Footnotes1.[It may be well to add, to preclude misconceptions, that both Letters and Articles are exclusively the work of Catholics.—Tr.]2.The weight to be attached to theCiviltàon all questions connected with the Council may be gathered from the Brief of Piusix.of Feb. 12, 1866, printed in theCiviltà, Serie vi. vol. vi. pp. 7-15. The Pope declares that this journal, expressly intrusted with the defence of religion and with teaching and disseminating the authority and claims of the Roman See, is to be written and edited by a special staff to be named by the General of the Jesuits, who are to have a special house and revenues of their own. The previous censorship, as is known in Rome, is exercised with particular care, so that nothing appears without the approbation of theCuria.3.[Cardinal Reisach was absent at the opening of the Council, and died soon afterwards, Dec. 26, 1869, in Savoy.—Tr.]4.[See Introduction to The Pope and the Council, pp. 1-4.—Tr.]5.[Cf.The Pope and the Council, p. 6.—Tr.]6.These fears, as is well known, were not realized at Fulda.7.The Cardinal's subsequent attitude has not justified this hope. Freppel too, as Bishop-designate of Anjou, has now declared himself for the infallibilists.8.This design does not seem to have been persevered in.9.Corresp. de Rome, 1869, p. 384:“L'infallibilité du Pape, décidant en matière de foiex cathedrâ, c'est-à-dire comme maître de l'Eglise étant déjà admise par tous les vrais catholiques, un décret du Concil fera juste l'effet d'une confirmation d'une chose universellement sue et crue.”10.“Præsidentia auctoritativa dicitur ... insuper cum auctoritate coactivâ compescendi etiam per censuras ecclesiasticas, et alia juris media contradictores et rebelles et contumaces, prout ex constitutionexi.Martiniv., etc.”11.“Juramentum contra utilitatem ecclesiasticam præstitum non tenet.”—Lib. ii. tit. 24, c. 27; Sext. Lib. i. t. 2, c. 1.12.Cf.“Janus,”p. 230.13.[The third Lateran Council.—Tr.]14.The Scotch pronounce Latin much as the Germans do.15.[Even this must be taken with reserve.—Cf.infra, pp.174,175.—Tr.]16.[Most of the rights originally inherent in the episcopate are now reserved to the Pope, who only allows Bishops to exercise them during good behaviour, by virtue of“faculties”renewed every five years. Cf.“Janus,”p. 422, note.—Tr.]17.[This must be taken with some reserve, as will be seen further on.—Tr.]18.“Obligatam hærentemque sanctiori Pontifici velut in pectore Societatem.”—Bolland,Imago, p. 622.19.[The German College is conducted by the Jesuits.—Tr.]20.[Archbishop MacHale does not seem to have justified this anticipation.—Tr.]21.Excommunicationslatæ sententiæ, as distinguished from excommunicationferendæ sententiæ, are those which immediately take effect on the commission of the forbidden act, without requiring any sentence of Pope or Bishop to be pronounced.22.When the news arrived from Paris of the abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction,i.e., of the reforms of Basle.23.[This formula, often mistakenly supposed to occur in the Papal Coronation service, refers to the traditional length of St. Peter's pontificate—twenty-five years. No Pope has yet reigned to the end of his twenty-fifth year, and only one has entered on the beginning of it. Piusix.completes his twenty-fourth year on June 16, 1870.—Tr.]24.[This point is forcibly dwelt on by Count Daru in his memorandum, which the Pope refused to lay before the Council.—Tr.]25.“Animas eorum qui in solo peccato originali, vel mortali actuali decedunt, in infernum descendere, pœnis tamen disparibus puniendas.”26.“Imprimis itaque fide Catholicâ, tenendum est illorum animas,”etc. The author seems really to believe that the Rationalistic tendencies of the age can be cured with an emetic.27.[Cardinal Reisach, who was formerly Archbishop of Munich, used to say he had almost forgotten how to speak German.—Tr.]28.“Supremam ideoque ab errore immunem esse Romani Pontificis auctoritatem, quum in rebus fidei et moram ea statuit ac præcipit quæ ab omnibus Christi fidelibus credenda et tenenda, quæve rejicienda et damnanda sunt.”29.“Per l'infallibilità, essendo l'Abbate Mastai, l'ho sempre creduto, adesso, essendo Papa Mastai, la sento.”30.[This reads almost like a prophecy, when we remember how afterwards, and on slighter provocation than is here supposed, hundreds of the Infallibilist Bishops danced like maniacs round the pulpit when Strossmayer and Schwarzenberg were speaking, yelling and shaking their fists at them.—Cf.infr.Letterxxxii.—Tr.]31.[Archbishop Darboy's interposition stopped the conspiracy being carried out at the first General Congregation, and four American Bishops disconcerted a second similar plot on St. Joseph's Day, March 19.—Cf.infr.Letterxxxvi.—Tr.]32.“In specie ne Concilium declaret vel definiat infallibilitatem summi Pontificis, a doctissimis et prudentissimus fidelibus S. Sedi intime addictis vehementer optatur. Gravia enim mala exinde oritura timent tum fidelibus tum infidelibus. Fideles enim ... corde turbarentur magis quam erigerentur, ac si nunc demum fundamentum Ecclesiæ et veræ doctrinæ stabiliendum sit; infideles vero novarum calumniarum et derisionum materiam lucrarentur. Neque desunt qui ejusmodi definitionem logice impossibilem vocant et ad ipsam Ecclesiam provocant, quæ ad instar solis splendorem lucis suæ monstrat quidem, sed non definit. Jure denique quæritur, cui usui ista definitio foret, de cujus sensu, modo et ambitu ampla inter theologos controversia est.”33.[Monsignor Nardi said thistotidem verbisto an Anglican clergyman who was inspecting the Council Hall.—Tr.]34.“Questo puzza di schisma.”35.[Compare with this account of the freedom of the Council the letters of two French Bishops, published in theTimesof May 3, and theJournal des Débatsof May 10.—Tr.]36.Études de Théologie, Janvier 1868, p. 26:—“Le Concile n'imposait rien à notre foi, qui n'eût obtenu à peu près l'unanimité des votes. L'obligation de croire est une chose si grave, le droit de lier les intelligences est un droit si auguste et si important, que les pères pensaient n'en devoir user qu'avec la plus grande réserve et la plus extrême délicatesse.”37.Is Healthful Reunion Impossible?By E. B. Pusey, D.D. Rivingtons, 1870.38.[Gratry's four Letters have been translated by the Rev. T. J. Bailey.—(Hayes).—Tr.]39.[Cf.supr.pp.90,91. TheTabletmade the same assertions in both cases.—Tr.]40.Adversus eos qui Sanctissimum R. Pontificis studium et Vaticani Concilii celebrandi necessitatem vituperant.Romæ.41.[Some idea of it may be formed from the answer made some months ago by a distinguished English Prelate at Rome to an Anglican friend, who had quoted the words of one of the Opposition Bishops,“You need not quotethemto me;they are no more Catholics than you are,”—thus excommunicating at one swoop the very flower of the hierarchy of his Church.—Tr.]42.[TheCurtisanenwere clerical place-hunters, who came to Rome to beg or traffic for benefices. Cf.“Janus,”p. 341.—Tr.]43.[The BullApostolicæ Sedis.—Cf.supr.pp.100, 1, 5, 6.—Tr.]44.“Damnamus perversas eorum cavillationes qui dicere audent externum quidem obsequium, non autem internum mentis cordisque assensum, R. Pontificis judiciis esse præstandum.”45.It will of course be understood that the 300 boarders (cf.supr.p.128) are divided among the Prelates mentioned above.46.Istoria del Concilio de Trente, xix. 15. 3:“Facendosi quelle sole difinizioni nelle quali i padri conspirassero ad un parere.”47.[Liverani published a striking pamphlet on the abuses of theCuriasome years ago.—Tr.]48.Joshua ix. 21.49.Purgat. xxvii. 104.50.“Ove accadesse collisione tra le definizioni del Concilio ecumenico e le leggi dello Stato, queste cesserebbero per ciò solo di averequalsiasivigore obbligatorio,”p. 262.51.So Piusvi., in his Brief of 1791, directed against the new laws of the French Assembly for securing religions freedom. Therein the distinction is still drawn between heathen and Jews on one side and Protestants or heretics on the other, that the former cannot be compelled to receive baptism, but the others,“qui se Ecclesiæ per susceptum Baptismi Sacramentum subjecerunt, cogendi sunt”(Collect. Brev. Pii VI., Aug. Vindel. 1791, i. 34). Benedictxiv.declared the same before in 1749 (Bullar. Mag., Romæ, ed. Coquel, T. xvii. p. 272). And Piusvii.afterwards, in his Brief of 1803 (Kopp,Die kath. Kirche des 19 Jahrh., Mainz, 1830, p. 429).“According to Scripture, Councils and Tradition, heretics remain subject to the laws of the Catholic Church.”52.Job xiii. 7.53.The idea is thrice repeated;“fideles tam seorsim singuli quam simul omnes officio ... veræ obedientiæ obstringuntur,”is said once again in theSchema.54.Correspondance, Paris, i. 247.55.[A writer in the CologneRheinischer Merkurof May 14, a newly started organ of Liberal Catholic principles, conducted entirely by priests, learnedly discusses the question“whether St. Thomas Aquinas taught Papal Infallibility,”and comes to the conclusion that, in spite of the influence of these forged authorities on his mind, he did not.—Tr.]56.Navagero,Relazione, p. 389 in the Venetian Collection, ed. Alberi, i. 7.57.“Ammantar la pigrizia di superiorità, sottrarsi alla noja d'esaminar le quistioni col disprezarle, sono vezzi troppo communi in Italia, e il beffarsi di questi pesanti Tedeschi, che vanno a cercare la fin dei fini. Ma in tal caso rassegniamoci a vederci trattati, da questi di negligenza e di spensierataggine quando accettiamo a occhi bendati carte, falsificate da tristi speculatori o da sbadati raccoglitori,”etc.—Archivo Storico Italiano, 1860, xii. 19.58.