FOOTNOTES:

Cheirocratus mantis.Helleria coalita.Nebalia bipes.From deep water. Burrows.Phoxichilidium coccineum.In rock pools.Nymphon gracile.}Nymphon hirtum. } Sea-spiders.Nymphon grossipes.}Pallene brevirostris.Pycnogonum littorale.In rock pools.Anomalocera Patersonii.Cetochilus septentrionalis.Both these are occasionally met with during summer, in millions.Notodelphys ascidicola.Found in the branchial sac of Ascidia mentula and communis.Peltidium purpureum.From deep water.Caligus diaphanus.Caligus rapax.Caligus minutus. A variety of the foregoing.Caligus micropus.Caligus curtus. All these are found on various fishes.Caligus isonyx. On the common gurnard. First taken as British at Banff in 1864 by T. E.Lepeophtheirus pectoralis.On various flounders.Lepeophtheirus Nordmannii. On the short sun-fish.Chalimus scombri.Trebius caudatus.Found on a Ling,Lota malva.Monima fimbriata, orfimbricata. On the short sun-fish. First taken as British at Banff in 1862, by T. E.Læmargus muricatus.On the Short Sun-fish.Cecrops Lattreillii.Attached to the gills of the sun-fish, bothshortandoblong.Chondracanthidæ soleæ.On the gills ofPlatessa vulgaris. First taken as British at Banff, in August 1863, by T. E.Lernentoma cornuta.On gills of Platessa vulgaris.Lernentoma asellina. On gills ofTrigla gurnardus.Lerneopoda salmonea.Attached to the gills of the Salmon.Basanistes salmonea.On the gills of the common trout.Brachiella bispinosa.On gills of Trigla. N.S. First taken at Banff by T. E. in May 1863.Anchorella uncinata.Attached to various fishes, such as the cod, haddock, whiting, etc.Anchorella rugosa.Lernea branchialis.Attached to the gills of the cod and haddock.Pennella fibrosa?Found on the short sun-fish.

Cheirocratus mantis.

Helleria coalita.

Nebalia bipes.From deep water. Burrows.

Phoxichilidium coccineum.In rock pools.

Nymphon gracile.}

Nymphon hirtum. } Sea-spiders.

Nymphon grossipes.}

Pallene brevirostris.

Pycnogonum littorale.In rock pools.

Anomalocera Patersonii.

Cetochilus septentrionalis.

Both these are occasionally met with during summer, in millions.

Notodelphys ascidicola.Found in the branchial sac of Ascidia mentula and communis.

Peltidium purpureum.From deep water.

Caligus diaphanus.

Caligus rapax.

Caligus minutus. A variety of the foregoing.

Caligus micropus.

Caligus curtus. All these are found on various fishes.

Caligus isonyx. On the common gurnard. First taken as British at Banff in 1864 by T. E.

Lepeophtheirus pectoralis.On various flounders.

Lepeophtheirus Nordmannii. On the short sun-fish.

Chalimus scombri.

Trebius caudatus.Found on a Ling,Lota malva.

Monima fimbriata, orfimbricata. On the short sun-fish. First taken as British at Banff in 1862, by T. E.

Læmargus muricatus.On the Short Sun-fish.

Cecrops Lattreillii.Attached to the gills of the sun-fish, bothshortandoblong.

Chondracanthidæ soleæ.On the gills ofPlatessa vulgaris. First taken as British at Banff, in August 1863, by T. E.

Lernentoma cornuta.On gills of Platessa vulgaris.

Lernentoma asellina. On gills ofTrigla gurnardus.

Lerneopoda salmonea.Attached to the gills of the Salmon.

Basanistes salmonea.On the gills of the common trout.

Brachiella bispinosa.On gills of Trigla. N.S. First taken at Banff by T. E. in May 1863.

Anchorella uncinata.Attached to various fishes, such as the cod, haddock, whiting, etc.

Anchorella rugosa.

Lernea branchialis.Attached to the gills of the cod and haddock.

Pennella fibrosa?Found on the short sun-fish.

houses and streetEDWARD’S HOUSE, LOW SHORE, BANFF.

