liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari—to receive a liberal education.
severa disciplina contineri—to be brought up under strict discipline.
aliquem ad humanitatem informareorinstituere—to teach a person refinement.
mores alicuius corrigere—to improve a person.
in viam reducere aliquem—to bring a person back to the right way.
in viam redire—to return to the right way.
litteras discere ab aliquo—to be educated by some one.
instituiorerudiri ab aliquo—to receive instruction from some one.
disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti—to receive instruction from some one.
e disciplina alicuius profectum esse—to be brought up in some one's school.
puerum alicui erudiendumorin disciplinam tradere—to entrust a child to the tuition of...
operam dareor simplyse dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem—to become a pupil, disciple of some one.
multum esse cum aliquo(Fam. 16. 21)—to enjoy close intercourse with... (of master and pupil).
ludus (discendiorlitterarum)—an elementary school.
schola—a school for higher education.
scholam frequentare—to go to a school.
disciplina (institutio) puerilis(notliberorum)—the teaching of children.
pueros elementa (prima) docere—to teach children the rudiments.
primis litterarum elementis imbui—to receive the first elements of a liberal education.
doctrinae, quibus aetas puerilis impertiri solet(Nep. Att. 1. 2)—the usual subjects taught to boys.
artes, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet—the usual subjects taught to boys.
erudire aliquem artibus, litteris(buterudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)—to teach some one letters.
natum, factum esse ad aliquid (faciendum)—to be born for a thing, endowed by nature for it.
adversante et repugnante naturaorinvitā Minervā (ut aiunt) aliquid facere(Off. 1. 31. 110)—to do a thing which is not one's vocation, which goes against the grain.
crassaorpingui Minerva(proverb.)—with no intelligence or skill.
calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere—to spur, urge a person on.
frenos adhibere alicui—to restrain some one.
bona indole(always in sing.)praeditum esse—to be gifted, talented (notpraeditum esseby itself).
ingenio valere—to be gifted, talented.
summo ingenio praeditum esse—to possess rich mental endowments.
in aliqua re progressus facere, proficere, progredi—to make progress in a subject.
aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re(De Or. 1. 33. 152)—to obtain a result in something.
adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostenditoralii de adulescente bene sperare possunt—he is a young man of great promise.
adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei—a promising youth.
magna est exspectatio ingenii tui—we expect a great deal from a man of your calibre.
desudare in scholae umbraorumbraculis[1]—to exert oneself in the schools.
genus vitae (vivendi)oraetatis degendae deligere[2]—to choose a career, profession.
viam vitae ingredi(Flacc. 42. 105)—to enter upon a career.
philosophiam, medicinam profiteri—to be a philosopher, physician by profession.
se philosophum, medicum (esse) profiteri—to be a philosopher, physician by profession.
qui ista profitentur—men of that profession.
[1]Cf.umbra, umbracula (-orum), andumbratilis(vid.vii. 2,vita umbratilis), used of the retired life of a savant as opposed tosol, lux fori[TR1]orforensis. Cf.De Legg. 3. 6. 14Phalereus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit.
[2]Thelocus classicuson the choice of a profession isDe Officiis 1. 32. 115-122.
[TR1]Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed hassol, lux ori. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition usingsol, lux fori.
exemplum clarum, praeclarum—a good,[1]brilliant example; a striking example.
exemplum luculentum—a good, brilliant example; a striking example.
exemplum illustre—a good, brilliant example; a striking example.
exemplum magnum, grande—a weighty example, precedent.
exemplum afferre—to quote an example.
exemplo uti—to quote an example.
aliquem (aliquid) exempli causa[2]ponere, proferre, nominare, commemorare—to cite a person or a thing as an example.
aliquid exemplis probare, comprobare, confirmare—to quote precedents for a thing.
aliquid exemplis ostendere—to demonstrate by instances.
exempla petere, repetere a rerum gestarum memoriaorhistoriarum (annalium, rerum gestarum) monumentis—to borrow instances from history.
