FOOTNOTES

[1]Consult E. Ernault,Petite Grammaire bretonne(Saint-Brieuc, 1897); L. Le Clerc,Grammaire bretonne(Saint-Brieuc, 1908); J. P. Treasure,An Introduction to Breton Grammar(Carmarthen, 1903). For the dialect of Vannes see A. Guillevic and P. Le Goff,Grammaire bretonne du Dialect de Vannes(Vannes, 1902).

Consult E. Ernault,Petite Grammaire bretonne(Saint-Brieuc, 1897); L. Le Clerc,Grammaire bretonne(Saint-Brieuc, 1908); J. P. Treasure,An Introduction to Breton Grammar(Carmarthen, 1903). For the dialect of Vannes see A. Guillevic and P. Le Goff,Grammaire bretonne du Dialect de Vannes(Vannes, 1902).

[2]Lit. ‘long stone,’ a megalithic monument. SeeChapter II, “Menhirs and Dolmens.”Students of folk-lore will recognize the symbolic significance of the offering. We seem to have here some connexion with pillar-worship, as found in ancient Crete, and the adoration of the Irminsul among the ancient Saxons.

Lit. ‘long stone,’ a megalithic monument. SeeChapter II, “Menhirs and Dolmens.”Students of folk-lore will recognize the symbolic significance of the offering. We seem to have here some connexion with pillar-worship, as found in ancient Crete, and the adoration of the Irminsul among the ancient Saxons.

[3]Charles the Bald.

Charles the Bald.

[4]For the Breton original and the French translation from which the above is adapted see Villemarqué,Barzaz-Breiz, p. 112.

For the Breton original and the French translation from which the above is adapted see Villemarqué,Barzaz-Breiz, p. 112.

[5]‘Sons of the Chief.’ MacTier is a fairly common name in Scotland to-day.

‘Sons of the Chief.’ MacTier is a fairly common name in Scotland to-day.

[6]That it was Neolithic seems undoubted, and in all probability Alpine—i.e.the same race as presently inhabits Brittany. See Dottin,Anciens Peuples de l’Europe(Paris, 1916).

That it was Neolithic seems undoubted, and in all probability Alpine—i.e.the same race as presently inhabits Brittany. See Dottin,Anciens Peuples de l’Europe(Paris, 1916).

[7]Buttolmenin Cornish meant ‘pole of stone.’

Buttolmenin Cornish meant ‘pole of stone.’

[8]Ostensibly, at least; but see the remarks upon modern pagan survivals in Chapter IX, p.246.

Ostensibly, at least; but see the remarks upon modern pagan survivals in Chapter IX, p.246.

[9]Which might be rendered:All here is symbol; these grey stones translateA thought ineffable, but where the key?Say, shall it be recovered soon or late,To ope the temple of this mystery?

Which might be rendered:

All here is symbol; these grey stones translateA thought ineffable, but where the key?Say, shall it be recovered soon or late,To ope the temple of this mystery?

All here is symbol; these grey stones translate

A thought ineffable, but where the key?

Say, shall it be recovered soon or late,

To ope the temple of this mystery?

[10]Not to be confused, of course, with the well-known island mount of the same name.

Not to be confused, of course, with the well-known island mount of the same name.

[11]A Scottish sixteenth-century magical verse was chanted over such a stone:“I knock this rag wpone this stone,And ask the divell for rain thereon.”

A Scottish sixteenth-century magical verse was chanted over such a stone:

“I knock this rag wpone this stone,And ask the divell for rain thereon.”

“I knock this rag wpone this stone,

And ask the divell for rain thereon.”

[12]The writer’s experience is that unlettered British folk often possess much better information concerning the antiquities of a district than its ‘educated’ inhabitants. If this information is not scientific it is full and displays deep personal interest.

The writer’s experience is that unlettered British folk often possess much better information concerning the antiquities of a district than its ‘educated’ inhabitants. If this information is not scientific it is full and displays deep personal interest.

[13]Collectionneur breton, t. iii, p.55.

Collectionneur breton, t. iii, p.55.

[14]SeeComptes rendus de la Société des Antiquaries de France, pp. 95 ff. (1836).

SeeComptes rendus de la Société des Antiquaries de France, pp. 95 ff. (1836).

[15]J. G. Campbell,Superstitions of the Scottish Highlands.

J. G. Campbell,Superstitions of the Scottish Highlands.

[16]Small,Antiquities of Fife.

Small,Antiquities of Fife.

[17]Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne, t. i, p. 26.

Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne, t. i, p. 26.

[18]Henderson,Survivals in Belief among the Celts(1911).

Henderson,Survivals in Belief among the Celts(1911).

[19]Cultes, Mythes, et Religiones, t. iii, pp. 365-433.

Cultes, Mythes, et Religiones, t. iii, pp. 365-433.

[20]Roman de Rou, v. 6415 ff.

Roman de Rou, v. 6415 ff.

[21]Consult original ballad in Vicomte de la Villemarqué’sChants populaires de la Bretagne.

Consult original ballad in Vicomte de la Villemarqué’sChants populaires de la Bretagne.

[22]MacCulloch,The Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 116 (Edinburgh, 1911).

MacCulloch,The Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 116 (Edinburgh, 1911).

[23]SeeBallads and Metrical Tales, illustrating the Fairy Mythology of Europe(anonymous, London, 1857) for a metrical version of this tale.

SeeBallads and Metrical Tales, illustrating the Fairy Mythology of Europe(anonymous, London, 1857) for a metrical version of this tale.