EDWARD’S HOUSE, LOW SHORE, BANFF.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Some antiquarian writers are of opinion that “The Green” was the site of ancient Aberdeen. For instance, Sir Samuel Forbes of Foveran, in hisDescription of Aberdeenshire(1715), says, “From the end of the last-mentioned straight street [the Upper Kirkgate], there runs another southward and obliquely [the Nether Kirkgate], leading also to the town churches, and terminates in a pretty broad street, lying flat, and called the Green, the seat of the ancient city; where the river Dee receives a small rivulet, called the Denburn, covered with a bridge of three arches.”—Turreffs’sAntiquarian Gleanings, 290.[2]Cruive, a pigstye.[3]The question occurred, How did the child get amongst the pigs? He could not have climbed over the paling; he must have been lifted over. There was an old sweetheart of the quondam militiaman, whom he had deserted in favour of Margaret Mitchell. It was believed that she had maliciously lifted the child over the palings, and put him amongst the pigs, most probably from spite against her old lover.[4]In the north,loonsandqueansare boys and girls.[5]The pronunciation of the Aberdeenshire dialect is peculiar. For instance,faris where;fat, what;tee, to;dee, do;feel, fool;peer, poor;byeuk, book;been, bone, etc. It is said that Jane Maxwell, the handsome and beautiful Duchess of Gordon, was in the habit of amusing George III. by repeating phrases in Aberdonian doric; and that his Majesty plumed himself on his ability to interpret them. The Duchess one day tried his mettle with the following: “A gangrel bodie oot o’ the toon o’ Stanhive was i’ the way o’ wan’erin the kwintra wi’ a bit basket owre ’er gardie, crying, ‘Fa’ll buy my black doctors fulpit in a peel?’” The gangrel bodie was a leech-seller of Stonehaven, and of course the “doctors” were “whelped” in a pool.[6]Lum, chimney.[7]Nickem, a person given to mischievous tricks. The word is also used as an endearing phrase: mybonnie nickemis equivalent to mylittle dear.[8]Cooch, a dog-kennel.[9]Gruize, a rigor, generally preceding a cold or fever.[10]Gaun gyte, becoming insane, or acting foolishly.[11]Water-rats.[12]Den, dean, a dingle or small valley.[13]Byke, a bees’ nest.[14]Speer, to ask a question.[15]The Rev. James Gordon, in hisDescription of both Towns of Aberdeen(1661), says—“The bruike called the Den Burne runs beneath the west side of the citie; upon the brink quhairoff a little stone bridge, at that pairt wher the brooke entereth the river Dee, the Carmelites of old had a convent, whoes church and quholl precinct of building wer levelled with the ground that very day that the rest of the churches and convents of New Aberdeen wer destroyed. There remayneth now onlie ane kilne, which standeth in the outmost south corner of the citie, known this day by the name of the Freer Kilne.”[16]The “Taws” consist of a leather strap about three feet long, cut into tails at the end. Sometimes the ends are burnt, to make them hit hard. They are applied to the back, or the “palmies”—that is, the palm of the hand.[17]The Auld Brig is also called the Brig o’ Balgownie. Byron, who lived for some years at Aberdeen in his boyhood, says—“The Brig of Don, near the ‘auld toun’ of Aberdeen, with its one arch and its black deep salmon stream, is in my memory as yesterday. I still remember the awful proverb which made me pause to cross it, and yet lean over it with a childish delight—being an only son, at least by the mother’s side—‘Brig o’ Balgownie, wight (strong) is thy wa’;Wi’ a wife’s ae son on a mear’s ae foalDown thou shalt fa’.’“[18]Called also the English Mocking Bird, and the Scottish Nightingale.[19]Beild—shelter.[20]Stravaigin—idle, wandering, or strolling.[21]Tadpoles and frogs.[22]ThePenny Magazinewas published in 1832, when Edward would be about eighteen years old.[23]Maingie—many—“a great lot.” From the German wordMenge.[24]It proved to be aBrown Fritillery.[25]Dykeordike, in the North, means a stone or earth wall, not a ditch, as it means in the South.[26]Fumart, fromful merde, old French.[27]An encounter between an eagle and a polecat in the forest of Glen Avon, Banffshire, is thus described in theNew Statistical Account of Scotland. “The eagle builds its eyrie in some inaccessible rock, and continues from year to year to hatch its young in the same spot. One of these noble birds was killed some years ago, which measured upwards of six feet from tip to tip of the wings. One of the keepers of the forest being one day reclining on the side of a hill, observed an eagle hovering about for his prey, and, darting suddenly down, it caught hold of a polecat, with which it rose up, and flew away in the direction of an immense cliff on the opposite hill. It had not proceeded far, when he observed it abating its course, and descending in a spiral direction, until it reached the ground. He was led by curiosity to proceed towards the spot, which was about a mile distant from him, and there he found the eagle quite dead, with its talons transfixed in the polecat. The polecat was also dead, with its teeth fixed in the eagle’s gullet.”[28]The Celtic name forBig Head.[29]Lum, or chimney.[30]The modern church is at New Aberdour, nearer the centre of the population; but the churchyard at Old Aberdour is still used as the parish burying-ground. Nothing can be more disgraceful than the state of some of the country burying-places in Scotland. The graves at Aberdour are covered with hemlocks and nettles! And yet some money seems to have been spent in “ornamenting” the place. The ruins of the ancient church have actually been “harled”—that is, bespattered with a mixture of lime and gravel! Think of “harling” Melrose Abbey! The money spent in whitewashing the ruins would certainly have been better expended in removing the bits of old coffins, cutting down the hemlocks and nettles, and putting the burying-ground into better order. The Queen has shown a good example in ordering the churchyard of Crathie to be improved. But that of Braemar is still in a wretched state, being covered with hemlocks and nettles.