exempla a rerum Romanarum (Graecarum) memoria petita—examples taken from Roman (Greek) history.
multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere—to collect, accumulate instances.
ex infinita exemplorum copia unum (pauca) sumere, decerpere (eligere)—to choose one from a large number of instances.
a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere, repetere—to quote Socrates as a model of virtue.
similitudines afferre—to cite parallel cases.
auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid—to have as authority for a thing.
auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei—to have as authority for a thing.
auctoritatem alicuius sequi—to be guided by another's example.
auctoritas et exemplum(Balb. 13. 31)—standard and pattern.
sibi exemplum alicuius proponere ad imitandumor simplysibi aliquem ad imitandum proponere—to set up some one as one's ideal, model.
sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquoorexemplum capere de aliquo—to take a lesson from some one's example.
ad exemplum alicuius se conformare—to shape one's conduct after another's model.
exemplum edere, prodere—to set an example.
exemplo esse—to set an example.
exemplum in aliquoorin aliquem statuere—to inflict an exemplary punishment on some one.
exemplum (severitatis) edere in aliquo(Q. Fr. 1. 2. 2. 5)—to inflict an exemplary punishment on some one.
bene (male) praecipere alicui—to inculcate good (bad) principles.
praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re—to give advice, directions, about a matter.
ad praecipiendi rationem delābi(Q. Fr. 1. 1. 6. 18)—to adopt a didactic tone.
aliquid in animo haeret, penitus inseditorinfixum est—a thing is deeply impressed on the mind.
aliquid animo mentique penitus mandare(Catil. 1. 11. 27)—to impress a thing on one's memory, mind.
demittere aliquid in pectusorin pectus animumque suum—to take a thing to heart.
hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius—what he said made a deep impression on...
[1]Notbonum exemplum, which means an example morally good for us to follow.
[2]"For example" must not be translated byexempli causa, which is only used in complete sentences with such verbs asponere, afferre, proferre, nominare.verbi causa (gratia)= "for instance," "we will say," usually refers to a single expression, e.g.quid dicis igitur? miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crassum?(Tusc. 1. 4. 12). Often examples are introduced by such words asut, velut, in his, etc., e.g.bestiae quae gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili(N. D. 2. 48. 124).
se conferre ad philosophiam, ad philosophiaeorsapientiae studium(Fam. 4. 3. 4)—to devote oneself to philosophy.
animum appellereorse applicare ad philosophiam—to apply oneself to the study of philosophy.
philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri(Acad. 1. 2. 4)—to be enamoured of philosophy.
in portum philosophiae confugere—to take refuge in philosophy.
in sinum philosophiae compelli—to be driven into the arms of philosophy.
philosophia (neglecta) iacet(vid.sect. VII. 1, noteiacēre...)—philosophy is neglected, at low ebb.
philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare(Acad. 1. 1. 3)—to write expositions of philosophy in Latin.
Ciceronis de philosophia libri—Cicero's philosophical writings.
decreta, inventa philosophorum—the tenets, dogmas of philosophers.
quae in philosophia tractantur—philosophical subjects.
praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere—to be well acquainted with the views of philosophers.
illae sententiae evanuerunt—those views are out of date.
illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt(Fin. 5. 8. 23)—those ideas have long ago been given up.
schola, disciplina, familia; secta—a sect, school of thought.
sectam alicuius sequi(Brut. 31. 120)—to be a follower, disciple of some one.
disciplinam alicuius profiteri—to be a follower, disciple of some one.
qui sunt a Platoneora Platonis disciplina; qui profecti sunt a Platone; Platonici—disciples of Plato, Platonists.
Solo, unus de septem (illis)—Solon, one of the seven sages.
Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fluxit(Tusc. 4. 1. 2)—Pythagoras' principles were widely propagated.
scholas habere, explicare(Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to give lectures.
scholis interesse—to attend lectures.
tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)—to teach
audire Platonem, auditorem esse Platonis—to attend Plato's lectures.
physica[1](-orum) (Or. 34. 119);philosophia naturalis—physics; natural philosophy.
dialectica(-aeor-orum) (pure Latindisserendi ratio et scientia)—logic, dialectic.
disserendi praecepta tradere—to teach logic.
disserendi elegantia—logical minuteness, precision.
disserendi subtilitas(De Or. 1. 1. 68)—dialectical nicety.
disserendi spinae(Fin. 4. 28. 79)—subtleties of logic; dilemmas.
disserendi peritus et artifex—an accomplished dialectician.
homo in dialecticis versatissimus—an accomplished dialectician.
disserendi artem nullam habere—to know nothing of logic.
dialecticis ne imbutum[2]quidem esse—to be ignorant of even the elements of logic.
ratione, eleganter(opp.nulla ratione, ineleganter, confuse)disponere aliquid—to arrange on strictly logical principles.
philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus(Acad. 1. 5. 19)—moral science; ethics.
philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur—moral science; ethics.
philosophia, quae in rerum contemplatione versatur, orquae artis praeceptis continetur—theoretical, speculative philosophy.
philosophia,[3]quae in actione versatur—practical philosophy.
omnes philosophiae loci—the whole domain of philosophy.
[1]Cf.Acad. 1. 5. 19philosophandi ratio triplex; una de vita et moribus, altera de natura et rebus occultis, tertia de disserendo.
[2]imbuereis properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, e.g.gladii sanguine imbuti. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with, e.g.religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate; (2) to teach, initiate, e.g.animum honestis artibus, and is used especially of a superficial knowledge.
[3]Cf.Sen. Ep. 25. 10philosophia activa.
ratio; disciplina, ratio et disciplina; ars—system.
ad artem redigere aliquid—to systematise.
ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid(De Or. 1. 41)—to systematise.
arte conclusum esse—to have been reduced to a system.
ratio et doctrina—systematic, methodical knowledge.
artificio et via tradere aliquid—to give a scientific explanation of a thing.
artificiose redigere aliquid—to treat with scientific exactness; to classify.
ad rationis praecepta accommodare aliquid—to treat with scientific exactness; to classify.
totam rationem evertere(pass.iacet tota ratio)—to upset the whole system.
ratione et via, via et ratione progredi, disputare(Or. 33. 116)—to proceed, carry on a discussion logically.
novam rationem ingredi—to enter on a new method.
a certa ratione proficisci—to be based on a sound principle.
a falsis principiis proficisci—to start from false premises.
ad philosophorumorphilosophandi rationes revocare aliquid—to deal with a subject on scientific principles.
perpetuitas et constantia(Tusc. 5. 10. 31)—logical consistency.
partes[1]generibus subiectae sunt—the species is subordinate the genus.
genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere(Or. 33. 117)—to analyse a general division into its specific parts.
genere, non numeroormagnitudine differre—to differ qualitatively not quantitatively.
spinae partiendi et definiendi(Tusc. 5. 8. 22)—minute, captious subdivisions and definitions.
rem (res) definire—to define a thing.
a definitione proficisci—to start from a definition.
involutae rei notitiam definiendo aperire(Or. 33. 116)—to make an obscure notion clear by means of definition.
sub metum subiectum esse—to be comprised under the term "fear."
constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur—to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under discussion.
in ordinem redigere aliquid—to systematise, classify a thing.
conexum et aptum esse inter se—to be closely connected with each other.
cohaerere, coniunctum esse cum aliqua re—to be closely connected with a thing.
arte (artissime) coniunctum esse—to be very intimately related.
apte (aptissime) cohaerere—to be very intimately related.
continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia nexa et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque sint(N. D. 1. 4. 9)—systematic succession, concatenation.
diffusum, dissipatum esse—to have no coherence, connection.
confusum, perturbatum esse—to be confused.
rem dissolutam conglutinare, coagmentare—to reunite disconnected elements.