[24]Lib. III, cap. vi.

Lib. III, cap. vi.

[25]Paris, 1670. Strange that this book should have been seized upon by students of the occult as a ‘text-book’ furnishing longed-for details of the ‘lost knowledge’ concerning elementary spirits, when it is, in effect, a very whole-hearted satire upon belief in such beings!

Paris, 1670. Strange that this book should have been seized upon by students of the occult as a ‘text-book’ furnishing longed-for details of the ‘lost knowledge’ concerning elementary spirits, when it is, in effect, a very whole-hearted satire upon belief in such beings!

[26]Villemarqué,Myrdhinn, ou l’Enchanteur Merlin(1861).

Villemarqué,Myrdhinn, ou l’Enchanteur Merlin(1861).

[27]MacCulloch,The Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 122.

MacCulloch,The Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 122.

[28]Or subterranean dwellers. See D. MacRitchie’sFians, Fairies, and Picts(1893).

Or subterranean dwellers. See D. MacRitchie’sFians, Fairies, and Picts(1893).

[29]See the chapter on“Menhirs and Dolmens.”

See the chapter on“Menhirs and Dolmens.”

[30]Vol. i, p. 231.

Vol. i, p. 231.

[31]Contes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne(Paris, 1880).

Contes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne(Paris, 1880).

[32]Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie.

Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie.

[33]Saddle.

Saddle.

[34]See the author’sLe Roi d’Ys and other Poems(London, 1910).

See the author’sLe Roi d’Ys and other Poems(London, 1910).

[35]Kipling, “Primum Tempus.”

Kipling, “Primum Tempus.”

[36]In folk-tales of this nature a ladder is usually made of the bones, but this circumstance seems to have been omitted in the present instance.

In folk-tales of this nature a ladder is usually made of the bones, but this circumstance seems to have been omitted in the present instance.

[37]See Nutt,Celtic and Mediæval Romance.

See Nutt,Celtic and Mediæval Romance.

[38]LaLégendede la Mort.

LaLégendede la Mort.

[39]Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 345

Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 345

[40]Folk-lore as an Historical Science, p. 129.

Folk-lore as an Historical Science, p. 129.

[41]Western France, vol. ii.

Western France, vol. ii.

[42]See Le Braz,La Légende de la Mort, t. i, p. 39, t. ii, pp. 37 ff.; Albert Le Grand,Vies des Saints de la Bretagne, p. 63; Villemarqué,Chants populaires, pp. 38 ff.

See Le Braz,La Légende de la Mort, t. i, p. 39, t. ii, pp. 37 ff.; Albert Le Grand,Vies des Saints de la Bretagne, p. 63; Villemarqué,Chants populaires, pp. 38 ff.

[43]See MacCulloch,Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 372 and notes.

See MacCulloch,Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 372 and notes.

[44]MacCulloch,op. cit., p. 274.

MacCulloch,op. cit., p. 274.

[45]Villemarqué avouches that this version was taken down by his mother from the lips of an old peasant woman of the parish of Névez. It bears the stamp of ballad poetry, and as it has parallels in the folk-verse of other countries I see no reason to question its genuineness.

Villemarqué avouches that this version was taken down by his mother from the lips of an old peasant woman of the parish of Névez. It bears the stamp of ballad poetry, and as it has parallels in the folk-verse of other countries I see no reason to question its genuineness.

[46]See “Maro Markiz Gwerrand,” in theBulletin de la Société Académique de Brest, 1865.

See “Maro Markiz Gwerrand,” in theBulletin de la Société Académique de Brest, 1865.

[47]For the criticism on Villemarqué’s work see H. Gaidoz and P. Sébillot, “Bibliographie des Traditions et de la Littérature populaire de la Bretagne” (in theRevue Celtique, t. v, pp. 277 ff.). The titleBarzaz-Breizmeans “The Breton Bards,” the author being under the delusion that the early forms of the ballads he collected and altered had been composed by the ancient bards of Brittany.

For the criticism on Villemarqué’s work see H. Gaidoz and P. Sébillot, “Bibliographie des Traditions et de la Littérature populaire de la Bretagne” (in theRevue Celtique, t. v, pp. 277 ff.). The titleBarzaz-Breizmeans “The Breton Bards,” the author being under the delusion that the early forms of the ballads he collected and altered had been composed by the ancient bards of Brittany.

[48]Once a part of the forest of Broceliande. It has now disappeared.

Once a part of the forest of Broceliande. It has now disappeared.

[49]Barzaz-Breiz, p. 335. Sébillot (Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne, t. i, p. 346) says that he could gain nothing regarding this incident at the village of Saint-Cast but “vague details.”

Barzaz-Breiz, p. 335. Sébillot (Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne, t. i, p. 346) says that he could gain nothing regarding this incident at the village of Saint-Cast but “vague details.”

[50]Rice Holmes,Cæsar’s Conquest, pp. 532-536.

Rice Holmes,Cæsar’s Conquest, pp. 532-536.

[51]See Rolleston,Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race, p. 66.

See Rolleston,Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race, p. 66.

[52]See Gomme,Ethnology in Folk-lore, p. 94.

See Gomme,Ethnology in Folk-lore, p. 94.

[53]It is of interest to recall the fact that Abélard was born near Nantes, in 1079.

It is of interest to recall the fact that Abélard was born near Nantes, in 1079.

[54]The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory, p. 135.

The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory, p. 135.

[55]No matter.

No matter.

