agmen medium(Liv. 10. 41)—the centre of the marching column.
agmen primum—the vanguard.
agmen novissimum (extremum)—the rearguard.
agmen claudere, cogere—to bring up the rear.
signa[1]ferre, tollere—to begin the march, break up the camp.
castra movere—to begin the march, break up the camp.
agmen agere—to set the army in motion.
procedere cum exercitu—to advance with the army.
magnis itineribus(Sall. Iug. 37)—by forced marches.
quam maximis itineribus (potest)—by the longest possible forced marches.
citatum agmen rapere—to lead the army with forced marches.
raptim agmen ducere—to lead the army with forced marches.
citato gradu incedere(cf. sect. II. 5)—to advance rapidly.
loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare—to reconnoitre the ground.
iter facere—to march.
iter conficere(B. C. 1. 70)—to traverse a route.
iter maturare, accelerare—to quicken the pace of marching.
iter continuare(B. C. 3. 11)—to march without interruption.
iter non intermittere—not to interrupt the march.
iter flectere, convertere, avertere—to deviate, change the direction.
signa convertere(B. G. 1. 25)—to deviate, change the direction.
averso itinere contendere in...—to change one's route and march towards...
iter tentare per vim(cf. sect. II. 3)—to force a way, a passage.
agmen, exercitum demittere in...—to march down on to...
exercitum admovere, adducere ad...—to advance on...
signa sequi(opp.a signis discedere, signa relinquere)—to follow the standards.
ordines servare(B. G. 4. 26)—to keep the ranks.
confertis, solutis ordinibus—with close ranks; with ranks in disorder.
raris ordinibus—in open order.
ordines turbare, perrumpere—to break the ranks.
agmine quadrato incedere, ire—to march with closed ranks, in order of battle.
agmine duplici, triplici—in two, three columns.
novissimos premere—to press the rearguard.
novissimos turbare—to throw the rearguard into confusion.
novissimos carpere—to harass the rear.
novissimis praesidio esse—to protect the troops in the rear.
opprimere hostes (imprudentes, incautos, inopinantes)—to surprise and defeat the enemy.
subsistere, consistere—to halt.
gradum sistere—to halt.
capere, occupare locum—to occupy a position (with troops).
occupare loca superiora—to occupy the high ground.
praeoccupare locum(Liv. 35. 27)—to occupy a place beforehand.
tenere montem(B. G. 1. 22)—to hold a mountain.
consistere in monte—to take up one's position on a mountain.
considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus)—to occupy the foot of a hill.
praesidiis firmare urbem—to garrison a town.
praesidium collocare in urbe—to garrison a town.
praesidia, custodias disponere—to station posts, pickets, at intervals.
vigilias crebras ponere(Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to place a close line of sentry-posts.
[1]signa= standards of a maniple, cohort, or legion. Since Marius' time thesignumof a legion was an eagle, those of the maniples different animals, wolf, horse, etc. In the camp the standards were fixed in the ground, in action they were carried in the front rank, hence several phrases—signa convellere, tollere, efferre, to break up camp;signa proferre, promovere, to advance in battle-order;signa inferre, to attack;signa conferre, to come to close quarters;signa statuere, to halt;signa convertere, to change one's route;signa referre, to retire;signa relinquere, to desert, etc.
castra stativa(Sall. Iug. 44)—a permanent camp.
castra hiberna, aestiva—winter-quarters, summer-quarters.
castra ponere, locare—to encamp.
idoneo, aequo, suo(opp.iniquo)loco—in a favourable position.
castra metari(B. C. 3. 13)—to mark out a camp.
milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere—to take the troops to their winter-quarters.
castra munire—to make a fortified, entrenched camp.
castra munire vallo (aggere)—to fortify the camp with a rampart.
fossam ducere—to make a ditch, a fosse.
vallum iacere, exstruere, facere—to raise a rampart, earthwork.
castra praesidiis firmare—to strengthen the camp by outposts.
praesidio castris milites relinquere—to leave troops to guard the camp.
castra coniungere, iungere(B. C. 1. 63)—to make a camp in common.
castra nudare(B. G. 7. 70)—to leave the camp undefended.
cohors, quae in statione est—the cohort on guard-duty.
vigilias agere in castris(Verr. 4. 43)—to mount guard in the camp.
custodias agere in vallo—to keep watch on the rampart.
stationes agere pro portis—to be on duty before the gates.
circumvenire vigilias(Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to make the round of the sentries.
tesseram dare(Liv. 28. 14)—to give the watchword, countersign.
copias castris continere—to keep the troops in camp.