[1]Cf.Cic. De Or. 1. 42for the definition.genusautem id est, quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes.partesautem sunt, quae generibus eis ex quibus manant subiciuntur; omniaque quae sunt vel generum vel partium nomina, definitionibus, quam vim habeant, est exprimendum. est enimdefinitiorerum earum, quae sunt eius rei propriae, quam definire volumus, brevis et circumscripta quaedam explicatio.
argumentum[1]firmum, magnum—a strong, striking proof.
argumentum afferre—to bring forward a proof.
argumentum immortalitatis afferre(notpro)—to quote an argument in favour of immortality.
argumentum afferre, quo animos immortales esse demonstratur—to bring forward a proof of the immortality of the soul.
argumento huic rei est, quod—a proof of this is that...
aliquid planum facere(Ad Herenn. 2. 5)—to demonstrate, make a thing clear.
aliquid alicui probare(or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove one's point to a person's satisfaction.
argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid(or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove a thing indisputably.
argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua reorpetere ab aliqua re—to derive an argument from a thing.
argumentum premere(noturgere)—to persist in an argument, press a point.
loci (τόποι) argumentorum(De Or. 2. 162)—the points on which proofs are based; the grounds of proof.
argumenta refellere, confutare—to refute arguments.
rationem[2]afferre(Verr. 3. 85. 195)—to bring forward an argument (based on common-sense).
[1]argumentum= a proof resting on facts;ratio= an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.
[2]argumentum= a proof resting on facts;ratio= an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.
concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re—to draw a conclusion from a thing.
acute, subtiliter concludere—to draw a subtle inference.
ratioorrationis conclusio efficit—the conclusion proves that...
ratiocinatio, ratio—the syllogism; reasoning.
prima[1](superiora);consequentia(Fin. 4. 19. 54)—premises; consequences.
conclusiuncula fallaxorcaptio—a fallacious argument; sophism.
positum est a nobis primum(c. Acc. c. Inf.)—we start by presupposing that...
hoc posito—on this supposition, hypothesis.
hoc probato consequens est—it follows from what we have shown.
sequitur(notex quo seq.)ut—it follows from this that...
ex quo, unde, hinc efficitur ut—it follows from this that...
[1]In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise ispropositioorpropositio major; for the minor,propositio minor; for the conclusion,conclusio.
disputatio, quaestio—systematic, scientific discussion.
disputare[1](de aliqua re, ad aliquid)—to discuss, investigate a subject scientifically.
subtiliter disputare—to thoroughly discuss.
in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare(De Or. 1. 34)—to discuss both sides of a question.
in nullam partem disputare—to say nothing either for or against an argument.
non repugno—I have nothing to say against it.
pertinacem(opp.clementem)esse in disputando—to be dogmatic; positive.
opponere alicui aliquid—to object, to adduce in contradiction.
dare, concedere aliquid—to grant, admit a thing.
sumere(opp.reicere)aliquid—to assume a thing.
tenere aliquid; stare in aliqua re—to insist on a point.
obtinere aliquid—to maintain one's assertion, prove oneself right.
in controversia (contentione) esse, versari—to be at variance with.
in controversiam cadere—to be at variance with.
in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid—to make a thing the subject of controversy.
in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire(De Or. 2. 72. 291)—to be contested, become the subject of debate.
in controversia relinquere aliquid—to leave a point undecided.
controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo—to maintain a controversy with some one.
in contentione ponitur, utrum...an—it is a debated point whether... or...
id, de quo agiturorid quod cadit in controversiam—the point at issue.
controversiam sedare, dirimere, componere, tollere—to put an end to, settle a dispute.
controversiam diiudicare—to decide a debated question.
transigere aliquid cum aliquo—to come to an understanding with a person.
res mihi tecum est—I have a point to discuss with you.
sine (ulla) controversia—indisputably; incontestably.
hoc est a (pro) me—this goes to prove what I say.
res ipsa docet—the very facts of the case show this.
res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur—the matter speaks for itself.
res confecta est—the question is settled, finished.
