Footnotes

Footnotes1.Strype remarks of Thames water that it "did sooner become fine and clear than the New River water, and was ever a clearer water."—Strype, Stow's Survey, ed. 1720, bk. i, p. 25. Another writer speaks of "that most delicate and serviceable ryver of Thames."—Howes's Chron., p. 938.2.During Edgar's reign (958-975), the foreign trade of the City had increased to such a degree, and notably with a body of German merchants from the Eastern shores of the Baltic, called "Easterlings" (subsequently known as the Hanse Merchants of the Steel-yard), that his son and successor Ethelred drew up a code of laws for the purpose of regulating it.3."Et ipsa (i.e.Lundonia) multorum emporium populorum terrâ marique venientium."—Hist. Eccl., lib. ii, cap. iii.4.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 409.5.See ordinances made by the Earl (32 Eliz.).—Hunter's Hallamshire (1819), p. 119.6.Luttrell, Diary, i, p. 314.7."At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter hostes Londinium perrexit, cognomento quidem coloniæ non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre."—Tacitus, Ann., xiv, 33.8.For the direction of the various routes, see Elton's Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 344 note.9.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i., 60.10.The church of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill claims a Roman origin, but its claim is unsubstantiated by any proof.11.This appeal took the following form:—"The groans of the Britons to Aetius, for the third time Consul [i.e.A.D.446]. The savages drive us to the sea, and the sea casts us back upon the savages; so arise two kinds of death, and we are either drowned or slaughtered."—Elton, Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 360.12."Postea vero explorata insulæ fertilitate et indigenarum inertia, rupto fœdere, in ipsos, a quibus fuerant invitati arma verterunt."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Anglic. (Rolls Series No. 82). Proœmium. p. 13.13.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 12.14."In qua videlicet gente tune temporis Sabertus, nepos Ethelberti ex sorore Ricula, regnabat quamvis sub potestate positus ejusdem Ethelberti, qui omnibus, ut supra dictum est, usque ad terminum Humbræ fluminis, Anglorum gentibus imperabat."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii.15."Quorum [i.e., Orientalium Saxonum] metropolis Lundonia civitas est."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii. So, again, another writer describes London at the time it was devastated by the Danes in 851 as "Sita in aquilonari ripa Tamesis fluminis in confinio East-Sæxum et Middel-Sæxum, sed tamen ad East-Sæxum illa civitas cum veritate pertinet."—Flor. Wigorn., (ed. by Thorpe, for Engl. Hist. Soc.), i, 72.16.Kemble. Saxons in England, ii, 556.17."Mellitum vero Lundonienses episcopum recipere noluerunt, idolatris magis pontificibus servire gaudentes. Bede, Lib. ii, cap. vi.—Cf.Flor. Wigorn., i, 13.18."Ecclesiam ... beati Petri quæ sita est in loco terribili qui ab incolis Thorneye nunenpatur ... quæ olim ... beati Æthelberti hortatu ... a Sabertho prædivite quodam sub-regulo Lundoniæ, nepote videlicet ipsius regis, constructa est."—Kemble, Cod. Dipl., 555.19.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), i, 8, 16, 18.20.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., p. 53, &c.21.Thorpe, 114. The Troy weight was kept in the Husting of London and known as the Husting-weight.—Strype, Stow's Survey (1720), Bk. v., 369.22.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 55.23."And in the same year [i.e.851] came three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the Thames, and landed, and took Canterbury and London by storm."—Id.ii, 56.24.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 64, 65.25.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—the existence of which in its present form has been attributed to Alfred's encouragement of literature—seems to convey this meaning, although it is not quite clear on the point. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 44, pp. 148-149) ascribes the recovery of London by Alfred to the year 886. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, i., 56) does the same, and compares the status of London at the time with that of a German free city, which it more nearly resembled, than an integral portion of a kingdom.26.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 279.27.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 67.Cf."Lundoniam civitatem honorifice restauravit et habitabilem fecit quam etiam. Ætheredo Merciorum comitti servandam commendavit."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 101.28.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 405.29.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 71.30.According to Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74. p. 150) Alfred diverted the waters of the Lea that his enemy's ships were stranded.31.-Id., ii. 71.Cf."Quarum navium Lundonienses quasdam Lundoniam vehunt, quasdam vero penitus confringunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 115.32.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ, Thorpe, 97, 103.33.This is the earliest mention of a guildhall in London; and the ale-making which took place at the meeting of the officers of the frith-guild, accounts in all probability for Giraldus Cambrensis (Vita Galfridi, Rolls Series No. 21 iii., c. 8.) having described the Guildhall of London as "Aula publica quæ a potorum conventu nomen accepit."34."Notwithstanding the butt-filling and feasting, this appears to have been a purely religious and social guild, and, although it may have subsequently become a power in the city, so far, it is only of importance as the first evidence of combination among the inhabitants of London for anything like corporate action."—Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 68.35.Laws of Athelstan.—Thorpe, 93.36.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Thorpe, 100.37.Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 178-179.38.Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax., p. 59.39."And if a merchant thrived so that he fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means [cɲæƥte, craft] then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy." (Thorpe, 81.) The word cɲæƥte is similarly translated in Wilkins's Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ; (ed. 1721, p. 71.)per facultates suas; but there seems no reason why it should not be taken to mean literally a craft or vessel. The passage occurs in a list of "People's Rank" which "formerly" prevailed, and is probably of Athelstan's time, even if it did not form part of the Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Wilkins,op. cit.p. 70 note.40.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 105.41.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 114.42.-Id.ii, p. 115.43.-Id.ii. pp. 117, 118. Annal. Monast., Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, p. 173.44.The towns of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, Stamford, and Derby, which for many years were occupied by the Danes, were so called.45.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, pp. 118, 119.46.-Id.ii, p. 119. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No 74), p. 180.47.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 120.48.-Id.ii, p. 120.Cf."Ad hæc principes se non amplius Danicum regem admissuros in Angliam unanimiter spoponderunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, p. 169.49.The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the kings of Norway, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson, ii. pp. 8-11.50.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 120.51.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 121.52.-Id.ii., 122.53.Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 215.54.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 308.55.Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes, 127, 128.56.In course of time the natives of Denmark acquired the privilege of sojourning all the year round in London—a privilege accorded to few, if any other, foreigners. They enjoyed moreover the benefits of the 'the law of the city of London' (la lei de la citie de Loundres) in other words, the right of resorting to fair or market in any place throughout England.—Liber Cust. pt. i, p. 63.57.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 418.58.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 122.59."At oppidanis magnanimiter pugnantibus repulsa."—Malmesbury, i, 216.60.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 123.61.-Id.ii, 121, 123. Henry of Huntingdon relates that Eadric caused a panic on the field of battle by crying out that Edmund had been killed. "Flet Engle, flet Engle, ded is Edmund."62.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 437.63.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 538.64."The 'lithsmen' (ship-owners) of London, who with others raised Harold to the throne, were doubtless such 'burg-thegns.'"—Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 186.Cf.Lingard, i, 318. Norton Commentaries, pp. 23-24.65.Green, Conquest of England, p. 462. Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 73. "The Londoners who attended must have gone by way of the river in their 'liths.'"—Historic Towns, London (Loftie), p. 197.66.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 129.67.At the death of Harold, Harthacnut was invited to accept the crown by an embassy from England, of which the Bishop of London was a member. He accepted the offer and crossed over from the continent with a fleet of sixty ships, manned by Danish soldiers, and his first act was to demand eight marks for each rower; an imposition that was borne with difficulty. Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 132.68.Anglo-Sax Chron., ii, 132.69.Freeman, Norman Conquest, 2nd ed., ii. 5. But according to Kemble (Saxons in England, ii, 259 note), Edward's election took place at a hastily convened meeting at Gillingham.70."London, que caput est regni et legum. semper curia domini regis."—Laws of Edward Confessor, Thorpe, p. 197 note.71.For a list of gemóts held in London fromA.D.790, see Kemble's Saxons in England, ii, 241-261.72.Malmesbury, i, 242-244. Freeman, ii, 148-332.73.Freeman, ii, 324.74.Sed omnis civitas duci obviam et auxilio processit et præsidio acclamantque illi omnes una voce prospere in adventu suo. "Life of Edward Conf." (Rolls Series No. 3.), p. 406.75."Interim quosdam per internuntios, quosdam per se cives Lundonienses, quos variis pollicitationibus prius illexerat, convenit, et ut omnes fere quæ volebat omnino vellent, effecit."—Flor. Wigorn., i., 209.76.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 165-167.77."Aldredus autem Eboracensis archiepiscopus et iidem Comites cum civibus Lundoniensibus et butsecarlis, clitonem Eadgarum, Eadmundi Ferrei Lateris nepotem, in regem levare volueren, et cum eo se pugnam inituros promisere; sed dum ad pugnam descendere multi se paravere, comites suum auxilium ab eis retraxere, et cum suo exercitu domum redierunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.78.Such is the description of William's march, as given by Malmesbury (ii, 307). Another chronicler describes his march as one of slaughter and devastation.