[56]I.e.had the best knowledge of medicine.Couthe, from A.S.cunnanto know.

I.e.had the best knowledge of medicine.Couthe, from A.S.cunnanto know.

[57]Swinburne,Tristram of Lyonesse.

Swinburne,Tristram of Lyonesse.

[58]This incident is common in Celtic romance, and seems to have been widely used in nearly all medieval literatures.

This incident is common in Celtic romance, and seems to have been widely used in nearly all medieval literatures.

[59]See Rev. Sir G. W. Cox,Introduction to Mythology, p. 326 ff.

See Rev. Sir G. W. Cox,Introduction to Mythology, p. 326 ff.

[60]See Zimmer,Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur, xii, pp. 106 ff.

See Zimmer,Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur, xii, pp. 106 ff.

[61]Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 289.

Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 289.

392GLOSSARY & INDEX

Abélard.A Breton monk;the story of Héloïse and,248-253Aberlady Bay.A bay in the Firth of Forth, Scotland,357Abernethy.A town in Scotland;the Round Tower at,52Aberystwyth.A town in Wales;Taliesin buried at,22Adder’s Stone.A substance supposed to have magical properties, employed in Druidic rites,247;Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed,252Alain III.Count of Brittany (Count of Vannes);drives back the Northmen,25Alain IV (Barbe-torte).Arch-chief of Brittany;defeats the Northmen,25-26Alain V.Duke of Brittany,27,28Alain Fergant.Duke of Brittany,30Alain.Son of Eudo of Brittany,29Albert le Grand.Monk of Morlaix,278Alchemy.The art of;the position of, in the fifteenth century,175;Gilles de Retz experiments in,175-179Algonquins.A race of North American Indians;mentioned,302Ali Baba.The story of;mentioned,316All Souls’ Day.The custom of leaving food for the dead on,383Aloïda.A maiden;in the ballad of the Marriage-girdle,234-236‘Alpine’ Race.A European ethnological division;the Bretons probably belong to,14,37n.Amenophis III.An Egyptian king;mentioned,43America.SeeUnited StatesAngers.A town in France;St Convoyon goes to, to obtain holy relics from the cathedral,336Animals.Frequently the bearers of divine aid, in legends of the saints,347;St Pol noted for his miraculous power over wild beasts,366Animism,86-87Ankou, The.The death-spirit of Brittany,101-102Annaïk.A maiden;in a story of the Marquis of Guérande,199-202Anne.Duchess of Brittany;married to Charles VIII of France, and then to Louis XII,36;the oratory of, in the château of Dinan,209;gives the château of Suscino to John of Châlons,210Antwerp.The city;relics of St Winwaloe preserved in the Jesuit church of St Charles at,371;mentioned,205Apple, The.Said to have been introduced into Brittany by Telio,18Ardmore.A town in Ireland;the Round Tower at,51-52Arez, Mountains of.Same asMontagnes d’Arrée,which seeArgoed.A place in Wales;battle of,22Armagh.A city in Ireland;Budoc made Bishop of,356Armenia.The country;were-wolf superstition in,291Armor(‘On the Sea’). The ancient Celtic name for Brittany,13Armorica.The Latin name for the country of Brittany,13,15;Julius Cæsar in,16;two British kingdoms in,19;the first monastery in, founded by Gwénnolé,185;King Arthur hunts wild beasts in,278;St Samson bidden to go to,349Arthur, King.British chieftain, of legendary fame;his finding of Excalibur,256-257;his encounter with the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel,275-277;his existence doubted by Bretons in the twelfth century,278;his fight with the dragon at the Lieue de Grève,278-281;carried to the Isle of Avalon after his last battle,282;Gugemar at the Court of,292;his contest with Modred,344;393his sister Margawse the wife of King Lot of Lothian,357;mentioned,64,66,173,212,224Arthur.Duke of Brittany, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet;murdered by King John of England,30Arthurian Romance.Resemblances in Villemarqué’sBarzaz-Breizto,224;the controversy as to the original birthplace of,228,254-255;indigenous to British soil,255Arz.SeeIle d’ArzAsh-tree, The Lay of the.One of theLaisof Marie de France,317-320Auchentorlie.An estate in Scotland;inscribed stones at,46Auchinleck MS.A manuscript containing a version of the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,272Audierne, Bay of.A bay on the Breton coast;national costume in the district of,376Aulnoy, Comtesse d’.Noted seventeenth-century French authoress;mentioned,144Auray.A town in Brittany;battle at,35;centre from which to visit the megaliths of Carnac,42Avalon, Isle of.A fabled island to which King Arthur was carried after his last battle,282Avenue of Sphinxes.At Karnak, Egypt,43Azénor.Mother of St Budoc of Dol,354-356Azénor the Pale.A maiden;the legend of,360-364

Abélard.A Breton monk;the story of Héloïse and,248-253

Abélard.A Breton monk;

the story of Héloïse and,248-253

Aberlady Bay.A bay in the Firth of Forth, Scotland,357

Abernethy.A town in Scotland;the Round Tower at,52

Abernethy.A town in Scotland;

the Round Tower at,52

Aberystwyth.A town in Wales;Taliesin buried at,22

Aberystwyth.A town in Wales;

Taliesin buried at,22

Adder’s Stone.A substance supposed to have magical properties, employed in Druidic rites,247;Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed,252

Adder’s Stone.A substance supposed to have magical properties, employed in Druidic rites,247;

Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed,252

Alain III.Count of Brittany (Count of Vannes);drives back the Northmen,25

Alain III.Count of Brittany (Count of Vannes);

drives back the Northmen,25

Alain IV (Barbe-torte).Arch-chief of Brittany;defeats the Northmen,25-26

Alain IV (Barbe-torte).Arch-chief of Brittany;

defeats the Northmen,25-26

Alain V.Duke of Brittany,27,28

Alain Fergant.Duke of Brittany,30

Alain.Son of Eudo of Brittany,29

Albert le Grand.Monk of Morlaix,278

Alchemy.The art of;the position of, in the fifteenth century,175;Gilles de Retz experiments in,175-179

Alchemy.The art of;

the position of, in the fifteenth century,175;

Gilles de Retz experiments in,175-179

Algonquins.A race of North American Indians;mentioned,302

Algonquins.A race of North American Indians;

mentioned,302

Ali Baba.The story of;mentioned,316

Ali Baba.The story of;

mentioned,316

All Souls’ Day.The custom of leaving food for the dead on,383

Aloïda.A maiden;in the ballad of the Marriage-girdle,234-236

Aloïda.A maiden;

in the ballad of the Marriage-girdle,234-236

‘Alpine’ Race.A European ethnological division;the Bretons probably belong to,14,37n.

‘Alpine’ Race.A European ethnological division;

the Bretons probably belong to,14,37n.

Amenophis III.An Egyptian king;mentioned,43

Amenophis III.An Egyptian king;

mentioned,43

America.SeeUnited States

Angers.A town in France;St Convoyon goes to, to obtain holy relics from the cathedral,336

Angers.A town in France;

St Convoyon goes to, to obtain holy relics from the cathedral,336

Animals.Frequently the bearers of divine aid, in legends of the saints,347;St Pol noted for his miraculous power over wild beasts,366

Animals.Frequently the bearers of divine aid, in legends of the saints,347;

St Pol noted for his miraculous power over wild beasts,366

Animism,86-87

Ankou, The.The death-spirit of Brittany,101-102

Annaïk.A maiden;in a story of the Marquis of Guérande,199-202

Annaïk.A maiden;

in a story of the Marquis of Guérande,199-202

Anne.Duchess of Brittany;married to Charles VIII of France, and then to Louis XII,36;the oratory of, in the château of Dinan,209;gives the château of Suscino to John of Châlons,210

Anne.Duchess of Brittany;

married to Charles VIII of France, and then to Louis XII,36;

the oratory of, in the château of Dinan,209;

gives the château of Suscino to John of Châlons,210

Antwerp.The city;relics of St Winwaloe preserved in the Jesuit church of St Charles at,371;mentioned,205

Antwerp.The city;

relics of St Winwaloe preserved in the Jesuit church of St Charles at,371;

mentioned,205

Apple, The.Said to have been introduced into Brittany by Telio,18

Ardmore.A town in Ireland;the Round Tower at,51-52

Ardmore.A town in Ireland;

the Round Tower at,51-52

Arez, Mountains of.Same asMontagnes d’Arrée,which see

Argoed.A place in Wales;battle of,22

Argoed.A place in Wales;

battle of,22

Armagh.A city in Ireland;Budoc made Bishop of,356

Armagh.A city in Ireland;

Budoc made Bishop of,356

Armenia.The country;were-wolf superstition in,291

Armenia.The country;

were-wolf superstition in,291

Armor(‘On the Sea’). The ancient Celtic name for Brittany,13

Armorica.The Latin name for the country of Brittany,13,15;Julius Cæsar in,16;two British kingdoms in,19;the first monastery in, founded by Gwénnolé,185;King Arthur hunts wild beasts in,278;St Samson bidden to go to,349

Armorica.The Latin name for the country of Brittany,13,15;

Julius Cæsar in,16;

two British kingdoms in,19;

the first monastery in, founded by Gwénnolé,185;

King Arthur hunts wild beasts in,278;

St Samson bidden to go to,349

Arthur, King.British chieftain, of legendary fame;his finding of Excalibur,256-257;his encounter with the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel,275-277;his existence doubted by Bretons in the twelfth century,278;his fight with the dragon at the Lieue de Grève,278-281;carried to the Isle of Avalon after his last battle,282;Gugemar at the Court of,292;his contest with Modred,344;393his sister Margawse the wife of King Lot of Lothian,357;mentioned,64,66,173,212,224

Arthur, King.British chieftain, of legendary fame;

his finding of Excalibur,256-257;

his encounter with the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel,275-277;

his existence doubted by Bretons in the twelfth century,278;

his fight with the dragon at the Lieue de Grève,278-281;

carried to the Isle of Avalon after his last battle,282;

Gugemar at the Court of,292;

his contest with Modred,344;

393

his sister Margawse the wife of King Lot of Lothian,357;

mentioned,64,66,173,212,224

Arthur.Duke of Brittany, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet;murdered by King John of England,30

Arthur.Duke of Brittany, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet;

murdered by King John of England,30

Arthurian Romance.Resemblances in Villemarqué’sBarzaz-Breizto,224;the controversy as to the original birthplace of,228,254-255;indigenous to British soil,255

Arthurian Romance.Resemblances in Villemarqué’sBarzaz-Breizto,224;

the controversy as to the original birthplace of,228,254-255;

indigenous to British soil,255

Arz.SeeIle d’Arz

Ash-tree, The Lay of the.One of theLaisof Marie de France,317-320

Auchentorlie.An estate in Scotland;inscribed stones at,46

Auchentorlie.An estate in Scotland;

inscribed stones at,46

Auchinleck MS.A manuscript containing a version of the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,272