[31]Their race is Celtic, whereas the inhabitants of the sea-shore are for the most part Scandinavian. Their language is Gaelic, whereas that of the rest of the county is Scoto-English. Their religion is Roman Catholic, whereas that of the lower part of the county is Protestant. There are many districts in Scotland where, in consequence of the inaccessibility of the roads, the Reformation never reached.[32]Links—sandy flat ground, sometimes covered with grass, lying along the sea-shore.[33]It was afterwards found that the visitor was Dr. Cadenhead, one of the principal physicians and oculists of the city.[34]Master shoemakers, in those days, employed Men’s men (that is men who made Men’s shoes), Women’s men, Boot men, and Pump men, according to the branch they worked at. Those who excelled in proficiency were called Dons. Edward was a Don Pump man. Few excelled him at that part of the business. It was for this reason that his master objected to his leaving the shop so often on his Natural History excursions; as he could find no one else to do this part of the work so well.[35]Sutor—Shoemaker.[36]This is the place so well described inJohnny Gibb of Gushetneuk. “There was a little house, too, at the foot of the north bank, where a drop of whisky could be got somehow in cases of emergency, as when the patient got ‘hoven’ with the liberal libations of salt-water previously swallowed, or when the taste lay strongly in that direction; but this was no part of the recognised regimen.”[37]Feel chiel—foolish fellow.[38]Kindling fires.[39]“The superstitious notion, that a spider shut up without food for a year is transformed into a diamond, has probably cost many of these insects their lives; and if the eradication of ancient prejudices be as serviceable to science as the discovery of new truths, the poor spiders may console themselves with the honour of martyrdom as justly as the innumerable frogs, who betrayed, amid their tortures, the mystery of galvanism. In this, as in other things, people have obtained a very different and perhaps more important result than they had expected. It appears that though spiders do not turn to diamonds, they can live a long time without food. An insect of this species, inclosed in a box for this rational purpose, was found alive after the poor sufferer had been forgotten for five years.”—Ackermann’s Repository, January 1815.[40]Zoologist, 1850 : 2915.[41]Zoologist, 1851 : 3057.[42]First in theBanffshire Journal, December 31, 1850; and afterwards copied by Mr. Smith in theZoologist, April 1851.[43]August 22, 1854.[44]“It is only about nine months since I took from the stomach of a Cod a stone which weighed above three pounds, to which the remains of an Actinia were still attached.”[45]Naturalist, 1855.[46]Most of Edward’s correspondence has been lost, destroyed, or used for “kindling.” He never had the least idea that old letters could be useful. When the author made inquiry about them, Edward said, “I fear there will be a great blank there. I am not aware when I began to correspond; and as for keeping letters, I had no reason for that; still, I may have some, and I will try and find them.” After about a week, he said, “I have found no old letters yet; but my wife tells me that she saw a box, about two years ago, in an old lumber garret, which she thinks may contain some useless old papers of mine. I will try and get it out, and make a search. I might have had many hundreds, if not thousands, if I had kept them. The postman, as well as my master and shopmates, were all surprised at the great number of letters I received for many years.” At last the box in the garret was discovered, and a small collection of letters was found in it, which the author has made use of in writing the latter part of this Memoir.[47]Annals of Natural History, vol. ii.[48]History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, ii. 201.[49]History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea.By C. Spence Bate and J. O. Westwood. Vol. ii. pp. 525-6.[50]Linnean Society’s Journal (Zoology), vol. ix. pp. 143-7.[51]Linnean Society’s Journal; “Zoology,” vol. ix. p. 38.[52]“A few additional Particulars regardingCouchia Edwardii. By Thomas Edward, A.L.S.”Linnean Society’s Journal; “Zoology,” vol. x.[53]On looking over the records of the Linnean Society, we find that on the 1st of February 1866, Thomas Edward was proposed as an Associate by C. Spence Bate, Jonathan Couch, A. Hancock, W. N. Brady, J. E. Gray, and M. W. Baird. He was elected by ballot on the 5th of April 1866.[54]This must have been about the beginning of 1868. The last letter which Edward received from Mr. Spence Bate was dated the 3d March 1868. In that letter Mr. Bate referred to some specimens of the Eisclados and Themisto which Edward had sent him about three months before. The correspondence then ceased.[55]Of the mischievous results of treating disease by electricity without medical knowledge, a remarkable instance is to be found in the Life of the Rev. F. W. Robertson, Brighton.[56]When the Museum was handed over to the Corporation, Edward’s salary was, in May 1866, increased to £13 : 13s. Seven months later Edward resigned the situation.[57]Dr. Beddoes, in hisStature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles, says, “The Black-haired Shetlanders are of low stature, with features approaching the Finnish type, and of a melancholic temperament” (p. 13). The island of Lewis also, in the Hebrides, indicates an aboriginal substratum of population of Finnish type and short stature.[58]After parting with the greater part of his third collection in 1867, Dr. Gray of the British Museum wrote to him: “I wish I had known that you had one or more collections to dispose of, as I should have been very glad to have purchased specimens of the Mollusca, Annelids, Star-fish, Holothurea, Echina, and small fishes of the coast of Banffshire, as I like to get specimens from the different parts of the coast. Should you have any more, please let me know.” But the request came too late.[59]“The Smith’s meer and the Shaemakers’ bairns are aye the worst shod.”[60]Souter—a shoemaker.Ne sutor, etc.[61]We are sorry to observe that the late Mr. Jonathan Couch, for whom Edward made so many of his researches at Banff, died in reduced circumstances,—rendering it necessary for his daughters to go out in search of employment.