[1]disputare= to discuss, considering the argumentsproandcon, used of a number of people with different opinions.disserere de aliqua re= to discourse on a matter for the benefit of those present; but in both cases the substantive isdisputatio.
consentire, idem sentire cum aliquo—to agree with a person.
dissentire, dissidere aborcum aliquo—to disagree with a person.
omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt—all agree on this point.
una et consentiens vox est—all are unanimous.
una voce; uno ore—unanimously.
uno, communi, summooromnium consensu(Tusc. 1. 15. 35)—unanimously.
re concinere, verbis discrepare—to agree in fact but not in word.
hoc convēnit inter nos—we have agreed on this point.
hoc mihi tecum convēnit(Att. 6. 1. 14)—I agree with you there.
quī convenit?—how is this consistent? how are we to reconcile this...?
summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio(opp.dissensio)—the learned men are most unanimous in...
constantia(opp.inconstantia) (Tusc. 5. 11. 32)—consistency.
inter se pugnareorrepugnare—to be mutually contradictory.
secum pugnare(withoutsibi);sibi repugnare(of things)—to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.
a se dissidereorsibi non constare(of persons)—to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.
pugnantia loqui(Tusc. 1. 7. 13)—to make contradictory, inconsistent statements.
dicere contra aliquemoraliquid(notcontradicere alicui)—to contradict some one.
res Romanae[1]—Roman history (i.e.the events in it).
res gestae Romanorum—Roman history (i.e.the events in it).
historia—history (as a science).
historia Romana[2]orrerum Romanarum historia—Roman history (i.e.the exposition, representation of it by writers).
memoria rerum Romanarum—Roman history (as tradition).
historiam (-as) scribere—to write a history.
res populi Romani perscribere—to write a history of Rome.
rerum scriptor[3]—an historian.
rerum auctor(as authority)—an historian.
evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta—to study historical records, read history.
memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est(withoutnobis)—tradition, history tells us.
tradunt, dicunt, ferunt—they say; it is commonly said.
accepimus[4]—we know; we have been told.
historiae prodiderunt(withoutnobis)—history has handed down to us.
apud rerum scriptores scriptum videmus, scriptum est—we read in history.
duplex est memoria de aliqua re—a twofold tradition prevails on this subject.
rerum veterum memoria—ancient history.
memoria vetus(Or. 34. 120)—ancient history.
veterum annales—ancient history.
veterum annalium monumenta—ancient history.
antiquitatis memoria—ancient history.
recentioris aetatis memoria—modern history.
memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)—the history of our own times; contemporary history.
nostra memoria(Cael. 18. 43)—the history of our own times; contemporary history.
omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatumoromnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria—universal history.
memoriam annaliumortemporum replicare—to consult history.
aetas heroica[5](Tusc. 5. 3. 7)—the mythical period, the heroic age.
tempora heroica(N. D. 3. 21. 54)—the mythical period, the heroic age.
fabulae, historia fabularis—mythology.
repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus—to go back to the remote ages.
ut a fabulis ad facta veniamus—to pass from myth to history.
historicorum fide contestata memoria—historic times.
historiae, rerum fides—historic truth.
narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae—to give a veracious and historic account of a thing.
res historiae fide comprobata—an acknowledged historical fact.
incorrupta rerum fides—genuine historical truth.
ad historiam (scribendam) se conferreorse applicare—to devote oneself to writing history.
homo in historia diligens—a conscientious historian.
memoriam rerum gestarum (rerum Romanarum) tenere—to be well versed in Roman history.
domestica (externa) nosse—to be acquainted with the history of one's own land.
temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo—chronology.
temporum ordinem servare—to observe the chronological order of events.
servare et notare tempora—to observe the chronological order of events.
res temporum ordine servato narrare—to narrate events in the order of their occurrence.
temporibus errare(Phil. 2. 9. 23)—to make a chronological mistake.
ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare—to calculate the date of an event.
diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus—to be exact in calculating dates.
terrarumorregionum descriptio (geographia)—geography.
Africae situm paucis exponere—to give a brief exposition of the geography of Africa.
regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientia—geographical knowledge.
mathematica (-ae)orgeometria (-ae),geometrica (-orum)(Tusc. 1. 24. 57)—mathematics.
mathematicorum ratione concludere aliquid—to draw a mathematical conclusion.
formas(notfiguras)geometricas describere—to draw geometrical figures.
se conferre ad naturae investigationem—to devote oneself to the study of a natural science.
astrologia(pure Latinsidera, caelestia)—astronomy.
spectator siderum, rerum caelestiumorastrologus[6]—an astronomer.
arithmetica[7](-orum)—arithmetic.
numeri (-orum)—arithmetic.
bis bina quot sint non didicisse—to be absolutely ignorant of arithmetic.
[1]Butres Romana= the Roman power, Rome.
[2]historiahas several different senses. (1) The narration, exposition of the facts (res gestae, res), cf.rerum exemplum, historic precedent;res facta, historic fact. (2) Historical composition, e.g.historiam scribere, historia graeca= either a history written in Greek or a history of Greece (rerum graecarum historia);historia latina, history written in Latin;historia romanaorrerum romanarum historia= a history of Rome. (3) A place famous in history, e.g.quacunque ingredimur, in aliqua historia pedem ponimus. In the pluralhistoriaemeans specially histories, anecdotes (narratiunculae), memoirs, e.g.Taciti historiae.
[3]historicusmeans an erudite student of history, one engaged on historical research. As an adjective its use in Cicero is limited, being only used when opposed tooratorius, e.g.genus historicum, historic style (Brut. 83. 286).
[4]scimus, cognovimus(= we know by experience) are not used of historical knowledge.
[5]heroicusonly of time.herous= epic, e.g.versus herous(De Or. 3. 49. 191) = a dactylic hexameter;pes herousa dactyl; "epic" of other things is usuallyepicus, e.g.carmen epicum;poetae epici, orepicialone. For "heroic" of an action, cf.praeclarum atque divinum factum; factum illustre et gloriosum, etc.
[6]It is only in later Latin afterastrologushad acquired the meaning of astrologer, magician, thatastronomuscame to be used (= astronomer).
[7]In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g.in arithmeticis satis versatus; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin word isnumeri, cf.De Fin. 1. 21. 72an ille se, ut Plato, in musicis, geometria, numeris, astris contereret?SoDe Fin. 5. 29. 87cur Plato Aegyptum peragravit, ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et caelestia acciperet?Cf.Nägelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46.
artis opus; opus arte factumorperfectum—a work of art.
opus summo artificio[TR1]factum—a master-piece of classical work.
opus omnibus numeris absolutum—a master-piece of classical work.
artem exercere—to follow an artistic profession, practise an art.
artem tradere, docere—to teach an art.
artem profiteri—to profess an art.
artium (liberalium) studium, or simplystudium—a taste for the fine arts.
artis praecepta, or also simplyars—the rules of art; aesthetics.
(artis, artium) intellegens, peritus[1](opp.idiota, a layman)—a connoisseur; a specialist.
existimator (doctus, intellegens, acerrimus)—a (competent, intelligent, subtle) critic.
in existimantium arbitrium venire(Brut. 24. 92)—to come before the tribunal of the critics.
iudicium facere—to criticise.
sensum, iudicium habere—to be a man of taste.
elegantia in illo est—he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste.
iudicium subtile, elegans, exquisitum, intellegens—good taste; delicate perception.
iudicium acuere—to cultivate one's powers of criticism.
abhorrere ab artibus(opp.delectari artibus)—to have no taste for the fine arts.
veritatem[2]imitari(Div. 1. 13. 23)—(1) to make a lifelike natural representation of a thing (used of the artist); (2) to be lifelike (of a work of art).
in omni re vincit imitationem veritas—in everything nature defies imitation.
aliquid ad verum exprimere—to make a copy true to nature.
morum ac vitae imitatio—a lifelike picture of everyday life.
aliquid e vita ductum est—a thing is taken from life.