Audierne, Bay of.A bay on the Breton coast;national costume in the district of,376

Audierne, Bay of.A bay on the Breton coast;

national costume in the district of,376

Aulnoy, Comtesse d’.Noted seventeenth-century French authoress;mentioned,144

Aulnoy, Comtesse d’.Noted seventeenth-century French authoress;

mentioned,144

Auray.A town in Brittany;battle at,35;centre from which to visit the megaliths of Carnac,42

Auray.A town in Brittany;

battle at,35;

centre from which to visit the megaliths of Carnac,42

Avalon, Isle of.A fabled island to which King Arthur was carried after his last battle,282

Avenue of Sphinxes.At Karnak, Egypt,43

Azénor.Mother of St Budoc of Dol,354-356

Azénor the Pale.A maiden;the legend of,360-364

Azénor the Pale.A maiden;

the legend of,360-364

Bacchus.The Greek god of wine;mentioned,189Balon.Monastery of;St Tivisiau and,338-339Ban.King of Benwik;father of Sir Lancelot,257Bangor Teivi.A village in Wales;Taliesin said to have died at,22Baranton, The Fountain of.A magical fountain in Broceliande,70-71Bard.Singer or poet attached to noble households;late survival of the custom of maintaining,364Barking Women.A phenomenon connected with religious festivals,380Baron of Jauioz, The.A ballad,145-147Barron.A fictitious youth;in a story of Gilles de Retz,178Barzaz-Breiz(“The Breton Bards”). A collection of Breton ballads made by Villemarqué;cited (under sub-title,Chants populaires de la Bretagne),57n.;criticism of,211-212Bass Rock.An islet in the Firth of Forth,359Batz.I. An island off the coast of Brittany; St Pol settles on,365-366II. A town in Brittany,373Bayard, The Chevalier de.A famous French knight;mentioned,31Bean Nighe(‘The Washing Woman’). An evil spirit of the Scottish Highlands,100Beaumanoir.A Breton noble house,229Beauty and the Beast.The story of;mentioned,137Beauvau.Matthew, Seigneur of;in the story of the Clerk of Rohan,190-193Bedivere, Sir.One of King Arthur’s knights;accompanies Arthur on his expedition against the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel,275-277Bees.Cultivated by the monks of Dol,19;St Pol taught the people to cultivate,366Beignon.A town in Brittany,360Belgium.Mentioned,52Beliagog.A giant;in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,271Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri-François-Xavier de.Bishop of Marseilles;mentioned,195Benediction of the Beasts.A festival held at Carnac,45Berhet.A village in Brittany;the custom of ringing the sacring bell still observed in the church of St Bridget at,380394Berry.John, Duke of;mentioned,145Berry.Caroline, Duchess of;imprisoned in the castle of Nantes,205Bertrand de Dinan.A Breton knight,29Bieuzy.A town in Brittany;the Holy Well of St Bieuzy at,381Bigouden.A cap worn by the women in some parts of Brittany,376Biniou.A musical instrument resembling the bagpipe;one of the national instruments of Brittany,229;played at weddings,386Birds.In Breton tradition, the dead supposed to return to earth in the form of,227;frequently messengers in ballad literature,233;in the legends of the saints, commonly the bearers of divine aid,347Bisclaveret.The Breton name for a were-wolf;in the Lay of the Were-wolf,287-289,291Black Mountain.The name of one of the peaks of the Black Mountains,197Black Mountains.A mountain chain in Brittany,196Blanche of Castile.Mother of Louis IX,208Blancheflour.Princess, sister of King Mark, mother of Tristrem;in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,258-259,261Blois.A famous French château;mentioned,206Blois, Charles of.Duke of Brittany;contests the succession to the duchy,30-32;taken prisoner by Joan of Flanders,31;the marriage of, with Joan of Penthièvre,32;defeated at Auray,35;the château of Suscino taken by,210Bluebeard.The villain in the nursery-tale;Gilles de Retz identified with,174,180;the story of, identified with the story of Comorre and Triphyna,180Blue Chamber.A boudoir in the château of Tourlaville,209Bodmin.A town in Cornwall;mentioned,278Boiteux.A fiend;in the story of the Princess Starbright,123,124,125Boncotest, College of.One of the colleges of the old University of Paris;Fontenelle at,229Bonny Kilmeny.A ballad by James Hogg;mentioned,327Bourdais, Marc.A peasant, nicknamed Maraud;in the story of the Lost Daughter,75-77Bouteville.John of, Seigneur of Faouet;mentioned,335Boy who Served the Fairies, The.The story of,88-95Bran(‘Crow’). A Breton warrior;the story of,225-227;analogies between the story of, and the poem ofSir Tristrem,227-228Brengwain.A lady of Ysonde’s suite;in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,267,269,271,272Brenha, Father José.A Portuguese antiquary;mentioned,47Breochan.A legendary Welsh king, father of St Nennocha,340Bréri.A Breton poet,255Brest.A town in Brittany,354,368,371Breton.The language,15-16Bretons.The race;their origin and affinities,13-15,17,37n.;Bretons join William of Normandy in his expedition against England,29,232,233;send an expedition to help Owen Glendower,234;defeat the English in a naval battle,236Brevelenz.A village in Brittany;a fireplace in the church of,381Brezonek.The language spoken by the Bretons,15-16Brian.Son of Eudo of Brittany,29Bride of Satan, The.The story of,143-144;mentioned,147Britain.Celts flee from, to Brittany, before the Saxon invaders,15,17;subject kingdoms of, in Brittany,19;immigrants from, in Brittany, form a confederacy and fight against the Franks,22-23;the headquarters of the Druidic cult,245;Arthurian romance indigenous to,255;St Patern founds religious houses in,348;St Samson fled from, to Brittany,350;395Procopius’ story of the ferrying of the Breton dead over to,383-384Britons.The race;members of, emigrate to Brittany,15,17,22-23;carried Arthurian romance to Brittany,254,255Brittany.Divisions and character of the country,13;Julius Cæsar in,16;the Latin tongue did not spread over,17;the origin of the name,17;Nomenoë wins the independence of,23;invaded by Northmen,25;the Northmen expelled from,26;division of, into counties and seigneuries,27;relations with Normandy,27-30;French influences in,30;the War of the Two Joans,30-31,35-36;annexed to France by Francis I,36;the prehistoric stone monuments of,37-53;the fairies of,54-95;the sprites and demons of,96-105;‘world-tales’ in,106-155;folk-tales of,156-172;popular legends of,173-202;the châteaux of,202-210;hero-tales of,211-240;sends help to Owen Glendower in his conflict with the English,234;a British army in,237;the black art in,241-253;Arthurian romance in,254-282;Arthur found Excalibur in,256;Tristrem in,270-271,272;the scene of theLaisof Marie de France,284;the saints of,332-371;many saints in,350;costumes of,372-377;customs of,378-388;religious observance in,377-378;holy wells in,381-382;observances relating to the dead and interments,382-384,386-388;Calvaries in,384-385;wedding ceremonies in,385-386Brittany, Counts and Dukes of.See underAlain;Arthur;Blois, Charles of;Conan;Dreux;Eudo;Francis;Geoffrey;Hoel;John;andSalomonBrittia.Procopius’ name for Britain,383Broceliande.A forest in Brittany,54-73;the shrine of Arthurian story,55;the Korrigan a denizen of,56;the scene of the adventures of Merlin and Vivien,64;the fountain of Baranton in,70-71;lines on,71;in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72-73;the wood of Helléan a part of,221;mentioned,338Brodineuf.A Breton château,207Brownies.Elfish beings of small size;distinct from fairies,87Brunhilda.Queen of Austrasia;mentioned,31Bruno of La Montagne.The story of,72-73Bruyant.A friend of Butor of La Montagne;in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72-73Bugelnoz, orTeus.A beneficent spirit of the Vannes district,100Burial Customs.In Brittany,382-384,386-388Burns, Robert.The poet;his use of old songs and ballads,211;mentioned,241Buron.A knight;in the Lay of the Ash-tree,318-320Butor.Baron of La Montagne;in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72