[It was originally intended for public use also, and is still recited publicly by Cathedral Chapters and religions communities. Some portions of it, as Vespers and Compline, are often used in parish churches also, especially in France.—Tr.]59.[Cf.“Janus,”pp. 60-62, 275-8.—Tr.]60.The proposal of two Rhenish Prelates for a common declaration against Döllinger's paper on Infallibility was rejected in the meeting of German Bishops. The chief opponents were Hefele, Eberhard, Raynald, Strossmayer and Förster, who maintained that, certain arguments apart, Döllinger represented in the main the views of most German Bishops on the subject. It was further insisted, in express repudiation of the stand-point of mere“inopportuneness,”that the addresses already signed by the Infallibilists were directed in principle against the doctrine of the Church. The two Prelates declared nevertheless that they would not separate themselves from their colleagues who had signed those documents.61.Tac.Annal.xv.53.62.I take this opportunity of observing that theMémorial Diplomatique, which has the credit of supplying the world regularly with methodical fictions from Rome, has also given a spurious reply of Antonelli's to Beust's note. Perhaps one of your Paris correspondents can explain the rare persistency of that journal in habitually making game of the French with lies and inventions which are immediately exposed. Here in Rome many are disposed to seek the authors of them in the office of theCiviltàor in theGesu.63.Pastoral on Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff(Longmans), p. 126.64.It is also quoted in theJournal des Débatsof March 12. [This same Bishop opened the debate on theSchema de Romano Pontificeby arguing that the Pope must be infallible, because St. Peter was crucified head downwards.Cf. infr.Letterxlvi.—Tr.]65.TheUnita Cattolicaof March 12 makes its Roman correspondent say that to-day the Bishops are signing in crowds a Petition to the Presidents of the Council, demanding that the discussion of the article on infallibility may take precedence of all other business, because they long to put an end at one blow to the scandal of the Liberal Catholics and Gallicans. But Margotti's journal at the same time urges patience on its readers, because decorum must be preserved, as far as may be.66.[It seemed better to give the Letter itself, as published“by permission”in theStandardof April 7, rather than to translate the secondhand, though remarkably accurate, paraphrase given in the German text. It addressed to Bishop Ullathorne.—Tr.]67.[Archbishop Errington was Cardinal Wiseman's coadjutor with right of succession, but was arbitrarily deprived of the post by the Pope, on his declining to resign it. His name was the first of the three sent to Rome by the Chapter of Westminster for the vacant Archbishopric on Cardinal Wiseman's death, the other two being Clifford and Grant. All three were passed over in favour of Dr. Manning.—Tr.]68.[This explanation, that the Requiem“was intended rather as a political demonstration than a religious act,”was elaborately insisted on in theTabletof March 28, which added the guarded but equally gratuitous statement that“the Bishop of Orleans,it appears, intended to speak at the funeral service;”winding up with the somewhat remarkable comment that“the prudence and the charity (!) of Piusix.have been equally conspicuous in the affair.”The world hardly seems to see it.—Tr.]69.Reform der Kirche an Haupt und Gliedern.70.[The correctness of this prediction was conspicuously illustrated in thecoupof June 3.Cf. infr.Letterlii.—Tr.]71.This word (niederträchtigen) was lately used by a German Bishop.72.The original text ran:“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, ut ex Œcumenicis omnibus Concíliis, et ex Tridentino nominatim amplissima in universam Catholicam Familiam utilitas dimanaverit;”the amendment of Dreux-Brézé runs:“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, utlicet omnibus Ecclesiae necessitatibus per ordinarium Summi Pontificis regimen et magisterium satis fuerit provisum, tamen ex Œcumenicis omnibus Conciliis,”etc.73.[It is understood to have been Bishop Clifford of Clifton.—Tr.]74.SeeTimesfor April 2, 1870.75.[The EnglishTabletandDublin Reviewhave received similar papal commendations.—Tr.]76.“Relapsum flammi ex lege addixit,”says the Dominican Bzovius in his PanegyricPaulus V. Borghesius, Rome 1626, p. 57.77.[It will be seen that Simor, with the other Hungarian Bishops, eventually voted among theNon-placetsand signed their protest. Cf. Letterslxiv,lxv.—Tr.]78.“Quoniam vero satis non est, hæreticam pravitatem devitare, nisi ii quoque errores diligenter fugiantur, qui ad illam plus minusve accedunt: omnes officii monemus servandi etiam Constitutiones et Decreta quibus pravæ ejusmodi opiniones, quæ isthic diserte non enumerantur, ab hâc Sanctâ Sede proscriptæ et prohibitæ sunt.”79.“Schematis de fide catholica conclusio, quæ incipit ab his verbis:Itaque supremi Pastoralis, etc., cum de eâ in ultimâ Congregatione generali non satis explicite actum fuerit, adhuc debet subjici Patrum suffragiis, antequam ad ferenda suffragia de toto Capiteiv.procedatur. Ideo monentur Reverendissimi Patres, ut nunc in finemEmendationes de capite quartohujus Schematis propositas etiam ad proximam Congregationem generalem secum deferre velint.”80.[Conditional votes, as will be seen, are not allowed in Solemn Sessions, but only a simplePlacetorNon placet.—Tr.]81.[Cf.supr.p.348.—Tr.]82.[See an exhaustive article on the subject from a Catholic pen in theNorth British Reviewfor October 1869.—Tr.]83.[He refused to do so.—Tr.]84.This proved to be a mistake.85.“Elle estime justement qu'elle a le devoir de ne pas favoriser la diffusion de l'erreur ou des attaques contre l'autorité des Vicaires de Jésus-Christ.”86.The infallibilists are of course luckier. Their writings are readily printed and circulated. At the same time with the writings mentioned above, Archbishop Spalding has published a letter to Dupanloup, emphatically denying that he had spoken against the opportuneness of the dogma in the paper he drew up with several other American Bishops, and declaring himself a zealous advocate for it.87.[English readers may be referred to Renouf'sCase of Honorius Reconsidered. Longmans, 1869.—Tr.]88.It is now understood to have been written by Dr. S. Mayer under his direction.89.[SeePastoral on Infallibility of Roman Pontiff. Longmans, 1869.]90.“Animadvertendum quippe est, quod in publicâ Sessione juxta Litteras ApostolicasMultiplices interd. d. Novembris 1869 Num.viii., quo modus procedendi in Sessionibus publicis præscribitur, non liceat aliter suffragium dare, nisi pure et simpliciter per verba:PlacetautNon placet, excluso alio quovis modo.”91.[Cf.Janus, pp. 382-4.—Tr.]92.[Since, that is, the Lateran synod of 1517 under Leox.—Tr.]93.Tac.Annal.ii.94.Antonelli's, notoriously.95.“Animés d'un profond respect pour l'autoritélégitimedu S. Siége, nous sommes obligés d'autre part de préserver de toute atteinte présente ou future les rapports entre l'église et l'état (as lately settled by the Concordat and the Constitution). Nous joignons nos instances aux remonstrances du Gouvernement français et nous nous croyons appelés à le faire d'autant plus, que dans le sein du concile lui-même une grande partie des représentants de l'Église d'Allemagne, dont le dévouement religieux est bien connu, atteste par son attitude que nos craintes sont loin d'être vaines.”96.“Si, diciamolo altamente, Pioix.credette aver ricevuto speciale missione di definire la Immacolata Concezione e la infallibilita pontificia.”97.“Jure tam divino quam humano laicis nulla potestas in ecclesiasticas personas attributa est.”98.See Raynald.Annal.xix. ann. 1493, 22.99.“Hæc conditio pro Concilio Vaticano eo magis urgenda esse videtur, cum ad ferenda suffragia tot Patres admissi sunt, de quibus non constat evidenter, utrum jure tantum ecclesiastico an etiam jure divino ipsis votum decisivum competat.”100.It appears from a passage in Letterlii.that this severe judgment on the Prince Bishop was based on an erroneous report of his conduct in the papers.101.“Jamvero infallibilitatem S. Ap. Sedis et Romani Pontificis ad doctrinam fidei pertinere ex allatis fidei documentis constat, et contrariæ illi sententiæ a magisterio Ecclesiæ non semel fuerunt improbatæ. Cujuscunque ergo scientiæ etiam historiæ ecclesiasticæ conclusiones Rom. Pontificum infallibilitati adversantes, quo manifestius hæc ex revelationis fontibus infertur, eo certius veluti totidem errores habendas esse consequitur.”102.“Al male dominante della licenza dei tipi, per cui il giornalismo nega e bestemmia ogni giorno, bisogna contraporre il salutare rimedio del Papa infallibile, che ogni giorno può insegnare, condannare, definire, senza che mai sia licito ai cattolici dubitare de' suoi oraculi.”103.[The English Jesuit, Father Gallwey, says they will be like“the daily provision of manna”to the Israelites.—Tr.]104.He should have said“the Italian prelates.”105.Cf.supr.p.517.106.It will be seen from the protest afterwards published that this passage was greatly toned down.107.Matt. xxvi. 49.108.Von der Römischen Einheit, Wien. 1866, vol. ii. pp. 444seq.109.See the decree of Eugenius in Porter'sSystema Decretorum, p. 535, and in Raynaldus.110.“Ad officium nostrum spectat dequocumquemortali peccato corripere quemlibet Christianum; et, si correptionem contempserit, per districtionem ecclesiasticam coercere.”—Decretal. Novit, c. 13, De Judic. [Cf.Janus, p. 158.]111.Concil.ed. Labbé, x. 384.112.Innoc.Epist.ii. 209, p. 473, ed. Paris.113.Raynald.Annal.xv. 156.114.Raynald.Annal.an. 1376, 1.115.See BullRomanus Pontifexconfirmed by Callixtusiii.in 1456 and Sixtusiv.in 1481.