[1]Some antiquarian writers are of opinion that “The Green” was the site of ancient Aberdeen. For instance, Sir Samuel Forbes of Foveran, in hisDescription of Aberdeenshire(1715), says, “From the end of the last-mentioned straight street [the Upper Kirkgate], there runs another southward and obliquely [the Nether Kirkgate], leading also to the town churches, and terminates in a pretty broad street, lying flat, and called the Green, the seat of the ancient city; where the river Dee receives a small rivulet, called the Denburn, covered with a bridge of three arches.”—Turreffs’sAntiquarian Gleanings, 290.

[2]Cruive, a pigstye.

[3]The question occurred, How did the child get amongst the pigs? He could not have climbed over the paling; he must have been lifted over. There was an old sweetheart of the quondam militiaman, whom he had deserted in favour of Margaret Mitchell. It was believed that she had maliciously lifted the child over the palings, and put him amongst the pigs, most probably from spite against her old lover.

[4]In the north,loonsandqueansare boys and girls.

[5]The pronunciation of the Aberdeenshire dialect is peculiar. For instance,faris where;fat, what;tee, to;dee, do;feel, fool;peer, poor;byeuk, book;been, bone, etc. It is said that Jane Maxwell, the handsome and beautiful Duchess of Gordon, was in the habit of amusing George III. by repeating phrases in Aberdonian doric; and that his Majesty plumed himself on his ability to interpret them. The Duchess one day tried his mettle with the following: “A gangrel bodie oot o’ the toon o’ Stanhive was i’ the way o’ wan’erin the kwintra wi’ a bit basket owre ’er gardie, crying, ‘Fa’ll buy my black doctors fulpit in a peel?’” The gangrel bodie was a leech-seller of Stonehaven, and of course the “doctors” were “whelped” in a pool.

[6]Lum, chimney.

[7]Nickem, a person given to mischievous tricks. The word is also used as an endearing phrase: mybonnie nickemis equivalent to mylittle dear.

[8]Cooch, a dog-kennel.

[9]Gruize, a rigor, generally preceding a cold or fever.

[10]Gaun gyte, becoming insane, or acting foolishly.

[11]Water-rats.

[12]Den, dean, a dingle or small valley.

[13]Byke, a bees’ nest.

[14]Speer, to ask a question.

[15]The Rev. James Gordon, in hisDescription of both Towns of Aberdeen(1661), says—“The bruike called the Den Burne runs beneath the west side of the citie; upon the brink quhairoff a little stone bridge, at that pairt wher the brooke entereth the river Dee, the Carmelites of old had a convent, whoes church and quholl precinct of building wer levelled with the ground that very day that the rest of the churches and convents of New Aberdeen wer destroyed. There remayneth now onlie ane kilne, which standeth in the outmost south corner of the citie, known this day by the name of the Freer Kilne.”

[16]The “Taws” consist of a leather strap about three feet long, cut into tails at the end. Sometimes the ends are burnt, to make them hit hard. They are applied to the back, or the “palmies”—that is, the palm of the hand.

[17]The Auld Brig is also called the Brig o’ Balgownie. Byron, who lived for some years at Aberdeen in his boyhood, says—“The Brig of Don, near the ‘auld toun’ of Aberdeen, with its one arch and its black deep salmon stream, is in my memory as yesterday. I still remember the awful proverb which made me pause to cross it, and yet lean over it with a childish delight—being an only son, at least by the mother’s side—‘Brig o’ Balgownie, wight (strong) is thy wa’;Wi’ a wife’s ae son on a mear’s ae foalDown thou shalt fa’.’“

‘Brig o’ Balgownie, wight (strong) is thy wa’;Wi’ a wife’s ae son on a mear’s ae foalDown thou shalt fa’.’“

‘Brig o’ Balgownie, wight (strong) is thy wa’;

Wi’ a wife’s ae son on a mear’s ae foal

Down thou shalt fa’.’“

[18]Called also the English Mocking Bird, and the Scottish Nightingale.

[19]Beild—shelter.

[20]Stravaigin—idle, wandering, or strolling.

[21]Tadpoles and frogs.

[22]ThePenny Magazinewas published in 1832, when Edward would be about eighteen years old.

[23]Maingie—many—“a great lot.” From the German wordMenge.

[24]It proved to be aBrown Fritillery.

[25]Dykeordike, in the North, means a stone or earth wall, not a ditch, as it means in the South.

[26]Fumart, fromful merde, old French.

[27]An encounter between an eagle and a polecat in the forest of Glen Avon, Banffshire, is thus described in theNew Statistical Account of Scotland. “The eagle builds its eyrie in some inaccessible rock, and continues from year to year to hatch its young in the same spot. One of these noble birds was killed some years ago, which measured upwards of six feet from tip to tip of the wings. One of the keepers of the forest being one day reclining on the side of a hill, observed an eagle hovering about for his prey, and, darting suddenly down, it caught hold of a polecat, with which it rose up, and flew away in the direction of an immense cliff on the opposite hill. It had not proceeded far, when he observed it abating its course, and descending in a spiral direction, until it reached the ground. He was led by curiosity to proceed towards the spot, which was about a mile distant from him, and there he found the eagle quite dead, with its talons transfixed in the polecat. The polecat was also dead, with its teeth fixed in the eagle’s gullet.”

[28]The Celtic name forBig Head.

[29]Lum, or chimney.

[30]The modern church is at New Aberdour, nearer the centre of the population; but the churchyard at Old Aberdour is still used as the parish burying-ground. Nothing can be more disgraceful than the state of some of the country burying-places in Scotland. The graves at Aberdour are covered with hemlocks and nettles! And yet some money seems to have been spent in “ornamenting” the place. The ruins of the ancient church have actually been “harled”—that is, bespattered with a mixture of lime and gravel! Think of “harling” Melrose Abbey! The money spent in whitewashing the ruins would certainly have been better expended in removing the bits of old coffins, cutting down the hemlocks and nettles, and putting the burying-ground into better order. The Queen has shown a good example in ordering the churchyard of Crathie to be improved. But that of Braemar is still in a wretched state, being covered with hemlocks and nettles.

[31]Their race is Celtic, whereas the inhabitants of the sea-shore are for the most part Scandinavian. Their language is Gaelic, whereas that of the rest of the county is Scoto-English. Their religion is Roman Catholic, whereas that of the lower part of the county is Protestant. There are many districts in Scotland where, in consequence of the inaccessibility of the roads, the Reformation never reached.

[32]Links—sandy flat ground, sometimes covered with grass, lying along the sea-shore.

[33]It was afterwards found that the visitor was Dr. Cadenhead, one of the principal physicians and oculists of the city.

