testamentum facere, conscribere—to make a will.
testamentum obsignare(B. G. 1. 39)—to sign a will.
testamentum resignare—to open a will.
testamentum rescindere—to declare a will to be null and void.
testamentum subicere, supponere—to produce a false will.
testamentum irritum facere, rumpere—to annul, revoke a will.
testamento aliquid cavere(Fin. 2. 31)—to prescribe in one's will.
pecuniam alicui legare—to leave money to a person in one's will.
aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere—to appoint some one as heir in one's will.
alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema)—the last wishes of a deceased person.
heredem esse alicui—to be some one's heir.
hereditate aliquid accipere—to inherit something.
exheres paternorum bonorum(De Or. 1. 38. 175)—disinherited.
exheredari a patre—to be disinherited.
hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo—something has been left as a legacy by some one.
hereditas ad meormihi venit ab aliquo(Verr. 2. 1. 10)—I have received a legacy from a person.
hereditatem adire, cernere—to take possession of an inheritance.
heres ex asse, ex dodrante—sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the estate.
heres ex besse—heir to two-thirds of the property.
assuefactus[1]orassuetus aliqua re—accustomed to a thing.
in consuetudinemormorem venire—to become customary, the fashion.
in nostros mores inducere aliquid(De Or. 2. 28)—to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing.
consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere,[TR1]servare—to keep up a usage.
consuetudo inveterascit(B. G. 5. 41. 5)—a custom is taking root, growing up.
res obsolescit—a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete.
a vetere consuetudine discedere—to give up old customs.
a pristina consuetudine deflectere—to give up old customs.
in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid—to return to ancient usage.
aliquid est meae consuetudinis—it is my custom.
aliquid cadit in meam consuetudinem—it is my custom.
mos (moris) est, ut(Brut. 21. 84)—it is customary to...
more, usu receptum est—it is traditional usage.
ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit—as usually happens.
ut solet, ut fieri solet—as usually happens.
ita fert consuetudo—so custom, fashion prescribes.
ex consuetudine mea(opp.praeter consuetudinem)—according to my custom.
more institutoque maiorum(Mur. 1. 1)—according to the custom and tradition of my fathers.
ex instituto(Liv. 6. 10. 6)—according to traditional usage.
[1]Noteassuescere, to accustom oneself to .... andassuefacere aliquem, to accustom some one else to...
[TR1]Transcriber's Note: The original text hasretineri. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition usingretinere.
negotiatores[1](Verr. 2. 69. 168)—business-men.
homines negotii(always in sing.)gerentes—business-men.
negotii bene gerentes(Quint. 19. 62)—good men of business.
negotium obireorexsequi—to be engaged upon a transaction, carry it out.
negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere—to settle, finish a transaction.
mercaturam facere—to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business.
negotia habere (in Sicilia)—to have commercial interests in Sicily.
contrahere remornegotium cum aliquo(Cluent. 14. 41)—to have business relations with some one.
transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquoorinter se—to transact, settle a matter with some one.
nihil cum aliquo contrahere—to do no business with a man.
quaestum facere(Fam. 15. 14)—to make money.
quaestui aliquid habere(Off. 2. 3. 13)—to make a profit out of something.
res, quae importantur et exportantur—imports and exports.
exponere, proponere merces (venales)—to set out goods for sale.
parvo, vili pretioorbene emere—to buy cheaply.
magnoormale emere—to buy dearly.
aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat—a thing costs much, little.
aliquid nihiloorgratis constat—a thing costs nothing.
pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere(Att. 13. 22)—to fix a price for a thing.
[1]The usual term for men of business arenegotiator, mercator, caupo, institor. The first two are used of merchants, wholesale dealers,negotiatorespecially when talking of the transactions (negotia) of business,mercatorwith reference to the profits (merces).caupois a retail dealer, tradesman, shopkeeper;institor, a pedlar, commercial traveller.
pecunia magna,[1]grandis (multum pecuniae)—much money.
pecunia exiguaortenuis—little money.
pecunia praesens(vid.sect. V. 9, noteNotice too...) ornumerata—cash; ready money.
aes (argentum) signatum—coined money; bullion.
argentum (factum)(Verr. 5. 25. 63)—silver plate.
nummi adulterini—bad money; base coin.
pecuniam erogare (in classem)—to spend money.
pecuniam insumere in aliquidorconsumere in aliqua re—to devote money to a purpose.
