FOOTNOTES[1]The prefaces of Tyrrell and Purser, and the brief biographies of Strachan-Davidson and of Boissier are models of sane judgment regarding Cicero’s political behavior.[2]Throughout his life Cicero found no good word for Cinna, though he was fair enough to democracy to praise the Gracchans even during Sulla’s ascendancy,De Invent.1. 5.[3]Pro Roscio, 136.[4]In Caecil., 70;In Verr.i. 37; iii, 81;Pro Caec.69;Pro Cluent.151;In Toga Cand., ed. Stengl., 68;Lex Agr.ii. 81.[5]Pro Cluent., 151;In Toga Cand.69;Lex Agr.ii, 10; 31;Pro Rab.14, 15. In the days of his most pronounced sympathy for the senate he refers to the Gracchi with less deference and at times goes so far as to justify their execution.[6]De Imperio Cn. Pompei.[7]Ad Att.i. 4; Plut.Cic.9.[8]Pro Corn.ed. Stengl. p. 57.[9]Hardy (Jour. Phil.XXXIV, 16) denies that the question of the senate’sauctoritaswas at stake in this trial, since Sallust’sCatilineand Caesar’sBell. Civ.admit the constitutionality of theSen. Cons. Ult.But Sallust and Caesar wrote almost twenty years later, after Caesar had packed the senate for use in any measure he chose. The question was then no longer of any importance. Cicero’s speech,Pro Rabirio, definitely says that the issue at stake was the senate’s authority.[10]E. Meyer,Caesars Monarchie: a thesis questioned by Heinze. Sabine and Smith,Cicero on the Commonwealth(1929), keep their attention too closely to the Greek sources.[11]Ad. Att.viii. 11.[12]He does, however, not use those terms: cf.Fam.xi. 6:adpetam huius rei principatum;Fam.xii, 24, 2 (Jan. 43):me principem senatui populoque Romano professus sum;Fam.x. 28:totem rem publicam sum amplexus.[13]De Prov. Proc.38 ff.[14]See C. W. Keyes, “Original Elements in Cicero’s Ideal Constitution,”Am. Jour. Phil., 1921, 309 ff. A part of theDe Leg.was written before Pompey’s death.[15]The senate, though not a representative body, had voted all tax bills before the tribute was abandoned in 167 B.C. There is little doubt that the Gracchi would have altered this illogical procedure if the tribute had remained in their day. In 43 Cicero probably followed the only ancient precedent there was without considerations of political theory.[16]Cic.Phil.x. 17:legem comitiis centuriatis ex auctoritate nostra laturus est(Vibius Pansa).[17]De Natura Deor.i. 3, written during the summer of 45.[18]On Cicero’s use of Gloria seePro Rabirio, 29-30;Pro Archia, 28;Pro Sestio, 47;Ad Att.ii, 5. Late in life Cicero wrote a treatise in two books on this subject.[19]George Eliot used as a motto for her poem on this theme the very words of Cicero written when he proposed to erect the shrine to Tullia:longumque illud tempus cum non ero,Att.xii. 18.[20]Warde Fowler,Religious Experience, 385, has seen the significance of this experience.[21]He quotes it in the Tusculans, i, 68.[22]Ad. Att.xii. 18; it is curious that in this very letter he still reverts when speaking of himself, to his old agnosticism in longum illud tempuscum non ero.[23]Quoted by Lactantius,Inst. Div.i, 16.[24]For Cicero’s attitude onJus gentium, seeDe Off.iii. 17; i. 23.
[1]The prefaces of Tyrrell and Purser, and the brief biographies of Strachan-Davidson and of Boissier are models of sane judgment regarding Cicero’s political behavior.
[1]The prefaces of Tyrrell and Purser, and the brief biographies of Strachan-Davidson and of Boissier are models of sane judgment regarding Cicero’s political behavior.
[2]Throughout his life Cicero found no good word for Cinna, though he was fair enough to democracy to praise the Gracchans even during Sulla’s ascendancy,De Invent.1. 5.
[2]Throughout his life Cicero found no good word for Cinna, though he was fair enough to democracy to praise the Gracchans even during Sulla’s ascendancy,De Invent.1. 5.
[3]Pro Roscio, 136.
[3]Pro Roscio, 136.
[4]In Caecil., 70;In Verr.i. 37; iii, 81;Pro Caec.69;Pro Cluent.151;In Toga Cand., ed. Stengl., 68;Lex Agr.ii. 81.
[4]In Caecil., 70;In Verr.i. 37; iii, 81;Pro Caec.69;Pro Cluent.151;In Toga Cand., ed. Stengl., 68;Lex Agr.ii. 81.
[5]Pro Cluent., 151;In Toga Cand.69;Lex Agr.ii, 10; 31;Pro Rab.14, 15. In the days of his most pronounced sympathy for the senate he refers to the Gracchi with less deference and at times goes so far as to justify their execution.
[5]Pro Cluent., 151;In Toga Cand.69;Lex Agr.ii, 10; 31;Pro Rab.14, 15. In the days of his most pronounced sympathy for the senate he refers to the Gracchi with less deference and at times goes so far as to justify their execution.
[6]De Imperio Cn. Pompei.
[6]De Imperio Cn. Pompei.
[7]Ad Att.i. 4; Plut.Cic.9.