—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.79.The bishop was certainly Norman, and so probably was the port-reeve.80.Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 168-169.81.This charter is preserved in the Town Clerk's Office at the Guildhall. A fac-simile of it and of another charter of William, granting lands to Deorman, forms a frontispiece to this volume. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, second edition, revised 1876, iv, 29) wrote of this venerable parchment as bearing William's mark—"the cross traced by the Conqueror's own hand"—but this appears to be a mistake. The same authority, writing of the transcript of the charter made by the late Mr. Riley and printed by him in his edition of theLiber Custumarum(Rolls Series, pt. ii, p. 504), remarks that, "one or two words here look a little suspicious"; and justly so, for the transcript is far from being literally accurate.82.-Cf."Ego volo quod vos sitis omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus Regis." These words appear in the xivth century Latin version of William's Charter, preserved at the Guildhall.83.Liber Albus (Rolls Series i, 26).84.Opinions differ as to the derivation of the term port. Some, like Kemble, refer it to the Lat.portus, in the sense of an enclosed place for sale or purchase, a market. ("Portus est conclusus locus, quo importantur merces et inde exportantur. Est et statio conclusa et munita."—Thorpe, i, 158). Others, like Dr. Stubbs (Const. Hist., i, 404 n.), connect it with Lat.porta, not in its restricted signification of a gate, but as implying a market place, markets being often held at a city's gates. The Latin termsportaandportuswere in fact so closely allied, that they both alike signified a market place or a gate. Thus, in the will of Edmund Harengeye, enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, we find the following: "Ac eciam lego et volo quod illa tenementa cum magno portu vocato le Brodegate ... vendantur per executores meos."—Hust. Roll, 114 (76).85.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., pp. 258-259.86."London and her election of Stephen," a paper read before the Archæol. Inst. in 1866, by the late Mr. Green (p. 267).87.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, p. 55.88.There appears to be no doubt that the charter preserved at the Guildhall had a seal, but not a fragment remains.89."Et dicunt quod prefatus dominus conquestor ante fundacionem ecclesie predicte et confeccionem carte sue de qua superius fit mencio auctoritate parliament sui et per duas cartes suas quas dicti maior et Cives hic proferunt scilicet per unam earam dimissit tunc civibus London' totam dictam civitatem et vice-comitatum London' cum omnibus appendiciis rebus et consuetudinibus eis qualitercumque pertinentibus.... Et per alteram concessit et auctoritate supradicta confirmavit eisdem civibus et successoribus suis quod haberent predicta ac omnes alias libertates et liberas consuetudines suas illesas quas habuerunt tempore dicti Sancti Regis Edwardi progenitoris sui."—Letter Book K, fo. 120 b.90."Tantaque pax suis regnavit temporibus, quod puella virguncula auro onusta, indempnis et intacta Angliam potuit peragrare."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44), i, 29.91.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.92.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.93.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 121.94.Malmesbury. ii, 375.95.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 189.96.-Id., ii, 202.97."Those of the council who were nigh at hand."—Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 204.98.Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44) i, 176.99.See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (p. 366), where the writer conjectures the date of the charter to have been between 1130 and 1135, and brings evidence in favour of it having been purchased by the payment of a large sum of money.100.Set out under fifteen heads in the City'sLiber Albus. (Rolls Series) i, 128-129.101.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 404, 405. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville. p. 356.102.The sum of 100 marks of silver recorded (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I) as having been paid for the shrievalty in 1130, appears to have been more of the nature of a fine than afirma.103."Whereas from time immemorial there have been and of right ought to be two sheriffs of this city, which said two sheriffs during all the time aforesaid have constituted and of right ought to constitute one sheriff of the county of Middlesex...."—Preamble to Act of Common Council, 7th April, 1748,reNomination and election of Sheriffs. Journal 59, fo. 130b.104.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 357. Mr. Round's statements (op. cit., Appendix P), that "this onefirma... represents onecorpus comitatus, namely Middlesex, inclusive of London," and that "from this conclusion there is no escape," are more capable of refutation than he is willing to allow.105."It is probable that whilst the Sheriff in his character of Sheriff was competent to direct the customary business of the Court, it was in that ofjustitiathat he transacted business under the King's writ."—Stubbs, Const. History, i, 389, note.106."Post hoc prædictus Justitiarius ... accessit ad Gildhalle Londoniarum, et ibi tenuit placita de die in diem ... et incontinenti ... ilia terminavit nullo juris ordine observato contra leges civitatis et etiam contra leges et consuetudines cujuslibet liberi hominis de regno Anglie. Quod vero cives semper calumpniaverunt, dicentes quod nullus debet placitare in civitate de transgressionibus ibidem factis nisi vicecomites Londoniarium."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 40.107.Round. Geoffrey de Mandeville. pp. 107-113, 373, and Appendix K.108.Mat. Paris (Hist. Angl. i, 251), ascribes the incessant turmoil of the latter part of the reign to the vengeance of the deity for this breach of faith.109."Id quoque sui esse juris, suique specialiter privilegii, ut si rex ipsorum quoquo moclo obiret, alius suo provisu in regno substituendus e vestigio succederet."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 5-6.110."With the solemn independent election of a king, the great part which London was to play in England's history had definitely begun."—Green, London and her Election of Stephen.111.Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82). iii. 17.112.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 18.113."Eodem anno in Pentecoste resedit rex Londoniæ in Turri, episcopo tantum modo Sagiensi præsente: ceteri vel fastidierunt vel timuerunt venire. Aliquanto post, mediante legato, colloquium indictum est inter imperatricem et regem. si forte Deo inspirante pax reformari posset."—Malmesbury, Hist. Nov. (Rolls Series No. 90.), ii, 564.114."Juravit et affidavit imperatrix episcopo quod omnia majora negotia in Anglia præcipueque donationes episcopatuum et abbatiarum ejus nutum spectarent, si eam ipse cum sancta ecclesia in dominam reciperet et perpetuam ei fidelitatem teneret.... Nec dubitavit episcopus imperatricem in dominam Angliæ recipere, et ei cum quibusdam suis affidare, quod, quamdiu ipsa pactem non infringeret ipse quoque fidem ei custodiret."—Id.,ii, 573.115."Ventilata est hesterno die causa secreto coram majori parte cleri Angliæ ad cujus jus potissimum spectat principem eligere, simulque ordinare."—Id., ii, 576.116."Missos se a communione quam vocant Londoniarum."—Malmesbury, (Hist. Nov.), ii, 576. Exception may be taken to translatingcommunioas 'commune'; but even if the municipal organization represented by the French termcommunedid not at this period exist in the City of London in all its fulness, the "communal idea" appears to have been there.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i. 407.117."Omnes barones qui in eorum coramunionem jamdudum recepti fuerant."—Malmesbury,Ibid.118."Proficiscitur inde cum exultatione magna et gaudio, et in monasterio Sancti Albani cum processionali suscipitur honore et jubilo. Adeunt eam ibi cives multi ex Lundonia, tractatur ibi sermo multimodus de reddenda civitate."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 131.119."Erecta est autem in superbiam intolerabilem, quia suis incerta belli prosperavissent."—Hen. of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 275.120."Infinitæ copiæ pecuniam, non simplici cum mansuetudine sed cum ore imperioso ab eis exegit."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 75.121."Interpellata est a civibus, ut leges eis regis Edwardi observari liceret, quia optimæ erant, non patris sui Henrici quia graves erant. Verum illa non bono usa consilio, præ nimia austeritate non acquievit eis, unde et motus magnus factus in urbe; et facta conjuratione adversus eam quam cum honore susceperunt. cum dedecore apprehendere statuerunt."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 132.122.Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 577-578. "Sed tandem a Londoniensibus expulsa est in die Sancti Johannis Baptiste proximo sequenti"—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc), p. 197.123."Anno prædicto [i.e.7 Stephen,A.D.1141], statim in illa estate, obsessa est Turris Lundoniarum a Londoniensibus, quam Willielmus [sic] de Magnaville tenebat et firmaverat."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 197. From this it would appear that the father still held the office of constable. A charter of the empress, however, which Mr. Horace Round prints in his book on Geoffrey de Mandeville (pp. 88,seq.) points to the son as being constable at the time.124.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 88-95.125.It is not to be supposed that the earl consented to assist the queen without meeting with some return for his services, more especially as the queen was prepared to go all lengths to obtain her husband's liberty. See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 119.126."Gaufrido de Mandevilla, qui jam iterum auxilio eorum cesserat, antea enim post captionem regis imperatrici fidelitatem juraverat, et Londoniensibus maxime annitentibus, nihilque omnino quod possent prætermittentibus quo imperatricem contristarent."—Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 580.127."Magnæ ex Lundoniis copiæ."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82.), i, 42. "Cumque invictâ Londoniensium catervâ."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 80. The Londoners sacked Winchester mercilessly. "Londonienses, cum maxima militum regalium parte, modis horrendis Wintoniensem civitatem expilavere."