pecuniam numerare alicui(Att. 16. 16)—to pay cash.
pecuniam solvere—to pay money.
pecuniam alicui debere—to owe some one money.
pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris)—to lend some one money (without interest).
pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo—to lend, borrow money at interest.
pecuniam fenore occupare(Flacc. 21. 54)—to put out money at interest.
pecuniam collocare[2]in aliqua re—to put money in an undertaking.
pecunia iacet otiosa—the money is bringing in no interest, lies idle.
pecuniam mutuariorsumere mutuam ab aliquo—to borrow money from some one.
pecuniam alicui mutuam dare—to lend money to some one.
pecuniam creditam solvere—to repay a loan.
non solvendo[3]esse(Phil. 2. 2. 4)—to be bankrupt.
pecuniam exigere (acerbe)—to demand payment.
magnas pecunias ex aliqua re(e.g.ex metallis)facere—to have a large income from a thing (e.g. from mines).
nummus iactatur(Off. 3. 20. 80)—the bank-rate varies.
versuram facere(Att. 5. 21. 12)—to transfer a debt.
nummulis acceptis(Att. 1. 16. 6)—for a trifle, a beggarly pittance.
[1]In plur.magnae, multae pecuniae= large sums of money.
[2]Sometimes absolutely, e.g.Cic. Off. 2. 25. 90pecuniam collocare.
[3]solvendois a predicative dative. For the development of such uses cf.nulli rei erimus postea(Plaut. Stich. 718);Ovid Met. 15. 403dedit huic aetas vires onerique ferendo est;Liv. 4. 35experiunda res est sitne aliqui plebeius ferendo magno honori.
res nummariaorpecuniaria—finance; money-matters.
ratio pecuniarum—finance; money-matters.
argentariam facere(Verr. 5. 59. 155)—to be a banker.
argentariam dissolvere(Caecin. 4. 11)—to close one's bank, give up banking.
codexortabulae ratio accepti et expensi—account-book; ledger.
nomina facereorin tabulas referre—to book a debt.
pecunia in nominibus[1]est—money is outstanding, unpaid.
pecuniam in nominibus habeo—I have money owing me.
alicui expensum ferre aliquid—to put a thing down to a man's account.
alicui acceptum referre aliquid[2](Verr. 2. 70. 170)—to put down to a man's credit.
rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere—to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
ad calculos vocare aliquid(Amic. 16. 58)—to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere—to do something after careful calculation.
rationes putare[3]cum aliquo—to balance accounts with some one.
ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)—the accounts balance.
ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi)(Amic. 16. 58)—the account of receipts and expenditure.
rationem diligenter conficere—to keep the accounts (day-book) carefully.
summam facere alicuius rei—to compute the total of anything.
de capite deducere(vid.sect. XII. 1, noteNotice too...)aliquid—to subtract something from the capital.
rationem alicuius rei reddere—to render count of a matter; to pass it for audit.
rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquemorab aliquo—to demand an account, an audit of a matter.
rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re(Cluent. 37. 104)—to demand an account, an audit of a matter.
[1]nominaare properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a person. Hencenomen solvere, dissolvere, to pay a debt.;nomen expedire, exsolvere, to get rid of a debt;bonum nomen, a safe investment (Cic. Fam. 5. 6. 2).
[2]Also used metaphorically to "owe a thing to another's instrumentality," e.g.quod vivo tibi acceptum refero.
[3]The original meaning ofputareis to prune (cf.purus, amputare), cleanse by cutting off, then make clear, calculate, reckon. By a transference it became used of calculation, i.e. thinking, believing. Compare the history of the Frenchraisonnerand the Italianragioneria.
centesimae(sc.usurae) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—interest at 1 per cent per month, 12 per cent per annum.
binis centesimis fenerari—to lend at 24 per cent.[TR1]
ternae centesimae—36 per cent per annum.
quaternas centesimas postulare(Att. 5. 21. 11)—to demand 48 per cent.
semisses—6 per cent (i.e. if for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a denarius, half an as per month).
semissibus magna copia est—money is plentiful at 6 per cent.
usurae semissium(Colum.)—6 per cent.
usurae semisses(Jurists)—6 per cent.
quadrantes usurae—3 per cent (a quarter of centesima).
trientesortrientariae usurae(Att. 4. 15)—4 per cent.
quincunx(Pers. 5. 149)—5 per cent.
quincunces usurae—5 per cent.
fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus(Att. 4. 15. 7)—the rate of interest has gone up from 4 per cent to 8 per cent.
perpetuum fenus(Att. 5. 21. 13)—simple interests.
fenus renovatum—compound interest.
anatocismus(ἀνατοκισμός) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—compound interest.
fenus iniquissimum, grande, grave—exorbitant rate of interest.
usura menstrua—monthly interest.
centesimis cum anatocismo contentum esse(Att. 5. 21. 12)—to be content with 12 per cent at compound interest.