[7]Ad Att.i. 4; Plut.Cic.9.
[8]Pro Corn.ed. Stengl. p. 57.
[8]Pro Corn.ed. Stengl. p. 57.
[9]Hardy (Jour. Phil.XXXIV, 16) denies that the question of the senate’sauctoritaswas at stake in this trial, since Sallust’sCatilineand Caesar’sBell. Civ.admit the constitutionality of theSen. Cons. Ult.But Sallust and Caesar wrote almost twenty years later, after Caesar had packed the senate for use in any measure he chose. The question was then no longer of any importance. Cicero’s speech,Pro Rabirio, definitely says that the issue at stake was the senate’s authority.
[9]Hardy (Jour. Phil.XXXIV, 16) denies that the question of the senate’sauctoritaswas at stake in this trial, since Sallust’sCatilineand Caesar’sBell. Civ.admit the constitutionality of theSen. Cons. Ult.But Sallust and Caesar wrote almost twenty years later, after Caesar had packed the senate for use in any measure he chose. The question was then no longer of any importance. Cicero’s speech,Pro Rabirio, definitely says that the issue at stake was the senate’s authority.
[10]E. Meyer,Caesars Monarchie: a thesis questioned by Heinze. Sabine and Smith,Cicero on the Commonwealth(1929), keep their attention too closely to the Greek sources.
[10]E. Meyer,Caesars Monarchie: a thesis questioned by Heinze. Sabine and Smith,Cicero on the Commonwealth(1929), keep their attention too closely to the Greek sources.
[11]Ad. Att.viii. 11.
[11]Ad. Att.viii. 11.
[12]He does, however, not use those terms: cf.Fam.xi. 6:adpetam huius rei principatum;Fam.xii, 24, 2 (Jan. 43):me principem senatui populoque Romano professus sum;Fam.x. 28:totem rem publicam sum amplexus.
[12]He does, however, not use those terms: cf.Fam.xi. 6:adpetam huius rei principatum;Fam.xii, 24, 2 (Jan. 43):me principem senatui populoque Romano professus sum;Fam.x. 28:totem rem publicam sum amplexus.
[13]De Prov. Proc.38 ff.
[13]De Prov. Proc.38 ff.
[14]See C. W. Keyes, “Original Elements in Cicero’s Ideal Constitution,”Am. Jour. Phil., 1921, 309 ff. A part of theDe Leg.was written before Pompey’s death.
[14]See C. W. Keyes, “Original Elements in Cicero’s Ideal Constitution,”Am. Jour. Phil., 1921, 309 ff. A part of theDe Leg.was written before Pompey’s death.
[15]The senate, though not a representative body, had voted all tax bills before the tribute was abandoned in 167 B.C. There is little doubt that the Gracchi would have altered this illogical procedure if the tribute had remained in their day. In 43 Cicero probably followed the only ancient precedent there was without considerations of political theory.
[15]The senate, though not a representative body, had voted all tax bills before the tribute was abandoned in 167 B.C. There is little doubt that the Gracchi would have altered this illogical procedure if the tribute had remained in their day. In 43 Cicero probably followed the only ancient precedent there was without considerations of political theory.
[16]Cic.Phil.x. 17:legem comitiis centuriatis ex auctoritate nostra laturus est(Vibius Pansa).
[16]Cic.Phil.x. 17:legem comitiis centuriatis ex auctoritate nostra laturus est(Vibius Pansa).
[17]De Natura Deor.i. 3, written during the summer of 45.
[17]De Natura Deor.i. 3, written during the summer of 45.
[18]On Cicero’s use of Gloria seePro Rabirio, 29-30;Pro Archia, 28;Pro Sestio, 47;Ad Att.ii, 5. Late in life Cicero wrote a treatise in two books on this subject.
[18]On Cicero’s use of Gloria seePro Rabirio, 29-30;Pro Archia, 28;Pro Sestio, 47;Ad Att.ii, 5. Late in life Cicero wrote a treatise in two books on this subject.
[19]George Eliot used as a motto for her poem on this theme the very words of Cicero written when he proposed to erect the shrine to Tullia:longumque illud tempus cum non ero,Att.xii. 18.
[19]George Eliot used as a motto for her poem on this theme the very words of Cicero written when he proposed to erect the shrine to Tullia:longumque illud tempus cum non ero,Att.xii. 18.
[20]Warde Fowler,Religious Experience, 385, has seen the significance of this experience.
[20]Warde Fowler,Religious Experience, 385, has seen the significance of this experience.
[21]He quotes it in the Tusculans, i, 68.
[21]He quotes it in the Tusculans, i, 68.
[22]Ad. Att.xii. 18; it is curious that in this very letter he still reverts when speaking of himself, to his old agnosticism in longum illud tempuscum non ero.
[22]Ad. Att.xii. 18; it is curious that in this very letter he still reverts when speaking of himself, to his old agnosticism in longum illud tempuscum non ero.
[23]Quoted by Lactantius,Inst. Div.i, 16.
[23]Quoted by Lactantius,Inst. Div.i, 16.
[24]For Cicero’s attitude onJus gentium, seeDe Off.iii. 17; i. 23.
[24]For Cicero’s attitude onJus gentium, seeDe Off.iii. 17; i. 23.