—Gesta Stephani, iii, 84.128.The precedent thus set by Stephen, of submitting to the ceremony of a second coronation after a period of captivity, was afterwards followed by Richard I, on his return from captivity abroad.129.This is the date assigned to the charter by Mr. Horace Round, (Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 138-144).Cf.Appendix to 31st Report of Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 3.130.The date assigned by Mr. Round to this charter is between Christmas, 1141, and the end of June, 1142.131."Et convenciono eidem Gaufredo Comiti Essex quod dominus meus Comes Andegavie vel ego vel filii nostri nullam pacem aut concordiam cum Burgensibus Lund[oniæ] faciemus, nisi concessu et assensu præ-dicti Comitis Gaufredi quia inimici eius sunt mortales."—Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 168.132.Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82), i. 48. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 278.133.Sometimes called the Treaty of Wallingford.134.The general joy is depicted in glowing colours by Henry of Huntingdon, (p. 289.)Cf.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 235.135.Fitz-Stephen's Stephanides, Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 208.136.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v., 325.137.A cartulary of the Mercers' Company contains a copy of a grant from Thomas Fitz-Theobald to the hospital of St. Thomas of Acon of "all that land, with the appurtenances, which was formerly of Gilbert Becket, father of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, where the said Blessed Thomas the Martyr was born (duxit originem), to build a church (basilicam) in honour of Almighty God and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of the same most glorious martyr."—Watney, Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon (privately printed 1892), pp. 9, 237.138.Liber Albus (Rolls Series), i, pp. 26, 27.139.This charter (with fragment of seal) is preserved at the Guildhall. It bears no date, but appears to have been granted between 1154 and 1161.140.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 138.141."De filiis et parentibus nobilium civitatis" and again "filii et nepotes quorundam nobilium civium Londoniarum."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 155.142.By a strange anomaly, a man who underwent ordeal by water was only adjudged innocent if he sank to the bottom and was drowned. Hence the old man's caution!143.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 28. According to Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82, iii, 387), Longchamp obtained the chancellorship by bribery.144.Benedict (Rolls Series No. 49). ii, 106.145.-Id.ii, 143.146.-Id.ii, 158.147.Preface to Roger de Hoveden, iii, p. lxxvii. Girald. Cambr. Vita Galfridi (Rolls Series No. 21). iv, 397.148.Richard of Devizes, iii, 414. Benedict, ii, 213.149.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, 99. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi). iv, 397-398. Roger de Hoveden, iii. 140.150.Richard of Devizes. (Rolls Series No. 82), iii. 415. Benedict, 213. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi), iv, 405.151."Johannes comes frater regis et archiepiscopus Rothomagensis, et omnes episcopi, comites et barones regni qui aderant, concesserunt civibus Lundoniarum communam suam, et juraverunt quod ipsi eam et dignitates civitatis Lundoniarum custodirent illibatas, quandiu regi placuerit. Et cives Lundoniarum et epispcopi et comites et barones juraverunt fidelitates regi Ricardo, et Johanni comiti de Meretone fratri ejus salva fidelitate, et quod illum in dominum suum et regem reciperent, si rex sine prole decesserit."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 214.Cf.Roger de Hovedene (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 141; Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 5-6.152.-Suprap. 49.153."In crastino vero convocatis in unum civibus, communione, vel ut Latine minus vulgariter magis loquamur, communa seu communia eis concessa et communiter jurata."—Vita Galfridi, iv, 405.154.Const. Hist., i, 407.155.Referring to the year 1191, he writes, "we have the date of the foundation of the commune."—Id., i, 629.156."Concessa est ipsa die et instituta communia Londoniensium, in quam universi regni magnates et ipsi etiam ipsius provinciæ episcopi jurare coguntur. Nunc primum in indulta sibi conjuratione regno regem deesse cognovit Londonia quam nec rex ipse Ricardus, nec prædecessor et pater ejus Henricus, pro mille millibus marcarum argenti fieri permisisset. Quanta quippe mala ex conjuratione proveniant ex ipsa poterit diffinitione perpendi, quæ talis est—communia tumor plebis, timor regni, tepor sacerdotii."—Chron. Stephen, Hen. II, Ric. I (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 416.157."It is impossible to avoid a suspicion," writes Bishop Stubbs, "that the disappearance of the port-reeve and other changes in the municipal government, signify a civic revolution, the history of which is lost."—Const. Hist., i, 406n.158.Merewether and Stephens, Hist. of Boroughs (1835), i, 384. No authority, however, is given for this statement.159.The entire MS. was published in Latin by the Camden Society in 1846; and a translation of the original portion of the work was afterwards made by the late Mr. H. T. Riley, under the title "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London,A.D.1188 toA.D.1274."160."The correct date of the accession of Richard has never been ascertained. No records appear to be extant to fix the commencement of the reign of any king before the accession of John."—Nicholas, Chronology of Hist., p. 285.161.Fos. 45, 63 and 63b.162.Or simply Thedmar.163.It is thus that Riley reads the word which to me appears to be capable of being read "Grennigge."164.Calendar of Wills. Court of Husting, London, part. I., p. 22. From another Will, that of Margery, relict of Walter de Wynton, and one of Fitz-Thedmar's sisters—she is described as daughter of "Thedmar, the Teutonic"—it appears that other sisters of Fitz-Thedmar married into the well-known city families of Eswy and Gisors.—Id., part i, p. 31.165."Ibi etiam dispositium est, penes quem pecunia collata debeat residere: scilicet sub custodia Huberti Walteri Cantuariensis electi, et domini Ricardi Lundoniensis episcopi, et Willelmi comitis de Arundel et Hamelini comitis de Warenna et majoris Lundoniarum."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 212.166.Preserved at the Guildhall.167.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, p. 114.168."Denique ad ingressum principis ita ornata est facies amplissimæ civitatis ut Alemanni nobiles qui cum ipso venerant et redemptione regia exinanitam bonis Angliam credebant opum magnitudine obstupescerent."—William of Newburgh (Rolls Series No. 82), i, p. 406.169."Cives vero Lundonienses servierunt de pincernaria, et cives Wintonienses de coquina."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 12.170.Brit. Mus., Harl. MS. 3,504, fo. 248.171."Si invenissem emptorem Londoniam vendidissem."—Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 388.172."Frequentius enim solito . . imponebantur eis auxilia non modica et divites, propriis parcentes marsupiis volebant ut pauperes solverent universa."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iv. 5. "Ad omne edictum regium divites, propriis fortunis parcentes, pauperibus per potentiam omne onus imponerent."—Newburgh, (Rolls Series No. 82), ii. 466.173.Newburgh, ii., 466.174.Mat. Paris, ii, 57. A similar character is given him by Roger de Hoveden. Dr. S. R. Gardiner describes him as an alderman of the city, and as advocating the cause of the poor artisan against the exactions of the wealthier traders.—Students' History of England, i, 169.175."Pauperum et veritatis ac pietatis adversarii."—Mat. Paris, ii. 57.176.Newburgh, ii, 470.177."And for the time," adds Dr. Gardiner, "the rich tradesmen had their way against the poorer artisans."—Students' History of England, i, 170.178.Chronicles of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 2.179.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 709.180.Mat. Paris, ii, 143. Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 83-87.181.-Id.ii, 146.182.-Id.ii, 153.183.Ann. of Bermondsey (Rolls Series No. 36), in, 453.184.Mat. Paris, ii, 154-156.185.As to the services and franchises of Fitz-Walter, both in time of peace and war, see Lib. Cust., (Rolls Series), part i, pp. 147-151.186.Introd. to Lib. Cust, p. lxxvii.187.The sword of St. Paul, emblematic possibly of his martyrdom, still remains in the City's coat of arms. It has often been mistaken for the dagger with which Sir William Walworth is said to have killed Wat Tyler.188.The story is told in Mr. Riley's Introduction to the Liber Custamarum (p. lxxix), on the authority of the Chronicle of Dunmow.189.He is said to have made a similar attempt upon the wife of Eustace de Vesci, a leading baron.—(Blackstone, Introd. to Magna Carta, pp. 289, 290).190.Mat. Paris, ii, 156. A different complexion, however, is put on this event by another chronicler. According to Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series, No. 58, ii, 220) the barons made their way into the City by stealth, scaling the walls at a time when most of the inhabitants were engaged in divine service, and having once gained a footing opened all the City gates one after another.191.By charter, date 8th May, 1215, preserved at the Guildhall.192.Mat. Paris, ii, 159, 161, 164, 186.193.Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 117.194.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 298.195."Moram autem faciebant barones in civitate Londoniæ per annum et amplius cum civibus confœderati, permittentes se nullam pacem facturos cum rege nisi assensu utriusque partis."—Annals of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 283.196.Mat. Paris, ii, 161, 165.197.Contin. Flor. Wigorn. ii, 167, 171. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 3.198.Mat. Paris, ii, p. 179.199.Confession of the Vicomte de Melun.—Mat. Paris, ii, 187.200.Mat. Paris, ii, 200.201.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 4.202.Strype, Stow's Survey, 1720, Bk. i, p. 62. They had settled in Holborn soon after their arrival in 1220.203.Mat. Paris, ii, 385.204.-Id., ii, 218, 220.205.Liber de Ant. fol. 38. According to this authority (fol. 38b), the peace was ratified 23rd September, at Merton.206.Mat. Paris, ii, 222.207.Often spoken of as the Treaty of Lambeth (Rymer's Fœdera, i, 148.)208.The sum mentioned by Matthew Paris (ii. 224) is £5,000 sterling, but according to a marginal note in the Liber de Ant. (fol. 39) it would appear to have been only £1,000, which, according to the compiler of that record, Louis repaid the Londoners as soon as he arrived home, out of pure generosity (mera liberalitate sua). On the other hand, Matthew Paris (ii, 292) under the year 1227, narrates that Henry extorted from the citizens of London 5,000 marks of silver, on the ground that that was the sum paid by the Londoners to Louis on his departure, to the king's prejudice.209.Walter of Coventry. (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 239.210.Mat. Paris, ii, 251, 252.211.Roger of Wendover, (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 265, 267.212.Probably Saint Giles in the Fields, a hospital founded by Matilda, wife of Henry I.213."Cives autem Londonienses, qui eundem H[ubertum] propter suspendium Constantini oderant, lætati sunt de tribulalionibus suis, et ilico conquesti sunt de eo, quod concivem suum injuste suspendit, et absque judicio."