—Morelli,Fasti Novi Orbis, p. 58.116.See BullInter Cæteræin Raynald.Annal.117.Raynald.Annal.an. 1493, 19.118.Harduin.Concilix. 1756.119.Baron.Annal. Eccl.an. 1102, sect. 18.120.Rog. Wendover,Hist.iii. 251.121.Raynald.Annal.an. 1283-4.122.Litera Apost. Summorum Pontif. pro offic. S. Inquis., Venet. 1607, p. 3.123.Ib.p. 39.124.Del Bene,Decreta et Constitt. Pontif.in hisDe Offic. Inquis.ii. 647.125.[That this is no mere abstract theory, even in quite recent days, may be seen from Blanco White's account of his mother's agony of mind when she began to suspect his opinions and feared it might become her duty to denounce him to the Inquisition.—Tr.]126.Decr.v. 7, 9, and Luciusiii.and Alexanderiv.in Lib. vi. 5. 2. 4.127.Ib.5, 2, 5.128.Carsetti,Storia del Regno di Vittorio Amadeo di Savoia, Torino, 1856, p. 178. The Pope said it was“cosa da non potersi dir senza lagrime.”129.Guerra,Pontif. Constit.i. 177.130.See,e.g., Tartarotti,Apologia del Congresso, etc., p. 176.131.Decr.ii. 24, 27.132.D'Achery,Spicileg.iii. 714. [“Vobis et successoribus vestris Regibus et Reginis Franciæ in perpetuum indulgemus, ut confessor religiosus vel sæcularis quem vestrûm vel eorum quilibet duxerit eligendnm, vota per vos forsitan jam emissa,ac per vos et successores vestros in posterum emittenda... necnon juramenta per vos præstita,et per vos et eos præstanda in posterum, quæ vos et illiservare commode non possitis, vobis et eis commutare valeat in alia opera pietatis.”Two cases are reserved, viz., vows of chastity andvows taken to the Pope.—Tr.]133.Bzov.Annal. Eccl.an. 1555, p. 306, ed. Colon.134.Dodd,Church History of England, iii. 288;Tractat. Dogmat. et Scholast. de Ecclesiâ, Romæ, 1782, ii. 245.135.D'Acheray,Spicileg.iii. 721.136.Acta Sanct. Bolland.Ap. 23, p. 157.137.Spondani,Annal. Eccl. Contin.ii. 595.138.Decr. de Transl.c. ii. 3, 4. [Cf.Janus, pp. 55, 56.]139.Decr.iv. 1, 16.140.Dist.81, c. 15.141.Concil. Gangrens.can. 4.142.Concil.ed. Labbé, t. xiii. pp. 1322, 3.143.See Amort,De Indulg.i. 146.144.D'Argentré,Collectio Judiciorum, Paris, 1728, iii. 297.145.Clementin.i. 5, De Usuris, tit. 5.146.[On this subject, as also on persecution, the reader may profitably consultPapal Infallibility and Persecution; Papal InfallibilityandUsury. By an English Catholic. Macmillan, 1870.—Tr.]147.[This had been protested against by the minority. Cf.supr.pp.327-8.]148.The text of the speech, as it is now printed in the journals, has been subsequently corrected and toned down.149.“Il est sans doute de certaines fonctions où, tenant, pour ainsi dire, la place de Dieu, nous semblons être participants de sa connaissance, aussi bien que de son autorité,”etc.—Lemontey, p. 151 (éd. de Bruxelles).150.1 Cor. ii. 14.151.Pachym.II. 20, ed. Bonn.152.According to a letter of his which reached Breslau the 12th July, permission to depart has been refused him.153.[The same strange confusion of thought seems still to prevail among some fervid infallibilists of the English and Irish Episcopate, to judge from their pastorals issued since the decree of July 18.—Tr.]154.Meanwhile theUnitaof July 15 has already begun to indicate the wholesome political fruits which may be looked for from the dogma of infallibility. Gallicanism, which demanded fixed guarantees against papal decisions, has paved the way, according to Margotti, for constitutionalism and parliamentarism; for after a Pope whose decreesex cathedrâare not irreformable, comes a king limited by the Constitution, and then the era of parliamentary revolutions and political storms is introduced. But now the bright example set by the Bishops in their submission to the infallible Pope will restore not France only, but the whole of Europe. From them the nations will learn to submit as children to their sovereigns, the kingdom of unrighteousness will pass away, and the kingdom of God succeed. That is plain speaking; absolutism in the Church will lead to absolutism in the State. Margotti then surrenders himself to the most brilliant hopes, predicts unprecedented miracles, and records those which have been already wrought for infallibility during the Council, or will immediately be wrought. We cannot venture to withhold them from our readers. First, it seemed impossible to attain an agreement of the Bishops on the proclamation of infallibility; all wanted to speak, and the discussion seemed likely to be endless. But the Holy Ghost unexpectedly interposed; above sixty Bishops waved their right to speak, and theSchemawas voted and approved. Secondly, a great opposition of all the governments was feared, who only kept quiet while they watched the quarrels of the Bishops themselves in the Council. But scarcely had the Bishops shown themselves unanimous, when the Hohenzollern question turned up, which absorbs everybody's attention, and leaves the Church in peace. The third miracle is still in the future—the dogma will suddenly dissipate the menaces of war, because the word of God, like the Son of God, only comes into the world in the midst of universal peace.155.The impending war led to its being held earlier.156.[On the essential connection between the infallibility and the impeccability of the Popes, seeJanus, pp. 113sqq., and Maret,Du Concile Général, vol. ii. ch. 13.—Tr.]157.[The decree of Constance defines that“every lawfully convoked Œcumenical Council representing the Church derives its authority immediately from Christ, and every one, the Pope included, is subject to it in matters of faith, in the healing of schism, and the reformation of the Church.”It was carried in full Council without a dissentient voice.—Tr.]158.[That in fact is exactly what Antonelli calls it in his circular.—Tr.]159.This is emphatically asserted in a sermon preached last year at Kensington by Archbishop Manning, where he says, speaking in the Pope's name,“I claim to be the Supreme Judge and director of the consciences of men; of the peasant that tills the field and the prince that sits on the throne; of the household that lives in the shade of privacyand the Legislature that makes laws for kingdoms—I am the sole last Supreme Judge of what is right and wrong.”160.These letters are taken from theJournal des Débatsof May 6 and 11. The Bishops of Marseilles and Montpellier are said to be the writers.161.Lire: spartiates.162.From theGazette de Franceof June 28. The Vicar-General of an eminent French Bishop, who had been at Rome, is the reputed author.
Footnotes1.[It may be well to add, to preclude misconceptions, that both Letters and Articles are exclusively the work of Catholics.—Tr.]2.The weight to be attached to theCiviltàon all questions connected with the Council may be gathered from the Brief of Piusix.of Feb. 12, 1866, printed in theCiviltà, Serie vi. vol. vi. pp. 7-15. The Pope declares that this journal, expressly intrusted with the defence of religion and with teaching and disseminating the authority and claims of the Roman See, is to be written and edited by a special staff to be named by the General of the Jesuits, who are to have a special house and revenues of their own. The previous censorship, as is known in Rome, is exercised with particular care, so that nothing appears without the approbation of theCuria.3.[Cardinal Reisach was absent at the opening of the Council, and died soon afterwards, Dec. 26, 1869, in Savoy.—Tr.]4.[See Introduction to The Pope and the Council, pp. 1-4.—Tr.]5.[Cf.The Pope and the Council, p. 6.—Tr.]6.These fears, as is well known, were not realized at Fulda.7.The Cardinal's subsequent attitude has not justified this hope. Freppel too, as Bishop-designate of Anjou, has now declared himself for the infallibilists.8.This design does not seem to have been persevered in.9.Corresp. de Rome, 1869, p. 384:“L'infallibilité du Pape, décidant en matière de foiex cathedrâ, c'est-à-dire comme maître de l'Eglise étant déjà admise par tous les vrais catholiques, un décret du Concil fera juste l'effet d'une confirmation d'une chose universellement sue et crue.”10.“Præsidentia auctoritativa dicitur ... insuper cum auctoritate coactivâ compescendi etiam per censuras ecclesiasticas, et alia juris media contradictores et rebelles et contumaces, prout ex constitutionexi.Martiniv., etc.”11.“Juramentum contra utilitatem ecclesiasticam præstitum non tenet.”—Lib. ii. tit. 24, c. 27; Sext. Lib. i. t. 2, c. 1.12.Cf.“Janus,”p. 230.13.[The third Lateran Council.—Tr.]14.The Scotch pronounce Latin much as the Germans do.15.[Even this must be taken with reserve.—Cf.infra, pp.174,175.—Tr.]16.[Most of the rights originally inherent in the episcopate are now reserved to the Pope, who only allows Bishops to exercise them during good behaviour, by virtue of“faculties”renewed every five years. Cf.“Janus,”p. 422, note.—Tr.]17.[This must be taken with some reserve, as will be seen further on.—Tr.]18.“Obligatam hærentemque sanctiori Pontifici velut in pectore Societatem.”—Bolland,Imago, p. 622.19.[The German College is conducted by the Jesuits.—Tr.]20.[Archbishop MacHale does not seem to have justified this anticipation.—Tr.]21.Excommunicationslatæ sententiæ, as distinguished from excommunicationferendæ sententiæ, are those which immediately take effect on the commission of the forbidden act, without requiring any sentence of Pope or Bishop to be pronounced.22.When the news arrived from Paris of the abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction,i.e., of the reforms of Basle.23.[This formula, often mistakenly supposed to occur in the Papal Coronation service, refers to the traditional length of St. Peter's pontificate—twenty-five years. No Pope has yet reigned to the end of his twenty-fifth year, and only one has entered on the beginning of it. Piusix.completes his twenty-fourth year on June 16, 1870.