se (quietum) tenere castris—to remain inactive in camp.
excursionem in hostium agros facere—to make an inroad into hostile territory.
praedatum ire—to go in search of plunder, booty.
ferre atque agere[1]praedam—to carry off booty.
capere equos—to capture horses.
lignatum, aquatum ire—to go to fetch wood, water.
pabulatum, frumentatum ire—to forage.
pabulatione premi(B. C. 1. 78)—to suffer from want of forage.
omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igniorferro flammaque vastare—to ravage with fire and sword.
classicumortuba canit ad praetorium—the bugle, trumpet sounds before the general's tent.
vasa conclamare(B. C. 3. 37)—to give the signal for breaking up the camp, collecting baggage.
vasa colligere(Liv. 21. 47)—to pack the baggage (for marching).
signa convellere(vid.sect. XVI. 6, notesigna...)—to pluck up the standards out of the ground (to begin the march).
consilium habere, convocare—to hold a council of war.
rem ad consilium deferre—to refer a matter to a council of war.
[1]ferreof things inanimate,agereof cattle. Cf.φέρειν καὶ ἄγειν.
oppidum natura loci munitum(B. G. 1. 38)—a town with a strong natural position.
oppidum manu (opere) munitum—a town artificially fortified.
oppidum obsidere—to besiege a city.
oppidum obsidione claudere—to besiege a city.
oppidum in obsidione tenere—to keep a town in a state of siege.
oppidum fame domare—to starve a town into surrender.
oppidum oppugnare—to storm a town.
oppidum cingere vallo et fossa—to surround a town with a rampart and fosse.
opera facere—to raise siege-works.
vineas agere(B. G. 3. 21)—to advance pent-houses, mantlets.
turres instituere, exstruere—to raise towers.
testudine facta moenia subire(B. G. 2. 6)—to advance to the walls protected by a covering of shields.
scalas admovere(B. C. 3. 63)—to apply scaling-ladders.
positis scalis muros ascendere—to scale the walls by means of ladders.
aries murum attingit, percutit—the battering-ram strikes the wall.
iter ruina patefactum—a breach.
patentia ruinis(vid.XII. 1, noteruina...)—a breach.
cuniculos agere(B. G. 3. 21)—to make mines, subterraneous passages.
oppidum tormentis verberare—to rain missiles on a town, bombard it.
tela ingerere, conicere—to discharge showers of missiles.
murum nudare defensoribus—to drive the defenders from the walls.
eruptionem facere ex oppido—to make a sally, sortie from the town.
crebras ex oppido excursiones facere(B. G. 2. 30)—to make a sally, sortie from the town.
ignem inferre operibus(B. C. 2. 14)—to set fire to the siege-works.
subsidium alicui summittere—to send relief to some one.
munitiones perrumpere—to break through the lines (and relieve a town).
urbis obsidionem liberare—to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).
oppidum obsidione liberare—to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).
obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere—to hold out for four months.
oppugnationem, obsidionem relinquere—to give up an assault, a siege.
portas obstruere(B. G. 5. 50)—to barricade the gates.
portas refringere—to break down the gates.
claustra portarum revellere—to break down the gates.
in oppidum irrumpere—to break into the town.
in oppidum irruptionem facere—to break into the town.
oppidum capere, expugnare—to take, storm a town.
oppidum recipere—to retake a town.
oppidum incendere—to fire a town.
oppidum diripere—to plunder a town.
oppidum evertere, excīdere—to completely destroy a town.
oppidum solo aequare—to raze a town to the ground.
deditione facta(Sall. Iug. 26)—after capitulation.
arma tradere—to surrender weapons.
salutem petere a victore—to beg for mercy from the conqueror.
se suaque omnia dedere victori—to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.
se suaque omnia permittere victoris potestati—to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.
se permittere in fidem atque in potestatem alicuius(B. G. 2. 3)—to surrender oneself to the discretion of some one.
in fidem recipere aliquem(Fam. 13. 16)—to deal mercifully with some one.
libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt(B. G. 3. 16. 4)—the free men are sold as slaves.
cum uxoribus et liberis—with wife and child.
aliquem (incolumem) conservare—to grant a man his life.
potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere—to offer battle to the enemy.
potestatem sui facere (alicui)(cf. sect. XII. 9, noteaudientia...)—to accept battle.
proelio (ad pugnam) hostes lacessere, provocare—to provoke the enemy to battle.
pugnam detrectare(Liv. 3. 60)—to decline battle.
supersedere proelio—to refrain from fighting.
hostem e manibus non dimittere—to not let the enemy escape.
