I. The classRhizopodaincludes all the sarcodous animals whose only external organs are pseudopodia, and is the lowest class in the animal kingdom. Immediately above it are the classes of the Sponges and of the flagellate and ciliate Infusoria, which rise from it like two diverging branches.II. The group of Rhizopods, as thus defined, includes three leadingorders, which, in descending grade, are as follows:—(a)Lobosa, or Amœboid Rhizopods, including those with distinct nucleus and pulsating vesicle, and thick lobulate pseudopodia—naked, or in membranous coverings.(b)Radiolaria, or Polycistius and their allies, including those with thread-like pseudopodia, with or without a nucleus, and with the skeleton, when present, silicious.(c)Reticularia, or Foraminifera and their allies, including those with thread-like and reticulating pseudopodia, with granular matter instead of a nucleus, and with calcareous, membranous, or arenaceous skeletons.The place ofEozoonwill be in the lowest order,Reticularia.III. The orderReticulariamay be farther divided into twosub-orders, as follows:—(a)Perforata—having calcareous skeletons penetrated with pores.(b)Imperforata—having calcareous, membranous, or arenaceous skeletons, without pores.The place of Eozoon will be in the higher sub-order,Perforata.IV. The sub-orderPerforataincludes threefamilies—theNummulinidæ,Globigerinidæ, andLagemdæ. Of these Carpenter regards the Nummulinidæ as the highest in rank.
I. The classRhizopodaincludes all the sarcodous animals whose only external organs are pseudopodia, and is the lowest class in the animal kingdom. Immediately above it are the classes of the Sponges and of the flagellate and ciliate Infusoria, which rise from it like two diverging branches.
II. The group of Rhizopods, as thus defined, includes three leadingorders, which, in descending grade, are as follows:—
(a)Lobosa, or Amœboid Rhizopods, including those with distinct nucleus and pulsating vesicle, and thick lobulate pseudopodia—naked, or in membranous coverings.(b)Radiolaria, or Polycistius and their allies, including those with thread-like pseudopodia, with or without a nucleus, and with the skeleton, when present, silicious.(c)Reticularia, or Foraminifera and their allies, including those with thread-like and reticulating pseudopodia, with granular matter instead of a nucleus, and with calcareous, membranous, or arenaceous skeletons.The place ofEozoonwill be in the lowest order,Reticularia.
(a)Lobosa, or Amœboid Rhizopods, including those with distinct nucleus and pulsating vesicle, and thick lobulate pseudopodia—naked, or in membranous coverings.
(b)Radiolaria, or Polycistius and their allies, including those with thread-like pseudopodia, with or without a nucleus, and with the skeleton, when present, silicious.
(c)Reticularia, or Foraminifera and their allies, including those with thread-like and reticulating pseudopodia, with granular matter instead of a nucleus, and with calcareous, membranous, or arenaceous skeletons.
The place ofEozoonwill be in the lowest order,Reticularia.
III. The orderReticulariamay be farther divided into twosub-orders, as follows:—
(a)Perforata—having calcareous skeletons penetrated with pores.(b)Imperforata—having calcareous, membranous, or arenaceous skeletons, without pores.
(a)Perforata—having calcareous skeletons penetrated with pores.
(b)Imperforata—having calcareous, membranous, or arenaceous skeletons, without pores.
The place of Eozoon will be in the higher sub-order,Perforata.
IV. The sub-orderPerforataincludes threefamilies—theNummulinidæ,Globigerinidæ, andLagemdæ. Of these Carpenter regards the Nummulinidæ as the highest in rank.
The place of Eozoon will be in the familyNummulinidæ, or between this and the next family. This oldest known Protozoon would thus belong to the highest family in the highest sub-order of the lowest class of animals.
THE LATE SIR WILLIAM E. LOGAN.
When writing the dedication of this work, I little thought that the eminent geologist and valued friend to whom it gave me so much pleasure to tender this tribute of respect, would have passed away before its publication. But so it is, and we have now to mourn, not only Lyell, who so frankly accepted the evidence in favour of Eozoon, but Logan, who so boldly from the first maintained its true nature as a fossil. This boldness on his part is the more remarkable and impressive, from the extreme caution by which he was characterized, and which induced him to take the most scrupulous pains to verify every new fact before committing himself to it. Though Sir William’s early work in the Welsh coal-fields, his organization and management of the Survey of Canada, and his reducing to order for the first time all the widely extended Palæozoic formations of that great country, must always constitute leading elements in his reputation, I think that in nothing does he deserve greater credit than in the skill and genius with which he attacked the difficult problem of the Laurentian rocks, unravelled their intricacies, and ascertained their true nature as sediments, and the leading facts of their arrangement and distribution. The discovery of Eozoon was one of the results of this great work; and it was the firm conviction to which Sir William had attained of the sedimentary character of the rocks, which rendered his mind open to the evidence of these contained fossils, and induced him even to expect the discovery of them.
This would not be the proper place to dwell on the general character and work of Sir William Logan, but I cannot close without referring to his untiring industry, his enthusiasm in the investigation of nature, his cheerful and single-hearted disposition, his earnest public spirit and patriotism—qualities which won for him the regard even of those who could little appreciate the details of his work, and which did much to enable him to attain to the success which he achieved.
INDEX.