—Tr.]24.[This point is forcibly dwelt on by Count Daru in his memorandum, which the Pope refused to lay before the Council.—Tr.]25.“Animas eorum qui in solo peccato originali, vel mortali actuali decedunt, in infernum descendere, pœnis tamen disparibus puniendas.”26.“Imprimis itaque fide Catholicâ, tenendum est illorum animas,”etc. The author seems really to believe that the Rationalistic tendencies of the age can be cured with an emetic.27.[Cardinal Reisach, who was formerly Archbishop of Munich, used to say he had almost forgotten how to speak German.—Tr.]28.“Supremam ideoque ab errore immunem esse Romani Pontificis auctoritatem, quum in rebus fidei et moram ea statuit ac præcipit quæ ab omnibus Christi fidelibus credenda et tenenda, quæve rejicienda et damnanda sunt.”29.“Per l'infallibilità, essendo l'Abbate Mastai, l'ho sempre creduto, adesso, essendo Papa Mastai, la sento.”30.[This reads almost like a prophecy, when we remember how afterwards, and on slighter provocation than is here supposed, hundreds of the Infallibilist Bishops danced like maniacs round the pulpit when Strossmayer and Schwarzenberg were speaking, yelling and shaking their fists at them.—Cf.infr.Letterxxxii.—Tr.]31.[Archbishop Darboy's interposition stopped the conspiracy being carried out at the first General Congregation, and four American Bishops disconcerted a second similar plot on St. Joseph's Day, March 19.—Cf.infr.Letterxxxvi.—Tr.]32.“In specie ne Concilium declaret vel definiat infallibilitatem summi Pontificis, a doctissimis et prudentissimus fidelibus S. Sedi intime addictis vehementer optatur. Gravia enim mala exinde oritura timent tum fidelibus tum infidelibus. Fideles enim ... corde turbarentur magis quam erigerentur, ac si nunc demum fundamentum Ecclesiæ et veræ doctrinæ stabiliendum sit; infideles vero novarum calumniarum et derisionum materiam lucrarentur. Neque desunt qui ejusmodi definitionem logice impossibilem vocant et ad ipsam Ecclesiam provocant, quæ ad instar solis splendorem lucis suæ monstrat quidem, sed non definit. Jure denique quæritur, cui usui ista definitio foret, de cujus sensu, modo et ambitu ampla inter theologos controversia est.”33.[Monsignor Nardi said thistotidem verbisto an Anglican clergyman who was inspecting the Council Hall.—Tr.]34.“Questo puzza di schisma.”35.[Compare with this account of the freedom of the Council the letters of two French Bishops, published in theTimesof May 3, and theJournal des Débatsof May 10.—Tr.]36.Études de Théologie, Janvier 1868, p. 26:—“Le Concile n'imposait rien à notre foi, qui n'eût obtenu à peu près l'unanimité des votes. L'obligation de croire est une chose si grave, le droit de lier les intelligences est un droit si auguste et si important, que les pères pensaient n'en devoir user qu'avec la plus grande réserve et la plus extrême délicatesse.”37.Is Healthful Reunion Impossible?By E. B. Pusey, D.D. Rivingtons, 1870.38.[Gratry's four Letters have been translated by the Rev. T. J. Bailey.—(Hayes).—Tr.]39.[Cf.supr.pp.90,91. TheTabletmade the same assertions in both cases.—Tr.]40.Adversus eos qui Sanctissimum R. Pontificis studium et Vaticani Concilii celebrandi necessitatem vituperant.Romæ.41.[Some idea of it may be formed from the answer made some months ago by a distinguished English Prelate at Rome to an Anglican friend, who had quoted the words of one of the Opposition Bishops,“You need not quotethemto me;they are no more Catholics than you are,”—thus excommunicating at one swoop the very flower of the hierarchy of his Church.—Tr.]42.[TheCurtisanenwere clerical place-hunters, who came to Rome to beg or traffic for benefices. Cf.“Janus,”p. 341.—Tr.]43.[The BullApostolicæ Sedis.—Cf.supr.pp.100, 1, 5, 6.—Tr.]44.“Damnamus perversas eorum cavillationes qui dicere audent externum quidem obsequium, non autem internum mentis cordisque assensum, R. Pontificis judiciis esse præstandum.”45.It will of course be understood that the 300 boarders (cf.supr.p.128) are divided among the Prelates mentioned above.46.Istoria del Concilio de Trente, xix. 15. 3:“Facendosi quelle sole difinizioni nelle quali i padri conspirassero ad un parere.”47.[Liverani published a striking pamphlet on the abuses of theCuriasome years ago.—Tr.]48.Joshua ix. 21.49.Purgat. xxvii. 104.50.“Ove accadesse collisione tra le definizioni del Concilio ecumenico e le leggi dello Stato, queste cesserebbero per ciò solo di averequalsiasivigore obbligatorio,”p. 262.51.So Piusvi., in his Brief of 1791, directed against the new laws of the French Assembly for securing religions freedom. Therein the distinction is still drawn between heathen and Jews on one side and Protestants or heretics on the other, that the former cannot be compelled to receive baptism, but the others,“qui se Ecclesiæ per susceptum Baptismi Sacramentum subjecerunt, cogendi sunt”(Collect. Brev. Pii VI., Aug. Vindel. 1791, i. 34). Benedictxiv.declared the same before in 1749 (Bullar. Mag., Romæ, ed. Coquel, T. xvii. p. 272). And Piusvii.afterwards, in his Brief of 1803 (Kopp,Die kath. Kirche des 19 Jahrh., Mainz, 1830, p. 429).“According to Scripture, Councils and Tradition, heretics remain subject to the laws of the Catholic Church.”52.Job xiii. 7.53.The idea is thrice repeated;“fideles tam seorsim singuli quam simul omnes officio ... veræ obedientiæ obstringuntur,”is said once again in theSchema.54.Correspondance, Paris, i. 247.55.[A writer in the CologneRheinischer Merkurof May 14, a newly started organ of Liberal Catholic principles, conducted entirely by priests, learnedly discusses the question“whether St. Thomas Aquinas taught Papal Infallibility,”and comes to the conclusion that, in spite of the influence of these forged authorities on his mind, he did not.—Tr.]56.Navagero,Relazione, p. 389 in the Venetian Collection, ed. Alberi, i. 7.57.“Ammantar la pigrizia di superiorità, sottrarsi alla noja d'esaminar le quistioni col disprezarle, sono vezzi troppo communi in Italia, e il beffarsi di questi pesanti Tedeschi, che vanno a cercare la fin dei fini. Ma in tal caso rassegniamoci a vederci trattati, da questi di negligenza e di spensierataggine quando accettiamo a occhi bendati carte, falsificate da tristi speculatori o da sbadati raccoglitori,”etc.—Archivo Storico Italiano, 1860, xii. 19.58.[It was originally intended for public use also, and is still recited publicly by Cathedral Chapters and religions communities. Some portions of it, as Vespers and Compline, are often used in parish churches also, especially in France.—Tr.]59.[Cf.“Janus,”pp. 60-62, 275-8.—Tr.]60.The proposal of two Rhenish Prelates for a common declaration against Döllinger's paper on Infallibility was rejected in the meeting of German Bishops. The chief opponents were Hefele, Eberhard, Raynald, Strossmayer and Förster, who maintained that, certain arguments apart, Döllinger represented in the main the views of most German Bishops on the subject. It was further insisted, in express repudiation of the stand-point of mere“inopportuneness,”that the addresses already signed by the Infallibilists were directed in principle against the doctrine of the Church. The two Prelates declared nevertheless that they would not separate themselves from their colleagues who had signed those documents.61.Tac.Annal.xv.53.62.I take this opportunity of observing that theMémorial Diplomatique, which has the credit of supplying the world regularly with methodical fictions from Rome, has also given a spurious reply of Antonelli's to Beust's note. Perhaps one of your Paris correspondents can explain the rare persistency of that journal in habitually making game of the French with lies and inventions which are immediately exposed. Here in Rome many are disposed to seek the authors of them in the office of theCiviltàor in theGesu.63.Pastoral on Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff(Longmans), p. 126.64.It is also quoted in theJournal des Débatsof March 12. [This same Bishop opened the debate on theSchema de Romano Pontificeby arguing that the Pope must be infallible, because St. Peter was crucified head downwards.Cf. infr.Letterxlvi.—Tr.]65.TheUnita Cattolicaof March 12 makes its Roman correspondent say that to-day the Bishops are signing in crowds a Petition to the Presidents of the Council, demanding that the discussion of the article on infallibility may take precedence of all other business, because they long to put an end at one blow to the scandal of the Liberal Catholics and Gallicans. But Margotti's journal at the same time urges patience on its readers, because decorum must be preserved, as far as may be.66.[It seemed better to give the Letter itself, as published“by permission”in theStandardof April 7, rather than to translate the secondhand, though remarkably accurate, paraphrase given in the German text. It addressed to Bishop Ullathorne.—Tr.]67.[Archbishop Errington was Cardinal Wiseman's coadjutor with right of succession, but was arbitrarily deprived of the post by the Pope, on his declining to resign it. His name was the first of the three sent to Rome by the Chapter of Westminster for the vacant Archbishopric on Cardinal Wiseman's death, the other two being Clifford and Grant. All three were passed over in favour of Dr. Manning.—Tr.]68.[This explanation, that the Requiem“was intended rather as a political demonstration than a religious act,”was elaborately insisted on in theTabletof March 28, which added the guarded but equally gratuitous statement that“the Bishop of Orleans,it appears, intended to speak at the funeral service;”winding up with the somewhat remarkable comment that“the prudence and the charity (!) of Piusix.have been equally conspicuous in the affair.”The world hardly seems to see it.