locum ad pugnam idoneum deligere—to choose suitable ground for an engagement.
diem pugnae constituere(B. G. 3. 24)—to fix a day for the engagement.
signum proelii (committendi) exposcere(B. G. 7. 19)—to demand loudly the signal to engage.
signum proelii dare—to give the signal to engage.
vexillum proponere(Liv. 22. 3)—to fix the ensign on the general's tent (as a signal to commence the engagement).
ad arma concurrere—to rush to arms.
exercitum educereorproducere in aciem—to lead the army to the fight.
ad vim et arma descendere(vid.sect. V. 9, noteSimilarly...)—to have recourse to force of arms.
in certamen descendere—to engage in the fight.
in aciem descendere(Liv. 8. 8)—to enter the field of battle.
aciem (copias, exercitum) instruereorin acie constituere—to draw up forces in battle-order.
aciem triplicem instruere(B. G. 1. 24)—to draw up the army in three lines.
aciem explicareordilatare—to extend the line of battle, deploy the battalions.
media acies—the centre.
subsidia collocare—to station reserve troops.
equites ad latera disponere(B. G. 6. 8)—to place the cavalry on the wings.
contionari apud milites(B. C. 1. 7)—to harangue the soldiers.
contionem habere apud milites—to harangue the soldiers.
ad virtutem excitare, cohortari(or simplyadhortari, cohortari)—to incite to valour.
animos militum confirmare(B. G. 5. 49)—to encourage, embolden the soldiery.
proelium committere—(1) to begin the battle, (2) to give battle.
proelium inire(Liv. 2. 14)—to engage.
proelium facere—to give battle.
proelio equestri contendere—to give battle with a cavalry-division.
proelium equestre facere—to give battle with a cavalry-division.
proelium facere secundum—to fight successfully.
proeliis secundis uti—to fight successfully.
rem (bene, male) gerere(vid.sect. XII. 2, noterem gerere...)—to win, lose a fight (of the commander).
proelium intermittere—to interrupt the battle.
proelium dirimere(B. C. 1. 40)—to break off the fight.
proelium restituere—to renew the battle with success.
proelium renovare, redintegrare—to begin the fight again.
proelium deserere—to give up the fight.
proelio, armis decertare(B. G. 1. 50)—to fight a decisive battle.
acie (armis, ferro) decernere—to fight a pitched battle.
in acie dimicare—to fight a pitched battle.
proelio interesse—to take part in the engagement.
ex equo pugnare—to fight on horseback.
certamen singulare—single combat.
povocare aliquem ad certamen singulare—to challenge some one to single combat.
proelium cruentum, atrox—a bloody battle.
proelium iustum(opp.tumultuarium)—a pitched battle.
classicum canit(B. C. 3. 82)—the trumpet sounds for the attack.
gradum inferre in hostem—to march on the enemy.
aggredi hostem—to attack the enemy.
invadere, impetum[1]facere in hostem—to attack the enemy.
signa inferre in hostem—to attack the enemy.
impetum sustinere(B. G. 1. 26)—to resist the attack, onset.
impetum excipere[2](Liv. 6. 12)—to parry the attack.
in medios hostes se inicere—to rush into the midst of the foe.
per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere—to break through the enemy's centre.
manum (us) conserere cum hoste—to come to close quarters.
signa conferre cum hoste[3]—to come to close quarters.
proelio concurritur(Sall. Iug. 59)—the lines charge in battle one on another.
adversis hostibus occurrere—to attack the enemy in the front.
aversos hostes aggredi—to attack the enemy in the rear.
hostes a tergo adoriri—to attack the enemy in the rear.
iusto(opp.tumultuario)proelio confligere cum hoste(Liv. 35. 4)—to fight a pitched, orderly battle with an enemy.
acies inclīnatorinclīnatur(Liv. 7. 33)—the line of battle gives way.
proelium anceps est—the issue of the battle is undecided.
ancipiti Marte pugnatur—the issue of the battle is undecided.
diu anceps stetit pugna—the issue of the day was for a long time uncertain.
res est in periculo, in summo discrimine—the position is critical.
res ad triarios[4]redit(Liv. 8. 8)—the triarii must now fight (proverbially = we are reduced to extremities).
[1]impetusis not used in the dative sing. or in the plur.; these cases are supplied byincursio.
[2]Caesar's method of attack was usually this: the troops drawn up on rising ground charged at the double (concursus); when within range cameemissio telorumorpilorum. This was followed up by a hand-to-handmêlée (impetus gladiorum).
[3]signa conferre cum aliquoalso sometimes means to join forces.