—Mat. Paris, ii, 345.214.-Id., ii, 346, 347. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 6, 7.215."Dicebabur enim ... quod alienigenæ qui plus regni perturbationem desiderabant quam pacem, præfatum comitem Cestriæ ad domini sui regis infestationem et regni inquietationem inducere conarentur."—Walter of Coventry, ii, 251.216.Mat. Paris, ii, 382, 384, iii, 90.217.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 469, 470. "Et quia communitas nostra sigillum non habet, præsentes literas signo communitatis civitatis Londoniarum vestræ sanctitati mittimus consignatas."—Mat. Paris, iii, 17.218.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 7, 8.219.French Chronicle (Camden Soc., No. 28), ed. by Aungier (Riley's translation), pp. 241-244.220.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 11.221.-Id., pp. 13, 14, 16.222.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 16, 17, 61. Mat. Paris, iii., 62, 80-81.223.Mat. Paris, ii, 323.224."Quia dominus rex obligabatur de debitis non minimis erga mercatores de vino, de cera, de pannis ultramarinis, a civibus pecuniam multam extorsit et Judæis, nec tamen inde mercatores plenam pacationem receperunt."—Mat. Paris, ii, 496.225."Cives tanien videntes aliud sibi non expedire, omnia benigne remiserunt."—Mat. Paris, iii, 72.226.-Id., iii, 43.227.Ann. of Worcester (Rolls Series No. 36), iv., 407.228."Unde, ne exorta contentione lætitia nuptialis nubilaretur, salvo cujuslibet jure, multa ad horam perpessa sunt, quæ in tempore opportuno fuerant determinanda."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl., ed. 1684, P. 355.Cf.City Records, Liber Ordinationum, fo. 193 b. Brit. Mus. Cotton MS. Vespasian, C. xiv. fos. 113-114.229.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 9, 20, 45, 53.230.-Id., p. 21.231.An early instance of this parliament being so designated is found in theLiber de Antiquisof the City's Records (fol. 75b.) where the wordsinsane parliamentumoccur.232.This agreement between the king and barons is termed a "Charter" by Fitz-Thedmar, who says it bore the seals of the king and of many barons.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 41.233.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 43.234.-Id., pp. 33-39.235.-Id., pp. 45, 46.236.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 47.237.-Id., p. 52.238.The Bull was confirmed by Alexander's successor Pope Urban IV. and the later Bull was read at Paul's Cross, by the king's orders in the following year (1262),Id., p. 53.239.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 56.240.-Id., p. 57.241.-Id., p. 58.242.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 59. "A similar uprising of the middle class of citizens was taking place about this period in other towns. They are spoken of by chroniclers of the same stamp as Fitz-Thedmar as ribald men who proclaimed themselves 'bachelors,' and banded themselves together to the prejudice of the chief men of the towns (majores urbium et burgorum)"—Chron. of Thomas Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 138.243.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 59-60.244.-Id., p. 60.245.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36). iii. 222-223. Chron. of Thos. Wykes (Ibid) iv, 136. Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28, ii, 18), places this event after the Mise of Amiens (23rd Jan., 1264).246.Annales Londonienses.—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76) i, 60.247.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 62.248.-Id., pp. 64, 65.249.Ann. of Dunstaple. iii, 230, 231.250.The number of Londoners who accompanied Leicester to Lewes is not given. Thomas Wykes mentions it to have been very large, for the reason that the number of fools is said to be infinite! "Quo comperto comes Leycestriæ glorians in virtute sua, congregata baronum multitudine copiosa, Londoniensium innumerabili agmine circumcinctus, quia legitur stultorum infinitus est numerus."—(Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 148.251.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 66; Ann. of Dunstaple, iii, 232; Thos. Wykes, iv, 149, 150; Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28), 27.252.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 67.253.-Id., p. 74.254.Fitz-Thedmar gives the number of representatives of each city and borough as four: "De qualitet civitate et burgo iiii homines."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 75.255.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 77. This anecdote is inserted in the margin of Fitz-Thedmar's chronicle, the writer expressing his horror at the "wondrous and unheard of" conduct of "this most wretched mayor."256.The story is told by Thos. Wykes. (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 163.257.Lib. de. Ant. fo. 94b.258.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 119. Circumstantially as the chronicler relates the story, he appears only to have inserted it as an after-thought. Mr. Loftie (Hist, of London, i, 151), suggests that possibly the news of Fitz-Thomas' death might have been the occasion of its insertion.259.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 235.260."His lordship the king had summoned to Wyndleshores all the earls, barons, [and] knights, as many as he could, with horses and arms, intending to lay siege to the City of London [and] calling the citizens his foes."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 81.261.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 82.262.At one time the parish of All Hallows Barking is spoken of as being in the County of Middlesex, at another as being within the City—Hust. Roll. 274, (10), (12).263.In narrating this, Fitz-Thedmar again discloses his aristocratic proclivities by remarking, "Such base exclamations did the fools of the vulgar classes give utterance to" on this occasion, viz., the election of William Fitz-Richard as Sheriff of Middlesex and Warden of London.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 90, 91.264.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 83, 85.265."Regina etiam rogavit pro Londoniensibus de quibus rex plures recepit ad pacem suam."—Ann. of Winchester (Rolls Series, No. 36), ii, 103.266.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 146, 147.267.Ann. of Dunstaple. (Rolls Series, No. 36), iii, 245.268.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 95. The citizens appear to have been divided, as indeed they often were, on the question of admitting the Earl.269.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 95, 97.270.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 96.271.-Id., pp. 97, 100.272.Dated "Est Ratford," 16th June, 1267. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 98-100.273.Dated 26th March, 1268. The original is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 3). A copy of it, inserted in the Lib. de Ant. (fo. 108b), has the following heading:—"Carta domini regis quam fecit civibus Lond',sub spe inveniendi ab eo meliorem gratiam," the words in italics being added by a later hand.274.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 113. Ann. of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 375.275.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 129.276.Lib. de Ant., fo. 120.277.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 129-130.278.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 153.279.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 154, 159.280.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 164.281.The series of Husting Rolls for Pleas of Land, preserved at the Guildhall, commence in the mayoralty of Hervy's successor.282.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 205-208.283.What Fitz-Thedmar means when he says (Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 171), that "only one part of the seal of the Commonalty of London" was appended to Hervy's so-called "charter" is hard to determine. The common seal of the city was at this period in the custody of the mayor for the time being. Under Edward II, it was for the first time entrusted to two aldermen and two commoners for safe keeping.—City Records, Letter Book D, fo. 145b.Cf.Ordinances of Edward II,A.D.1319.284.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 169-171.285.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 173-5.286."Et quod nullus alienigena in libertatem civitatis prædictæ admittatur nisi in Hustengo ... et si non sint de certo mestero, tune in libertatem civitatis ejusdem non admittentur sine assensu communitatis civitatis illius."—Lib. Custumarum (Rolls Series), pt. 1, pp. 269-270.287."The establishment of the corporate character of the city under a mayor marks the victory of the communal principle over the more ancient shire organisation, which seems to have displaced early in the century the complicated system of guild and franchise. It also marks the triumph of the mercantile over the aristocratic element."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 630, 631.288."The guilds continued to elect until 1384, when the right of election was again transferred to the wards." City Records, Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 173.289.Chron. Edward I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 84. Chron. of T. Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36) iv, p. 259.290.Dated from "Caples in the land of Labour" (Caples in terra laboris) or Capua, 19th January, 1273. This letter was publicly read in the Guildhall on the 25th March following.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 163.291.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 161.292.-Id., p. 172.293.-.Id, pp. 132, 140-2.294.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 143-4.295.-Id., pp. 145, 146.296.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 147, 148.297.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 149, 150.298.-Id., p. 165.299.-A.D.1279. "Eodem anno escambia et novæ monetæ extiterunt levata apud turrim Londoniensem; et Gregorius de Roqesle major monetæ per totam Angliam."—Chron. Edw. I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76. i. 88).—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Transl.) p. 239.300.The name of John Horn with the addition. "Flemyng" occurs in the 14th cent.—Hust. Roll. 64 (67), 81 (74).301.For one month after the Feast of St. Botolph the Abbot [17 June], the Court of Husting in London was closed, owing to the absence of citizens attending the fair. The right of appointing their own officers to settle disputes arising at the fair was granted to the citizens of London at the close of the Barons' War.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 176.302.Peace was signed before the end of July.