[34]Master shoemakers, in those days, employed Men’s men (that is men who made Men’s shoes), Women’s men, Boot men, and Pump men, according to the branch they worked at. Those who excelled in proficiency were called Dons. Edward was a Don Pump man. Few excelled him at that part of the business. It was for this reason that his master objected to his leaving the shop so often on his Natural History excursions; as he could find no one else to do this part of the work so well.

[35]Sutor—Shoemaker.

[36]This is the place so well described inJohnny Gibb of Gushetneuk. “There was a little house, too, at the foot of the north bank, where a drop of whisky could be got somehow in cases of emergency, as when the patient got ‘hoven’ with the liberal libations of salt-water previously swallowed, or when the taste lay strongly in that direction; but this was no part of the recognised regimen.”

[37]Feel chiel—foolish fellow.

[38]Kindling fires.

[39]“The superstitious notion, that a spider shut up without food for a year is transformed into a diamond, has probably cost many of these insects their lives; and if the eradication of ancient prejudices be as serviceable to science as the discovery of new truths, the poor spiders may console themselves with the honour of martyrdom as justly as the innumerable frogs, who betrayed, amid their tortures, the mystery of galvanism. In this, as in other things, people have obtained a very different and perhaps more important result than they had expected. It appears that though spiders do not turn to diamonds, they can live a long time without food. An insect of this species, inclosed in a box for this rational purpose, was found alive after the poor sufferer had been forgotten for five years.”—Ackermann’s Repository, January 1815.

[40]Zoologist, 1850 : 2915.

[41]Zoologist, 1851 : 3057.

[42]First in theBanffshire Journal, December 31, 1850; and afterwards copied by Mr. Smith in theZoologist, April 1851.

[43]August 22, 1854.

[44]“It is only about nine months since I took from the stomach of a Cod a stone which weighed above three pounds, to which the remains of an Actinia were still attached.”

[45]Naturalist, 1855.

[46]Most of Edward’s correspondence has been lost, destroyed, or used for “kindling.” He never had the least idea that old letters could be useful. When the author made inquiry about them, Edward said, “I fear there will be a great blank there. I am not aware when I began to correspond; and as for keeping letters, I had no reason for that; still, I may have some, and I will try and find them.” After about a week, he said, “I have found no old letters yet; but my wife tells me that she saw a box, about two years ago, in an old lumber garret, which she thinks may contain some useless old papers of mine. I will try and get it out, and make a search. I might have had many hundreds, if not thousands, if I had kept them. The postman, as well as my master and shopmates, were all surprised at the great number of letters I received for many years.” At last the box in the garret was discovered, and a small collection of letters was found in it, which the author has made use of in writing the latter part of this Memoir.

[47]Annals of Natural History, vol. ii.

[48]History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, ii. 201.

[49]History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea.By C. Spence Bate and J. O. Westwood. Vol. ii. pp. 525-6.

[50]Linnean Society’s Journal (Zoology), vol. ix. pp. 143-7.

[51]Linnean Society’s Journal; “Zoology,” vol. ix. p. 38.

[52]“A few additional Particulars regardingCouchia Edwardii. By Thomas Edward, A.L.S.”Linnean Society’s Journal; “Zoology,” vol. x.

[53]On looking over the records of the Linnean Society, we find that on the 1st of February 1866, Thomas Edward was proposed as an Associate by C. Spence Bate, Jonathan Couch, A. Hancock, W. N. Brady, J. E. Gray, and M. W. Baird. He was elected by ballot on the 5th of April 1866.

[54]This must have been about the beginning of 1868. The last letter which Edward received from Mr. Spence Bate was dated the 3d March 1868. In that letter Mr. Bate referred to some specimens of the Eisclados and Themisto which Edward had sent him about three months before. The correspondence then ceased.

[55]Of the mischievous results of treating disease by electricity without medical knowledge, a remarkable instance is to be found in the Life of the Rev. F. W. Robertson, Brighton.

[56]When the Museum was handed over to the Corporation, Edward’s salary was, in May 1866, increased to £13 : 13s. Seven months later Edward resigned the situation.

[57]Dr. Beddoes, in hisStature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles, says, “The Black-haired Shetlanders are of low stature, with features approaching the Finnish type, and of a melancholic temperament” (p. 13). The island of Lewis also, in the Hebrides, indicates an aboriginal substratum of population of Finnish type and short stature.

[58]After parting with the greater part of his third collection in 1867, Dr. Gray of the British Museum wrote to him: “I wish I had known that you had one or more collections to dispose of, as I should have been very glad to have purchased specimens of the Mollusca, Annelids, Star-fish, Holothurea, Echina, and small fishes of the coast of Banffshire, as I like to get specimens from the different parts of the coast. Should you have any more, please let me know.” But the request came too late.

[59]“The Smith’s meer and the Shaemakers’ bairns are aye the worst shod.”

[60]Souter—a shoemaker.Ne sutor, etc.

[61]We are sorry to observe that the late Mr. Jonathan Couch, for whom Edward made so many of his researches at Banff, died in reduced circumstances,—rendering it necessary for his daughters to go out in search of employment.

WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

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SELF-HELP;

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHARACTER, CONDUCT,AND PERSEVERANCE.————————

“If I had read this look when I was a young man, my life would have been very different.”—Such was the remark made to me by a friend on returning Smiles’s ‘Self-Help,’ which I had given him to read. I was very much struck by the observation; and while thinking of the immense effect which this incomparable book has produced in England, and of the universally favourable reception which the Italian translation has received in this country, I received a letter from signor G. Barbèra, in which he invited me to write a book similar to the English one, but illustrated by Italian examples. I was much astonished at his thinking me equal to the work: but his valuable suggestion greatly delighted me, and I accepted his proposal with much cordiality.“—Michele Lessona, inVolere è Potere.