[4]Thetriariiwere the veterans who made up the third line behind theprincipesandhastati. If these first two lines were beaten or in difficulties (laborare), thetriarii, who were in a kneeling posture (dextro genu innixi,Liv. 8. 9), stood up (consurgebant,Liv. 8. 10) and continued the fight. Hence this proverb (inde rem ad triarios redisse cum laboratur proverbio increbuit). For the organisation of the legion in generalvid.Liv. book 8.
collatis signis (viribus) pugnare—to fight hand-to-hand, at close quarters.
tum pes cum pede collatus est(Liv. 28. 2)—a hand-to-hand engagement ensued.
collato pede(Liv. 6. 12)—hand to hand.
gladio comminus(opp.eminus)rem gerere—to fight with swords at close quarters.
omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere—to throw down the javelins (pila) and fight with the sword.
res ad gladios vēnit—swords must now decide the day.
res gladiis geri coepta est—swords must now decide the day.
strictis gladiis in hostem ferri—to throw oneself on the enemy with drawn sword.
res ad manus venit—the fighting is now at close quarters.
laxatis(opp.confertis)ordinibus pugnare—to fight in open order.
ferarum[1]ritu pugnare—to fight like lions.
manu fortis—personally brave.
[1]The Latin language uses the general term (fera) where we use the special (lion). Similarlypecorum modo fugiunt(Liv. 40. 27), where we translate "they flee like deer."
in latus hostium incurrere—to fall upon the enemy's flank.
circumvenire hostem aversumora tergo(B. G. 2. 26)—to surround the enemy from the rear.
multitudine hostium cingi—to be surrounded by the superior force of the enemy.
equitatu superiorem esse—to have the advantage in cavalry.
parem(opp.imparem)esse hosti—to be a match for the enemy.
orbem[1]facere(Sall. Iug. 97. 5)—to form a square.
in orbem consistere—to form a square.
cuneum facere(Liv. 22. 47)—to draw up troops in a wedge-formation.
phalangem facere(B. G. 1. 24)—to form a phalanx.
phalangem perfringere—to break through the phalanx.
subsidia summittere—to send up reserves.
integros defatigatis summittere—to send fresh troops to take the place of those wearied with fighting.
rari dispersique pugnare(B. C. 1. 44)—to fight in skirmishing order.
integri et recentes defatigatis succedunt—fresh troops relieve the tired men.
[1]orbisproperly a circle, but corresponding almost exactly in its objects to our square-formation (vid.B. G. 4. 37, 5. 33;Sall. Iug. 97. 5). For a good account of Roman military formation see Kraner,Uebersicht des Kriegswesens bei Caesar, in his edition of theBellum Gallicum.
pellere hostem—to repulse the enemy.
acies hostium impellitur—the enemy's line is repulsed.
loco movere, depellere, deicere hostem(B. G. 7. 51)—to drive the enemy from his position.
summovereorreicere hostium equites—to repel the attack of the enemy's cavalry.
repellere, propulsare hostem—to repulse an attack.
undique premi, urgeri(B. G. 2. 26)—to be pressed on all sides.
prosternere, profligare hostem—to rout the enemy.
signa receptui canunt—the retreat is sounded.
receptui canitur(B. G. 7. 47)—the retreat is sounded.
pedem referre—to retire (without turning one's back on the enemy).
equitatus tutum receptum dat—the cavalry covers the retreat.
se recipere(B. G. 7. 20)—to withdraw one's forces.
loco excedere—to abandon one's position.
in fugam dare, conicere hostem—to put the enemy to flight.
fugare hostem—to put the enemy to flight.
fundere hostium copias—to rout the enemy's forces.
caedere et fundere hostem—to utterly rout the enemy.
fundere et fugare hostem—to utterly rout the enemy.
prae se agere hostem—to drive the enemy before one.
fugam facere(Sall. Iug. 53)—(1) to put to flight, (2) to take to flight.
terga vertereordare—to flee, run away.
terga dare hosti—to run away from the enemy.
fugae se mandare(B. G. 2. 24)—to take to flight.
fugam capessere, capere—to take to flight.
se dare in fugam, fugae—to take to flight.
se conicere, se conferre in fugam—to take to flight.
fuga salutem petere—to seek safety in flight.
fuga effusa, praeceps(Liv. 30. 5)—headlong flight.
pecorum modo fugere(Liv. 40. 27)—to flee like deer, sheep.
arma abicere—to throw away one's arms.
praecipitem se fugae mandare—to flee headlong.
ex (in) fuga dissipatiordispersi(B. G. 2. 24)—soldiers routed and dispersed.