—Rymer's Fœdera, (ed. 1816), vol. i. pt. 2, p. 513.303.A series of MS. books extending froma.d.1275 to 1688, deriving their title from the letters of the alphabet with which they are distinguished,A, B, C,&c,AA, BB, CC,&c. We are further aided by chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and II, edited by Bishop Stubbs for the Master of the Rolls. A portion of these chronicles the editor has fitly called "Annales Londonienses." There is even reason for believing them to have been written by Andrew Horn, citizen and fishmonger, as well as eminent jurist of his day. He died soon after the accession of Edward III. and by his will, dated 9th Oct., 1328, (Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, i, 344) bequeathed to the city many valuable legal and other treatises, only one of which (known to this day as "Liber Horn,") is preserved among the archives of the Corporation.304.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 239.305.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 447.306.Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series). Introd. vol. i, p. xxxiii.307.-Id., i, 92.308.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 229. 230. Tho. Wykes (Ann. Monast. Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 294. Ann. of Worcester (Ibid), iv, 486. Walter de Heminburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 13.309.They were, in the language of Stow, "hanged by the purse." (Survey, Thoms' ed., p. 96).Cf."He was hanged by the nek and nought by the purs." (Chaucer, Cook's Tale. l. 885). The story is recorded in Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 240; and in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series i, 92-93).310.Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 472-474.311.Letter Book C, fo. 52. Riley's Memorials, p. 21.312.Rolls Series, i, 51-60.Cf.Lib. Ordinationum, fos. 154b,seq.313.The circumstances of Rokesley's visit to the justices at the Tower are set out in the city's "Liber Albus" (i, 16), from a MS. of Andrew Horn, no longer preserved at the Guildhall. The story also appears in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 94.314.In 1293 the king appointed Elias Russell and Henry le Bole his "improvers" (appropriatores) in the city:—Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series No. 76, i, 102). Their duties were practically identical with those of sheriffs, and Bishop Stubbs places a marginal note over against the appointment,—"Sheriffs appointed by the king." Walter Hervy is recorded as having removed certain stones near Bucklersbury when he was "improver" of the city (Letter Book A, fo. 84. Riley's Memorials, p. 25). This was probably done in 1268, when the city was in the king's hand, and Hervy and William de Durham were appointed bailiffs "without election by the citizens."—Chron. Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 112, 113.315.Letter Book A, fo. 132b.316.-Id., fo. 110.317.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 98.318.Letter Book A, fo. 95. Riley's Memorials, p. 26.319."From the very day of his accession, Edward was financially in the hands of the Lombard bankers; hence arose, no doubt, the difficulty which he had in managing the City of London; hence came also the financial mischief which followed the banishment of the Jews; and hence an accumulation of popular discontent, which showed itself in the king's lifetime by opposition to his mercantile policy, and, after his death, supplied one of the most efficient means for the overthrow of his son."—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. vol. i, pp. c, ci.320.Writ to the Sheriff of Middlesex, dated 2nd Jan., 1293. Letter Book B, fo. 25. Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 266.321.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36), iii, 390. The chronicler acquits the king of complicity in this sacrilege.322.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 274.323.Letter Book C. fo. 20.324.-Id., fos. 21b, 22. (Riley's Memorials, pp. 31-33). Liber Custum., i, 72-76.325.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii. 108, 109.326.Letter Book C, fo. 22b.327.By the bullClericis Laicos, Boniface VIII had recently forbidden the clergy to pay taxes to any layman.—Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 113-116.328.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 130, 131, 134.329.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh, ii, 121.330.-Id., ii, 126, 127.331.-Id., ii, 149, 151.332.Letter Book B, fo. xxxvii (101b).333.Preserved among the City Archives (Box 26).Cf.Letter Book C, fo. xxiv, b.334.Letter Book B, fo. 93.335.Letter Book C, fo. 24. (Riley's Memorials, 37).336.Strictly speaking, a talliage could only be charged on the king's demesnes, and these did not include the City of London.337.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 132.338.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247. Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 139.339.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 146. Hemingburgh ii, 248.340.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247 n.341."Tunc visa est Londonia quasi nova Jerusalem monilibus ornata."—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 152.342."Ad quam coronationem major, aldermanni et cives Londoniarum induti samiteis et sericeis vestimentis et ex armis Angliæ et Franciæ depictis, coram rege et regina Karolantes, et servi civium ad illud festum, ut moris est, de cupa servientes, omnibus intuentibus inauditum proviserunt gaudium."—Id. ibid.343.Letter Book C, fo. 93 (Riley's Memorials, p. 64).344.Letter Book D, fo. 96 (Memorials, pp. 69-71).345.Letter Book C, fo. 97 b (Memorials, p. 69).346.Letter Book D, fo. 104 (Memorials, pp. 72-74).347.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 224-225.348.Letter Book D, fo. 147b.349.-Id., fo. 125b.350."Eodem anno (i.e.1302), die Lunæ ivtoKalendas Februarii, restitutus est Richerus de Refham in honore aldermanniæ Londoniarum, et factus est aldermannus de Warda de Basseishawe."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 104.351.Among those who were called to account was a woman remarkable for her name—"Sarra la Bredmongesterre." A selection of the cases enquired into is printed in Riley's Memorials, pp. 86-89.352."Sed quia idem Richerus fuerat austerus et celer ad justitiam faciendam nulli parcendo, et quia fecit imprisonare Willelmum de Hakford, mercer, ideo dictus W, et sui complices insurrexerunt in ipsum et ideo depositus fuit ab officio majoris et postea aldermanniæ suæ."—Chron. Edw. I and II, i, 175-176.353.Letter Book D, fo. 142.354.-Id., fos. 142b-143b (Memorials pp. 93-98.)355.-Id., fos. 142b, 143b, 145b.356.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 203.357.Lib. de Antiq., fo. 43b. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 250.358.Letter Book C, fo. 45.359.Letter Book C, fo. 92b (Memorials p. 63).360.The city chose as its representatives, Nicholas de Farendone, John de Wengrave, and Robert de Kelleseye. Letter Book D. fos. 149b, 151, 151b.361.-Id., fos. 151b, 152 (Memorials pp. 102-104.)362.-Id., fo. 168 (Memorials, pp. 105-106).363.Letter Book D, fos. 164, 164b.364.Letter Book E, fo. 18. (Memorials, pp. 108-110).365.Letter Book D, fo. 165.366.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 55, 56.367.Letter Book E, fo. 84. (Memorials, pp. 128-129).368.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 285.369.Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 252.370.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 269.371.Dated York, 8th June, 1319. These letters patent are preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4). Ten days later [18th June] Edward granted an ample inspeximus charter to the city, the original of which does not appear among the archives.SeeLib. Cust. i, pp. 255-273.372.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 253.373.In this year [1318-19] the new charter was confirmed by the king, and cost £1,000.Id., p. 252.374.Chron. Edward I and II, Introd., vol. ii, p. lxxxiv.375.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 285-432.376.Rolls Series i, 51-60. Copies of the Ordinances are also to be found in the Liber Horn (fos. 209,seq.) and Liber Ordinationum (fos. 154bseq.) of the city's archives.377.Lib. Cust. i, 289, 308.378.Lib. Cust., i, 296.379.-Id., i, 308-322.380.-Id., i, 322-324.381.-Id., i, 324-325.382.-Id., i, 347-362.383."Et fuit illo die post horam vesperarum antequam Justiciarii et duodenæ perfiniebant; sed neminem eodem die indictaverunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 366.384.Lib. Cust., i, 371-374.385.-Id., i, 378. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 253.386."Qui cum quasi leones parati ad prædam ante Pascham extitissent, nunc, versa vice, quasi agni vicissim facti sunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 383-384.387.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 216, 272.388.Lib. Cust., i, 408, 409.389.-Id., i, 425.390.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. The precise date of his election is not known. Bishop Stubbs, in his introduction to the Chronicle cited (i, p. lxxxii), states it to have taken place in January. This can hardly have been the case, inasmuch as the city had not been taken into the king's hands before the middle of February—forty-one days after the commencement of the Iter. See Lib. Cust. i, p. 378.391.Letter Book E, fos. 119b-120 (Memorials, pp. 142-144).392.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 293, 296.393.-Id., i, 297.394.Dated, Boxle, 25 October. Patent Roll 15, Edward II, Part 1, m. ii.395.Chron. Edward I and II, i, p. 298. Re-elected "by the commons at the king's wish."—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 254.396.Chron. Edward I and II, i, pp. 298-299.397.Aungier, Fr. Chron., pp. 254, 255.398.The charter, dated Aldermaston, 12th December, 15 Edward II [A.D.1321], with seal (imperfect) attached, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4.)399.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301.—Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.). p. 255.400."Car c'est le plus perilleux peuple [sc. the English] qui soit au monde et plus outrageux et orgueilleux et de tous ceux d' Angleterre les Londriens sont chefs ... ils sont fors durs et hardis et haux en courage; tant plus voyent de sang respandu et plus sont cruels et moins ebahis."—Froissart's Hist. (ed. Lyon, 1559), pp. 333-334.401.Macaulay, Hist., cap. iii.402.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 257, 264.403.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 303.404.-Id., i. 305. Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 257.405.By the king's writ, dated Ravensdale, 29 Nov., Letter Book E. fo. 148. According to the French Chronicle (Aungier, p. 258) Chigwell recovered the mayoralty on the feast of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.]. On the 7th Dec. he was admitted and sworn into office.406.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301, 305, 318 n.407."Propter insidiantes domini regis et aliorum malorum hominum."—Id., i, 306.408.-Id., i, 307.409.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 259.410.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 308. Easter is given as the date of her departure by the Fr. Chron. (p. 259), Easter Day falling on the 15th April in that year.411.