LESSON I.—NOUNS
Nominative and Objective Case
First and Second Declension
VERBS
Three Persons Singular,Present Indicative
A noun is the name of a thing or person, a verb signifies an action, an adjective a quality as good or bad belonging to a noun. The nominative case is the person who is or may be doing what the verb means; the objective case is the thing or person to which or towards which the action of the verb tends. The verbto be, denoting simple existence, not action, of course is followed by the nominative, not the objective case.
Nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Masculines generally end in ος.Feminines in η or α, a few in ος—ὁδός,a way,βίβλος,a book, παρθένος,a maiden.Neuters in ον.
Masculines generally end in ος.
Feminines in η or α, a few in ος—ὁδός,a way,
βίβλος,a book, παρθένος,a maiden.
Neuters in ον.
The objective case ends in ν, the ν being added to the termination of feminines, and substituted for the ς in masculines. In neuters the nominative and objective are the same. Adjectives follow the same rule.
Verbs: first person ends in ω, second in ς, and third in ει or ᾳ, as—
Useful Imperatives
The articletheis declined masculine, feminine, and neuter like the nouns, thus—
It never has α in the feminine.
The verbto be, εἰμί, has second person εἶ, third ἐστί, or before a vowel ἐστίν, and in plural ἐσμέν, ἐστέ, εἰσί.
The pronouns of the first and second persons are—
λαμπρός ἐστι ὁ ἥλιος,the sun is bright.καὶ καλὴ ἡ ἡμέρα,and the day beautiful.ὁρᾷς τὸν ἥλιον;do you see the sun?ὁρῶ νεφέλην,I see a cloud.νεφέλην στυγνὴν ὁρῶ,I see a dark cloud.ὁρᾷς τὸν καπνόν;do you see the smoke?ὁρᾷς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὸν κυανοῦν;do you see the blue sky?ἀκούεις τοῦ ποταμοῦ;do you hear the river?ἀκούεις τῆς βροντῆς;do you hear the thunder?θαυμάζεις τὸ δένδρον τόδε τὸ ὑψηλόν;do you admire this tall tree?θαυμάζω καὶ μ́ᾰλα γε,I admire it extremely.ὁρᾷς τὸ ῥόδον τοῦτο τὸ καλόν;do you see this beautiful rose?καὶ τὸ λείριον τὸ λευκόν;and the white lily?καὶ τὴν πόαν τὴν χλωράν;and the green grass?καλός ἐστιν ὁ κῆπος,the garden is beautiful.καὶ σοφὸς ὁ κηπουρός,and the gardener wise.ὁρῶ ἄκανθαν,I see a thistle.κᾰκόν, κᾰκόν,bad, bad!αἰσχρόν, αἰσχρόν,ugly, ugly!μῑσῶ τὴν κακὴν ἄκανθαν,I hate the ugly thistle.φιλῶ τὸ ῥόδον τὸ καλόν,I love the lovely rose.μῑσεῖς τὴν ἀκαλήφην;do you hate the nettle?μάλιστα,certainly.σφοδρός ἐστιν ὁ ἄνεμος,the wind is strong.φιλῶ τὴν σκιάν,I love the shade.καὶ τὴν σκέπην,and the shelter.φέρε τὴν τράπεζαν,bring the table.ποῦστι ὁ πέτασος ὁ ἐμός;where is my hat?δός μοι τὸν πέτασον,give me the hat.φιλῶ πῖλον ἐγώ,I love a cap.κ́ῑνει τὸ πῦρ,orτὴν ἐσχάραν,stir the fire.δός μοι τὸ σκάλευθρον,give me the poker.ἔχεις πυράγραν;have you tongs?ἰδοῦ,there.ὁρᾷς τὸ κάτοπτρον;do you see the mirror?ἔχεις ἕδρᾱν;have you a seat?ἔχεις ὑποπόδιον;have you a footstool?ἔχεις κλ́ῑνην;have you a sofa?δός μοι τὴν βακτηρίαν,give me my stick.τὸ παιδίον τόδε τίς ἔστι;who is this little boy?ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ἐμός,my brother.ἔστι σοι ἀδελφή;have you a sister?φιλῶ δεῖπνον,I love dinner.ἔχεις ἄρτον καὶ βούτῡρον;have you bread and butter?καλὸν τὸ ἀργυροῦν ποτήριον τοῦτο,this silver cup is beautiful.φέρε τὸ καλαμάριον,bring the inkstand.λάβε,take it.οὐχ ὁρῶ κάλαμον,I do not see a pen.ἰδοῦ,here.χάριν ἔχω,thanks.δός μοι χειρόμακτρον,give me a napkin.ἔτι δὲ τοῦ σάπωνος,and some soap.ἰδοῦ σάπωνα τὸν τοῦ Πεαρσίου,here it is, Pears’ soap.θεῖον πάνυ χρῆμα τοῦ καθαρτικοῦ,a splendid cleanser!νῦν δὴ λευκαί μοι αἱ χεῖρες ὥσπερ ἡ χιών. Ἔρρωσο.now my hands are white as snow. Farewell.