hostes insequi, prosequi—to pursue the enemy.
hostes (fusos) persequi—to follow up and harass the enemy when in flight.
hostes assequi, consequi—to overtake the enemy.
fugientibus instare—to press the fugitives.
tergis hostium inhaerere—to be on the heels of the enemy.
fugam hostium reprimere(B. G. 3. 14)—to bring the flying enemy to a stand.
excipere aliquem fugientem—to cut off some one's flight.
magna caedes hostium fugientium facta est—there was great slaughter of fugitives.
capere aliquem vivum—to take a person alive.
effugere, elābi e manibus hostium—to escape from the hands of the enemy.
dimittere e manibus hostes—to let the enemy escape.
eripere aliquem e manibus hostium—to rescue some one from the hands of the enemy.
se fuga recipere(B. G. 1. 11)—to save oneself by flight.
proelio vinci, superari, inferiorem, victum discedere—to be defeated in fight, lose the battle.
cladem hostibus afferre, inferre—to inflict a defeat on the enemy.
cladem accipere—to suffer a defeat.
ingentem caedem edere(Liv. 5. 13)—to cause great slaughter, carnage.
stragem edere, facere—to massacre.
omnia strata sunt ferro—all have perished by the sword.
hostes, exercitum delere, concīdere—to annihilate, cut up the enemy, an army.
hostes ad internecionem caedere, delere(Liv. 9. 26)—to absolutely annihilate the enemy.
hostium copias occidione occīdere(Liv. 2. 51)—to absolutely annihilate the enemy.
vulnus infligere alicui—to wound a person (also used metaphorically).
mortiferam plagam alicui infligere—to inflict a mortal wound on some one.
vulnus (grave, mortiferum) accipere, excipere—to be (seriously, mortally) wounded.
multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus(B. G. 1. 50)—after many had been wounded on both sides.
vulneribus confectus—weakened by wounds.
vulnera (cicatrices) adversa(opp.aversa)—wounds (scars) on the breast.
vulnera adverso corpore accepta—wounds (scars) on the breast.
refricare[1]vulnus, cicatricem obductam—to open an old wound.
ex vulnere mori(Fam. 10. 33)—to die of wounds.
magno cum detrimento—with great loss.
nostri circiter centum ceciderunt—about a hundred of our men fell.
ad unum omnes[2]perierunt—they perished to a man.
[1]refricareis also used metaphorically in the sense of renewing, recalling, e.g.dolorem(De Or. 2. 48);memoriam(Phil. 3. 7. 18);desiderium(Fam. 5. 17. 4).
[2]The phrasead unum omnes, to a man, without exception, occursDe Am. 23. 86;Fam. 12. 14;Liv. 2. 55; and withoutomnes,Fam. 10. 16;B. C. 3. 14.
exercitus victor—the victorious army.
superiorem(opp.inferiorem),victorem (proelio, pugna) discedere—to come off victorious.
victoriam adipisci, parere—to gain a victory, win a battle.
victoriam ferre, referre—to gain a victory, win a battle.
proelio vincere—to gain a victory, win a battle.
victoriam reportare ab hoste—to gain a victory over the enemy.
victoriam praecipere (animo)(Liv. 10. 26)—to consider oneself already victor.
victoriam exploratam dimittere—to let a sure victory slip through one's hands.
sicut parta iam atque explorata victoria—as if the victory were already won.
victoriam conclamare(B. G. 5. 37)—to raise a shout of victory.
victoriamorde victoria gratulari alicui—to congratulate a person on his victory.
victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit(Liv. 23. 30)—the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought.
triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)—to triumph over some one.
triumphum[1]agere deorex aliquoor c. Gen. (victoriae, pugnae)—to triumph over some one.
per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere—to lead some one in triumph.
triumphum senatus Africano decernit(Fin. 4. 9. 22)—the senate decrees to Africanus the honours of a triumph.
[1]E.g.triumphum agere Boiorum(Liv.);Pharsaliae pugnae(Cic.);de Liguribus(Liv.);ex Aequis(Liv.) For other phrases cf.triumphum postulare, imperare; triumphum tertium deportare; triumphum consulis celebrare.
indutias facere(Phil. 8. 7)—to make a truce.
indutias violare—to break a truce.
ius gentium violare—to violate the law of nations.
agere cum aliquo de pace—to treat with some one about peace.
pacem conciliare(Fam. 10. 27)—to bring about a peace.
pacem facere cum aliquo—to make peace with some one.
pacem dirimere, frangere—to break the peace.
his condicionibus—on these terms.