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 260.412.See her proclamation issued at Wallingford, 15th Oct. Rymer's Fœdera, vol. ii, part 1, pp. 645, 646.413.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 314, 315.414.Dated Baldock, 6 Oct., 1326. City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, membr. x (12).415.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), pp. 262, 263.416.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 315, 316. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 263.417.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 310. Murimuth, Chron. (Eng. Hist. Soc.), p. 48.418.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 321, ii, 310. Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 264. Murimuth (Eng. Hist. Soc.), pp. 48, 49.419.The proclamation is headed,Proclamacio prima post decessum episcopi Exoniensis et ipsius decollacionem.—City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, membr. 2 dors.420.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 265.421.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 318.422.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 323. Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, memb. 2.423.Dated 28 February, 1326-7. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325-326.424.Dated 6 March, 1326-7. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5).425.InreIslington Market Bill, 3 Clk, 513. See also Stat. 5 and 6, William IV, cap. cxi, ss. 46et seq.426.-Vide sup., p. 104.427.According to the common law of the land, no market could be erected so as to be a "nuisance" to another market within a less distance than six miles and a half and a third of another half.—Bracton "De Legibus Angliæ" (Rolls Series No. 70), iii, 584.428.Dated 4 March, 1326-7.429.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325.430.The king's letters asking for assistance were dated from Nottingham, 29 April and 2 May.—City's Records, Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. iv dors, and ix.431.The names of the troopers are set out in full, under the several wards, in Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, memb. ix. The compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i. 333), gives the number of the City contingent as 100 men, adding feelingly "sed proh pudor! nil boni ibi facientes sine honore revertuntur."432.Dated Topclyf, 10 July.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. ii (4).433.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. iii.434.Writ dated Lincoln, 23 September.—Id., Roll A 1, membr. v (7) dors.435.-Id., Roll A 1. memb. iii.—In July, 1323, the Exchequer had been transferred from York to Westminster, "and great treasure therewith."—Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 258.436.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. iii, and v (7).437.Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1. membr. xxii.438.-Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxii, dors.—According to the Chronicle of Lanercost (Bannatyne Club, p. 261), it was theLondonerswho refused to give up the stone.439.Rymer's Fœdera (1830), Vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 716. Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey (2nd ed.), pp. 60-64.440.Rymer's Fœdera (1821) Vol. ii, pt. ii, pp. 734, 740. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xx dors. Chron. Edward I and II, i. 339-340.441.The city was represented by Stephen de Abyndon and Robert de Kelseye. The writ was dated Clipston, 28 August, and the return made the 10th October.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxiii-xxiv.442.Letter dated 27 September.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii (27) dors.443.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xxiv (28) dors.444."Quod dictus Hamo fuit pessimus vermis qui venit in civitate jam xx annis elapsis et amplius, et quod nunquam foret bona pax in civitate dum viveret et quod bonum esset valde si capud ejus a corpore truncatur."—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii dors.445.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 29.446.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 29 dors.447.-Id.,ibid.—Notwithstanding this disavowal, it is said that no less than 600 Londoners assisted the Lancastrian cause.—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. Vol. i, p. cxx.448.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 343.—Letter Book E, fo. 179b. (Memorials, pp. 170-171).449.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 31.450.See letter from the mayor, &c., to the king informing him that his wishes had been carried out.—Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).451.At Christmas, both the primate and the city despatched letters to Edward, who was then at Worcester, to that effect.—Id., Roll A 1. memb. xxviii (32).452.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 343-344.453.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).454.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 242-243.455.-Id., i, 245, 346.456.-Id., i. 246-247.457.The will is enrolled in the records of the Court of Husting, Roll 61 (17). His devise to St. Paul's was challenged by John de Pulteney, and execution stayed.458.According to the compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i, 352), Mortimer was taken "in camera Isabelle reginæ."459.She died in 1357. and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, in the city.460."The last days of Queen Isabella."—Archæol., vol. xxxv, p. 464.461.On her first arrival in London she was conducted by a cavalcade of citizens to the Bishop of Ely's house in Holborn, and after her marriage, was made the recipient of a present of gold and silver and a great store of all kinds of provisions. Her coronation, which took place two years later (Feb., 1330), was also made the occasion for a further display of their loyalty and affection.—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 338, 339, 349.462.Green, Hist. of the English People, i, 410. Imposts on wool, writes Bishop Stubbs, became of such importance at this period that "the merchants again seemed likely to furnish the realm with a new estate."—Const. Hist., ii. 379.463.-Supra, pp. 112-115.464."Eodem anno (i.e., 1326) post Pascha dominus rex habuit consilium apud Westmonasterium; et ordinatum fuit ibi quod mercatores emerent lanas. corias et plumbum, in certis locis Angliæ, Walliæ et Hyberniæ, et illa loca vocantur Stapel."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 312.Cf.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 15.465.Dated 23 April, 1327. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. i (3) dors.466.Dated Nottingham, 30 April (1327). Rymer's Fœdera. Vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 705.467.Writ to the collector of dues in the port of London and other places on both sides of the Thames as far as Gravesend. Dated Overton, 2 July, 1 Edward III (a.d.1327). Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors (cedula).468.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.469.Letters patent, dated Lincoln, 23 Sept., 1 Edward III (a.d.1327).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.470.Writ to sheriffs to see the restrictions carried out, dated York, 1 March, 2 Edward III (a.d.1327-8).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 24 dors.471.Dated from Coventry.Id., Roll A 1, membr. 18 dors.472.Return to writ, dated 12 January, 1 Edward III (A.D.1327-8).—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 20.473.Letter from the Mayor, &c., of York, to the City of London, dated 29 January, and reply.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23).474.-Id. ibid.475.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xvii (20) dors. The letter was sent in reply to one from the City's representatives, Grantham and Priour, asking for instructions.476.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23) dors.477.He had been an intimate favourite of Edward II. and had been removed, with others, from that king's service in 1311. Notwithstanding this, he appears as the king's Chamberlain in 1316. Ten years later, when the city was in the hands of an infuriated mob, and the king confined at Kenilworth, John de Charleton took the Earl of Arundel prisoner and caused him to be beheaded. In 1329 the citizens received peremptory orders from Edward III, not to harbour him in the city.—Chron. Edward I & II. i, 247.478.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.479.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.480.Letter Book E, fo. 183. (Memorials, p. 169.)481."In 1333 they were again established in England, but merchants ignored them, and in the following year they were abolished. From 1344 onwards they are frequently discussed in parliament and assemblies of the merchants; and by the statute of 1353 the system was consolidated."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 412.482.Letter Book G. fos. 35b, 76.483.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 765.484.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 247, 249.485.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 249, 251.486.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 815.487.Rex Franciæ subtiliavit viis et modis quibus potuit qualiter deturbaret regem Angliæ et repatriare faceret ne tantum destrueret et debellaret regnum Scotiæ.—Knighton (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 476.488.-Id., i, 461.489.Letter Book E, fos. 1-4—(Memorials, pp. 187-190).490.John de Grantham was allowed 60 shillings for a horse which he lost whilst going to this parliament on the city's business. (Letter Book F, fo. 9b.) It is, however, not clear that Grantham attended the parliament as a city member.491.Chron. Edward I and II, ii. 122.492.Letter patent, dated 12 August.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 35.493.-Id. ibid.494.Letter patent, dated Westm., 24 March.—Letter Book F., fo. 6.495.-Id., fo. 6b.496.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 366.497.The king's letter, dated Stamford, 1 June, 1337.—Letter Book F, fo. 6b.498.Letter Book F, fos. 4-5.499.Charter dated Westminster, 26 March, 1337, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5). The king made frequent attempts to annul this charter.—Letter Book F, fo. 197; Letter Book G, fos. 11b, 41b.500.-Id., fo. 9.501.-Id., fo. 9b. (Memorials, p. 197).502.-Id., fo. 10b.503.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380.504.Letter Book F, fo. 42.505.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 3 and 3 dors.506.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380-381.507.Letter Book F, fos. 3, 3b.508.-Id., fo. 14b.Id., fo. 18b.509.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 5, membr. 3 dors.510.-Id., membr. 5 dors.511.-Id., membr. 6. On the 23 October, the Duke of Cornwall, whom the king had nominated regent during his absence abroad, wrote to the Mayor, &c., of London, bidding him put the city into a posture of defence.—Letter Book F, fo. 19.512.-Skumarii: a scummar, a rover. Skeats' Glossary to the Bruce (Early Eng. Text Soc.s. v.)513.Letter Book F, fos. 22b-23.514.