A|B|C|D|E|F|G|HI|I|J|K|L|M|N|OP|R|S|T|V|W
Acervuline explained,66.Acervuline Variety of Eozoon,135.Aggregative Growth of Animals,213.Aker Limestone,197.Amity Limestone,197.Amœba described,59.Annelid Burrows,133,139.Archæospherinæ,137,148.Archæocyathus,151.Arisaig, Supposed Eozoon of,140.Bathybius,65.Bavaria, Eozoon of,148.Beginning of Life,215.Billings, Mr.,—referred to,41;on Archæocyathus,151;on Receptaculites,163.Calumet, Eozoon of,38.Calcarina,74.Calcite filling Tubes of Eozoon,98.Canal System of Eozoon,40,66,107,176,181.Carpenter—referred to,41;on Eozoon,82;Reply to Carter,204.Caunopora,158.Chrysotile Veins,107,180.Chemistry of Eozoon,199.Coccoliths,70.Cœnostroma,158.Contemporaries of Eozoon,127.Côte St. Pierre,20.Derivation applied to Eozoon,225.Discovery of Eozoon,35.Eozoic Time,7.Eozoon,—Discovery of,35;Structure of,65;Growth of,70;Fragments of,74;Description of,65, 77 (also Appendix);Note on by Dr. Carpenter,82;Thickened Walls of,66;Preservation of,100;Pores filled with Calcite,97,109;with Pyroxene,108;with Serpentine,101;with Dolomite,109;in Limestone,110;Defective Specimens of,113;how Mineralized,102,116;its Contemporaries,127;Acervuline Variety of,135;VarietyMinorof,135;Acadianum,140;Bavaricum,148;Localities of,166;Harmony of with other Fossils,171;Summary of evidence relating to,176.Faulted Eozoon,182.Foraminifera, Notice of,61.Fossils, how Mineralized,93.Fusulina,74.Glauconite,100,125,220.Graphite of Laurentian,18,27.Green-sand,99.Grenville, Eozoon of,38.Gümbel on Laurentian Fossils,124;on Eozoon Bavaricum,141.Hastings, Rocks of,57.History of Discovery of Eozoon,35.Honeyman, Dr., referred to,140.Hunt, Dr. Sterry, referred to,35;on Mineralization of Eozoon,115;on Silurian Fossils infiltrated with Silicates,121;on Minerals of the Laurentian,123;on Laurentian Life,27;his Reply to Objections,199.Huronian Rocks,9.Intermediate Skeleton,64.Iron Ores of Laurentian,19.Jones, Prof. T. Rupert, on Eozoon,42.King, Prof., his Objections,184.Labrador Feldspar,13.Laurentian Rocks,7;Fossils of,130;Graphite of,18,27;Iron Ores of,19;Limestones of,17.Limestones, Laurentian,17;Silurian,98.Localities of Eozoon,166.Loftusia,164.Logan, Sir Wm., referred to,36;on Laurentian,24;on Nature of Eozoon,37;Geological Relations of Eozoon,48;on Additional Specimens of Eozoon,52.Loganite in Eozoon,36,102.Lowe, Mr., referred to,38.Long Lake, Specimens from,91.Lyell, Sir C., on Eozoon,234.Madoc, Specimens from,132.Maps of Laurentian,7,16.MacMullen, Mr., referred to,37.Metamorphism of Rocks,13,34.Mineralization of Eozoon,101;of Fossils,93;Hunt on,115.Nicholson on Stromatopora,165.Nummulites,73.Nummuline Wall,43,65,106,176,181.Objections answered,169,188.Parkeria,164.Petite Nation,20,43.Pole Hill, Specimens from,121.Proper Wall,43,65,106,176,181.Preservation of Eozoon,93.Protozoa, their Nature,59,207.Pseudomorphism,200.Pyroxene filling Eozoon,108.Red Clay of Pacific,222.Red Chalk,222.Reply to Objections,167,188.Receptaculites,162.Robb, Mr., referred to,120.Rowney, Prof., Objections of,184.Serpentine mineralizing Eozoon,102.Silicates mineralizing Fossils,100,103,121,220.Silurian Fossils infiltrated with Silicates,121.Steinhag, Eozoon of,146.Stromatopora,37,156.Stromatoporidæ,165.Supplemental Skeleton,64.Table of Formations,6.Trinity Cape,10.Tubuli Explained,66,106.Varieties of Eozoon,135,236.Vennor, Mr., referred to,46,57.Wentworth Specimens,91.Weston, Mr., referred to,20,40,162.Wilson, Dr., referred to,36.Worm-burrows in the Laurentian,133,139.
Butler & Tanner. The Selwood Printing Works. Frome, and London.
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Transcriber NotesThe labelPlate IIwas added to the illustration’s page. The “NOTES” sections were standardized to say “NOTES TO CHAPTER …” and the sections labeled as (A.), (B.), etc. The small-caps formatting of the first word of the first paragraph for the CHAPTER VII, NOTE C, was removed to match the other sections.The cover image was adapted from an image provided by The Internet Archive and is placed in the Public Domain.
Transcriber Notes
The labelPlate IIwas added to the illustration’s page. The “NOTES” sections were standardized to say “NOTES TO CHAPTER …” and the sections labeled as (A.), (B.), etc. The small-caps formatting of the first word of the first paragraph for the CHAPTER VII, NOTE C, was removed to match the other sections.
The cover image was adapted from an image provided by The Internet Archive and is placed in the Public Domain.