—Tr.]69.Reform der Kirche an Haupt und Gliedern.70.[The correctness of this prediction was conspicuously illustrated in thecoupof June 3.Cf. infr.Letterlii.—Tr.]71.This word (niederträchtigen) was lately used by a German Bishop.72.The original text ran:“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, ut ex Œcumenicis omnibus Concíliis, et ex Tridentino nominatim amplissima in universam Catholicam Familiam utilitas dimanaverit;”the amendment of Dreux-Brézé runs:“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, utlicet omnibus Ecclesiae necessitatibus per ordinarium Summi Pontificis regimen et magisterium satis fuerit provisum, tamen ex Œcumenicis omnibus Conciliis,”etc.73.[It is understood to have been Bishop Clifford of Clifton.—Tr.]74.SeeTimesfor April 2, 1870.75.[The EnglishTabletandDublin Reviewhave received similar papal commendations.—Tr.]76.“Relapsum flammi ex lege addixit,”says the Dominican Bzovius in his PanegyricPaulus V. Borghesius, Rome 1626, p. 57.77.[It will be seen that Simor, with the other Hungarian Bishops, eventually voted among theNon-placetsand signed their protest. Cf. Letterslxiv,lxv.—Tr.]78.“Quoniam vero satis non est, hæreticam pravitatem devitare, nisi ii quoque errores diligenter fugiantur, qui ad illam plus minusve accedunt: omnes officii monemus servandi etiam Constitutiones et Decreta quibus pravæ ejusmodi opiniones, quæ isthic diserte non enumerantur, ab hâc Sanctâ Sede proscriptæ et prohibitæ sunt.”79.“Schematis de fide catholica conclusio, quæ incipit ab his verbis:Itaque supremi Pastoralis, etc., cum de eâ in ultimâ Congregatione generali non satis explicite actum fuerit, adhuc debet subjici Patrum suffragiis, antequam ad ferenda suffragia de toto Capiteiv.procedatur. Ideo monentur Reverendissimi Patres, ut nunc in finemEmendationes de capite quartohujus Schematis propositas etiam ad proximam Congregationem generalem secum deferre velint.”80.[Conditional votes, as will be seen, are not allowed in Solemn Sessions, but only a simplePlacetorNon placet.—Tr.]81.[Cf.supr.p.348.—Tr.]82.[See an exhaustive article on the subject from a Catholic pen in theNorth British Reviewfor October 1869.—Tr.]83.[He refused to do so.—Tr.]84.This proved to be a mistake.85.“Elle estime justement qu'elle a le devoir de ne pas favoriser la diffusion de l'erreur ou des attaques contre l'autorité des Vicaires de Jésus-Christ.”86.The infallibilists are of course luckier. Their writings are readily printed and circulated. At the same time with the writings mentioned above, Archbishop Spalding has published a letter to Dupanloup, emphatically denying that he had spoken against the opportuneness of the dogma in the paper he drew up with several other American Bishops, and declaring himself a zealous advocate for it.87.[English readers may be referred to Renouf'sCase of Honorius Reconsidered. Longmans, 1869.—Tr.]88.It is now understood to have been written by Dr. S. Mayer under his direction.89.[SeePastoral on Infallibility of Roman Pontiff. Longmans, 1869.]90.“Animadvertendum quippe est, quod in publicâ Sessione juxta Litteras ApostolicasMultiplices interd. d. Novembris 1869 Num.viii., quo modus procedendi in Sessionibus publicis præscribitur, non liceat aliter suffragium dare, nisi pure et simpliciter per verba:PlacetautNon placet, excluso alio quovis modo.”91.[Cf.Janus, pp. 382-4.—Tr.]92.[Since, that is, the Lateran synod of 1517 under Leox.—Tr.]93.Tac.Annal.ii.94.Antonelli's, notoriously.95.“Animés d'un profond respect pour l'autoritélégitimedu S. Siége, nous sommes obligés d'autre part de préserver de toute atteinte présente ou future les rapports entre l'église et l'état (as lately settled by the Concordat and the Constitution). Nous joignons nos instances aux remonstrances du Gouvernement français et nous nous croyons appelés à le faire d'autant plus, que dans le sein du concile lui-même une grande partie des représentants de l'Église d'Allemagne, dont le dévouement religieux est bien connu, atteste par son attitude que nos craintes sont loin d'être vaines.”96.“Si, diciamolo altamente, Pioix.credette aver ricevuto speciale missione di definire la Immacolata Concezione e la infallibilita pontificia.”97.“Jure tam divino quam humano laicis nulla potestas in ecclesiasticas personas attributa est.”98.See Raynald.Annal.xix. ann. 1493, 22.99.“Hæc conditio pro Concilio Vaticano eo magis urgenda esse videtur, cum ad ferenda suffragia tot Patres admissi sunt, de quibus non constat evidenter, utrum jure tantum ecclesiastico an etiam jure divino ipsis votum decisivum competat.”100.It appears from a passage in Letterlii.that this severe judgment on the Prince Bishop was based on an erroneous report of his conduct in the papers.101.“Jamvero infallibilitatem S. Ap. Sedis et Romani Pontificis ad doctrinam fidei pertinere ex allatis fidei documentis constat, et contrariæ illi sententiæ a magisterio Ecclesiæ non semel fuerunt improbatæ. Cujuscunque ergo scientiæ etiam historiæ ecclesiasticæ conclusiones Rom. Pontificum infallibilitati adversantes, quo manifestius hæc ex revelationis fontibus infertur, eo certius veluti totidem errores habendas esse consequitur.”102.“Al male dominante della licenza dei tipi, per cui il giornalismo nega e bestemmia ogni giorno, bisogna contraporre il salutare rimedio del Papa infallibile, che ogni giorno può insegnare, condannare, definire, senza che mai sia licito ai cattolici dubitare de' suoi oraculi.”103.[The English Jesuit, Father Gallwey, says they will be like“the daily provision of manna”to the Israelites.—Tr.]104.He should have said“the Italian prelates.”105.Cf.supr.p.517.106.It will be seen from the protest afterwards published that this passage was greatly toned down.107.Matt. xxvi. 49.108.Von der Römischen Einheit, Wien. 1866, vol. ii. pp. 444seq.109.See the decree of Eugenius in Porter'sSystema Decretorum, p. 535, and in Raynaldus.110.“Ad officium nostrum spectat dequocumquemortali peccato corripere quemlibet Christianum; et, si correptionem contempserit, per districtionem ecclesiasticam coercere.”—Decretal. Novit, c. 13, De Judic. [Cf.Janus, p. 158.]111.Concil.ed. Labbé, x. 384.112.Innoc.Epist.ii. 209, p. 473, ed. Paris.113.Raynald.Annal.xv. 156.114.Raynald.Annal.an. 1376, 1.115.See BullRomanus Pontifexconfirmed by Callixtusiii.in 1456 and Sixtusiv.in 1481.—Morelli,Fasti Novi Orbis, p. 58.116.See BullInter Cæteræin Raynald.Annal.117.Raynald.Annal.an. 1493, 19.118.Harduin.Concilix. 1756.119.Baron.Annal. Eccl.an. 1102, sect. 18.120.Rog. Wendover,Hist.iii. 251.121.Raynald.Annal.an. 1283-4.122.Litera Apost. Summorum Pontif. pro offic. S. Inquis., Venet. 1607, p. 3.123.Ib.p. 39.124.Del Bene,Decreta et Constitt. Pontif.in hisDe Offic. Inquis.ii. 647.125.[That this is no mere abstract theory, even in quite recent days, may be seen from Blanco White's account of his mother's agony of mind when she began to suspect his opinions and feared it might become her duty to denounce him to the Inquisition.—Tr.]126.Decr.v. 7, 9, and Luciusiii.and Alexanderiv.in Lib. vi. 5. 2. 4.127.Ib.5, 2, 5.128.Carsetti,Storia del Regno di Vittorio Amadeo di Savoia, Torino, 1856, p. 178. The Pope said it was“cosa da non potersi dir senza lagrime.”129.Guerra,Pontif. Constit.i. 177.130.See,e.g., Tartarotti,Apologia del Congresso, etc., p. 176.131.Decr.ii. 24, 27.132.D'Achery,Spicileg.iii. 714. [“Vobis et successoribus vestris Regibus et Reginis Franciæ in perpetuum indulgemus, ut confessor religiosus vel sæcularis quem vestrûm vel eorum quilibet duxerit eligendnm, vota per vos forsitan jam emissa,ac per vos et successores vestros in posterum emittenda... necnon juramenta per vos præstita,et per vos et eos præstanda in posterum, quæ vos et illiservare commode non possitis, vobis et eis commutare valeat in alia opera pietatis.”Two cases are reserved, viz., vows of chastity andvows taken to the Pope.—Tr.]133.Bzov.Annal. Eccl.an. 1555, p. 306, ed. Colon.134.Dodd,Church History of England, iii. 288;Tractat. Dogmat. et Scholast. de Ecclesiâ, Romæ, 1782, ii. 245.135.D'Acheray,Spicileg.iii. 721.136.Acta Sanct. Bolland.Ap. 23, p. 157.137.Spondani,Annal. Eccl. Contin.ii. 595.138.Decr. de Transl.c. ii. 3, 4. [Cf.Janus, pp. 55, 56.]139.Decr.iv. 1, 16.140.Dist.81, c. 15.141.Concil. Gangrens.can. 4.142.Concil.ed. Labbé, t. xiii. pp. 1322, 3.143.See Amort,De Indulg.i. 146.144.D'Argentré,Collectio Judiciorum, Paris, 1728, iii. 297.145.Clementin.i. 5, De Usuris, tit. 5.146.[On this subject, as also on persecution, the reader may profitably consultPapal Infallibility and Persecution; Papal InfallibilityandUsury. By an English Catholic. Macmillan, 1870.—Tr.]147.[This had been protested against by the minority. Cf.supr.pp.327-8.]148.The text of the speech, as it is now printed in the journals, has been subsequently corrected and toned down.149.“Il est sans doute de certaines fonctions où, tenant, pour ainsi dire, la place de Dieu, nous semblons être participants de sa connaissance, aussi bien que de son autorité,”etc.—Lemontey, p. 151 (éd. de Bruxelles).150.1 Cor. ii. 14.151.Pachym.II. 20, ed. Bonn.152.According to a letter of his which reached Breslau the 12th July, permission to depart has been refused him.153.[The same strange confusion of thought seems still to prevail among some fervid infallibilists of the English and Irish Episcopate, to judge from their pastorals issued since the decree of July 18.