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 1.515.Letter Book F, fly leaf. (Memorials, p. 204.)516.Letter Book F, fly-leaf. The passage was printed by the late Mr. Riley, although somewhat inaccurately, in his Memorials (p. 205). The original MS. runs thus: "Item in Camera Gildaule sunt sex Instrumenta de Laton vocata Gonnes cum quinque teleres ad eadem. Item pelete de plumbo pro eidem Instrumentis que ponderant iiijcli et dj. Item xxxij li de pulvere pro dictis instrumentis."517.The late Mr. Riley misread "roleres" for "teleres" (the writing is not very legible), and therefore thought the passage referred to heavy ordnance.518.Richard Hastinges bequeaths by will in 1558 his bows and arrows, with "tyllers" &c.—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 670.519.Congregacio Maioris Aldermannorum et unius hominis cujuslibet warde civitatis pro negociis communitatem tangentibus die veneris proxima post festum Sancte Katerine Virginis (25 Nov.) anno xiijccontra adventum domini regis et regine de partibus transmarinis.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 10.520.Letter Book F, fo. 30b.521.Letter Book F, fo. 32b. (Memorials, pp. 208-210.)522.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 12 dors.523.Letter Book F, fo. 34b.524.Letter Book F, fo. 39.525.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 20-21. Letter Book F, fo. 37b.526.A cedula inserted between membranes 19 and 20 of Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3.527.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 277.528.Murimuth, Contin. Chron. (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 116. Avesbury (Ibid), p. 323.529.Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 283-285. Murimuth, p. 117.530.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 22.531.Letter Book F, fos. 45b-49. Murimuth, pp. 118, 119.532.Murimuth, p. 119.533.Letter Book F, fo. 49.534.Dated 26 May, 1341. This charter, which was granted with the assent of parliament, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5.)535.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 25 dors.536.-Id., Roll A 5. membr. 17.537.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 392 note. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 290.538.Murimuth, 155.539.Letter Book F, fos. 81-84b.540.Commission, dated Windsor, 20th March, 1345.Id.fo. 98b.541.-Id.fos. 99, 109, 110.542.Letter Book F, fo. 111.543.-Id., fo. 116b.544.Murimuth (Rolls Series, No. 93, p. 198) states that the number of vessels great and small amounted to 750; whilst in another Chronicle the same writer says that they numbered more than 1,500 (Chron. ed. for Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 164.)545.Letter Book F. fo. 119. Murimuth (Rolls Series), p. 198.546.Murimuth (Rolls Series), pp. 205-211.547.Letter Book F, fo. 120b.548.-Id., fos. 121-125b.549.Letter Book F, fos. 127, 127b, 130.550.-Id., fos. 132b-133b.551.-Id., fos. 139, 140.552.-Id., fo. 140 b.553.Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 272.Cf.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64). p. 26.554.It was the first of the three pestilences (the others occurring in 1361 and 1369) which served occasionally as land marks in history for dating conveyances and other records.—See Bond's Handy-book for verifying dates, p. 311.555.Stow extravagantly conjectures that no less than 50,000 perished within a year, all of whom were buried in Walter Manny's cemetery, near the Charterhouse. Another chronicler states that 200 were buried there alone between February and April, 1349.—Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 407.556.Whilst the king forbade the encouragement of beggars by gifts of charity, the municipal authorities fixed the price of labour.—Letter Book F. fos. 163, 168, 169, 181. At the close of the year (1349) a statute—known as the Statute of Labourers—was passed, fixing the scale of wages at the rate prevalent before the Black Death, and ordering punishment to be inflicted on those who demanded more.557.Letter Book F, fo. 168.558.-Id., fo. 191b.559.By writ, dated 1 July. Letter Book F, fo. 185b.560.Letter Book F, fos. 187b, 188b.561.Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 412.562.Letter Book F, fos. 174, 176.563.Rot. Parl., ii, 155.564.Letter Book G, fo. 47.—Their cost, amounting to nearly £500, was assessed on the wards.565.Letter Book G, fo. 53b. (Memorials, pp. 285-289).566.Walshingham (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 283. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), p. 37.567.Letter Book G, fos. 65-67.568.Letter Book G, fo. 60.569.Relief on this point was afforded by the king in February, 1359, by the issue of a writ to the effect that the names of his purveyors should be handed to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and that the purveyors shall not seize any victuals until they had shown and read their commission.—Letter Book G, fo. 74.570.Walsingham, i, 288.571.Letter Book G, fo. 133.572.Stow's Survey (Thom's ed. 1876), pp. 41, 90.—If we include David, King of Denmark (as some do), the number of kings entertained on this occasion was five, and to this day the toast of "Prosperity to the Vintners' Company" is drunk at their banquets with five cheers in memory of the visit of the five crowned heads.—See a pamphlet entitledThe Vintners' Company with Five, by B. Standring, Master of the Company in 1887.573.Letter Book G, fo. 133.—The list of subscribers, as printed in Herbert's Introduction to his History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (p. 32), is very inaccurately transcribed.574.-Id., fo. 158.575.-Id., fos. 225b, 226b, 235b, 236b.576.-Id., fo. 228b.577.Letter Book G, fo. 247b.—The money was advanced on the security of Exchequer bills. The names of the contributors and the several sums contributed, covering three folios of the Letter Book, have been for some reason erased.578.-Id., fos. 263, 270.579.Fasciculi Zizaniorum (Rolls Series No. 5), introd., p. xxviii.580.Letter Book G, fos. 274b-275.581.-Id., fo. 268.582.Letter Book G, fos. 268b, 270.583.The number of parishes is elsewhere given as 110.—Id., fo. 275. A list of London benefices, under date 31 Edward I [1302-3], is given in the City's Liber Custumarum (i, 228-230), the number being 116.584.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), pref. vol. i, p. lvi.585.Chron. Edward I and II, introd., vol. i., p. xli.586.Letter Book G, fo. 271. (Memorials, pp. 350-352).587.-Id., fo. 289b.588.Walsingham, i, 315.589.Letter Book G, fos. 297, 298, 304b, 306b, 307.590.Letter Book G, fo. 312b. Letter Book H, fos. 17-19b.591.The parliament was originally summoned for the 12th February, but did not meet before the 28 April. The city members were John Pyel and William Walworth, Aldermen, William Essex and Adam Carlile, commoners.—Letter Book H. fos. 28. 29.592.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), 78, 79.593.Walsingham i, 321. Higden's Polychron (Rolls Series No. 41), viii, 385. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), pp. 94, 392.594.Letter Book H, fo. 45b.595.See the king's letter, dated "Haddele" Castle, 29 July, 1376.—Letter Book H, fo. 44.596.The names of the representatives of the guilds forming the first Common Council of the kind are placed on record.—Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 47.597.-Id., fo. 44b.598.Letter Book H, fo. 46.599.-Id., fos. 47, 161; Journal 11, fo. 89.600.Charter, dated 26 May, 15 Edward III,Suprap. 188.601.Letter Book H, fo. 173.—The names of those elected by the wards to the Common Council two years later (9 Ric. II), are inserted on a cedula between membranes, 15 and 16, of Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 27.602.Walsingham, i, 327. Chron. Angliæ, pp. 142, 143. Modern writers, however, have discovered some good qualities in this lady.—See Notes and Queries, 7th Series, vol. vii, pp. 449,et seq.603.Chron. Angliæ, p. 130.604.See Hust., Rolls, 95, (130) (13O); 97, (9); 98, (73) (74) (82); 109, (6) (7) (8); also Will of William Burton—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 301.605.Letter Book H, fo. 77b.606.-Id., fo. 47b.607.Pat. Roll, 3 Ric. II, part 1.608."Ut de cetero non major, antiquo more, sed capitaneus Londoniis haberetur, et quod Marescallus Angliæ in illa civitate, sicut alibi, reos arestare valeret; cum multis petitionibus quæ; manifeste obviabant urbis libertatibus et imminebant civium detrimento."—Chron. Angliæ, p. 120.609.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 123-125, 397; Walsingham, i, 325.610.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 125, 398.611.-Id., pp. 127, 128.612.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.613.Letter Book H, fos. 58, 59.614.Chron. Angliæ, p. 134.615.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.616.-Id., pp. 136-137, 142-143.617.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 146-149. The chronicler expresses the utmost joy and astonishment at the sudden change in the duke's manner. It was (he says) nothing less than a miracle that one who had so recently demanded a present of precious stones and 100 tuns of wine, as the price of his favour, should now appear so complacent.618.-Id., pp. 150, 151.619."Londonienses præcipue obloquebantur, dicentes jam perpaucorum proceruin corda fore cum Rege, eos solos sibi fideles esse; quorum Rex licet ironice, vocabatur a nonnullis proceribus, eo quod ipsi multum juvissent eum in coronatione sua."—Walsingham i, 370;Cf.Chron. Angliæ, p. 200.620.Chron. Angliæ, p. 153.621.Lib. Cust. ii, 467, 468. It appears from the City Records, that the king's butler in ordinary could claim the office of Coroner of the city.—See Letter Book H, fos. 68, 77b.622.The Isle of Wight had been surprised and taken, Rye had been captured, Hastings had been destroyed by fire, and Winchelsea would have fallen into the hands of the enemy but for the bold defence made by the Abbot of Battle.—Walsingham i, 340-342; Chron. Angliæ, pp. 151, 166, 167.623.Letter Book H, fos. 76-77, 83.624.Et deputati sunt ad hujus pecuniæ custodiam duo cives Londonienses, scilicet Willelmus Walworthe et Johannes Philipot.—Chron. Angliæ, p. 171. Eight other citizens, viz., Adam Lovekyn, William Tonge, Thomas Welford, Robert Lucas, John Hadley, John Northampton, John Organ, and John Sely, were appointed collectors of the two fifteenths.—Letter Book H, fo. 90.625.Dated 4 Dec, 1377. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).626.Letter Book H, fo. 82.627.Chron. Angliæ, p. 194: Walsingham i, 367. It was stated before parliament, in 1378, that Walworth and Philipot had laid out every penny of the subsidy.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 445 note.628.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 199, 200. Philipot again showed his patriotism in 1380, by providing money and arms for an expedition sent to assist the Duke of Brittany.—Id., p. 266. He died in the summer of 1384.—Walsingham, ii, 115.629.Letter Book H, fo. 95.630."Et idcirco locum illum elegerant præmeditato facinori; ne Londonienses, si Londoniis fuisset Parliamentum prædictum, sua auctoritate vel potentia eorum conatus ullatenus impedirent."