[TR1]Transcriber's Note: The Latin expression meansat 2 percent per monthwhich amounts to 24 percent per year (Cp. French edition).
lucrum facere(opp.damnum facere)ex aliqua re—to make profit out of a thing.
in lucro ponere aliquid(Flacc. 17. 40)—to consider a thing as profit.
debitor, oris qui debet—the debtor.
creditor, oris cui debeo—the creditor.
fides et ratio pecuniarum—credit and financial position.
fides(vid.sect. IX. 10, notefides has six...)concidit—credit is going down.
fidem derogare alicui—to rob a person of his credit.
fides aliquem deficere coepit—a man's credit begins to go down.
fides (de foro) sublata est(Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8)—credit has disappeared.
fides tota Italia est angusta—credit is low throughout Italy.
fidem moliri(Liv. 6. 11. 8)—to shake credit.
laborare de pecunia—to have pecuniary difficulties.
in summa difficultate nummaria versari(Verr. 2. 28. 69)—to be in severe pecuniary straits.
in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci—to be reduced to extreme financial embarrassment.
aes alienum(always in sing.)facere, contrahere—to incur debts.
grande, magnum(opp.exiguum)aes alienum conflare—to incur debts on a large scale.
incidere in aes alienum—to get into debt.
aes alienum habere—to be in debt.
in aere alieno esse—to be in debt.
in suis nummis versari(Verr. 4. 6. 11)—to have no debts.
aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse—to be deeply in debt.
aere alieno oppressum esse—to have pressing debts.
aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere—to pay one's debts.
nomina(cf. sect. XIII. 3)solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere—to pay one's debts.
nomina exigere(Verr. 3. 10. 28)—to demand payment of, recover debts.
ex aere alieno exire—to get out of debt.
aere alieno liberari—to get out of debt.
versurā solvere, dissolvere(Att. 5. 15. 2)—to pay one's old debts by making new.
opus locare—to contract for the building of something.
opus redimere, conducere—to undertake the contract for a work.
domum aedificandam locare, conducere—to give, undertake a contract for building a house.
aedificatorem esse(Nep. Att. 13. 1)—to be fond of building.
exstruere aedificium, monumentum—to erect a building, a monument.
fundamenta iacere, agere—to lay the foundations.
turrim excitare, erigere, facere—to build a tower.
oppidum constituere, condere—to build, found a city.
pontem facere in flumine—to build a bridge over a river.
inicere pontem—to build a bridge over a river.
flumen ponte iungere—to build a bridge over a river.
pons est in flumine—there is a bridge over the river.
pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere(B. G. 2. 9. 4)—to break down a bridge.
luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere[1]—to obstruct a person's view, shut out his light by building.
[1]Also used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person, cf. vi. 1.
agrum colere(Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 67)—to till the ground.
agros fertiles deserere—to leave fertile ground untilled.
agriculturae studere(opp.agriculturam deserere)—to have a taste for agriculture.
opus rusticum—tillage; cultivation.
in agris esse, habitare—to live in the country.
serere; semen spargere—to sow.
sementem facere(B. G. 1. 3. 1)—to look after the sowing.
ut sementem feceris, ita metes(proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65)—as you sow, so will you reap.
laetae segetes—the laughing cornfields.
laetissimi flores(Verr. 4. 48. 107)—a glorious expanse of flowers.
odores, qui efflantur e floribus—the perfume exhaled by flowers.
messis in herbis est(Liv. 25. 15)—the crop is in the blade.
adhuc tua messis in herba est(proverb.)—your crop is still green,i.e.you are still far from your ambition.
frumenta in agris matura non sunt(B. G. 1. 16. 2)—the corn is not yet ripe.
messem facere—to reap.
fructus demetereorpercipere—to reap.
fructus condere(N. D. 2. 62. 156)—to harvest crops.