—Tr.]154.Meanwhile theUnitaof July 15 has already begun to indicate the wholesome political fruits which may be looked for from the dogma of infallibility. Gallicanism, which demanded fixed guarantees against papal decisions, has paved the way, according to Margotti, for constitutionalism and parliamentarism; for after a Pope whose decreesex cathedrâare not irreformable, comes a king limited by the Constitution, and then the era of parliamentary revolutions and political storms is introduced. But now the bright example set by the Bishops in their submission to the infallible Pope will restore not France only, but the whole of Europe. From them the nations will learn to submit as children to their sovereigns, the kingdom of unrighteousness will pass away, and the kingdom of God succeed. That is plain speaking; absolutism in the Church will lead to absolutism in the State. Margotti then surrenders himself to the most brilliant hopes, predicts unprecedented miracles, and records those which have been already wrought for infallibility during the Council, or will immediately be wrought. We cannot venture to withhold them from our readers. First, it seemed impossible to attain an agreement of the Bishops on the proclamation of infallibility; all wanted to speak, and the discussion seemed likely to be endless. But the Holy Ghost unexpectedly interposed; above sixty Bishops waved their right to speak, and theSchemawas voted and approved. Secondly, a great opposition of all the governments was feared, who only kept quiet while they watched the quarrels of the Bishops themselves in the Council. But scarcely had the Bishops shown themselves unanimous, when the Hohenzollern question turned up, which absorbs everybody's attention, and leaves the Church in peace. The third miracle is still in the future—the dogma will suddenly dissipate the menaces of war, because the word of God, like the Son of God, only comes into the world in the midst of universal peace.155.The impending war led to its being held earlier.156.[On the essential connection between the infallibility and the impeccability of the Popes, seeJanus, pp. 113sqq., and Maret,Du Concile Général, vol. ii. ch. 13.—Tr.]157.[The decree of Constance defines that“every lawfully convoked Œcumenical Council representing the Church derives its authority immediately from Christ, and every one, the Pope included, is subject to it in matters of faith, in the healing of schism, and the reformation of the Church.”It was carried in full Council without a dissentient voice.—Tr.]158.[That in fact is exactly what Antonelli calls it in his circular.—Tr.]159.This is emphatically asserted in a sermon preached last year at Kensington by Archbishop Manning, where he says, speaking in the Pope's name,“I claim to be the Supreme Judge and director of the consciences of men; of the peasant that tills the field and the prince that sits on the throne; of the household that lives in the shade of privacyand the Legislature that makes laws for kingdoms—I am the sole last Supreme Judge of what is right and wrong.”160.These letters are taken from theJournal des Débatsof May 6 and 11. The Bishops of Marseilles and Montpellier are said to be the writers.161.Lire: spartiates.162.From theGazette de Franceof June 28. The Vicar-General of an eminent French Bishop, who had been at Rome, is the reputed author.
Footnotes1.[It may be well to add, to preclude misconceptions, that both Letters and Articles are exclusively the work of Catholics.—Tr.]2.The weight to be attached to theCiviltàon all questions connected with the Council may be gathered from the Brief of Piusix.of Feb. 12, 1866, printed in theCiviltà, Serie vi. vol. vi. pp. 7-15. The Pope declares that this journal, expressly intrusted with the defence of religion and with teaching and disseminating the authority and claims of the Roman See, is to be written and edited by a special staff to be named by the General of the Jesuits, who are to have a special house and revenues of their own. The previous censorship, as is known in Rome, is exercised with particular care, so that nothing appears without the approbation of theCuria.3.[Cardinal Reisach was absent at the opening of the Council, and died soon afterwards, Dec. 26, 1869, in Savoy.—Tr.]4.[See Introduction to The Pope and the Council, pp. 1-4.—Tr.]5.[Cf.The Pope and the Council, p. 6.—Tr.]6.These fears, as is well known, were not realized at Fulda.7.The Cardinal's subsequent attitude has not justified this hope. Freppel too, as Bishop-designate of Anjou, has now declared himself for the infallibilists.8.This design does not seem to have been persevered in.9.Corresp. de Rome, 1869, p. 384:“L'infallibilité du Pape, décidant en matière de foiex cathedrâ, c'est-à-dire comme maître de l'Eglise étant déjà admise par tous les vrais catholiques, un décret du Concil fera juste l'effet d'une confirmation d'une chose universellement sue et crue.”10.“Præsidentia auctoritativa dicitur ... insuper cum auctoritate coactivâ compescendi etiam per censuras ecclesiasticas, et alia juris media contradictores et rebelles et contumaces, prout ex constitutionexi.Martiniv., etc.”11.“Juramentum contra utilitatem ecclesiasticam præstitum non tenet.”—Lib. ii. tit. 24, c. 27; Sext. Lib. i. t. 2, c. 1.12.Cf.“Janus,”p. 230.13.[The third Lateran Council.—Tr.]14.The Scotch pronounce Latin much as the Germans do.15.[Even this must be taken with reserve.—Cf.infra, pp.174,175.—Tr.]16.[Most of the rights originally inherent in the episcopate are now reserved to the Pope, who only allows Bishops to exercise them during good behaviour, by virtue of“faculties”renewed every five years. Cf.“Janus,”p. 422, note.—Tr.]17.[This must be taken with some reserve, as will be seen further on.—Tr.]18.“Obligatam hærentemque sanctiori Pontifici velut in pectore Societatem.”—Bolland,Imago, p. 622.19.[The German College is conducted by the Jesuits.—Tr.]20.[Archbishop MacHale does not seem to have justified this anticipation.—Tr.]21.Excommunicationslatæ sententiæ, as distinguished from excommunicationferendæ sententiæ, are those which immediately take effect on the commission of the forbidden act, without requiring any sentence of Pope or Bishop to be pronounced.22.When the news arrived from Paris of the abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction,i.e., of the reforms of Basle.23.[This formula, often mistakenly supposed to occur in the Papal Coronation service, refers to the traditional length of St. Peter's pontificate—twenty-five years. No Pope has yet reigned to the end of his twenty-fifth year, and only one has entered on the beginning of it. Piusix.completes his twenty-fourth year on June 16, 1870.—Tr.]24.[This point is forcibly dwelt on by Count Daru in his memorandum, which the Pope refused to lay before the Council.—Tr.]25.“Animas eorum qui in solo peccato originali, vel mortali actuali decedunt, in infernum descendere, pœnis tamen disparibus puniendas.”26.“Imprimis itaque fide Catholicâ, tenendum est illorum animas,”etc. The author seems really to believe that the Rationalistic tendencies of the age can be cured with an emetic.27.[Cardinal Reisach, who was formerly Archbishop of Munich, used to say he had almost forgotten how to speak German.—Tr.]28.“Supremam ideoque ab errore immunem esse Romani Pontificis auctoritatem, quum in rebus fidei et moram ea statuit ac præcipit quæ ab omnibus Christi fidelibus credenda et tenenda, quæve rejicienda et damnanda sunt.”29.“Per l'infallibilità, essendo l'Abbate Mastai, l'ho sempre creduto, adesso, essendo Papa Mastai, la sento.”30.[This reads almost like a prophecy, when we remember how afterwards, and on slighter provocation than is here supposed, hundreds of the Infallibilist Bishops danced like maniacs round the pulpit when Strossmayer and Schwarzenberg were speaking, yelling and shaking their fists at them.—Cf.infr.Letterxxxii.—Tr.]31.[Archbishop Darboy's interposition stopped the conspiracy being carried out at the first General Congregation, and four American Bishops disconcerted a second similar plot on St. Joseph's Day, March 19.—Cf.infr.Letterxxxvi.—Tr.]32.“In specie ne Concilium declaret vel definiat infallibilitatem summi Pontificis, a doctissimis et prudentissimus fidelibus S. Sedi intime addictis vehementer optatur. Gravia enim mala exinde oritura timent tum fidelibus tum infidelibus. Fideles enim ... corde turbarentur magis quam erigerentur, ac si nunc demum fundamentum Ecclesiæ et veræ doctrinæ stabiliendum sit; infideles vero novarum calumniarum et derisionum materiam lucrarentur. Neque desunt qui ejusmodi definitionem logice impossibilem vocant et ad ipsam Ecclesiam provocant, quæ ad instar solis splendorem lucis suæ monstrat quidem, sed non definit. Jure denique quæritur, cui usui ista definitio foret, de cujus sensu, modo et ambitu ampla inter theologos controversia est.”33.[Monsignor Nardi said thistotidem verbisto an Anglican clergyman who was inspecting the Council Hall.—Tr.]34.“Questo puzza di schisma.”35.[Compare with this account of the freedom of the Council the letters of two French Bishops, published in theTimesof May 3, and theJournal des Débatsof May 10.—Tr.]36.Études de Théologie, Janvier 1868, p. 26:—“Le Concile n'imposait rien à notre foi, qui n'eût obtenu à peu près l'unanimité des votes. L'obligation de croire est une chose si grave, le droit de lier les intelligences est un droit si auguste et si important, que les pères pensaient n'en devoir user qu'avec la plus grande réserve et la plus extrême délicatesse.”37.Is Healthful Reunion Impossible?By E. B. Pusey, D.D. Rivingtons, 1870.38.[Gratry's four Letters have been translated by the Rev. T. J. Bailey.—(Hayes).—Tr.]39.[Cf.supr.pp.90,91. TheTabletmade the same assertions in both cases.