N.
Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I.257.323. II.79.Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI.SeeStaël.Nemours, duke of, joined by thegreat Condé, I.78. Is woundedin the battle of St. Antoine,81.Killed in a duel by his brother-in-lawthe duke of Beaufort,82.Nevers, duke of, I.313.Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir MartinMarplot" an imitation of"L'Etourdi" of Molière, I.103.Newton, sir Isaac, II.18.24.25.Nicole, M., theologian, I.198.267.307.315.Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confidedto, I.120, n. Molière reads his"Tartuffe" to,120. The marquisde Sévigné her admirer,217.230.The marquis de Grignan,230, n.Ladies of the court friendly toher,235.Noailles, de, archbishop of Parisand cardinal, I.339.Noyer, madame du, II.7.8.Noyer, mademoiselle du, admirationof Voltaire for, II.8. She marriesthe baron de Winterfeld,9.
O.
"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I.54."Œdipe," Voltaire's, II.15.Olivet, l'abbé, observations on LaFontaine by, I.151.155.Orléans, Gaston duke of, I.66.81.SeeHenrietta, duchess of.Orléans, duke of, regent, I.363. II.10. Voltaire suspected of writingthe "Philippiques," a satire onthe regent,15.Ormesson, M. d', I,223.
P.
"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I.31.32.34. Editions of,38. Pantagrueliancaricatures, wood-cuts,38. "Pantagrueline Prognostication,the," I.37.Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I.32.35.38.Paris, day of the barricades, I.68.Blockade of,70.217. The troopsof the capital despised,71. Riotand licentiousness,71. The princeof Condé defeated by Turenneunder the walls of,81. Paris notfavourable to stage representationsduring the civil war,102.Parisian society ridiculed by Molièrein his plays,107. Parisiansociety in the time of Voltaire, II.6.et seq.Reception of Voltaireat Paris in 1788,102. Paris duringthe Revolution, see vol. II., livesof Mirabeau, &c.Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of,I.183. His family noble,184. Hisparents,184. Education as proposedby his father Etienne,185.His companions, men of science,136. His untutored exertions inmathematics,187. His father'sdelight on discovering his studies,187. Reads Euclid by himself,188. Writes on conic sections,188. His sisters,188. JacquelinePascal assists in obtaining theirfather's recal by Richelieu,189.He studies languages and metaphysics,190. Chronical ill-healththe result of excessive application,190. His arithmeticalcomputator,190. His investigationof the properties of atmosphericair,191. "On the Equilibriumof Liquids,"194. "Onthe Weight of the Atmosphere."194. His early piety,195. Hisloss of health,195. And of hisfather,196. An accident in acoach influences his mind,196.His seclusion from worldly intercourse,197. His visits to PortRoyal,198. "Lettres Provinciales"by,199. Success of Pascal,201. Reputation of his workamong the learned for style andeloquence,202. His adherenceto rules of privation, &c. causeschronical maladies,204. His solutionof the problem of the cycloid,and other questions ingeometry,204. His challenge tofurnish a solution of these problemsaccepted by Wallis andHuygens, &c.,205. Pascal's triumphtherein,205. His self-denialand consequent debility,205.206. His "Lettres Provinciales"condemned by the parliamentof Provence,207. Hiscommunications on his death-bed,208. His death at thirty-nineyears of age,210. Considerationof his virtues and piety,210. His "Pensées," 211. His argumentagainst atheism,211. Hisgenius,339. Fénélon's opinion of,362. His "Pensées" arrangedand attacked by Condorcet, II.177.Pascal, Etienne, indebted to hischildren's talent for his recal fromexile, I.190. Made intendant atRouen,190. His decease,196.Pascal, Jacqueline, I.189.195.196.Particulars relative to her deathwhen sub-prioress of the conventof Port Royal,207.Paul III., pope, I.28. Rabelaisrequests his holiness to excommunicatehim,29.Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on,I.175.Pelletier, poetry of, I.265.Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière'scenotaph, I.148.Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I.120.147.Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal),I.190.197. Alleged miraculouscure of her daughter, a nun, atPort Royal,202. Her life of herbrother, Blaise Pascal,202, n. Sheblames him for the morosenessof his seclusion and rules of life,203.Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle deLouis XIV.," I.287. Boileaudirects his satire against him,287. his "Mother Goose's Tales,"287, n.Perrin, translator of the "Æneid,"I.265.Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles,I.152.Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II.45.50.Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I.155."Plutarch's Lives," I.155.Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I.35.Poison, when innocent,29.30."Polyeucte," tragedy, I.50.Pompadour, madame de, II.55.57.Pomponius Lætus, I.37.Pont, madame du, poems addressedby Corneille to, I.43.Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelaisin his romance, I.37.Pontverre, M. de, II.116.Pope, Alexander, quotation fromhis works, I.179.Port Royal, abbey of, I.199. AngelicaArnaud, abbess,198.Learned men who lived in retirementnear this cloister,199. Controversyof the abbé Arnaud withthe Sorbonne,200. Alleged miracleat, regarding the cure of aniece of Pascal,201. Dispersionof the nuns,207.Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I.266.His "Phèdre," brought out inopposition to Racine's tragedy,312.Puy Morin, M. de, a brother ofBoileau Despréaux, II.21."Précieuses Ridicules, les," satiricalcomedy of Molière, I.85. Asatire of French manners, affectedlanguage, and of the clique ofl'Hôtel Rambouillet,107.110."Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain,I.262,263, n."Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire,II.25.28.33.Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experimenton atmospheric pressure, on the,I.193,194.
O.
Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II.24.Quesnel, le Père, I.362.Quietism, account of, I.350. II.87."Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaineon bark or, I.163.178.
R.
Rabelais, Francis, designated agreat jester by lord Bacon, I.23.Born about 1483 at Chinon, inTouraine,23. Parentage of, andreputed propensity to wine,23.Educated in a monastery,24.Takes the habit of the order ofSt. Francis,24. Envy at hispreaching,24. Malice of theFranciscans at,24. Budæus lamentsit,24. Alleged reasons forconfining him on short commons,25. Personates St. Francis andlaughs at devotees,25. For whichhe is whipt,25. Relieved bygaiety and learning,25. Joins theorder of St. Benedict,25. Henext studies medicine at Montpellier,26. Lectures on Hippocratesand Galen,26. Defendsthe privileges of the faculty ofMontpellier,27. His scarlet gown,27. How diminished,27.28. Hepractises at Lyons,27.28. Accompaniescardinal du Bellay toRome,27.28. In what character,27.28. His epistolary correspondence,27.28. Interview withPaul III.,29. His notion as toexcommunication,29.Bruitsasto the method of his return toLyons and journey to Paris,29.Takes his own supposititious poison,30. Is librarian, &c. to DuBellay,30. His "Lives of theGiants Gargantua and of Pantagruel,"31. Privilege of publicationby king Francis,31. Aristoteliancontroversy ensuingthereon,31. His work condemnedby the Sorbonne,31. Heattacked the popes and clergy ofRome, and the monastic orders,31. Account of his book,32.And of his religious principles,33.De Thou's account of,33. LaBruyère, La Fontaine, favourableopinions of,34. Bayle and Voltairecontemn him,34. Expositionof his views,34. Imitatorsof,36. Various writings of specified,37. "Letters from Italy,"37. Poetry of,37. Parallel ofSwift and Rabelais,36.37. Editionsof his "Giants Gargantuaand Pantagruel,"38. The"Rabelæsiana,"38. His acquisitionsas an universal linguist,38. Also in science,38. His noblecarriage and expressive physiognomy,38. His fulfilment of dutiesas curé de Meudon,39. Deathaged seventy,39. His death-bed,39. Epitaphs for,39. Furtherallusions to,154.170.Rabutin, family of, I.214.Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin ofmadame de Sévigné, I.217.SeeBussy-Rabutin.Racine, Jean, a rival of the greatCorneille, I.57. His comedy of"Les Plaideurs,"58. Pathos ofhis tragedy of "Bérénice,"58.His "Britannicus,"118. Hisdaughter describes the demeanourof La Fontaine,181. Is receivedat the court of Louis XIV.,279. Historiographer togetherwith Boileau,279.316. They accompanythe king to the siege ofGaud,280. Racine makes severalcampaigns,281.289.317. Theyread their history to the king,282. Affair of his and Boileau'spensions,289. His parents respectable;left Racine and hissister, orphans,297. His educationat Beauvais,297. His predilectionfor the Greek tragedy,299. His studies at Port Royal,299. Removes to the universityof Paris,300. His ode entitled"Nymphes de la Seine,"301.Colbert rewards his early genius.301. His ambition excited,301.Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin,at Uzès in Provence,302. Hisletters at that time,302. His dislikeof the patois of Provence,303. His study of Virgil and St.Thomas Aquinas,303. His "Bathof Venus," a poem,304. Beginsa play of "Theagines and Charicles,"304. He returns to Paris,occupied with poetry and thedrama,304. He writes for Molière,304. His "Alexandre,"305.It occasions a quarrel betwixtMolière and the aspirant for fame,306. Racine teaches la Champméléto recite,307. Critics attackhim keenly,307. His reply to M.Nicole of Port Royal,307.308.Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus,""Bajazet," "Iphigénie,""Mithridates," "Phèdre,"&c.,308-312. Writes "Bérénice"in rivalry with Corneille'stragedy of,308. His comedy of"Les Plaideurs" the result of alawsuit in which he had beentired out and foiled,310. Humourof this comedy,311.Takes his seat in the French Academy,312. His "Phèdre" bringshim into disputes, which producedesire to lay down his pen,312.313. His religious principles,313. His marriage,314. MadameRacine's ignorance of poetry,314.His daughters take the veil,314.His new mode of life induces himto seek reconciliation with theabbé Arnaud,315. Succeedstherein,315. Writes "Athalie,"320. His "Esther,"251.320. Hisconversations with Louis XIV.and madame de Maintenon,320.323.325. Dies of an abscess,326.Displayed the force of friendshipin his last parting with Boileau,326. Critique,327. "Phèdre"and "Athalie," his best tragedies;"Bérénice" and "Britannicus"the most pleasing,328.Racine, Louis, son of the tragicpoet, I.291.307.Rambonet, Prussian councillor ofstate, II.39.Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary societyof the, I.84. Celebratedauthors who frequented it,85.220. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules"designed as a satire on,85.107.Rameau, musical composer, II.128.136.Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversyon Aristotle, I.31.Rennes, in Britany, political affairsat, I.243. Severe example made,243.Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I.68.His projects and partisans,69.Temporary success of the Fronde,73. His affray with Rochefoucauldin the palace of justice,75.In danger of violence from themob of Paris,76. His intriguesand artifices,80.82. A relationof the marquis de Sévigné,217.His disgrace and imprisonment,221. He escapes from the citadelof Nantes,221. He repairs toSpain,222. Esteem of madamede Sévigné for,241. His death,247. His "Memoirs" quoted, I.77.Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne'sEssays dedicated to, I.21. Policyof,41. His dramas,41.43.101.The "Comédie des Tuileries,"43. His theatre,43. He invitesthe French Academy to criticisethe "Cid" of Corneille,47. Herepresses the powerful nobles ofFrance,64. His great authority,64. His death,65. His expeditioninto Rousillon when hisdeath was approaching, withLouis XIII. in the same condition,100. Execution of Cinq-Mars,and of de Thou,100. Herevived the arts in France,101.Richelieu, duke of, II.53.107.Rochefoucauld, de la, François,duke, his experience at court, I.63. His Maxims declare self-lovethe chief motive