messis opīma(opp.ingrata)—a good harvest.
arbores serere(De Sen. 7. 24)—to plant trees.
arbores caedere—to fell trees.
inopia(opp.copia)rei frumentariae—want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
difficultas annonae(Imp. Pomp. 15. 44)—want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
annona ingravescit, crescit—the price of corn is going up.
annona laxatur, levatur, vilior fit—the price of corn is going down.
caritas annonae(opp.vilitas), also simplyannona—dearth of corn; high prices.
ad denarios[1]L in singulos modios annona pervenerat—corn had gone up to 50 denarii the bushel.
annona cara est—corn is dear.
hac annona(Plaut. Trin. 2. 4. 83)—when corn is as dear as it is.
rem pecuariam facere, exercere(cf.Varr R. R. 2. 1)—to rear stock.
pastum agere—to drive to pasture.
pastum ire—to go to pasture.
pascere gregem—to feed a flock (of goats).
greges pascuntur[2](Verg. G. 3. 162)—the herds are grazing.
alere equos, canes—to keep horses, dogs.
animalia quae nobiscum degunt(Plin. 8. 40)—domestic animals.
[1]denarius= about 9-1/2 d.,vid.Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 149.
[2]pascereandpasciare also used metaphorically,vid.iii. s. v.oculi.
forma rei publicae—the constitution.
descriptio civitatis—the constitution.
instituta et leges—the constitution.
rem publicam constituere[1]—to give the state a constitution.
rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare(Tusc. 1. 1. 2)—to give the state a constitution.
civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere—to give the state a constitution.
suis legibus utitur(B. G. 1. 45. 3)—(a state) has its own laws, is autonomous.
nullam habere rem publicam—to have no constitution, be in anarchy.
rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere—to restore the ancient constitution.
optima re publica—at the time of a most satisfactory government.
libera res publica, liber populus—the Republic.
rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare—to govern, administer the state.
rei publicae praeesse—to have the management of the state.
ad gubernacula(metaph. only in plur.)rei publicae sedere—to hold the reins of government.
clavum rei publicae tenere—to hold the reins of government.
gubernacula rei publicae tractare—to hold the reins of government.
principem civitatis esse—to be the chief man in the state.
principem in re publica locum obtinere—to hold the first position in the state.
negotia publica(Off. 1. 20. 69)—public affairs.
vita occupata(vid.sect. VII. 2)—the busy life of a statesman.
accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam—to devote oneself to politics, a political career.
rem publicam capessere(Off. 1. 21. 71)—to devote oneself to politics, a political career.
in re publicaorin rebus publicis versari—to take part in politics.
rei publicae deesse(opp.adesse)—to take no part in politics.
a negotiis publicis se removere—to retire from public life.
a re publica recedere—to retire from public life.
in otium se referre(Fam. 99)—to retire into private life.
vita privata(Senect. 7. 22)—private life.
publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere—to shun publicity.
forensi luce carere—to shun publicity.
rem publicam tueri, stabilire—to defend, strengthen the state.
res publica stat(opp.iacet)—the state is secure.
rem publicam augere, amplificare—to aggrandise, extend the power of the state.
saluti rei publicae non deesse—to further the common weal.
rei publicae[2]causa(Sest. 47. 101)—for political reasons.
e re publica(opp.contra rem p.)—for the advantage of the state; in the interests of the state.
summa res publica(orsumma rei publicae)—the welfare of the state.
commoda publicaorrei publicae rationes—the interests of the state.
rei publicae rationibusor simplyrei publicae consulere—to further the public interests.
ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre—to consider a thing from a political point of view.
in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere(Fam. 10. 1. 2)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere(Phil. 14. 5. 13)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre—to devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state.
bene, optime sentire de re publica—to have the good of the state at heart.
omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire—to have the good of the state at heart.
rector civitatis(De Or. 1. 48. 211)—the head of the state.
viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae peritiorviri in re publica prudentes—statesmen.
auctores consilii publici—statesmen.
principes rem publicam administrantesor simplyprincipes—statesmen.
prudentia (civilis)(De Or. 1. 19. 85)—statesmanship; political wisdom.
homo in re publica exercitatus—an experienced politician.
res civiles—political questions.
plus in re publica videre—to possess great political insight.
longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae(De Amic. 12. 40)—to foresee political events long before.
alicuius in re publicaorcapessendae rei publicae consilia eo spectant, ut...—a man's policy is aiming at, directed towards...
rei publicae muneribus orbatus—banished from public life.
gerendis negotiis orbatus(Fin. 5. 20. 57)—banished from public life.
