he will find rendered by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substantive in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c.We have dwelt so long upon this subject, that we are unwilling to occupy his attention any further with it.
Maori, as might be expected in the language of a rude people, abounds in adverbs of intensity. We shall have to mention some of these hereafter, (vid. adjective, comparative degree, Syntax.) They sometimes elegantly supply the place of verbal particles, aswe shall have occasion to show when we treat on the Syntax of the verbs.
From the preceding table the student will see that Maori has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and that the chief process by which a word may be converted into an adverb, is by placing it in immediate connexion with the verb or adjective.
It should, perhaps, be here noticed, 1st, that Maori inclines to this mode of construction. Thus, where we should say,the women and the children must all roll the log; a native would most probably employ the adverb; e. g., Huritanehuriwahine. Such a mode of construction, though loose, is, however, concise and emphatic.
2ndly. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same variations as the verb—admits of number, voice, and the form of the verbal noun. For this, however, vid. Syntax.
3rdly. That another process for the creation of adverbs is by prefixingwhaka, orato the preposition, noun, or adverb.
4thly. That the compound prepositions, especially whentimeandplaceare denoted, will very often take the adverbial form.[27]
5thly and lastly. It would be a very useful exercise for the student to examine those sentences, the place of which would be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of their construction. Some, for example, he will find rendered by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substantive in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c.
We have dwelt so long upon this subject, that we are unwilling to occupy his attention any further with it.
[18]These adverbs of time are arranged according to their times, past present, and future. For the time of those adverbs which are compounded with prepositions, vid. the simple prepositions, chapter 8. The principal compound adverbs arehea,ahea,mua,muri,amata,apopo,reira,ko. They are chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these combinations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the class of substantives:Ahea?Kohea?Nohea?Nahea?Ihea?Mohea?Mahea?Kihea?Keihea?Ihea?Ohea?Heihea?Apopo.Koapopo.Moapopo.Heiapopo.Amua.Koamua.Komua.Nomua.Namua.Imua.Momua.Moa mua.Mamua.Kimua.Keimua.Imua.Omua.Heimua.Ahea?Koahea?Heiahea?Moahea?Nonahea?Inahea?Amuri.Komuri.Nomuri.Namuri.Imuri.Momuri.Mamuri.Kimuri.Keimuri.Imuri.Omuri.Koanaianei.Heianaianei.Moanaianei.Inaianei.Onaianei.Reira,koandkonei, &c., will take the same combination asmuri. It will be observed that some of the above adverbs takenbetween them and the preposition.[19]Ka mutu, andka meagenerally denote future time, and imply a short interval between the time of speaking and the act. Though the formerexpressesanendingof something else, it does not alwaysintendit; for it is often used when the person addressed is not engaged at any thing. As there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of phrase which is translated "it came to pass," "it shall come to pass," some have adaptedka meaas a substitute, and in some cases, perhaps, it must stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted; viz.:—a simplea, ornawai aortenei ake, &c. We, for example, should have no scruple in translating the following sentences "so it came to pass when all the men of war were consumed," &c., nawai a, ka poto nga tangata hapai patu katoa te mate, &c., "and it shall come to pass if ye hearken," &c., a tenei ake, ki te whakarongo koutou, &c., "and it came to pass when he heard," &c., a, te rongonga o, &c.[20]For the difference betweennei,na, andra, vid. pronouns, page 30.[21]Thetangata wero, is the person who advances to meet a party, and throws a spear at them. If, in turning to retire, he turns to the side different from that from which the spear was darted, it is a huri koaro, and a bad omen.[22]Tahangais only to be found as adverb.[23]Ae, andinado not always strictly implyaffirmation; e. g., Kahore he kete? He kete ano;ae ra, tikina atu.Is there no basket? There is a basket; yes, then, go fetch it.The wordanswerin Hebrew, and that corresponding to it in the Greek Testament and Septuagint, affords, we think, a parallel to this use ofae. (vid. Parkhurst's Greek Lexicon, by Rose.) It is putting acommand, &c., into the form ofan assentto some previous sentence.—N.B.Inais often used to denoteenergy,certainty, &c.; e. g.,inaka riri au,certainly, in that case, I will be angry.[24]Some, we believe, maintain that the adverbbesidesshould be always rendered byhaunga. It is true that, whereverexclusionornegationis indicated by that word,haungawill generally answer; e. g., E rua tekau ratou,haunganga wahine,they were twenty, besides (that is not counting) the women. In the leading sense, however, ofbesides, viz., that ofmoreover,addition to, haunga will, we are sure, seldom find an use; as in the following examples: "Besidesyou know," "nobody thinks sobesidesyourself," "there is nothing therebesidesthe box," "besidesher he had no child."