λαμπρός ἐστι ὁ ἥλιος,the sun is bright.
καὶ καλὴ ἡ ἡμέρα,and the day beautiful.
ὁρᾷς τὸν ἥλιον;do you see the sun?
ὁρῶ νεφέλην,I see a cloud.
νεφέλην στυγνὴν ὁρῶ,I see a dark cloud.
ὁρᾷς τὸν καπνόν;do you see the smoke?
ὁρᾷς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὸν κυανοῦν;do you see the blue sky?
ἀκούεις τοῦ ποταμοῦ;do you hear the river?
ἀκούεις τῆς βροντῆς;do you hear the thunder?
θαυμάζεις τὸ δένδρον τόδε τὸ ὑψηλόν;do you admire this tall tree?
θαυμάζω καὶ μ́ᾰλα γε,I admire it extremely.
ὁρᾷς τὸ ῥόδον τοῦτο τὸ καλόν;do you see this beautiful rose?
καὶ τὸ λείριον τὸ λευκόν;and the white lily?
καὶ τὴν πόαν τὴν χλωράν;and the green grass?
καλός ἐστιν ὁ κῆπος,the garden is beautiful.
καὶ σοφὸς ὁ κηπουρός,and the gardener wise.
ὁρῶ ἄκανθαν,I see a thistle.
κᾰκόν, κᾰκόν,bad, bad!
αἰσχρόν, αἰσχρόν,ugly, ugly!
μῑσῶ τὴν κακὴν ἄκανθαν,I hate the ugly thistle.
φιλῶ τὸ ῥόδον τὸ καλόν,I love the lovely rose.
μῑσεῖς τὴν ἀκαλήφην;do you hate the nettle?
μάλιστα,certainly.
σφοδρός ἐστιν ὁ ἄνεμος,the wind is strong.
φιλῶ τὴν σκιάν,I love the shade.
καὶ τὴν σκέπην,and the shelter.
φέρε τὴν τράπεζαν,bring the table.
ποῦστι ὁ πέτασος ὁ ἐμός;where is my hat?
δός μοι τὸν πέτασον,give me the hat.
φιλῶ πῖλον ἐγώ,I love a cap.
κ́ῑνει τὸ πῦρ,orτὴν ἐσχάραν,stir the fire.
δός μοι τὸ σκάλευθρον,give me the poker.
ἔχεις πυράγραν;have you tongs?
ἰδοῦ,there.
ὁρᾷς τὸ κάτοπτρον;do you see the mirror?
ἔχεις ἕδρᾱν;have you a seat?
ἔχεις ὑποπόδιον;have you a footstool?
ἔχεις κλ́ῑνην;have you a sofa?
δός μοι τὴν βακτηρίαν,give me my stick.
τὸ παιδίον τόδε τίς ἔστι;who is this little boy?
ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ἐμός,my brother.
ἔστι σοι ἀδελφή;have you a sister?
φιλῶ δεῖπνον,I love dinner.
ἔχεις ἄρτον καὶ βούτῡρον;have you bread and butter?
καλὸν τὸ ἀργυροῦν ποτήριον τοῦτο,this silver cup is beautiful.
φέρε τὸ καλαμάριον,bring the inkstand.
λάβε,take it.
οὐχ ὁρῶ κάλαμον,I do not see a pen.
ἰδοῦ,here.
χάριν ἔχω,thanks.
δός μοι χειρόμακτρον,give me a napkin.
ἔτι δὲ τοῦ σάπωνος,and some soap.
ἰδοῦ σάπωνα τὸν τοῦ Πεαρσίου,here it is, Pears’ soap.
θεῖον πάνυ χρῆμα τοῦ καθαρτικοῦ,a splendid cleanser!
νῦν δὴ λευκαί μοι αἱ χεῖρες ὥσπερ ἡ χιών. Ἔρρωσο.now my hands are white as snow. Farewell.
English Affinities
Panorama. Lamp. Heliotrope. Calisthenics. Ephemeral. Urania. Acoustics. Thaumaturgy. Rose. Lily. Chlorine. Sophist. Cacophony. Misanthrope. Democrat. Animation. Philanthropy. Fire. Optics. Ophthalmia. Cathedral. Clinical. Philadelphia. Adelphi Court. Soap. Chiromancy. Cathartic.