[1]Cf.tres viri rei publicae constituendae.
[2]There being no adjective in Latin for "political," we have to make use of periphrasis with such words asres publica, civilis, popularis, etc.
civitate donare aliquem(Balb. 3. 7)—to make a man a citizen.
in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem—to enroll as a citizen, burgess.
civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire—to present a person with the freedom of the city.
civitatem mutare(Balb. 11. 27)—to naturalise oneself as a citizen of another country.
generis antiquitate florere—to be of noble family.
nobilitati favere(Sest. 9. 21)—to be a friend of the aristocracy.
nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse—to be a friend of the aristocracy.
homo novus[1]—a parvenu (a man no member of whose family has held curule office).
ordo senatorius (amplissimus)—the senatorial order.
ordo equester (splendidissimus)—the equestrian order; the knights.
summo loco natus—of high rank.
nobili, honesto, illustri locoorgenere natus—of illustrious family.
humili, obscuro loco natus—of humble, obscure origin.
humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus—of humble, obscure origin.
infimo loco natus—from the lowest classes.
equestri loco natusorortus—a knight by birth.
summi (et) infimi(Rep. 1. 34. 53)—high and low.
homines omnis generis—people of every rank.
homines omnium ordinum et aetatum—people of every rank and age.
homo plebeius, de plebe—one of the people.
traduci ad plebem(Att. 1. 18. 4)—to get oneself admitted as a plebeian.
transitio ad plebem(Brut. 16. 62)—to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.
traductio ad plebem—to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.
unus deore multis—one of the crowd; a mere individual.
faex populi, plebis, civitatis—the dregs of the people.
infima fortunaorcondicio servorum—a degraded, servile condition.
unus e togatorum numero—an ordinary, average Roman citizen.
[1]Anovus homoby taking office becomes for his descendantsprinceps nobilitatis(Cic. Brut. 14) orauctor generis(Leg. Agr. 2. 35).
dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere—to guard, maintain one's dignity.
dignitati suae servire, consulere—to be careful of one's dignity.
aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere(B. G. 7. 39)—to elevate to the highest dignity.
principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere—to occupy the first, second position in the state.
in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse—to occupy a very high position in the state.
aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare(Dom. 37. 98)—to depose, bring down a person from his elevated position.
aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere—to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).
aliquem gradu movere, depellereorde gradu (statu) deicere—to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).
dignitatis gradum ascendere—to attain a position of dignity.
ad honores ascendere—to rise, mount to the honours of office.
amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci—to reach the highest grade of office.
ad summos honores pervenire(cf. also sect. V. 17)—to attain to the highest offices.
vir defunctus honoribus—a man who has held every office (up to the consulship).
principatum tenere, obtinere—to occupy the leading position.
de principatu deiectus(B. G. 7. 63)—deposed from one's high position.
contendere cum aliquo de principatu(Nep. Arist. 1)—to contend with some one for the pre-eminence.
primas(e.g.sapientiae)alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere—to give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to some one.
convocare populi conciliumandpopulum ad concilium—to summon an assembly of the people.
contionem advocare(Sall. Iug. 33. 3)—to summon an assembly of the people.
agere cum populo[1](Leg. 3. 4. 10)—to submit a formal proposition to the people.
concilium indicere, habere, dimittere—to fix the day for, to hold, to dismiss a meeting.
comitia habere—to hold a meeting of the people.
comitia magistratibus creandis—meetings for the election of officers.
comitiis(Abl.)convenire—to meet for elections.
comitiis consulem creari—to be chosen consul at the elections.
suffragium ferre(vid.sect. VI. 4, noteNot sententiam...)—to vote (in the popular assembly).
multitudinis suffragiis rem permittere—to leave a matter to be decided by popular vote.