Bacchus.The Greek god of wine;mentioned,189

Bacchus.The Greek god of wine;

mentioned,189

Balon.Monastery of;St Tivisiau and,338-339

Balon.Monastery of;

St Tivisiau and,338-339

Ban.King of Benwik;father of Sir Lancelot,257

Ban.King of Benwik;

father of Sir Lancelot,257

Bangor Teivi.A village in Wales;Taliesin said to have died at,22

Bangor Teivi.A village in Wales;

Taliesin said to have died at,22

Baranton, The Fountain of.A magical fountain in Broceliande,70-71

Bard.Singer or poet attached to noble households;late survival of the custom of maintaining,364

Bard.Singer or poet attached to noble households;

late survival of the custom of maintaining,364

Barking Women.A phenomenon connected with religious festivals,380

Baron of Jauioz, The.A ballad,145-147

Barron.A fictitious youth;in a story of Gilles de Retz,178

Barron.A fictitious youth;

in a story of Gilles de Retz,178

Barzaz-Breiz(“The Breton Bards”). A collection of Breton ballads made by Villemarqué;cited (under sub-title,Chants populaires de la Bretagne),57n.;criticism of,211-212

Barzaz-Breiz(“The Breton Bards”). A collection of Breton ballads made by Villemarqué;

cited (under sub-title,Chants populaires de la Bretagne),57n.;

criticism of,211-212

Bass Rock.An islet in the Firth of Forth,359

Batz.I. An island off the coast of Brittany; St Pol settles on,365-366II. A town in Brittany,373

Batz.

I. An island off the coast of Brittany; St Pol settles on,365-366

II. A town in Brittany,373

Bayard, The Chevalier de.A famous French knight;mentioned,31

Bayard, The Chevalier de.A famous French knight;

mentioned,31

Bean Nighe(‘The Washing Woman’). An evil spirit of the Scottish Highlands,100

Beaumanoir.A Breton noble house,229

Beauty and the Beast.The story of;mentioned,137

Beauty and the Beast.The story of;

mentioned,137

Beauvau.Matthew, Seigneur of;in the story of the Clerk of Rohan,190-193

Beauvau.Matthew, Seigneur of;

in the story of the Clerk of Rohan,190-193

Bedivere, Sir.One of King Arthur’s knights;accompanies Arthur on his expedition against the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel,275-277

Bedivere, Sir.One of King Arthur’s knights;

accompanies Arthur on his expedition against the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel,275-277

Bees.Cultivated by the monks of Dol,19;St Pol taught the people to cultivate,366

Bees.Cultivated by the monks of Dol,19;