“‘Volere è Potere’ (‘Will is power’). Such is the title of a very interesting popular work just issued by the eminent Florentine publisher, G. Barbèra. The history of this production is rather curious. It may not be known that the most remarkable literary success achieved of late years in Italy (where literary successes are the rarest of all events) has fallen to the lot of Mr. Samuel Smiles’s admirable ‘Self-Help,’ an Italian version of which, published some time ago at Milan, has since gone through several editions, and still appears to be in continual demand. The idea of the book was a novelty for Italians, and the moral which it inculcates one so eminently deserving of being enforced upon all classes of the public of Italy, that the question soon arose whether it would not be advisable to extend the sphere of its utility by promoting the publication of a similar book, specially designed for Italian readers, and in which the examples of patient industry and of untiring perseverance in the pursuit of a fixed design should be drawn from home materials. An association founded in Florence with the express object of stimulating the educational movement among the people, offered a prize of 3000f. for the best production of the kind, and all the literary men of Italy were invited to compete. M. Lessona, an agreeable writer upon popular subjects, has already entered the lists, and printed his work (‘Volere è Potere’) without waiting for the award of the committee appointed to decide between the rival competitors.”—Standard.

“Une grande sagesse qu’on pourrait appeler la splendeur du bon sens, comme Platon définissait le beau la splendeur du vrai,—tel est le caractère qui distingue surtout ‘Self-Help.’ Ce livre, si populaire chez nos voisins, répond admirablement aux idées de la famille anglo-saxonne. Recevra-t-il chez nous le même accueil? Je l’espère, mais il aura aussi, je le crains, plus d’un vieux préjugé à combattre. En France, n’a-t-on point trop compté sur les institutions politiques malgré la durée éphémère des gouvernements? L’État peut faire du premier venu un ministre; il ne saurait en faire un grand homme, il même un fonctionnaire intègre et capable. Il est donc bon de chercher à d’autres sources ces énergies morales qui développent et régénèrent les sociétés.”—Revue des Deux Mondes.

“Mr. Smiles’s book is wise beyond the wisdom of any but a very few books that we have read. The chapter on the use and abuse of money we must commend to the reader’s own perusal. It is pregnant with practical wisdom, and contains, besides, some excellent remarks upon the improvidence of the working classes, and upon the evils entailed by the pursuit of vulgar ‘respectability’ among their so-called superiors. ‘Self-Help’ is one of the soundest, wisest, most instructive, and most wholesome works we have opened for a long time.”—Leader.

By the same Author, post 8vo, 6s.,

THRIFT:

A BOOK OF DOMESTIC COUNSEL.————————

“There is no book among the current literature of the day we would rather see in a young man’s hand than this. Although every person in his daily experience must meet with many instances of the folly of unthrift, especially among the poorer classes, the frequency of the text, and it is to be feared the disposition of the age, render the lesson valueless. Domestic economy as an art and a science is an unstudied subject, and one few writers have deemed worthy of their thoughts. We cannot therefore feel sufficiently thankful that the able writer of ‘Self-Help’ has turned his attention to it, and endeavoured, in language that has not only a literary charm about it, but bears the stamp of philanthropic earnestness, to rouse the interest, and thereby the reflection of the British public, in so important a matter of national welfare. The dignity of labour, the necessity of inducing habits of saving, the wickedness of extravagant living, the dangers of prosperity, and the want of sympathy between employers and employed, are topics on which Mr. Smiles speaks hard, and it may be unpleasant truths, accompanied by a fund of illustration. Perhaps no part of the book is so valuable as the dissipation of the superstitious belief in goad-luck, and the chapter on the art of living. We trust the work will be found in every village and public library, that its principles may be disseminated broadcast among our youth; and we can assure all that they may enjoy in it many an hour’s pleasant and profitable reading.”—Spectator.

“In Mr. Smiles’ latest book he gives us something more than an illustrative treatise on that homely and excellent virtue, Thrift. He deals with some of the leading social questions of the day, such as Co-operation and Association. He sketches the sanitary movement unsparingly, satirises the feminine follies of fashionable circles, and lastly concludes with an admirable essay on what may be called the æsthetics of common life. We all know what a book from Mr. Smiles is sure to be, anecdotical, practical, and abounding in good sense and every-day wisdom,—a book that is sure to entertain the old and instruct the young.”—Academy.

“Mr. Smiles has produced an interesting volume. His pages bristle with sage precepts and with admirable illustrations of the virtue he has undertaken to inculcate on his countrymen. There is no doubt ample room for a judicious homily on Thrift. The wealth of England was never so great as at this time, and the thoughtless improvidence of Englishmen was never so conspicuous. Mr. Smiles complains, as well he may, of the monstrous folly of highly-paid artizans, who spend half their wages in selfish pleasure; and he shows that the large gains of such men are no proof of prosperity, as they do but add to their thriftlessness, and serve to gratify animal indulgences. Money, like political power, in the hands of uncultivated men, is certain to be abused. . . . On the whole, Mr. Smiles’ volume is marked by sound good sense, tersely and vigorously expressed. There are few readers who will not gain from it more than one useful lesson; and to young men it may prove specially serviceable.”—Pall Mall Gazette.