[1]Aulus Gellius (13. 16. 3) explains the difference betweencum populo agereandcontionem habere; the former =rogare quid populum quod suffragiis suis aut iubeat aut vetet. Cf.Liv. 22. 10. 2velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri?also21. 17. 4.habere contionem (conventio = countio = contio)is equivalent toverba facere ad populum sine ulla rogatione.
legem, rogationem[1]promulgare(Liv. 33. 46)—to bring a bill before the notice of the people.
legem ferreor simplyferre ad populum, ut...—to propose a law in the popular assembly.
legem suadere(opp.dissuadere)—to support a bill (before the people).
pro lege dicere—to support a bill (before the people).
legem rogareorrogare populum(cf. sect. XVI. 4, noteAulus Gellius...)—to formally propose a law to the people.
legem perferre(Liv. 33. 46)—to carry a law (said of the magistrate).
lex perfertur—a law is adopted.
legem antiquare[2](opp.accipere, iubere)—to reject a bill.
legem sciscere(Planc. 14. 35)—to vote for a law.
legem iubere—to ratify a law (used of the people).
legem sancire—to let a bill become law (of the people and senate).
Solo lege sanxit, utorne—Solo ordained by law that...
Solonis legibus sanctum erat, utorne—the laws of Solon ordained that...
legem abrogare[3](Att. 3. 23. 2)—to replace an old law by a new.
legem tollere(Leg. 2. 12. 31)—to abolish a law.
legi intercedere—to protest against a law (used of the veto,intercessio, of plebeian tribunes).
legem proponere in publicum—to bring a law before the notice of the people.
edictum proponere(Att. 2. 21. 4)—to publish, post up an edict.
legem in aes incīdere—to engrave a law upon a brazen tablet.
lex rata est(opp.irrita)—a law is valid.
legem ratam esse iubere—to declare a law valid.
a lege discedere—to transgress a law.
salvis legibus(vid.sect. X. 7, noteNotice...)—without breaking the law.
lex[4]iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)—the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly).
in lege scriptum est, or simplyest—the law says...
sententiaorvoluntas legis—the spirit of the law.
leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere(notdare)—to make laws (of a legislator).
legum scriptor, conditor, inventor—a legislator.
qui leges scribit(notlegum lator)[5]—a legislator.
in legem iurare(Sest. 16. 37)—to swear obedience to a law.
lege teneri—to be bound by a law.
legibus solvere—to free from legal obligations.
ea lege, ut—on condition of...
aliquid contra legem est—a thing is illegal.
acta rescindere, dissolvere(Phil. 13. 3. 5)—to declare a magistrate's decisions null and void.
in album referre(De Or. 2. 12. 52)—to record in the official tablets (Annales maximi).
[1]Arogatiohad to be posted up in some public place fortrinum nundinum (tempus)(Phil. 5. 3. 8), i.e. for seventeen days,nundinae (novem, dies)being a holiday, fair, held every ninth day.
[2]On the voting-tablets (tabellae) used in thecomitiawas written either A (antiquo) to reject the bill, V * R (uti rogas) to pass it; in judicial questions A (absolvo), C (condemno), N * L (non liquet).
[3]legiorde lege derogare= to reject a clause in it;legem abrogare, to nullify a law by passing another which contradicts it;multam, poenam inrogare alicui, to inflict a fine on some one with the approval of the people;pecuniam erogare (ex aerario in classem), to draw money from the treasury and distribute it according to the wishes of the people.
[4]lexis often personified in this way.
[5]legis lator= the man who proposes a law.
aura favoris popularis(Liv. 22. 26)—popular favour; popularity.
populi favor, gratia popularis—popular favour; popularity.
aura popularis(Harusp. 18. 43)—popular favour; popularity.
auram popularem captare(Liv. 3. 33)—to court popularity.
gratiam populi quaerere—to court popularity.
aurae popularis homo(Liv. 42. 30)—a popular man.
ventum popularem quendam (in aliqua re) quaerere—to strive to gain popular favour by certain means.
gratiosum esse(opp.invisum esse)—to be popular, influential.
opibus, gratia, auctoritate valere, florere—to have great influence.
opes, gratiam, potentiam consequi—to acquire influence.
gratiam inire apud aliquem, ab aliquo(cf. sect. V. 12)—to gain some one's favour.
crescere ex aliquo—to raise oneself by another's fall.
crescere ex invidia senatoria—to profit by the unpopularity of the senate to gain influence oneself.
iacēre(vid.sect. VII. 1, noteiacēre...)—to be politically annihilated.
existimatio populi, hominum—public opinion.
multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere—to be always considering what people think.
invidia—unpopularity.
offensio populi, popularis—unpopularity.
offensa populi voluntas—unpopularity.
invidia dictatoria(Liv. 22. 26)—the feeling against the dictator.
ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere(Liv. 22. 26)—to use some one's unpopularity as a means of making oneself popular.
partes(usually of plebeians)—a party; faction.
factio(of aristocrats)—a party; faction.
partium studium, also simplystudia—party-spirit.
partium studiosum esse—to be a strong partisan.
certamen partium—party-strife.
contentio partium(Phil. 5. 12. 32)—party-strife.
partium studiis divisum esse—to be torn by faction.
consiliorum in re publica socius—a political ally.
alicuius partes (causam)or simplyaliquem sequi—to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan of...
alicuius partibus studere—to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan of...
ab (cum) aliquo stare(Brut. 79. 273)—to be on a person's side (notab alicuius partibus).
alicuius studiosum esse—to be a follower of some one.
cum aliquo facere(Sull. 13. 36)—to take some one's side.
nulliusorneutrius(of two)partis esse—to be neutral.
in neutris partibus esse—to be neutral.
neutram partem sequi—to be neutral.
medium esse—to be neutral.
medium se gerere—to be neutral.
a partibus rei publicae animus liber(Sall. Cat. 4. 2)—an independent spirit.
idem de re publica sentire—to have the same political opinions.
ab aliquo in re publica dissentire—to hold different views in politics.
ex rei publicae dissensione—owing to political dissension.
in duas partes discedere(Sall. Iug. 13. 1)—to divide into two factions.
studio ad rem publicam ferri—to throw oneself heart and soul into politics.
se civilibus fluctibus committere—to enter the whirlpool of political strife.
imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium—monarchy.
optimatium dominatus—aristocracy (as a form of government).
civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur—aristocracy (as a form of government).
boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simplyboni(opp.improbi);illi, qui optimatium causam agunt—the aristocracy (as a party in politics).
principesorprimores—the aristocracy (as a leading class in government).
nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt—the aristocracy (as a social class).
paucorum dominatioorpotentia—oligarchy.
multitudinis dominatusorimperium—government by the mob.
spiritus patricii(Liv. 4. 42)—patrician arrogance; pride of caste.
homines graves(opp.leves)—men of sound opinions.
homo popularis—a democrat.
homo vere popularis(Catil. 4. 5. 9)—a man who genuinely wishes the people's good.
homo florens in populari ratione—a democratic leader.
imperium populiorpopulare, civitasorres publica popularis—democracy.
causam popularem suscipereordefendere—to take up the cause of the people, democratic principles.
populi causam agere—to be a leading spirit of the popular cause.
patriae amantem (amantissimum) esse(Att. 9. 22)—to be (very) patriotic.
mundanus, mundi civis et incola(Tusc. 5. 37)—a citizen of the world; cosmopolitan.
plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum cupidus—a demagogue, agitator.
iactatio, concitatio popularis—popular agitation.
artes populares—tricks of a demagogue.
populariter agere—to play the demagogue.
conversio rei publicae(Div. 2. 2. 6)—revolution.
homines seditiosi, turbulentiornovarum rerum cupidi—revolutionists.
novis rebus studere—to hold revolutionary opinions.
novarum rerum cupidum esse—to hold revolutionary opinions.
novas res moliri(Verr. 2. 125)—to plot a revolution.
contra rem publicam sentire—to foster revolutionary projects.
contra rem publicam facere—to be guilty of high treason.
a re publica deficere—to betray the interests of the state.
plebem concitare, sollicitare—to stir up the lower classes.
seditionem facere, concitare—to cause a rebellion.
seditio erumpit[1]—a rebellion breaks out.
coniurare (inter se) dec. Gerund. orut...—to form a conspiracy.
coniurationem facere(Catil. 2. 4. 6)—to form a conspiracy.
conspirare cum aliquo (contra aliquem)—to conspire with some one.
rem publicam labefactare—to shake the stability of the state.
rem publicam perturbare—to throw the state into confusion.
statum rei publicae convellere—to endanger the existence of the state.
rem publicam vexare—to damage the state.
rem publicam funditus evertere—to completely overthrow the government, the state.
omnes leges confundere—to upset the whole constitution.
omnia turbare ac miscere—to cause universal disorder.
perturbatio omnium rerum(Flacc. 37)—general confusion; anarchy.
omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur(B. C. 1. 6. 8)—anarchy reigns supreme.
leges nullae—lawlessness; anarchy.
iudicia nulla—lawlessness; anarchy.
res fluit ad interregnum—things seem tending towards an interregnum.
non nullus odor est dictaturae(Att. 4. 18)—there are whispers of the appointment of a dictator.
tumultum sedare(B. C. 3. 18. 3)—to quell an outbreak.
concitatam multitudinem reprimere—to allay the excitement of the mob.
plebem continere—to hold the people in one's power, in check.