principle,63.Dignity and ancient power of hisfamily,63. Obliged to quit thecourt,64. Was at first calledPrince de Marsillac,65. His returnon the death of Richelieu,65. Meets the duchess de Chevreuseon her way to Paris,66. Iswounded at the siege of Mardike,67. Is governor of Poitou,67.His attachment for the duchessde Longueville,69. His gallantryand wounds,71. Is desirous ofthe restoration of peace,71. Succeedshis father as duke de laRochefoucauld,73. Raises troopsin Guienne, and endeavours todefend Bordeaux,73. Seizes deRetz in the palace of justice, butrefrains from slaying him,75.Is wounded by an arquebuse inthe action of St. Antoine at Paris,81. He retires to Danvilliers torecover from his wounds,83. Hequits the party of Condé,84. Hisactive life concludes with thepacification,84. He gives Gourvillean honourable employmentin his family,84. Is an ornamentof the literary coterieof the Hôtel Rambouillet,84.85.His friendship for the countess dela Fayette, a celebrated novelist,85. De Retz's character of theduke,86, n. Rochefoucauld'scouplet for the picture of theduchess of Longueville,83. Hisportrait of cardinal de Retz,86, n.Personal and moral qualities ofRochefoucauld,87. Character of,by his contemporaries,87.88.His sons,88. Madame de Sévigné'saccount of his last illness,89. His death,90. His "Maxims"reviewed,91-95. His"Memoirs of the Regency ofAnne of Austria,"96. Some quotationsfrom his Memoirs,65.68.70, &c.Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriagewith the prince de Marsillac,I.83.Rochelle, siege of La, I.214. Englishdescent on the Isle of Rhéfor relief of the town,215."Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille,I.52. Gilbert's tragedy of,53.Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage ofVoltaire, II.17. Does not chooseto fight the poet,18.Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon),her opinion of the marquis ofCondorcet, II.187.193. Herliterary reputation,260. HerMemoirs,260. Condition ofher parents,261. Receives acareful education,261. Herearly habits,262. Her admirationof Pascal and the Port-Royal,263. Vain of her intellectualpowers and acquiredtalents,264. Her suitors,265. Impressionson reading the "NouvelleHéloise,"266. Her habit ofwriting her remarks,267. Shelives in a convent on a scantyincome,267. M. Roland de laPlatière,268. His high character,268. Sues for her hand,and is referred to her father,who rejects him,269. Conducton this event,270. Theirunion takes place,270. Theytravel through Switzerland andEngland,271. Wish to go toAmerica,271. Her letters,271.She gladly hails the revolution,272. Her fears as to its nature,272. Monsieur Roland deputedon financial affairs from Lyons tothe National Assembly,273. Shereturns to Paris, and is greatlyadmired,273. Her husband consortswith the Girondists andBrissot,273. Her political sentimentson the crisis,275. Herrepublican love of liberty,275.Roland appointed minister of theinterior,277. His costume atcourt,277. Is dismissed,278.Recalled by Louis XVI.,279. Herdread of Robespierre, Marat, andDanton,280. Description of madameRoland by Le Montey,281.Dumont's testimony of her modestyof demeanour,282. Energyof M. Roland against the Septembriseurs,282. He is the chiefhope of the Girondist party,283.He endeavours to repress theMountain party,285. Executionof Louis XVI., whereupon M.Roland resigns his office,285.Madame Roland in danger of arrest,285. Prepares to leave Paris,285. Prevented by sickness,286.On the order to arrest her husbandshe determines to appear beforethe Convention to expostulate,286. Escape of her husbandand fortitude with regard her ownperil,286. She was said to ad.mire the handsome Barbaroux,deputy for Marseilles,286. Hercalmness on being arrested,287.Arranges a systematic mode oflife in the Abbaie,287. Commitsher observations on the leadersof the revolution to writing,288. Deceptive assurance of herbeing at liberty,288. But carriedto Ste. Pélagie,288. Shenames Marceau to be her advocate,291. Her defence writtenby her over-night,291. Her sentence,291. Is guillotined,292.Her dying address to the statueof Liberty,293. M. Roland, insafety at Rouen, stabs himself,not to outlive his wife,293. Hercourage and sweetness of characterrecorded,293.Romance, Spanish, I.45.Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I.28.Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited,29. He attacks the vices of thehigh clergy and ignorance of themonks,31.Rotrou, poetry of, I.43.Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banishedon his dispute with M. Saurin,II.6. His quarrel with Voltaire,17.31.Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculedby Voltaire, II.88. Born at Genevain 1712,111. His studies inthat town,112. Early life of,113.His "Confessions,"113.et passim.His rambles,115. Visits the curéPontverre,116. Visits madame deWarens at Annecy,117. Is sent asa proselyte to an hospital at Turin,117. Errors and consequent remorse,119. Leads a vagabondlife,120. Returns to madame deWarens,121. His want of moralcourage,121. She departs forParis,122. Becomes a music-masterat Neufchâtel,122. Andat Chambery,124. His projects,125. Resides with madame deWarens at Les Charmettes, nearChambery,125. His new methodof noting music,127. Arrivesin Paris,128. AccompaniesM. Montaigu as secretary to Venice,128. Returns to Paris, andis kindly received by his formerfriends,129. His mistress, Thérèsele Vasseur,130.144.162. Hesends their children to the FoundlingHospital,131. His account ofthis act in his "Confessions,"130. Remissness of his moral sentiments,132. His friendship forDiderot,133.144. Laments hisfriend's imprisonment,144. Theacademy of Dijon having proposeda question as to the influence ofthe progress of arts and sciences onthe happiness and virtue of man,Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts,it to be of evil tendency, and soeloquently as to bear off the palm134. This success acquires himconsideration,135. He refusesthe offer of a place with a farmer-general,although a road to fortune,129.135. Earns a livelihoodby copying music,135. His "Devindu Village,"136. It becomesthe fashion with the great to encourageand soothe him,136. RevisitsGeneva,137. Abjures theRomish faith,137. He inhabitsthe Hermitage, near the wood ofMontmorenci,138. His writings,139. His meditations and daydreams,139. His "System ofEducation,"139. Writes the"Nouvelle Héloise,"140.150. Hisdeclarations to madame d'Houdetot,142. His mental sufferingsnurtured by this hopeless passion,145. Accusation against Grimm'sloyalty in his conduct to Rousseau,145. Diderot's letter toRousseau respecting madamed'Epinay,146. Indecision of JeanJacques,146. Removes to Montmorenci,147. Diderot having offendedhim, seeks a reconciliation,and is repulsed,148. Thenobility court him with compassionateregard,150. His religiousprinciples unsettled,152. "TheConfession of the Vicar of Savoy,"152. Consequences of the publicationof "Emile,"153. The"Emile" of Rousseau condemnedto the flames at Geneva,153.Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun,in the territory of Bern,154.Exiled by the states of Bernand Geneva, he settles at Motiers,near Neufchâtel,154. Engagesin a controversy of the Genevans,157. His "Lettres écrites de laMontagne,"157. Resides in theisland of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne,158. Accompanies DavidHume to England,159. Writesthe first portion of his "Confessions"at Wotton,160. GeorgeIII. grants him a pension of 100l.per annum,161. Being half deranged,he flies to France,161.Is protected by the prince of Conti,162. He quits the Armeniandress he had worn for ten years,163. Is welcomed in Paris,163.Reads his "Confessions" to acircle of acquaintance,164. Hismode of life, and diligence inearning a subsistence,165. Theprince de Ligne takes an interestin his welfare,165. His objectionto receive presents,167.Respect shown for him by aParisian audience at a theatre,168. His death,169. Inquiryinto his state of mind,169.etpassim.Inscription on his tomb,170. His character,171. His reveries,172. Critique on the"Emile,"173. On the "NouvelleHéloise,"174.