EVOLUTIONARY TABLES
Ages in theOrganic History of the Earth.Periods of Geology.Vertebrate Fossils.Approximate lengthof Paleontological Periods.I. Archeozoic age (primordial)Age of invertebrates{1. Laurentian2. Huronian3. CambrianNo fossil remains of vertebrates52 million years Sedimentary strata63,000 ft. thickII. Paleozoic age (primary)Age of fishes4. Silurian5. Devonian6. Carboniferous7. PermianFishesDipneustsAmphibiaReptiles34 million years Sedimentary strata41,200 ft. thickIII. Mesozoic age (secondary)Age of reptiles8. Triassic9. Jurassic10. CretaceousMonotremesMarsupialsMallotheriaPro-placentals11 million years Sedimentary strata12,200 ft. thickIV. Cenozoic age (tertiary)Age of mammals11. Eocene12. Oligocene13. Miocene14. Pliocene{{{{ProsimiæLemursCynopithecaBaboonsAnthropoidesMan-like apesPithecanthropiApe-men3 million years3,600 ft. thickV. Anthropozoic age (quaternary)Age of man15. Glacial16. Post-glacialPre-historic manSavage and civilised man300,000 years Sedimentary stratalittle thickness
EARLIER ANCESTRAL SERIES, WITHOUT FOSSIL REMAINS, BEFORE THE SILURIAN PERIOD
Chief Stages.Ancestral Stem-Groups.Living Relatives of our Ancestors.Paleon- tology.Onto- geny.Morph- ology.Stages 1-5:Protist- AncestorsUnicellular organisms{1.Monera(Plasmodoma) without nuclei1.Chromacea(Chroococcus)PhycochromaceaOI?I1-2: Plasmodomous Protophyta{2.AlgariaUnicellular algæ with nuclei2.PaulotomeaPalmellaceaEremosphaeraOI?I{3.LobosaUnicellular (Amœboid) Rhizopods3.AmœbinaAmœbaLecocytaOIIII3-5: Plasmophagous Protozoa{4.Infusoria(Unicellular)Zoomonades4.FlagellataEuflagellataO?II{5.BlastæadesMulticellular cell-coloniesBlastula?5.CatallactaMagosphaeraVolvocinaOIIIIIIStages 6-11:Invertebrate Metazoa- Ancestors{6.Gastræadeswith two germinal layers6.GastrulaHydra,Olynthus,OrthonectidaOIIIIII6-8: Cœlenteria, without anus or body-cavity{7.Platodes I.Platodaria(without nephridia)7.Cryptocœla(Convoluta) (Proporus)O?I{8.Platodes II.Platodinia(with nephridia)8.Rhabdocœla(Vortex) (Monotus)O?I9-11: Vermalia, with anus and body-cavity{9.ProvermaliaRotatoriaPrimitive worms9.GastrotrichaTrochozoaTrochophoraO?I{10.Frontonia(Rhynchelminthes) Snouted worms10.EnteropneustaBalanoglossusCephalodiscusO?I{11.ProchordoniaWorms with chorda11.CopelataAppendicariaOIIIIStages 12-15:Monorrhina- AncestorsEarliest vertebrates, without jaws or pairs of limbs, with single nostril{12.Acrania I.(Prospondylia)12.Larvæ of AmphioxusOIIIII{13.Acrania II.Later skull-less animals13.LeptocardiaAmphioxus (Lancelet)OIIII{14.Cyclostoma I.(Archicrania)14.Larvæ of PetromyzonOIIIII{15.Cyclostoma II.Later round- mouthed animals15.MarsipobranchiaMyxinoides PetromyzontesOIIII
LATER ANCESTRAL SERIES, WITH FOSSIL REMAINS, BEGINNING IN THE SILURIAN
Geological Periods.Stem-Groups of Ancestors.Living Relatives of our Ancestors.Paleon- tology.Onto- geny.Morpho- logy.Silurian{16.SelachiiPrimitive fishesProselachii16.NotidanidesChlamydoselachusHeptanchusIIIIIISilurian{17.GanoidesPlated fishesProganoides17.AccipenseridesSturgeon, PolypterusIIIIIDevonian{18.DipneustaPaladipneusta18.NeodipneustaCeratodus, ProtopterusIIIIICarboniferous{19.AmphibiaStegocephala19.Phanerobranchiaand Salamandrina (Proteus, Triton)IIIIIIIIIPermian{20.ReptiliaProreptilia20.RhyncocephaliaPrimitive lizards HatteriaIIIIIIITriassic{21.MonotremaPromammalia21.OrnithodelphiaEchnida OrnithorhyncusIIIIIIIJurassic{22.MarsupialiaProdidelphia22.DidelphiaDidelphys, PeramelesIIIIICretaceous{23.MallotheriaProchoriata23.InsectivoraErinaceida (Ictopsida+)IIIIIOlder Eocene{24.LemuravidaEarlier lemurs Dent. 3, 1, 4, 324.Pachylemures(Hypopsodus+) (Adapis+)IIII?IILater Eocene{25.LemurogonaLater lemurs Dent. 2, 1, 4, 325.Autolemures(Eulemur) (Stenops)III?IIOligocene{26.DysmopithecaWestern apes Dent. 2, 1, 3, 326.Platyrrhinæ(Anthropops+) (Homunculus+)IIIIOlder Miocene{27.CynopithecaBaboons (tailed)27.Papiomorpha(Cynocephalus)IIIIILater Miocene{28.AnthropoidesAnthropoid apes (tailless)28.HylobatidaHylobates SatyrusIIIIIIPliocene{29.PithecanthropiApe-like men (alali = speechless)29.AnthropithecaChimpanzee GorillaIIIIIIIIPleistocene{30.Homines(loquaces = with speech)30.WeddahsAustralian nativesIIIIIII
N.B.— * indicates extinct forms, + living groups, ++ the hypothetical stem-form.Cf.History of Creation, chap. xxvii.;Evolution of Man, chap. xxiii.