[1]Butbellum exardescit, war breaks out.
proscribere aliquemoralicuius possessiones—to proscribe a person, declare him an outlaw.
aqua et igni interdicere alicui—to proscribe a person, declare him an outlaw.
in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem(Rosc. Am. 11. 32)—to place a person's name on the list of the proscribed.
e proscriptorum numero eximere aliquem—to erase a person's name from the list of the proscribed.
bona alicuius publicare(B. G. 5. 54)—to confiscate a person's property.
bona alicui restituere—to restore to a person his confiscated property.
in exsilium eicereorexpellere aliquem—to banish a person, send him into exile.
ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem—to banish a person, send him into exile.
de, e civitate aliquem eicere—to banish a person, send him into exile.
exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem(Mil. 37. 101)—to expel a person from the city, country.
e patria exire iubere aliquem—to banish a man from his native land.
patria carere—to be in exile.
interdicere alicui Italiā—to banish a person from Italy.
aliquem exsilio afficere, multare—to punish by banishment.
in exsilium ire, pergere, proficisci—to go into exile.
exsulatum ireorabire—to go into exile.
solum vertere, mutare(Caecin. 34. 100)—to leave one's country (only used of exiles).
exsulare(Div. 2. 24. 52)—to live in exile.
in exsilio esse, exsulem esse—to live in exile.
aliquem (in patriam) restituere—to recall from exile.
in patriam redire—to return from exile.
ante actarum (praeteritarum) rerum oblivioor simplyoblivio—amnesty (ἀμνηρτία).
omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna delere(Phil. 1. 1. 1)—to proclaim a general amnesty.
postliminium(De Or. 1. 40. 181)—a returning from exile to one's former privileges.
imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui[1]—to confer supreme power on a person.
rem publicam alicui permittere—to give some one unlimited power in state affairs.
imperium tenere (in aliquem)—to have power over some one.
imperium obtinere—to maintain power, authority.
principatu deici(B. G. 7. 63)—to be deposed from one's leading position.
cum imperio esse(cf. XVI. 3)—to have unlimited power; to be invested withimperium.
in imperio esse—to hold a high office (such as conferredimperium, i.e.consulatus, dictatura, praetura).
imperium in annum prorogare—to prolong the command for a year.
imperium deponere(Rep. 2. 12. 23)—to lay down one's power.
imperium singulare[2]—absolute power; autocracy.
dominari in aliquem—to have unlimited power over a person.
imperium, regnum, tyrannidem[3]occupare—to take upon oneself absolute power.
rerum potiri—(1) to usurp supreme power, (2) to be in a position of power.
dominatio impotens—despotic, tyrannous rule.
potestas immoderata, infinita—despotic, tyrannous rule.
tyrannidem concupiscere—to aspire to a despotism.
tyrannidem sibi parere aliqua re—to establish oneself as despot, tyrant by some means.
regnum appetere(B. G. 7. 4)—to aspire to the sovereignty.
regnum adipisci—to obtain the sovereignty, kingly office.
alicui regnum deferre, tradere—to invest some one with royal power.
aliquem regem, tyrannum constituere—to establish some one as king, tyrant.
regem restituere—to restore a king to his throne (notin solium).
aliquem in regnum restituere—to restore a king to his throne (notin solium).
aliquem regno spoliareorexpellere(Div. 1. 22. 74)—to depose a king.
regios spiritus sibi sumere—to assume a despotic tone.
[1]deferrein the sense "confer," "attribute," is also constructed withad; when it means to bring news, give information it always takesad.
[2]Cf.certamen singulare, a fight of one individual with another, a duel (cf. xvi. 10a).singularisalso has the meaning "unique," "pre-eminent," e.g.singularis virtus.
[3]tyrannus, tyrannis, tyrannicusare rarely used in the Greek sense, irresponsible sovereign, etc., but usually mean despot, despotic, etc. The pure Latin equivalents arerex, dominus, dominatio, imperium, regius, or if there is emphasis on the cruelty of despots,dominus saevus, crudelis et superba dominatio, etc.