[1]idiota= properly uninitiated, not the same asrudis, indoctus, imperitus.
[2]veritasmeans not merely truth (opp.mendacium), but also reality (opp.opinio, imitatio). Thus we often find the combinationres et veritas ipsa(Tusc. 5. 5. 13),natura rerum et ipsa veritas.
[TR1]Transcriber's Note: the original text hasopus summo artifico factum. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition usingopus summo artificio factum.
poema condere, facere, componere—to write poetry.
versus facere, scribere—to write poetry.
carmina , versus fundere(De Or. 3. 50)—to write poetry with facility.
carmen epicum—epic poetry.
poeta epicus—an epic, heroic poet.
poesis scaenica—dramatic poetry.
poeta scaenicus—a dramatic poet.
scriptor tragoediarum, comoediarum, also (poeta)tragicus, comicus[1]—a writer of tragedy, comedy.
scriptor fabularum[2]—a writer of fables.
divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri(Div. 1. 31. 66)—to feel inspired.
divino quodam spiritu inflatusortactus—inspired.
carmen, versum agere—to recite a poem, line with appropriate action.
carmen recitare—to read a piece of verse with expression.
carmen pronuntiare—to recite a piece of verse (without gestures).
carmen inconditum—a rough poem; an extempore effusion.
se conferre ad poesis studium—to devote oneself to poetry.
poetica laude florere—to be distinguished as a poet.
poesis genus ad Romanos transferre—to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy.
alicuius laudes versibus persequi—to sing the praises of some one (notcanere aliquem)
alicuius laudes (virtutes) canere—to sing the praises of some one (notcanere aliquem)
alicuius res gestas versibus ornare, celebrare—to celebrate some one's exploits in song.
ut ait Homerus—as Homer sings (notcanit).
numerus poetice vinctus—poetical rhythm.
artem musicam[3]discere, tractare—to learn, study music.
nervorum et tibiarum cantus—instrumental music.
vocum et fidium (nervorum) cantus—vocal and instrumental music.
docere aliquem fidibus—to teach some one to play a stringed instrument.
fidibus discere(De Sen. 8. 26)—to learn to play a stringed instrument.
fidibus canere—to play on the lyre.
pellere nervos in fidibus—to strike the strings of the lyre.
tibias inflare—to play the flute.
tibiisortibiā canere—to play the flute.
ad tibiamorad tibicinem canere—to sing to a flute accompaniment.
(homo) symphoniacus—a singer, member of a choir.
symphōnīa canit(Verr. 3. 44. 105)—the orchestra is playing.
acroāma[4]—a professional performer.
modi(De Or. 1. 42. 187)—the melody.
modos facere—to compose, put to music.
numerus, numeri—the tune; rhythm.
numerose cadere—to have a rhythmical cadence.
ars pingendi, pictura(De Or. 2. 16. 69)—the art of painting.
ars fingendi—the art of sculpture.
signa et tabulae (pictae)—statues and pictures.
simulacrum e marmore facere—to make a marble statue.
statuas[5]inscribere(Verr. 2. 69. 167)—to put an inscription on statues.
[1]tragicus, comicusas adjectives = occurring in tragedy, comedy—e.g.Orestes tragicus; senes comici. Comic in the ordinary sense =ridiculus, c.f.homo ridiculus.
[2]Notfabulator, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes.
[3]musica (-orum)is also used for music, cf.in musicis se conterere.
[4]acroama= originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a performer. The Greeks applied the term to music; the Romans used it of any professional performer who entertained guests while at table.