—Tr.]40.Adversus eos qui Sanctissimum R. Pontificis studium et Vaticani Concilii celebrandi necessitatem vituperant.Romæ.41.[Some idea of it may be formed from the answer made some months ago by a distinguished English Prelate at Rome to an Anglican friend, who had quoted the words of one of the Opposition Bishops,“You need not quotethemto me;they are no more Catholics than you are,”—thus excommunicating at one swoop the very flower of the hierarchy of his Church.—Tr.]42.[TheCurtisanenwere clerical place-hunters, who came to Rome to beg or traffic for benefices. Cf.“Janus,”p. 341.—Tr.]43.[The BullApostolicæ Sedis.—Cf.supr.pp.100, 1, 5, 6.—Tr.]44.“Damnamus perversas eorum cavillationes qui dicere audent externum quidem obsequium, non autem internum mentis cordisque assensum, R. Pontificis judiciis esse præstandum.”45.It will of course be understood that the 300 boarders (cf.supr.p.128) are divided among the Prelates mentioned above.46.Istoria del Concilio de Trente, xix. 15. 3:“Facendosi quelle sole difinizioni nelle quali i padri conspirassero ad un parere.”47.[Liverani published a striking pamphlet on the abuses of theCuriasome years ago.—Tr.]48.Joshua ix. 21.49.Purgat. xxvii. 104.50.“Ove accadesse collisione tra le definizioni del Concilio ecumenico e le leggi dello Stato, queste cesserebbero per ciò solo di averequalsiasivigore obbligatorio,”p. 262.51.So Piusvi., in his Brief of 1791, directed against the new laws of the French Assembly for securing religions freedom. Therein the distinction is still drawn between heathen and Jews on one side and Protestants or heretics on the other, that the former cannot be compelled to receive baptism, but the others,“qui se Ecclesiæ per susceptum Baptismi Sacramentum subjecerunt, cogendi sunt”(Collect. Brev. Pii VI., Aug. Vindel. 1791, i. 34). Benedictxiv.declared the same before in 1749 (Bullar. Mag., Romæ, ed. Coquel, T. xvii. p. 272). And Piusvii.afterwards, in his Brief of 1803 (Kopp,Die kath. Kirche des 19 Jahrh., Mainz, 1830, p. 429).“According to Scripture, Councils and Tradition, heretics remain subject to the laws of the Catholic Church.”52.Job xiii. 7.53.The idea is thrice repeated;“fideles tam seorsim singuli quam simul omnes officio ... veræ obedientiæ obstringuntur,”is said once again in theSchema.54.Correspondance, Paris, i. 247.55.[A writer in the CologneRheinischer Merkurof May 14, a newly started organ of Liberal Catholic principles, conducted entirely by priests, learnedly discusses the question“whether St. Thomas Aquinas taught Papal Infallibility,”and comes to the conclusion that, in spite of the influence of these forged authorities on his mind, he did not.—Tr.]56.Navagero,Relazione, p. 389 in the Venetian Collection, ed. Alberi, i. 7.57.“Ammantar la pigrizia di superiorità, sottrarsi alla noja d'esaminar le quistioni col disprezarle, sono vezzi troppo communi in Italia, e il beffarsi di questi pesanti Tedeschi, che vanno a cercare la fin dei fini. Ma in tal caso rassegniamoci a vederci trattati, da questi di negligenza e di spensierataggine quando accettiamo a occhi bendati carte, falsificate da tristi speculatori o da sbadati raccoglitori,”etc.—Archivo Storico Italiano, 1860, xii. 19.58.[It was originally intended for public use also, and is still recited publicly by Cathedral Chapters and religions communities. Some portions of it, as Vespers and Compline, are often used in parish churches also, especially in France.—Tr.]59.[Cf.“Janus,”pp. 60-62, 275-8.—Tr.]60.The proposal of two Rhenish Prelates for a common declaration against Döllinger's paper on Infallibility was rejected in the meeting of German Bishops. The chief opponents were Hefele, Eberhard, Raynald, Strossmayer and Förster, who maintained that, certain arguments apart, Döllinger represented in the main the views of most German Bishops on the subject. It was further insisted, in express repudiation of the stand-point of mere“inopportuneness,”that the addresses already signed by the Infallibilists were directed in principle against the doctrine of the Church. The two Prelates declared nevertheless that they would not separate themselves from their colleagues who had signed those documents.61.Tac.Annal.xv.53.62.I take this opportunity of observing that theMémorial Diplomatique, which has the credit of supplying the world regularly with methodical fictions from Rome, has also given a spurious reply of Antonelli's to Beust's note. Perhaps one of your Paris correspondents can explain the rare persistency of that journal in habitually making game of the French with lies and inventions which are immediately exposed. Here in Rome many are disposed to seek the authors of them in the office of theCiviltàor in theGesu.63.Pastoral on Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff(Longmans), p. 126.64.It is also quoted in theJournal des Débatsof March 12. [This same Bishop opened the debate on theSchema de Romano Pontificeby arguing that the Pope must be infallible, because St. Peter was crucified head downwards.Cf. infr.Letterxlvi.—Tr.]65.TheUnita Cattolicaof March 12 makes its Roman correspondent say that to-day the Bishops are signing in crowds a Petition to the Presidents of the Council, demanding that the discussion of the article on infallibility may take precedence of all other business, because they long to put an end at one blow to the scandal of the Liberal Catholics and Gallicans. But Margotti's journal at the same time urges patience on its readers, because decorum must be preserved, as far as may be.66.[It seemed better to give the Letter itself, as published“by permission”in theStandardof April 7, rather than to translate the secondhand, though remarkably accurate, paraphrase given in the German text. It addressed to Bishop Ullathorne.—Tr.]67.[Archbishop Errington was Cardinal Wiseman's coadjutor with right of succession, but was arbitrarily deprived of the post by the Pope, on his declining to resign it. His name was the first of the three sent to Rome by the Chapter of Westminster for the vacant Archbishopric on Cardinal Wiseman's death, the other two being Clifford and Grant. All three were passed over in favour of Dr. Manning.—Tr.]68.[This explanation, that the Requiem“was intended rather as a political demonstration than a religious act,”was elaborately insisted on in theTabletof March 28, which added the guarded but equally gratuitous statement that“the Bishop of Orleans,it appears, intended to speak at the funeral service;”winding up with the somewhat remarkable comment that“the prudence and the charity (!) of Piusix.have been equally conspicuous in the affair.”The world hardly seems to see it.—Tr.]69.Reform der Kirche an Haupt und Gliedern.70.[The correctness of this prediction was conspicuously illustrated in thecoupof June 3.Cf. infr.Letterlii.—Tr.]71.This word (niederträchtigen) was lately used by a German Bishop.72.The original text ran:“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, ut ex Œcumenicis omnibus Concíliis, et ex Tridentino nominatim amplissima in universam Catholicam Familiam utilitas dimanaverit;”the amendment of Dreux-Brézé runs:“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, utlicet omnibus Ecclesiae necessitatibus per ordinarium Summi Pontificis regimen et magisterium satis fuerit provisum, tamen ex Œcumenicis omnibus Conciliis,”etc.73.[It is understood to have been Bishop Clifford of Clifton.—Tr.]74.SeeTimesfor April 2, 1870.75.[The EnglishTabletandDublin Reviewhave received similar papal commendations.—Tr.]76.“Relapsum flammi ex lege addixit,”says the Dominican Bzovius in his PanegyricPaulus V. Borghesius, Rome 1626, p. 57.77.[It will be seen that Simor, with the other Hungarian Bishops, eventually voted among theNon-placetsand signed their protest. Cf. Letterslxiv,lxv.—Tr.]78.“Quoniam vero satis non est, hæreticam pravitatem devitare, nisi ii quoque errores diligenter fugiantur, qui ad illam plus minusve accedunt: omnes officii monemus servandi etiam Constitutiones et Decreta quibus pravæ ejusmodi opiniones, quæ isthic diserte non enumerantur, ab hâc Sanctâ Sede proscriptæ et prohibitæ sunt.”79.“Schematis de fide catholica conclusio, quæ incipit ab his verbis:Itaque supremi Pastoralis, etc., cum de eâ in ultimâ Congregatione generali non satis explicite actum fuerit, adhuc debet subjici Patrum suffragiis, antequam ad ferenda suffragia de toto Capiteiv.procedatur. Ideo monentur Reverendissimi Patres, ut nunc in finemEmendationes de capite quartohujus Schematis propositas etiam ad proximam Congregationem generalem secum deferre velint.”80.[Conditional votes, as will be seen, are not allowed in Solemn Sessions, but only a simplePlacetorNon placet.—Tr.]81.[Cf.supr.p.348.—Tr.]82.[See an exhaustive article on the subject from a Catholic pen in theNorth British Reviewfor October 1869.—Tr.]83.[He refused to do so.—Tr.]84.This proved to be a mistake.85.“Elle estime justement qu'elle a le devoir de ne pas favoriser la diffusion de l'erreur ou des attaques contre l'autorité des Vicaires de Jésus-Christ.”86.The infallibilists are of course luckier. Their writings are readily printed and circulated. At the same time with the writings mentioned above, Archbishop Spalding has published a letter to Dupanloup, emphatically denying that he had spoken against the opportuneness of the dogma in the paper he drew up with several other American Bishops, and declaring himself a zealous advocate for it.87.[English readers may be referred to Renouf'sCase of Honorius Reconsidered. Longmans, 1869.—Tr.]88.It is now understood to have been written by Dr. S. Mayer under his direction.89.[SeePastoral on Infallibility of Roman Pontiff. Longmans, 1869.]90.