[25]Some foreigners, we observe, give this adverb a more extensive meaning than we have allowed it. In such phrases, for example, as the following: "Held by the hand," "built by the hand," &c., they would say "purutiaaringaringatia," "hangaaringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of opinion that such expressions are very rare in genuine Maori. "Purutia ringaringatia, hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way preferable.[26]Koia, when part of an interrogative sentence, is, as far as we have observed, (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Maori have not followed the rule,) almost always used inrejoinder; e. g., I peheakoiaahau?what then did I say?The speaker here supposes that the hearer had disputed his statement, and useskoia.Otiis used in a somewhat similar construction with the meaning ofelse, e. g., He aha oti?what else then is it?[27]It has been objected by a learned friend that the compound prepositions are more properly adverbs, and that in such a sentence as "kei roto i te whare,"iis the governing preposition, androtois an adverb. With all deference, however, to his very superior critical abilities, we submit, that if a preposition be "a particle denoting the relation of one substantive to another" thenrotois a preposition; for it clearly indicates a local relation betweenroto(ori roto, if you please,) and the thing spoken of. Those who feel sceptical on this point, we would beg to examine the composite prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew prepositionunder(tahath) is recognised as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may require the prepositionsfromandtoin combination with it to exhibit its meaning. So also, in English, such prepositions asaccordingto,outat,outof, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the supplementary preposition annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted, that where there is a break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the former must be considered as an adverb; thus, in the sentence, "Kei raro, kei te whare,"it is below, it is in the house;rarois here, as it is in English, an adverb joined tois; the line of connection being broken by a comma. In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the compound preposition, (or rather, in this case, theadverb,) must also follow it.
[18]These adverbs of time are arranged according to their times, past present, and future. For the time of those adverbs which are compounded with prepositions, vid. the simple prepositions, chapter 8. The principal compound adverbs arehea,ahea,mua,muri,amata,apopo,reira,ko. They are chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these combinations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the class of substantives:
Reira,koandkonei, &c., will take the same combination asmuri. It will be observed that some of the above adverbs takenbetween them and the preposition.
[19]Ka mutu, andka meagenerally denote future time, and imply a short interval between the time of speaking and the act. Though the formerexpressesanendingof something else, it does not alwaysintendit; for it is often used when the person addressed is not engaged at any thing. As there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of phrase which is translated "it came to pass," "it shall come to pass," some have adaptedka meaas a substitute, and in some cases, perhaps, it must stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted; viz.:—a simplea, ornawai aortenei ake, &c. We, for example, should have no scruple in translating the following sentences "so it came to pass when all the men of war were consumed," &c., nawai a, ka poto nga tangata hapai patu katoa te mate, &c., "and it shall come to pass if ye hearken," &c., a tenei ake, ki te whakarongo koutou, &c., "and it came to pass when he heard," &c., a, te rongonga o, &c.
[20]For the difference betweennei,na, andra, vid. pronouns, page 30.
[21]Thetangata wero, is the person who advances to meet a party, and throws a spear at them. If, in turning to retire, he turns to the side different from that from which the spear was darted, it is a huri koaro, and a bad omen.
[22]Tahangais only to be found as adverb.
[23]Ae, andinado not always strictly implyaffirmation; e. g., Kahore he kete? He kete ano;ae ra, tikina atu.Is there no basket? There is a basket; yes, then, go fetch it.The wordanswerin Hebrew, and that corresponding to it in the Greek Testament and Septuagint, affords, we think, a parallel to this use ofae. (vid. Parkhurst's Greek Lexicon, by Rose.) It is putting acommand, &c., into the form ofan assentto some previous sentence.—N.B.Inais often used to denoteenergy,certainty, &c.; e. g.,inaka riri au,certainly, in that case, I will be angry.
[24]Some, we believe, maintain that the adverbbesidesshould be always rendered byhaunga. It is true that, whereverexclusionornegationis indicated by that word,haungawill generally answer; e. g., E rua tekau ratou,haunganga wahine,they were twenty, besides (that is not counting) the women. In the leading sense, however, ofbesides, viz., that ofmoreover,addition to, haunga will, we are sure, seldom find an use; as in the following examples: "Besidesyou know," "nobody thinks sobesidesyourself," "there is nothing therebesidesthe box," "besidesher he had no child."