Orders.Sub-Orders.Families.Genera.IProsimiaeLemurs (Hemipitheci)The orbits imperfectly separated from the temporal depression by a bony arch. Womb double or two-horned. Placenta diffuse, indeciduate (as a rule). Cerebrum relatively small, smooth, or little furrowed.1.Lemuravida(Palalemures) Early lemurs (generalists)Originally with claws on all or most fingers: later transition to nails. Tarsus primitive.1.Pachylemures*(Hypopsodina)Dent. 44 = 3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3Primitive dentitionArchiprimas++Lemuravus*Early EocenePelycodus*Early EoceneHypopsodus*Late Eocene2.Necrolemures(AnaptomorphaDent. 40 = 2.1.4.3/2.1.4.3Reduced dentitionAdapis*Plesiadapis*Necrolemur*2.Lemurogona(Neolemures) Modern lemures (specialists)All fingers usually have nails (except the second toe). Tarsus modified.3.Autolemures+(Lemurida)Dent. 36 = 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3Specialised dentitionEulemurHapalemurLepilemurNycticebusStenopsGalago4.Chirolemures+(Chiromyida) Dent. 18 = 1.0.1.3/1.0.0.3 Rodent dentitionChiromys(Claws on allfingers except first)IISimiaeApes (Pitheciorsimiales)Orbits completely separated from the temporal depression by a bony septum. Womb simple, pear-shaped. Placenta discoid, deciduate. Cerebrum relatively large and much furrowed.3.PlatyrrhinaeFlat-nosed apesHesperopithecaWestern apes (American). Nostrils lateral, with wide partition 3 premolars5.Arctopitheca+Dent. 32 = 2.1.3.2/2.1.3.2Nail on hallux onlyHapaleMidas6.Dysmopitheca+Dent. 36 = 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3Nails on all fingersCallithrixNyctipithecusCebusMycetesAteles4.CatarrhinaeNarrow-nosed apesEopithecaEastern apes (Arctogoea) Europe, Asia, and Africa. Nostrils forward, with narrow septum 2 premolars. Nails on all fingers7.Cynopitheca+Dent 32 = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3Generally with tail and cheek-pouches. Sacrum with 3 or 4 vertebræCynocephalusCercopithecusInuusSemnopithecusColobusNasalis8.Anthropomorpha+Dent. 32 = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3No tail or cheek-pouches Sacrum with 5 vertebræHylobatesSatyrusPliopithecus*GorillaAnthropithecusDryopithecus*Pithecanthropus*Homo
The orbits imperfectly separated from the temporal depression by a bony arch. Womb double or two-horned. Placenta diffuse, indeciduate (as a rule). Cerebrum relatively small, smooth, or little furrowed.
Originally with claws on all or most fingers: later transition to nails. Tarsus primitive.
All fingers usually have nails (except the second toe). Tarsus modified.
Orbits completely separated from the temporal depression by a bony septum. Womb simple, pear-shaped. Placenta discoid, deciduate. Cerebrum relatively large and much furrowed.
Anthropomorpha
Anthropomorpha
EXPLANATION OF GENEALOGICAL TABLE 1
CHRONOMETRIC REDUCTION OF BIOGENETIC PERIODS
The enormous length of the biogenetic periods (i.e., the periods during which organic life has been evolving on our planet) is still very differently estimated by geologists and paleontologists, astronomers and physicists, because the empirical data of the calculation are very incomplete and admit great differences of estimate. However, most modern experts aver that their length runs to 100 and 200 million years (some say double this, and even more). If we take the lesser figure of 100 millions, we find this distributed over the five chief periods of organic geology very much as is shown on Table 1. In order to get a clearer idea of the vast duration of these evolutionary periods, and to appreciate the relative shortness of the "historical period," Dr. H. Schmidt (Jena) has reduced the 100,000,000 years to a day. In this scheme the twenty-four hours of "creation-day" are distributed as follows over the five evolutionary periods:I.Archeozoic period (52 million years)=12h.30m.II.Paleozoic period (34 million years)=8h.7m.III.Mesozoic period (11 million years)=2h.38m.IV.Cenozoic period (3 million years)=43m.V.Anthropozoic period (0·1-0·2 million years)=2m.If we put the length of the "historic period" at 6,000 years, it only makesfive secondsof "creation-day"; the Christian era would amount totwoseconds.
The enormous length of the biogenetic periods (i.e., the periods during which organic life has been evolving on our planet) is still very differently estimated by geologists and paleontologists, astronomers and physicists, because the empirical data of the calculation are very incomplete and admit great differences of estimate. However, most modern experts aver that their length runs to 100 and 200 million years (some say double this, and even more). If we take the lesser figure of 100 millions, we find this distributed over the five chief periods of organic geology very much as is shown on Table 1. In order to get a clearer idea of the vast duration of these evolutionary periods, and to appreciate the relative shortness of the "historical period," Dr. H. Schmidt (Jena) has reduced the 100,000,000 years to a day. In this scheme the twenty-four hours of "creation-day" are distributed as follows over the five evolutionary periods:
I.Archeozoic period (52 million years)=12h.30m.II.Paleozoic period (34 million years)=8h.7m.III.Mesozoic period (11 million years)=2h.38m.IV.Cenozoic period (3 million years)=43m.V.Anthropozoic period (0·1-0·2 million years)=2m.
If we put the length of the "historic period" at 6,000 years, it only makesfive secondsof "creation-day"; the Christian era would amount totwoseconds.