“Animadvertendum quippe est, quod in publicâ Sessione juxta Litteras ApostolicasMultiplices interd. d. Novembris 1869 Num.viii., quo modus procedendi in Sessionibus publicis præscribitur, non liceat aliter suffragium dare, nisi pure et simpliciter per verba:PlacetautNon placet, excluso alio quovis modo.”91.[Cf.Janus, pp. 382-4.—Tr.]92.[Since, that is, the Lateran synod of 1517 under Leox.—Tr.]93.Tac.Annal.ii.94.Antonelli's, notoriously.95.“Animés d'un profond respect pour l'autoritélégitimedu S. Siége, nous sommes obligés d'autre part de préserver de toute atteinte présente ou future les rapports entre l'église et l'état (as lately settled by the Concordat and the Constitution). Nous joignons nos instances aux remonstrances du Gouvernement français et nous nous croyons appelés à le faire d'autant plus, que dans le sein du concile lui-même une grande partie des représentants de l'Église d'Allemagne, dont le dévouement religieux est bien connu, atteste par son attitude que nos craintes sont loin d'être vaines.”96.“Si, diciamolo altamente, Pioix.credette aver ricevuto speciale missione di definire la Immacolata Concezione e la infallibilita pontificia.”97.“Jure tam divino quam humano laicis nulla potestas in ecclesiasticas personas attributa est.”98.See Raynald.Annal.xix. ann. 1493, 22.99.“Hæc conditio pro Concilio Vaticano eo magis urgenda esse videtur, cum ad ferenda suffragia tot Patres admissi sunt, de quibus non constat evidenter, utrum jure tantum ecclesiastico an etiam jure divino ipsis votum decisivum competat.”100.It appears from a passage in Letterlii.that this severe judgment on the Prince Bishop was based on an erroneous report of his conduct in the papers.101.“Jamvero infallibilitatem S. Ap. Sedis et Romani Pontificis ad doctrinam fidei pertinere ex allatis fidei documentis constat, et contrariæ illi sententiæ a magisterio Ecclesiæ non semel fuerunt improbatæ. Cujuscunque ergo scientiæ etiam historiæ ecclesiasticæ conclusiones Rom. Pontificum infallibilitati adversantes, quo manifestius hæc ex revelationis fontibus infertur, eo certius veluti totidem errores habendas esse consequitur.”102.“Al male dominante della licenza dei tipi, per cui il giornalismo nega e bestemmia ogni giorno, bisogna contraporre il salutare rimedio del Papa infallibile, che ogni giorno può insegnare, condannare, definire, senza che mai sia licito ai cattolici dubitare de' suoi oraculi.”103.[The English Jesuit, Father Gallwey, says they will be like“the daily provision of manna”to the Israelites.—Tr.]104.He should have said“the Italian prelates.”105.Cf.supr.p.517.106.It will be seen from the protest afterwards published that this passage was greatly toned down.107.Matt. xxvi. 49.108.Von der Römischen Einheit, Wien. 1866, vol. ii. pp. 444seq.109.See the decree of Eugenius in Porter'sSystema Decretorum, p. 535, and in Raynaldus.110.“Ad officium nostrum spectat dequocumquemortali peccato corripere quemlibet Christianum; et, si correptionem contempserit, per districtionem ecclesiasticam coercere.”—Decretal. Novit, c. 13, De Judic. [Cf.Janus, p. 158.]111.Concil.ed. Labbé, x. 384.112.Innoc.Epist.ii. 209, p. 473, ed. Paris.113.Raynald.Annal.xv. 156.114.Raynald.Annal.an. 1376, 1.115.See BullRomanus Pontifexconfirmed by Callixtusiii.in 1456 and Sixtusiv.in 1481.—Morelli,Fasti Novi Orbis, p. 58.116.See BullInter Cæteræin Raynald.Annal.117.Raynald.Annal.an. 1493, 19.118.Harduin.Concilix. 1756.119.Baron.Annal. Eccl.an. 1102, sect. 18.120.Rog. Wendover,Hist.iii. 251.121.Raynald.Annal.an. 1283-4.122.Litera Apost. Summorum Pontif. pro offic. S. Inquis., Venet. 1607, p. 3.123.Ib.p. 39.124.Del Bene,Decreta et Constitt. Pontif.in hisDe Offic. Inquis.ii. 647.125.[That this is no mere abstract theory, even in quite recent days, may be seen from Blanco White's account of his mother's agony of mind when she began to suspect his opinions and feared it might become her duty to denounce him to the Inquisition.—Tr.]126.Decr.v. 7, 9, and Luciusiii.and Alexanderiv.in Lib. vi. 5. 2. 4.127.Ib.5, 2, 5.128.Carsetti,Storia del Regno di Vittorio Amadeo di Savoia, Torino, 1856, p. 178. The Pope said it was“cosa da non potersi dir senza lagrime.”129.Guerra,Pontif. Constit.i. 177.130.See,e.g., Tartarotti,Apologia del Congresso, etc., p. 176.131.Decr.ii. 24, 27.132.D'Achery,Spicileg.iii. 714. [“Vobis et successoribus vestris Regibus et Reginis Franciæ in perpetuum indulgemus, ut confessor religiosus vel sæcularis quem vestrûm vel eorum quilibet duxerit eligendnm, vota per vos forsitan jam emissa,ac per vos et successores vestros in posterum emittenda... necnon juramenta per vos præstita,et per vos et eos præstanda in posterum, quæ vos et illiservare commode non possitis, vobis et eis commutare valeat in alia opera pietatis.”Two cases are reserved, viz., vows of chastity andvows taken to the Pope.—Tr.]133.Bzov.Annal. Eccl.an. 1555, p. 306, ed. Colon.134.Dodd,Church History of England, iii. 288;Tractat. Dogmat. et Scholast. de Ecclesiâ, Romæ, 1782, ii. 245.135.D'Acheray,Spicileg.iii. 721.136.Acta Sanct. Bolland.Ap. 23, p. 157.137.Spondani,Annal. Eccl. Contin.ii. 595.138.Decr. de Transl.c. ii. 3, 4. [Cf.Janus, pp. 55, 56.]139.Decr.iv. 1, 16.140.Dist.81, c. 15.141.Concil. Gangrens.can. 4.142.Concil.ed. Labbé, t. xiii. pp. 1322, 3.143.See Amort,De Indulg.i. 146.144.D'Argentré,Collectio Judiciorum, Paris, 1728, iii. 297.145.Clementin.i. 5, De Usuris, tit. 5.146.[On this subject, as also on persecution, the reader may profitably consultPapal Infallibility and Persecution; Papal InfallibilityandUsury. By an English Catholic. Macmillan, 1870.—Tr.]147.[This had been protested against by the minority. Cf.supr.pp.327-8.]148.The text of the speech, as it is now printed in the journals, has been subsequently corrected and toned down.149.“Il est sans doute de certaines fonctions où, tenant, pour ainsi dire, la place de Dieu, nous semblons être participants de sa connaissance, aussi bien que de son autorité,”etc.—Lemontey, p. 151 (éd. de Bruxelles).150.1 Cor. ii. 14.151.Pachym.II. 20, ed. Bonn.152.According to a letter of his which reached Breslau the 12th July, permission to depart has been refused him.153.[The same strange confusion of thought seems still to prevail among some fervid infallibilists of the English and Irish Episcopate, to judge from their pastorals issued since the decree of July 18.—Tr.]154.Meanwhile theUnitaof July 15 has already begun to indicate the wholesome political fruits which may be looked for from the dogma of infallibility. Gallicanism, which demanded fixed guarantees against papal decisions, has paved the way, according to Margotti, for constitutionalism and parliamentarism; for after a Pope whose decreesex cathedrâare not irreformable, comes a king limited by the Constitution, and then the era of parliamentary revolutions and political storms is introduced. But now the bright example set by the Bishops in their submission to the infallible Pope will restore not France only, but the whole of Europe. From them the nations will learn to submit as children to their sovereigns, the kingdom of unrighteousness will pass away, and the kingdom of God succeed. That is plain speaking; absolutism in the Church will lead to absolutism in the State. Margotti then surrenders himself to the most brilliant hopes, predicts unprecedented miracles, and records those which have been already wrought for infallibility during the Council, or will immediately be wrought. We cannot venture to withhold them from our readers. First, it seemed impossible to attain an agreement of the Bishops on the proclamation of infallibility; all wanted to speak, and the discussion seemed likely to be endless. But the Holy Ghost unexpectedly interposed; above sixty Bishops waved their right to speak, and theSchemawas voted and approved. Secondly, a great opposition of all the governments was feared, who only kept quiet while they watched the quarrels of the Bishops themselves in the Council. But scarcely had the Bishops shown themselves unanimous, when the Hohenzollern question turned up, which absorbs everybody's attention, and leaves the Church in peace. The third miracle is still in the future—the dogma will suddenly dissipate the menaces of war, because the word of God, like the Son of God, only comes into the world in the midst of universal peace.155.The impending war led to its being held earlier.156.[On the essential connection between the infallibility and the impeccability of the Popes, seeJanus, pp. 113sqq., and Maret,Du Concile Général, vol. ii. ch. 13.—Tr.]157.[The decree of Constance defines that“every lawfully convoked Œcumenical Council representing the Church derives its authority immediately from Christ, and every one, the Pope included, is subject to it in matters of faith, in the healing of schism, and the reformation of the Church.”It was carried in full Council without a dissentient voice.—Tr.]158.[That in fact is exactly what Antonelli calls it in his circular.—Tr.]159.This is emphatically asserted in a sermon preached last year at Kensington by Archbishop Manning, where he says, speaking in the Pope's name,“I claim to be the Supreme Judge and director of the consciences of men; of the peasant that tills the field and the prince that sits on the throne; of the household that lives in the shade of privacyand the Legislature that makes laws for kingdoms—I am the sole last Supreme Judge of what is right and wrong.”160.These letters are taken from theJournal des Débatsof May 6 and 11. The Bishops of Marseilles and Montpellier are said to be the writers.161.Lire: spartiates.162.From theGazette de Franceof June 28. The Vicar-General of an eminent French Bishop, who had been at Rome, is the reputed author.