pacis condiciones ferre(notproponere)—to propose terms of peace.
pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui(Liv. 29. 12)—to dictate the terms of peace to some one.
pacis condiciones accipere, subire(opp.repudiare, respuere)—to accept the terms of the peace.
pax convenit in eam condicionem, ut...—peace is concluded on condition that...
summa pax—deep peace.
captivos permutare, commutare—to exchange prisoners.
captivos redimere(Off. 2. 18)—to ransom prisoners.
captivos sine pretio reddere—to restore prisoners without ransom.
obsides dare—to give hostages.
obsides civitatibus imperare—to compel communities to provide hostages.
pactionem facere cum aliquo(Sall. Iug. 40)—to conclude a treaty with some one.
ex pacto, ex foedere—according to treaty.
foedus facere (cum aliquo), icere, ferire—to conclude a treaty, an alliance.
foedus frangere, rumpere, violare—to violate a treaty, terms of alliance.
socium aliquem asciscere(B. G. 1. 5)—to make some one one's ally.
in amicitia populi Romani esse(Liv. 22. 37)—to be on friendly terms with the Roman people.
a senatu amicus[1]appellatus est(B. G. 1. 3)—he received from the senate the title of friend.
[1]amicus, the friend of the Roman people, distinct fromsocius, an ally; asociuswas alwaysamicus, but not necessarilyvice versa. The titleamicus populi Romaniwas granted by the senate to foreign princes in recognition of some signal service.
terra potiri—to conquer a country.
terram suae dicionis facere—to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.
populum in potestatem suam redigere(B. G. 2. 34)—to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.
populum in deditionem venire cogere—to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.
populum in deditionem accipere—to accept the submission of a people.
populum perdomare, subigere—to subjugate a nation.
populum, terram suo imperio, suae potestati subicere(notsibiby itself)—to make oneself master of a people, country.
se imperio alicuius subicere(notalicui)—to make one's submission to some one.
in deditionem venire(withoutalicui)—to make one's submission to some one.
in alicuius potestatem se permittere—to make one's submission to some one.
sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion.
subiectum esse, obnoxium esse imperioordicioni alicuius(not simplyalicui)—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion.
in potestate, in dicione alicuius esse—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion.
qui imperio subiecti sunt—subjects.
aliquem ad officium(cf. sect. X. 7, noteofficium...)reducere(Nep. Dat. 2. 3)—to reduce a people to their former obedience.
aliquem in officio continere—to keep some one in subjection.
in officio manere, permanere—to remain in subjection.
Asiam in provinciae formam (in provinciam) redigere(B. G. 1. 45)—to make Asia into a Roman province.
Asia populi Romani facta est—Asia was made subject to Rome.
gentem ad internecionem redigereoradducere(B. G. 2. 28)—to completely annihilate a nation.
navis actuaria—a cutter.
navis longa—a man-of-war.
navis oneraria—a transport or cargo-boat.
navis mercatoria—a merchantman.
oppidum maritimum—a seaport town.
navibus plurimum posse—to have a powerful navy.
rebus maritimis multum valere—to have a powerful navy.
navem, classem aedificare, facere, efficere, instituere—to build a ship, a fleet.
navem (classem) armare, ornare, instruere—to equip a boat, a fleet.
navem deducere(vid.sect. XII. 1, noteNotice too...)—to launch a boat.
navem subducere (in aridum)—to haul up a boat.
navem reficere—to repair a boat.
navem conscendere, ascendere—to embark.
exercitum in naves imponere(Liv. 22. 19)—to embark an army.
milites in terram, in terra exponere—to disembark troops.
classiarii[1](B. C. 3. 100)—marines.
nautae, remiges—sailors, rowers.
vectores(Phil. 7. 9. 27)—passengers.
naves annotinae—ships of last year.
[1]Alsoclassici milites, classica legio(Liv. 21. 41; 22. 19). The marines were recruited from the lowest classes (capite censi) and from theliberti. The rowers were slaves; the ordinary sailors weresocii navales.
solvere(B. G. 4. 28)—to weigh anchor, sail.
navem (naves) solvere—to weigh anchor, sail.
ancoram (ancoras) tollere—to weigh anchor, sail.
naves ex portu solvunt—the ships sail from the harbour.
malacia et tranquillitas(B. G. 3. 15)—a dead calm.
vela in altum dare(Liv. 25. 27)—to put to sea.
ventum (tempestatem) nancti idoneum ex portu exeunt—the ships sail out on a fair wind.
vela facere, pandere—to set the sails.
vela dare—to set the sails.
vela contrahere(also metaph.)—to furl the sails.