[25]Some foreigners, we observe, give this adverb a more extensive meaning than we have allowed it. In such phrases, for example, as the following: "Held by the hand," "built by the hand," &c., they would say "purutiaaringaringatia," "hangaaringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of opinion that such expressions are very rare in genuine Maori. "Purutia ringaringatia, hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way preferable.
[26]Koia, when part of an interrogative sentence, is, as far as we have observed, (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Maori have not followed the rule,) almost always used inrejoinder; e. g., I peheakoiaahau?what then did I say?The speaker here supposes that the hearer had disputed his statement, and useskoia.Otiis used in a somewhat similar construction with the meaning ofelse, e. g., He aha oti?what else then is it?
[27]It has been objected by a learned friend that the compound prepositions are more properly adverbs, and that in such a sentence as "kei roto i te whare,"iis the governing preposition, androtois an adverb. With all deference, however, to his very superior critical abilities, we submit, that if a preposition be "a particle denoting the relation of one substantive to another" thenrotois a preposition; for it clearly indicates a local relation betweenroto(ori roto, if you please,) and the thing spoken of. Those who feel sceptical on this point, we would beg to examine the composite prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew prepositionunder(tahath) is recognised as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may require the prepositionsfromandtoin combination with it to exhibit its meaning. So also, in English, such prepositions asaccordingto,outat,outof, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the supplementary preposition annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted, that where there is a break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the former must be considered as an adverb; thus, in the sentence, "Kei raro, kei te whare,"it is below, it is in the house;rarois here, as it is in English, an adverb joined tois; the line of connection being broken by a comma. In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the compound preposition, (or rather, in this case, theadverb,) must also follow it.
We have thought it better to devote a separate chapter to the consideration of the following particles of Maori; first, because those words, though they strongly partake of the nature of adverbs, are yet sometimes used as conjunctions; secondly, because we are of opinion that a distinct consideration of them will be the best way to impart clear and comprehensive views of their nature.
An accurate acquaintance with theseepea pteroenta"winged words" of discourse, is in most languages of very difficult attainment: but in Maori, particularly, do they require our study; that language not conceding to the verb the same prominent place that it occupies in other languages, and rather, (as we have already observed,) transacting the business of predication by pronouns, particles, &c.
They are mainly used for embellishing, defining, and impressing a sentence, and may, with the prepositions, be justly denominated the hinges of Maori.
To enumerate them all would be an endless task, and perhaps a useless one: for, in no part of Maori is there so great a discrepancy in the various districts. The following, we think, are the most general in use, and most deserving of notice: atu, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau.
Atuandmaiare, in most respects, exactly opposite;atuindicates anemanation forthof action from—the latter anapproachordirectiontowards—the speaker.
N.B.—Atuwill sometimes lose its peculiar meaning after a verb, (vid. verbs, S.) It will also occasionally stand forother: Tera atu ano,that is another; i. e., there are other besides.
AkeandIho. The general uses ofakeandihoare, of the formerup, and of the latterdown, to the speaker:
Sometimes they will stand, the one forup, the other fordown, to the object of the action; e. g.,
Akeandihowill sometimes denotepropriety,peculiarity,self-existence, &c.; e. g.,
Akewill sometimes signifythe other sideof the speaker, whether it bebefore,behind,to one side of,above,below, &c.; e. g.,haere aketo a hearer in front will mean comebehind me: to a person behind, it will signify cometo my front.
N.B.—Ihodoes not seem to have any corresponding opposite to this meaning ofake.
Sometimes, also,akeis employed to designate a motion by another towards some place with which the speaker is in connexion; e. g.,
Under these two last rules should, perhaps, be mentioned the following examples:
Note 1.—There are other subordinate meanings ofakeandiho, of which examples have been given under the adverbs, and which do not, we think, require any further notice.
Note 2.—Akeandihoare often used after verbs, in a manner somewhat corresponding to that of the verbal particles. (vid. verbs. S.)
Aiis a particle of great use. It is chiefly employed as a substitute for the relativeswho,which,what, and has reference to thetime,place,manner,cause,means,intention, &c., of an action; as in the following examples:
Occasionally, however, it is heard as a simple expletive; e. g.,
2ndly. It is employed with the verbs to denote asequenceand, occasionally, anoppositionof action, and might be translated by "and then," "to," and sometimes "but."