“In writing one more good book, in these days when much that is worthless in literature finds favour with the masses, Mr. Smiles has added permanency to the lustre of a name which has long been a ‘household word’ amongst us, and entitled himself to the renewed thanks of every one who is interested in the prosperity, the happiness, and the well-being of the community. . . . May the lesson he teaches be deeply grafted in the minds of the rising generation, to whom more especially we commend the careful perusal and study of the work now before us.”—Derby Advertiser.

“Mr. Smiles has done something in the concluding pages of this volume to give us the supplement which many people have thought was lacking to his teaching. They are full of the highest thought, replete with generous sentiment, based on the true conception of man as a being who only begins his life here below. . . . The book in several ways supplements the former ones; and it is in one respect, at least, superior to them.”—Nonconformist.

By the same Author, post 8vo, 6s.,

CHARACTER:

A COMPANION VOLUME TO ‘SELF-HELP’ AND ‘THRIFT’.————————

“This work is so exactly fitted for a gift-book (and indeed a school-boy or a boy leaving school need desire no better one) that we are inclined to mention it here. The value of character above all mere intellectual culture, the blessedness of work, the necessity of courage and self-control, the sense of duty as the guiding star of life—these are some of the topics discussed in ‘Character,’—not, however, as abstract propositions, but with the help of a store of illustrations drawn from the biographies of great men. The book possesses, if we may use the expression, avitalforce, and can scarcely fail to stimulate the reader. The chapters headed ‘Companionship of Books,’ and ‘Companionship in Marriage,’ will be read with special interest.”—Pall Mall Gazette.

“To the lovers of a pure and healthy literature, this invigorating and high-toned volume from the pen of the author of ‘Self-Help’ will afford real and genuine enjoyment. In the clear and attractive style which has rendered his previous writings so deservedly popular, Mr. Smiles has here shown to what a height of mental and moral excellence our weak and imperfect nature may attain, and how much true nobility of character it may develop and sustain. . . . The last two chapters, on Companionship in Marriage and the Discipline of Experience, form a fitting conclusion to so excellent a book, and are pregnant with interest and lessons of the highest wisdom. The breadth and soundness of the views enunciated in the former on some delicate but universally important topics are especially commendable, and should be read and pondered over by all who see a much-neglected source of happiness for the people in the elevation of their home-life, and a more extensive cultivation of the domestic virtues.”—Leeds Mercury.

“Uniform in size with the author’s very popular ‘Self-Help,’ this work is of the same tone and cast of thought. Believing that character is a great power in the world, the author treats the various points in which it may be developed, or which call it forth. Hence, we have chapters on Home Power, Companionship, Temper, Marriage, Experience, and abundant citations of examples, so that the work is full of interest. It is difficult indeed to limit the good that may arise from these honest, earnest books, full of right thinking; plain, sensible, and not too full of sentiment.”—Publishers’ Circular.

“Readers of ‘Self-Help’ will need no further inducement to send them in search of the new work by the author of that charming book. . . . It would be difficult to select a book more admirably adapted as a present to a young man or young woman at the outset of life. The charm of the style is irresistible; the moral conveyed altogether unimpeachable.”—Manchester Courier.

“The author of ‘Self-Help’ has produced another little book which will soon run over the face of the land, and help to inspire the rising generation with ennobling sentiments. In our hunger for facts, we must not overlook the value of ideas. While we are striving to give our young people technical information, we must not omit to teach them to be truthful, high-thoughted, noble men and women. We must foster their abilities, but not forget Character. . . . Mr. Smiles, in this very charming volume, has brought together the opinions and sayings of good and wise men of all times, as to the various qualities which go to form character. . . . The result is a valuable book, calculated as well to give delight as to do good.”—Builder.

“Mr. Smiles has been fortunate in the choice of his subject: and, as a work of wise counsel and thoughtful instruction, the new book is quite as successful as any of its author’s previous works. Nor is it any less entertaining. It literally teems with apposite and interesting anecdotes, and the writer’s style is at once so lively and dignified, that on the one hand he never becomes dry however earnestly and seriously he discusses life and duty; and, on the other, he never degenerates into flippancy in his most amusing illustrations.”—Manchester Examiner.

By the same Author, post 8vo, 6s.,

INDUSTRIAL BIOGRAPHY:

IRON-WORKERS AND TOOL-MAKERS.————————

“Mr. Smiles has hit upon a rich vein of ore, and works it with great success. He has the art of biography, which is by no means so easy of attainment as, judging from the number of persons who attempt this species of composition, one would imagine it to be. Memoirs are countless, but the number of biographies that can be accepted as successful works of art are very few indeed. Mr. Smiles is not only a skilful workman, he has chosen a new field of work. Hitherto the great biographies have been written of soldiers and sailors, and statesmen, poets and artists, and philosophers. It would seem as if these only were the great men of the world, as if these only were the benefactors of mankind, whose deeds are worthy of memory. The suspicion has arisen that, after all, there may be other heroes than those of the pen, the sceptre, and the sword. There are, indeed, men in various walks of life whose footsteps are worthy of being traced; but, surely, considering what England is, and to what we owe most of our material greatness, the lives of our Engineers are peculiarly worthy of being written. ‘The true Epic of our time,’ says Mr. Carlyle, ‘is not Arms and the man, but Tools and the man—an infinitely wider kind of Epic.’ Our machinery has been the making of us; our iron-works have, in spite of the progress of other nations, still kept the balance in our hands. Smith-work in all its branches of engine-making, machine-making, tool-making, cutlery, iron ship-building, and iron-working generally, is our chief glory. England is the mistress of manufactures, and so the queen of the world, because it is the land of smith; and Mr. Smiles’s biographies are a history of the great family of smith. Many of the facts which he places before us are wholly new, and are derived from the most likely sources. Thus, Maudslay’s partner Mr. Joshua Field, and his pupil Mr. Nasmyth, supplied the materials for his biography. Mr. John Penn supplied the chief material for the memoir of Clement, and so of the other memoirs; though they necessarily go over much well-trodden ground, they contain also much original information, expressed with great clearness, and with a practised skill which renders the reader secure of entertainment in every page.”—Times.