oram legere(Liv. 21. 51)—to hug the coast.
superare insulam, promunturium—to double an island, cape.
ventis reflantibus(Tusc. 1. 49)—with the wind against one.
cursum dirigere aliquo—to set one's course for a place.
cursum tenere(opp.commutareanddeferri)—to hold on one's course.
cursum conficere(Att. 5. 12. 1)—to finish one's voyage.
gubernaculum tractare—to steer.
clavum tenere—to steer.
navem remis agereorpropellere—to row.
remis contendere—to row hard.
navem remis concitare, incitare—to row hard.
sustinere, inhibere remos(De Or. 1. 33)—to stop rowing; to easy.
navem retro inhibere(Att. 13. 21)—to back water.
naufragium facere—to be shipwrecked.
navis ad scopulos alliditur(B. C. 3. 27)—the ship strikes on the rocks.
vento se dare—to run before the wind.
in litus eici(B. G. 5. 10)—to be stranded.
deferri, deici aliquo—to be driven out of one's course; to drift.
tempestate abripi—to be driven out of one's course; to drift.
procella (tempestas) aliquem ex alto ad ignotas terras (oras) defert—the storm drives some one on an unknown coast.
naufragium colligere(Sest. 6. 15)—to collect the wreckage.
appellere navem (ad terram, litus)—to land (of people).
appelli (ad oram)(Att. 13. 21)—to land (of ships).
ancoras iacere—to drop anchor.
ancoras tollere—to weigh anchor.
naves ad ancoras deligare(B. G. 4. 29)—to make fast boats to anchors.
naves (classem) constituere (in alto)—to make fast boats to anchors.
ad ancoram consistere—to ride at anchor.
ad ancoras deligari—to ride at anchor.
in ancoris esse, stare, consistere—to ride at anchor.
exire ex, de navi—to land, disembark.
exire, egredi in terram—to land, disembark.
escensionem facere(of troops)—to land, disembark.
portu, terra prohiberi(B. C. 3. 15)—to be unable to land.
litora ac portus custodia clausos tenere—to keep the coast and harbours in a state of blockade.
deperire—to founder, go down.
aestu incitato—at high tide.
navis praetoria(Liv. 21. 49)—the admiral's ship; the flagship.
pugnam navalem facere[1]—to fight a battle at sea.
navem expedire—to clear for action.
navem rostro percutere—to charge, ram a boat.
navem expugnare—to board and capture a boat.
navem, classem deprimere, mergere—to sink a ship, a fleet.
classes concurrunt(Liv. 26. 39)—the fleets charge.
copulas, manus ferreas (in navem) inicere—to throw grappling irons on board; to board.
in navem (hostium) transcendere—to throw grappling irons on board; to board.
navem capere, intercipere, deprehendere—to capture a boat.
vela armamentaque—sails and rigging.
ex eo navium concursu magnum incommodum est acceptum—much damage was done by this collision.
navigia speculatoria—reconnoitring-vessels.
[1] For a description of a sea-fightvid.B. G. iii. 13-16.
ut ait Cicero(always in this order)—as Cicero says.
ut Ciceronis verbis utar—to use Cicero's expression; to say with Cicero (notut cum Cicerone loquar).
ut ita dicam—so to speak (used to modify a figurative expression).
ut non (nihil) dicam de...—not to mention...
ut plura non dicam—to say nothing further on...
ne dicam—not to say... (used in avoiding a stronger expression).
ne (quid) gravius dicam—to say the least...
ut breviter dicam—to put it briefly.
denique—in short; to be brief.
ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?—in short; to be brief.
ut paucis (rem) absolvam—in short; to be brief.
ut paucis (brevi, breviter) complectar—in short; to be brief.
ut brevi comprehendam—in short; to be brief.
ut brevi praecīdam—in short; to be brief.
ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam—to sum up...
ne longum sit—not to be prolix.
ne longus, multus sim—not to be prolix.
ne diutius vos demorer—not to be prolix.
ne in re nota et pervulgata multus sim—not to be diffuse on such a well-known subject.
ut levissime dicam(opp.ut gravissimo verbo utar)—to use the mildest expression.
ut planius dicam—to express myself more plainly.
ut verius dicam—to put it more exactly.
ut semelorin perpetuum dicam—to say once for all.
ut in eodem simili verser—to use the same simile, illustration.
ut hoc utarorafferam—to use this example.
dicam quod sentio—I will give you my true opinion.
tantumorunum illudorhoc dico—I will only say this much...
non nego, non infitior—I do not deny.
hoc dici potest de aliqua re—this can be said of..., applies to...