St Pol taught the people to cultivate,366

Beignon.A town in Brittany,360

Belgium.Mentioned,52

Beliagog.A giant;in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,271

Beliagog.A giant;

in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,271

Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri-François-Xavier de.Bishop of Marseilles;mentioned,195

Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri-François-Xavier de.Bishop of Marseilles;

mentioned,195

Benediction of the Beasts.A festival held at Carnac,45

Berhet.A village in Brittany;the custom of ringing the sacring bell still observed in the church of St Bridget at,380

Berhet.A village in Brittany;

the custom of ringing the sacring bell still observed in the church of St Bridget at,380

394Berry.John, Duke of;mentioned,145

394

Berry.John, Duke of;

mentioned,145

Berry.Caroline, Duchess of;imprisoned in the castle of Nantes,205

Berry.Caroline, Duchess of;

imprisoned in the castle of Nantes,205

Bertrand de Dinan.A Breton knight,29

Bieuzy.A town in Brittany;the Holy Well of St Bieuzy at,381

Bieuzy.A town in Brittany;

the Holy Well of St Bieuzy at,381

Bigouden.A cap worn by the women in some parts of Brittany,376

Biniou.A musical instrument resembling the bagpipe;one of the national instruments of Brittany,229;played at weddings,386

Biniou.A musical instrument resembling the bagpipe;

one of the national instruments of Brittany,229;

played at weddings,386

Birds.In Breton tradition, the dead supposed to return to earth in the form of,227;frequently messengers in ballad literature,233;in the legends of the saints, commonly the bearers of divine aid,347

Birds.In Breton tradition, the dead supposed to return to earth in the form of,227;

frequently messengers in ballad literature,233;

in the legends of the saints, commonly the bearers of divine aid,347

Bisclaveret.The Breton name for a were-wolf;in the Lay of the Were-wolf,287-289,291

Bisclaveret.The Breton name for a were-wolf;

in the Lay of the Were-wolf,287-289,291

Black Mountain.The name of one of the peaks of the Black Mountains,197

Black Mountains.A mountain chain in Brittany,196

Blanche of Castile.Mother of Louis IX,208

Blancheflour.Princess, sister of King Mark, mother of Tristrem;in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,258-259,261

Blancheflour.Princess, sister of King Mark, mother of Tristrem;

in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,258-259,261

Blois.A famous French château;mentioned,206

Blois.A famous French château;

mentioned,206

Blois, Charles of.Duke of Brittany;contests the succession to the duchy,30-32;taken prisoner by Joan of Flanders,31;the marriage of, with Joan of Penthièvre,32;defeated at Auray,35;the château of Suscino taken by,210

Blois, Charles of.Duke of Brittany;

contests the succession to the duchy,30-32;

taken prisoner by Joan of Flanders,31;

the marriage of, with Joan of Penthièvre,32;

defeated at Auray,35;

the château of Suscino taken by,210

Bluebeard.The villain in the nursery-tale;Gilles de Retz identified with,174,180;the story of, identified with the story of Comorre and Triphyna,180

Bluebeard.The villain in the nursery-tale;

Gilles de Retz identified with,174,180;

the story of, identified with the story of Comorre and Triphyna,180

Blue Chamber.A boudoir in the château of Tourlaville,209

Bodmin.A town in Cornwall;mentioned,278

Bodmin.A town in Cornwall;

mentioned,278

Boiteux.A fiend;in the story of the Princess Starbright,123,124,125

Boiteux.A fiend;

in the story of the Princess Starbright,123,124,125

Boncotest, College of.One of the colleges of the old University of Paris;Fontenelle at,229

Boncotest, College of.One of the colleges of the old University of Paris;

Fontenelle at,229

Bonny Kilmeny.A ballad by James Hogg;mentioned,327

Bonny Kilmeny.A ballad by James Hogg;

mentioned,327

Bourdais, Marc.A peasant, nicknamed Maraud;in the story of the Lost Daughter,75-77

Bourdais, Marc.A peasant, nicknamed Maraud;

in the story of the Lost Daughter,75-77

Bouteville.John of, Seigneur of Faouet;mentioned,335

Bouteville.John of, Seigneur of Faouet;

mentioned,335

Boy who Served the Fairies, The.The story of,88-95

Bran(‘Crow’). A Breton warrior;the story of,225-227;analogies between the story of, and the poem ofSir Tristrem,227-228

Bran(‘Crow’). A Breton warrior;

the story of,225-227;

analogies between the story of, and the poem ofSir Tristrem,227-228

Brengwain.A lady of Ysonde’s suite;in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,267,269,271,272

Brengwain.A lady of Ysonde’s suite;

in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde,267,269,271,272

Brenha, Father José.A Portuguese antiquary;mentioned,47

Brenha, Father José.A Portuguese antiquary;

mentioned,47

Breochan.A legendary Welsh king, father of St Nennocha,340

Bréri.A Breton poet,255

Brest.A town in Brittany,354,368,371

Breton.The language,15-16

Bretons.The race;their origin and affinities,13-15,17,37n.;Bretons join William of Normandy in his expedition against England,29,232,233;send an expedition to help Owen Glendower,234;defeat the English in a naval battle,236

Bretons.The race;

their origin and affinities,13-15,17,37n.;