“This is not a very large book, but it is astonishing how much individual, conscientious, and thoroughly original search has been required for its composition, and how much interesting matter it contains which we possess in no other form. Mr. Smiles rescues no name, but many histories, from oblivion. His heroes are known and gratefully remembered for the benefits they have conferred on mankind, but our knowledge of our benefactors has hitherto been mostly confined to our knowledge of the benefit. It was reserved for Mr. Smiles to discover in the workshop, heroes as true as ever hurled their battalions across a battle-field, and to present us with much-enduring, much-endeavouring, and brave men, where hitherto we had been content with disembodied, almost meaningless names. The present work is further distinguished, not indeed from its predecessors, but from much of the current literature, by the exquisitely pellucid English, the vigorous but unobtrusive style, in which the narratives are conveyed, the value of the work before us is doubled, and the time required for perusing, and especially for consulting it halved, by the full and minute index in which its contents are tabulated.”—Edinburgh Daily Review.

“This is one of the most delightful books we have ever read. It is at once practical, instructive, and suggestive. Whoever wishes to benefit his young friends will present them every one with a copy of this book. Whatever struggling mechanic who, feeling that there is something beyond what he now knows or can execute, yet hesitates or fears, let him read this book. It is a sovereign panacea for doubt or cowardice. Whoever takes delight in watching the development of knowledge and in ascertaining the sources of the privileges which surround him, let him possess himself of this book, and we can promise him a treat of no ordinary character.”—Sheffield Daily Telegraph.

By the same Author, Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.,

LIFE OF GEORGE STEPHENSON,

INCLUDING A MEMOIR OF HIS SON ROBERT STEPHENSON.Illustrated with Two Steel Portraits, and numerous Engravings on Wood.————————

“It is a singular fate that some of the world’s greatest benefactors should pass from the world with their history comparatively unnoticed . . . and we rightly rejoice when the claims of any of them are vindicated—when, from the hidden company of the Brindleys and Watts, men risen from the ranks to do world-wide service, and incidently to be the architects of their country’s later greatness, we can obtain the authentic history of such a creator as George Stephenson. It is not too much to say, that by Mr. Smiles, who has performed this office with eminent success, a considerable void is filled up in the page of modern history. We see the vast proportions of our modern achievements, and the epic story of this age of iron, more than half comprised in the feats of its strongest and most successful worker. The worker himself, with his noble simplicity and energy, his zeal for his kind, his native-born gentleness, and indomitable tenacity, would probably have been eminent in any age or condition of society; but, in virtue of his actual achievements and the obstacles he surmounted, of his struggles and triumphs, we may designate him a hero, and ask, in defence of this arbitrary title, what real conditions of heroism were wanting?”—The Times.

“We have read this book with unmingled satisfaction. We hardly ever remember to have read a biography so thoroughly unaffected. There is no pushing forward of the author himself—he never comes between us and his subject. The book is an artless attempt to set out the character and career of one of the most ingenuous, honest, resolute, homely, and kind-hearted of human beings. We thank Mr. Smiles for having made the man walk before us in a most life-like picture. The entire style of the work is unambitious, lucid, thoroughly manly, and good.”—Saturday Review.

“We should like to see this biography in the hands of all our young men. One breathes a healthy, bracing atmosphere in reading this book. It sets before us a fine instance of success in life attained purely in the exercise of genuine qualities. There was no sham about George Stephenson. . . . He was a great and good man, and we can give the ‘Life’ no higher praise than to say that it is worthy of its subject. Mr. Smiles is so anxious to place the character and career of Stephenson justly before his readers, that he quite forgets himself. . . . We do not know that there ever lived an individual to whom each separate inhabitant of Great Britain owes so much of real tangible advantage.”—Fraser’s Magazine.

“It is the fate of few men, even of those who are the most signal public benefactors, to be known and appreciated by the generation in which they live. The fame of George Stephenson spread slowly, and, great as it has at last become, we cannot question that it will continue to increase with time. Not only is he a surprising example of a labourer raising himself to wealth and eminence without one solitary advantage except what he derived from his own genius; but the direction which that genius took has stamped his name upon the most wonderful achievement of our age. . . . He died, leaving behind him the highest character for simplicity, kindness of heart, and absolute freedom from all sordidness of disposition. His virtues are very beautifully illustrated, and by no means exaggerated, in his Life by Mr. Smiles. . . . There is scarcely a single page of the work which is not suggestive, and on which it would not be profitable to institute inquiry into the results of past experience as compared with present practice. The whole ground is novel, and of the highest interest.”—Quarterly Review.

“The author of the Railway System—already adopted in every civilised country, and everywhere bringing forward vast social changes—is the real hero of the half-century. This instructive and deeply interesting story of his youth will contribute to keep alive the hopes, incite the perseverance, encourage the industry, and form the mind of after generations. It is one of the tales which ‘the world will not willingly let die.’ The realities of Stephenson’s life, which till now have found no biographer, are more astounding than the fancies of even Eastern poets. . . . His life is an admirable model for youth, supplied by one of the working multitude, while his exertions will help to relieve them from the extraordinary difficulties which he had to surmount.”—Economist.

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