hoc cadit in aliquid—this can be said of..., applies to...
hoc transferri potest in aliquid—this can be said of..., applies to...
dixi quasi praeteriensorin transitu—I saiden passant, by the way.
sexcenties, millies dixi—I have said it a thousand times.
ut supra(opp.infra)diximus, dictum est—as I said above.
dici vix (non) potestorvix potest dici(vixlikenonalways beforepotest)—I cannot find words for...
incredibile dictu est—it sounds incredible.
supersedeo oratione(notdicere)—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon...
omitto dicere—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon...
haec habeo dicereorhabeo quae dicam—this I have to say.
haec (fere) dixit—he spoke (very much) as follows.
hanc in sententiam dixit—the tenor of his speech was this...
mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re—I have a few words to say on this.
quod vere praedicare possum—without wishing to boast, yet...
quod non arroganter dixerim—which I can say without offence, arrogance.
pace tua dixerimordicere liceat—allow me to say.
bona (cum) venia tua dixerim—allow me to say.
non est huius locic. Inf.—this is not the place to...
non est hic locus, ut...—this is not the place to...
sed de hoc alias pluribus—more of this another time.
atqueorsed haec (quidem) hactenus—so much for this subject...; enough has been said on...
atque haec quidem de...—so much for this subject...; enough has been said on...
ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est—so much for this subject...; enough has been said on...
haec (quidem) ille—this much he said.
haec Ciceronis fere—this is very much what Cicero said.
atque etiam hoc animadvertendum est—there is this also to notice.
ad reliqua pergamus, progrediamur—to pass on.
hic (ille) locus obscurus est—this passage is obscure.
hoc in medio relinquamus—let us leave that undecided.
sed lābor longius—but that takes us too far.
non id ad vivum reseco(Lael. 5. 8)—I do not take that too strictly.
nonnulla praedīcam—I wish to say a few words in preface.
ut omittamc. Accus.—putting aside, except.
cum discessi, -eris, -eritis ab—putting aside, except.
praeterc. Accus.—putting aside, except.
ut praetermittamc. Acc. c. Inf.—to except the fact that...
praeterquam quodornisi quod—to except the fact that...
hoc in promptu est—it is clear, evident.
hoc in aperto est—it is clear, evident.
hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius—this is as clear as daylight.
hoc facile intellegi potest—that is self-evident, goes without saying.
hoc per se intellegitur—that is self-evident, goes without saying.
hoc sua sponte appāret—that is self-evident, goes without saying.
ex quo intellegiturorintellegi potest, debet—from this it appears, is apparent.
ex quo perspicuum est—from this it appears, is apparent.
inde patet, appāret—from this it appears, is apparent.
apparet et exstat—it is quite manifest.
exstat atque eminet—it is quite manifest.
si quaeris, si verum quaerimus—to put it exactly.
id quod maximum, gravissimum est—the main point.
quod caput est—the main point.
quod maius est—what is more important.
testis est, testatur, declarat—this shows, proves...
documento, indicio est(without demonstr. pron. butcui rei documento, indicio est)—this shows, proves...
sed hoc nihil (sane) ad rem—but this is not to the point.
aliquid (τι) dicis(opp.nihil dicis)—there is something in what you say; you are more or less right.
est istuc quidem aliquid—there is something in what you say; you are more or less right.
audio, fateor—I admit it, say on.
ain tu?—do you think so? are you in earnest?
nonne?—is it not so?
quorsum haec (dicis)?—what do you mean?
male(opp.bene)narras (de)—I am sorry to hear...
monstra dicis, narras—it is incredible.
clarius loquere—speak up, please.
mihi crede(notcrede mihi)—believe me.
per me licet—I have no objection.
rem acu tetigisti—you have hit the nail on the head.
ita prorsus existimo—that is exactly what I think.
ita res est—it is so.
res ita (aliter) se habet—the matter stands so (otherwise).
nec mirum, minime mirum (id quidem), quid mirum?—no wonder.
neque id mirum estorvideri debet—there is nothing strange in that.
et recte (iure, merito)—quite rightly.
et recte (iure) quidem—quite rightly.
recte, iure id quidem—quite rightly.
neque immerito (iniuria)—and rightly too.
neque id immerito (iniuria)—and rightly too.
meo (tuo, suo) iure—with perfect right.
iusto iure—with perfect right.
iustissime, rectissime—legitimately; with the fullest right.
optimo iure(cf.summo iure, sect. XV. 1).—legitimately; with the fullest right.
macte virtute(estoorte esse iubeo)—good luck to you.
sed manum de tabula!—but enough!