Bretons join William of Normandy in his expedition against England,29,232,233;

send an expedition to help Owen Glendower,234;

defeat the English in a naval battle,236

Brevelenz.A village in Brittany;a fireplace in the church of,381

Brevelenz.A village in Brittany;

a fireplace in the church of,381

Brezonek.The language spoken by the Bretons,15-16

Brian.Son of Eudo of Brittany,29

Bride of Satan, The.The story of,143-144;mentioned,147

Bride of Satan, The.The story of,143-144;

mentioned,147

Britain.Celts flee from, to Brittany, before the Saxon invaders,15,17;subject kingdoms of, in Brittany,19;immigrants from, in Brittany, form a confederacy and fight against the Franks,22-23;the headquarters of the Druidic cult,245;Arthurian romance indigenous to,255;St Patern founds religious houses in,348;St Samson fled from, to Brittany,350;395Procopius’ story of the ferrying of the Breton dead over to,383-384

Britain.Celts flee from, to Brittany, before the Saxon invaders,15,17;

subject kingdoms of, in Brittany,19;

immigrants from, in Brittany, form a confederacy and fight against the Franks,22-23;

the headquarters of the Druidic cult,245;

Arthurian romance indigenous to,255;

St Patern founds religious houses in,348;

St Samson fled from, to Brittany,350;

395

Procopius’ story of the ferrying of the Breton dead over to,383-384

Britons.The race;members of, emigrate to Brittany,15,17,22-23;carried Arthurian romance to Brittany,254,255

Britons.The race;

members of, emigrate to Brittany,15,17,22-23;

carried Arthurian romance to Brittany,254,255

Brittany.Divisions and character of the country,13;Julius Cæsar in,16;the Latin tongue did not spread over,17;the origin of the name,17;Nomenoë wins the independence of,23;invaded by Northmen,25;the Northmen expelled from,26;division of, into counties and seigneuries,27;relations with Normandy,27-30;French influences in,30;the War of the Two Joans,30-31,35-36;annexed to France by Francis I,36;the prehistoric stone monuments of,37-53;the fairies of,54-95;the sprites and demons of,96-105;‘world-tales’ in,106-155;folk-tales of,156-172;popular legends of,173-202;the châteaux of,202-210;hero-tales of,211-240;sends help to Owen Glendower in his conflict with the English,234;a British army in,237;the black art in,241-253;Arthurian romance in,254-282;Arthur found Excalibur in,256;Tristrem in,270-271,272;the scene of theLaisof Marie de France,284;the saints of,332-371;many saints in,350;costumes of,372-377;customs of,378-388;religious observance in,377-378;holy wells in,381-382;observances relating to the dead and interments,382-384,386-388;Calvaries in,384-385;wedding ceremonies in,385-386

Brittany.Divisions and character of the country,13;

Julius Cæsar in,16;

the Latin tongue did not spread over,17;

the origin of the name,17;

Nomenoë wins the independence of,23;

invaded by Northmen,25;

the Northmen expelled from,26;

division of, into counties and seigneuries,27;

relations with Normandy,27-30;

French influences in,30;

the War of the Two Joans,30-31,35-36;

annexed to France by Francis I,36;

the prehistoric stone monuments of,37-53;

the fairies of,54-95;

the sprites and demons of,96-105;

‘world-tales’ in,106-155;

folk-tales of,156-172;

popular legends of,173-202;

the châteaux of,202-210;

hero-tales of,211-240;

sends help to Owen Glendower in his conflict with the English,234;

a British army in,237;

the black art in,241-253;

Arthurian romance in,254-282;

Arthur found Excalibur in,256;

Tristrem in,270-271,272;

the scene of theLaisof Marie de France,284;

the saints of,332-371;

many saints in,350;

costumes of,372-377;

customs of,378-388;

religious observance in,377-378;

holy wells in,381-382;

observances relating to the dead and interments,382-384,386-388;

Calvaries in,384-385;

wedding ceremonies in,385-386

Brittany, Counts and Dukes of.See underAlain;Arthur;Blois, Charles of;Conan;Dreux;Eudo;Francis;Geoffrey;Hoel;John;andSalomon

Brittia.Procopius’ name for Britain,383

Broceliande.A forest in Brittany,54-73;the shrine of Arthurian story,55;the Korrigan a denizen of,56;the scene of the adventures of Merlin and Vivien,64;the fountain of Baranton in,70-71;lines on,71;in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72-73;the wood of Helléan a part of,221;mentioned,338

Broceliande.A forest in Brittany,54-73;

the shrine of Arthurian story,55;

the Korrigan a denizen of,56;

the scene of the adventures of Merlin and Vivien,64;

the fountain of Baranton in,70-71;

lines on,71;

in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72-73;

the wood of Helléan a part of,221;

mentioned,338

Brodineuf.A Breton château,207

Brownies.Elfish beings of small size;distinct from fairies,87

Brownies.Elfish beings of small size;

distinct from fairies,87

Brunhilda.Queen of Austrasia;mentioned,31

Brunhilda.Queen of Austrasia;

mentioned,31

Bruno of La Montagne.The story of,72-73

Bruyant.A friend of Butor of La Montagne;in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72-73

Bruyant.A friend of Butor of La Montagne;

in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72-73

Bugelnoz, orTeus.A beneficent spirit of the Vannes district,100

Burial Customs.In Brittany,382-384,386-388

Burns, Robert.The poet;his use of old songs and ballads,211;mentioned,241

Burns, Robert.The poet;

his use of old songs and ballads,211;

mentioned,241

Buron.A knight;in the Lay of the Ash-tree,318-320

Buron.A knight;

in the Lay of the Ash-tree,318-320

Butor.Baron of La Montagne;in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72

Butor.Baron of La Montagne;

in the story of Bruno of La Montagne,72

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