[5]statuais not used of statues of the gods, butsignum, simulacrum.
ars ludicra(De Or. 2. 20. 84)—the dramatic art.
fabula, ludus scaenicus—the piece; the play.
argumentum—the plot of the piece.
actio—the treatment of the piece.
actus—an act.
fabulam docere(διδάσκειν) (of the writer) (opp.fabulam discere—to study a piece, of the actor)—to get a piece played, rehearse it.
fabulam agere—to act a play (said of the actors).
fabulam edere—to bring out a play, put it on the stage (used of the man who finds the money).
fabulam dare—to produce a play (of the writer).
in scaenam producere aliquem—to introduce a character on the stage.
in scaenam prodire—to come upon the stage.
in scaenam redire—to reappear on the stage.
de scaena decedere—to retire from the stage.
in scaenam aliquid inducere—to bring a thing upon the stage.
familia, grex, caterva histrionum—a theatrical company.
dominus gregis—the manager.
theatrum[1]—the playhouse.
theatra reclamant—the spectators protest.
populum facilem, aequum habere—to have an appreciative audience.
plaudere(notapplaudere)—to applaud, clap a person.
plausum dare (alicui)—to applaud, clap a person.
clamores (coronae) facere, excitare—to elicit loud applause.
saepius revocatur(Liv. 7. 2. 9)—he is encored several times.
fabulam exigere(Ter. Andr. Pol.)—to hiss a play.
fabula cadit—a piece is a failure, falls flat.
histrionem exsibilare, explodere, eicere, exigere—to hiss an actor off the stage.
histrioni acclamare[2]—to interrupt an actor by hooting him.
partes agere alicuius[3]—to play the part of some one.
agere servum, lenonem—to act the rôle of a slave, pander.
actor primarum (secundarum, tertiarum) partium—the actor who plays the leading part.
tragoediaorfabula Antigona(notAntigona trag.orfab.)—the Antigone.
in Sophoclis(notSophoclea)Aiaceorapud Sophoclem in Aiace—in Sophocles' Ajax.
caterva, chorus—the Chorus in Tragedy.
carmen chori, canticum—a choric ode in a tragedy.
loci melici—the lyric portions of a tragedy.
diverbium—stage dialogue.
canticum—a choric ode.
ludi circenses, scaenici—performances in the circus; theatrical perfomances.
ludos apparare—to institute games.
ludos facere, edere (Iovi)—to give public games in honour of Jupiter.
ludos instaurare—to revive public games.
munus gladiatorium edere, dare(or simplymunus edere, dare)—to give a gladiatorial show.
gladiatores dare—to give a gladiatorial show.
familia[4]gladiatoria(Sest. 64. 134)—a band, troupe of gladiators under the management of alanista.
ludus gladiatorius—a school for gladiators.
gladiatoribus(Att. 2. 19. 3)—at the gladiatorial games.
celebritas ludorum—crowded games.
magnificentia ludorum—sumptuous public games.
ludi apparatissimi—sumptuous public games.
ludi Olympia(notludi Olympici),Pythia—the Olympian, Pythian games.
Olympia vincere(Ολύμπια νικαν)—to win a prize at the Olympian games.
ludi gymnici—gymnastic contests.
certamina gymnica—gymnastic contests.
stadium currere(Off. 3. 10. 42)—to run a foot-race.
[1]theatrum= (1) the playhouse, theatre; (2) the audience, house. It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity, theatre, scene, e.g.theatrum magnum habet ista provincia(Cic.);nullum theatrum virtuti conscientia majus(ibid.)
[2] Livy is the first writer who usesacclamarein a good sense.
[3] Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g.partes suscipere, sustinere, dare, tribuere, defendere, tueri. Similarlypersona(properly mask) is used in several phrases, e.g.personam alicuius agere, ferre, tenere;personam suscipereorinduere;personam tueri(Phil. 8. 10);personam alicui imponere(Sull. 3. 8).personathus got the meaning of personality, individuality, character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. N.B.—It never represents our "person," cf. many persons were present,multi (homines) aderant.
[4] Hencefamiliam ducere, metaphorically to be at the head of a movement, to play the leading part, e.g.in iure civili(Cic.) For other phrases drawn from the wrestling-schoolvid.ix. 6.