—Walsingham, i, 380.631.Letter Book H, fo. 101b. (Memorials, p. 427).632.Letter Book H, fos. 109b, 110.633.-Id., fos. 107, 108, 109.634.-Id., fos. 111b, 113.635.Letter Book H, fos. 128, 132.636.The story of the insurrection under Wat Tyler, and of his death at the hands of Walworth, as told in Letter Book H, fo. 133b (Memorials, pp. 449-451), varies in some particulars from that given by Walsingham (i, 454-465), and in the Chronicon Angliæ (pp. 285-297).637.Letter Book H, fo. 134.638.-Id., fo. 134b.639.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 24, membr. 9.640.Walsingham, i, 467-484; ii, 23.641.Walsingham, ii, 13.642.-Id., ii, 9, 10.643.Letter Book H, fos. 149b, 150.644."Homo duri cordis et astutus, elatus propter divitias et superbus, qui nec inferioribus adquiescere, nec superiorum allegationibus sive monitis flecti valeret quin quod inceperat proprio ingenio torvo proposito ad quemcunque finem perducere niteretur."—Walsingham, ii, 65.645.Letter Book H, fo. 144. (Memorials, p. 463).646.Letter Book H, fo. 146b.647.-Id., fos. 153-154.648.Walsingham, ii, 71. From the City's Records it appears that early in 1383, William Baret was alderman of Philipot's ward (Cornhill); but in the following year, when Brembre succeeded to his mayoralty, and the so-called "king's party" was again in the ascendant, Philipot again appears as alderman of his old ward, continuing in office until his death (12 Sept., 1384), when he was succeeded by John Rote.—Letter Book H, fos. 163, 174.649.Letter Book H, fo. 155b.650.Letter Book H, fo. 154.651.Letter Book H, fo. 168. Three years later, "the folk of the Mercerye of London" complained to parliament that Brembre and his "upberers" had on this occasion obtained his election by force—"through debate and strenger partye."—(Rot., Parl. iii, 225). There is no evidence of this in the City's Records, although there appears to have been a disturbance at his re-election in 1384. It may be to this that the Mercers' petition refers. It is noteworthy that at the time of his election in 1383, Brembre was not an alderman, although in the previous year, and again in the year following his election, he is recorded as Alderman of Bread Street Ward.—Letter Book H, fos. 140, 163, 174.652.Breve quod piscenarii libertatis civitatis Londoniæ exerceant artem suam ut consueverunt. Dated 27 Nov., 1383.—Letter Book H, fo. 172.653.-Id., fos. 154-154b, 176-177.654.Dated 26 Nov., 7 Ric. II. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).655.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3 dors.656.Letter Book H, fos. 166, 167.657.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3.658.Writ dated 9 February; Letter Box H, fo. 173b.659.-Id., fos. 173b, 174b.660.-Id., fo. 174.661.Letter Book H, fo. 179.662.Letter Book H, fo. 179b; Walsingham, ii, 116.663.Hidgen, Polychron. (Rolls Series No. 41), ix, 45seq.664."Hæc autem omnia sibi fieri procurarunt æmuli piscarii, ut dicebabur, quia per illos stetit quod ars et curia eorum erant destructæ."—Higden, ix, 49.665.Letter Book H, fo. 92. (Memorials, pp. 415-417).666.Letter Book H, fo. 182. The names of those specially summoned are set out in Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 15.667.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 4, 5 and 6.668.Higden, ix, 50, 51.669.Letter Book H, fo. 182.670.Letter Book H, fo. 198b.671.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 26.672.Letters patent of pardon received the king's sign manual on the 3 June, 1386 (Letter Book H, fo. 216), but the prisoners were not released before April in the following year.—See Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.673.Letter Book H, fo. 214. (Memorials, p. 494).674.Rot. Parl. iii, 227, cited by Riley in his "Memorials," p. 494, note.675.Letter Book H, fo. 176b.676.This letter, which was dated the 27 April, was delivered to Lord Zouche at his house by John Reche, Common Pleader, and Ralph Strode and John Harwell, Sergeants-at-Arms.—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.677."Super quo dominus Rex respondit quod licet in sua potestate fuerat cum ipsis, Johanne, Johanne et Ricardo agere graciose bene tamen sibi provideret priusquam foret eis graciam concessurus."—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.678.Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.679.Letter Book H, fo. 222.680.The oath as set out in the letter to the king differs from another copy of the oath, which immediately precedes the letter in Letter Book H, fos. 220b, 221; a clause having been subsequently added to the latter to the effect that the swearer abjured the opinions of Northampton and his followers, and would oppose their return within the bounds and limits set out in the king's letters patent.681.Letter Book H, fo. 222.682.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.683.Walsingham, ii, 150.684.Higden, Polychron. ix, 104.685.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.686.Higden, Polychron. ix, 106; Walsingham, ii, 166.687.Letter Book H, fo. 223b. (Memorials, p. 449.)688.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108-109.689."Londonienses ... mobiles erant ut arundo, et nunc cum Dominis, nunc cum Rege, sentiebant, nusquam stabiles sed fallaces."—Hist. Angliæ, ii, 161.690.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108; Walsingham, ii, 169.691.Pleas and Mem., Roll A, membr. 7.692.Higden, ix, 111-114; Walsingham, ii, 170, 171; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 5.693.Higden, ix, 117, 118.694.Howell's State Trials, i, 115.695.Higden, Polychron. ix, 168.696.State Trials, i, 118, 119.697.Walsingham, ii, 165-174.698.Higden, ix, 167-169.699.Letter Book H, fo. 228.700.Letter Book H, fo, 161.701.-Id.,fo. 126; Higden ix, 179.702.Letter Book H, fos. 234, 234b.703.Higden ix, 217.704.Higden ix, 238, 239.705.Letters patent, date, 2 Dec, 1390.—Letter Book H, fo. 255; Higden ix, 243.706.Letter Book H, fo. 259. (Memorials, p. 526.).707.-Id., fo. 300.708.-Id., fo. 270.709.Higden, ix, 270. According to Walsingham (Hist. Angl. ii, 208), the Lombard failed to get the money from the citizens, who nearly killed him when they learnt his purpose.710.The names of the citizens chosen for the occasion are given by Higden (Polychron. ix, 269, 270), and in Letter Book H, fo. 270.711.The reason given in the City Records for the dismissals which followed is stated to be "certain defects in a commission under the common seal and other causes."—Letter Book H, fo. 270b.712.Higden, Polychron. ix, 272; Walsingham, ii, 208-209.713.Higden, ix, 273; Letter Book H, fo. 270b.714.Letter Book H, fo. 275b.715.-Id., fo. 273.716.Letter Book H, fo. 269b; Higden, ix, 267. Walsingham (ii, 213) suggests that this was done at the instance of the Archbishop of York, the Chancellor.717."Putabant isti officiarii per hoc non modicum damnificare civitatem Lundoniæ, sed potius hoc multo majora damna intulerunt regi et hominibus regni quam jam dictæ civitati."—Higden, ix, 267-268.718.Walsingham, ii, 210.719.Higden, ix, 273.720.Letters Patent of pardon, dated Woodstock, 19 September, 1392. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 6).721.Higden. ix, 274, 276, 278; Letter Book H, fos. 271b, 272, 274. Notwithstanding these remissions, the city was mulcted, according to Waisingham (ii, 211), in no less a sum than £10,000 before it received its liberties.—Cf.Chron. of London, 1089-1483 (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas, sometimes called "Tyrrell's Chronicle," from a City Remembrancer of that name), p. 80.722.Stat. 17, Ric. II, c. 13; Letter Book H, fos. 290b, 291.; Bohun, "Privilegia Londini" (ed. 1723), p. 57.723.Higden, ix, 274.724.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 489-490.725.Letter Book H, fo. 314.726.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 12.727."Also this yere (1397-8), by selying of blank chartres, the Citie of London paied to the kyng a mlli."—Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas); p. 83.728.Letters Patent, dat. 9 May, 1399.—Letter Book H, fo. 326. Richard set sail on the 29th.729."Douze cent hommes de Londres, tous armés et montés à cheval."—Froissart (ed. Lyon, 1559), vol. iv, c. 108, p. 328. In Lord Berner's translation of Froissart (iv, 566), the number is wrongly given as 12,000.730.Walsingham, ii, 245, 246.731.Walsingham, ii, 262-264. Serle's Christian name is given elsewhere as John.—Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 30. The writ for his execution is dated 5 August, 1404.—Letter Book I, fo. 31b.732.Letter Book I, fo. 180b. (Memorials, pp. 638-641). Walsingham, ii, 317.733.City Records Journal, I, fo. 83b. We have now a series of MS. Volumes among the City's archives known as "Journals" to assist us. They contain minutes of proceedings of the Court of Common Council, just as the "Repertories" (which we shall have occasion to consult later on), contain a record of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen. The Letter Books may now be regarded as "fair copies" of the more important of the proceedings of both Courts.734.Letter Book H, fo. 307b. The Lollards are said to have derived their name from a low German wordlollen, to sing or chant, from their habit of chanting, but their clerical opponents affected to derive it from the Latinlolium, as if this sect were as tares among the true wheat of the church.735.Letter Book I, fo. 125b-132.736.-Id., fo. 130b.737.-Ibid.738.Letter Book I, fo. 11b.739.He appears, however, to have burnt by a special order of the king, before the passing of the statute.—See Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), Introd. p. lxix.740.A curious story is told of boys in the streets playing at England and Scotland at this time, with the result that what began in play ended in fighting and loss of life.—See Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 332.741.Letter Book I, fo. 16.742.Letter Book I, fo. 27; Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 379.743.Letter Book I, fo. 89b.744.-Id., fo. 113.745.-Id., fo. 108b.746.Letter Book I, fo. 112b.747.Exchequer Roll, Lay Subsidy, 144-20.—See Archæological Journal, vol. xliv, 56-82.748.Letter Book I, fo. 54. (Memorials pp. 563-564.)749.License, dated Westminster, 29 May, 12 Henry IV (A.D.1411).—Letter Book I, fo. 103b. In 1417 the mayor and aldermen ordained that the rector of St. Peter's for the time being should in future take precedence of the rectors of all other city churches, on the ground that Saint Peter's was the first church founded in the city of London, having been built in 199 by King Lucius, and for 400 years or more held the metropolitan chair.—Letter Book I, fo. 203. (Memorials, pp. 651-653.)Cf.Journal 1, fo. 21b.750."Eminentissima turris Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et pugil invictus Dominus Thomas de Arundelia."—Hist. Angl. ii, 300.751.A certain William Fyssher, aparchemyneror parchment-maker of London, was afterwards (1416) convicted of assisting in Oldcastle's escape, and was executed at Tyburn.—Letter Book I, fo. 181b. (Memorials, p. 641.)752.Walsingham, ii, 292-299; Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), 433-449; Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas), p. 97.753.Letter Book I, fos. 286-290.754.2 Hen. V. Stat. i, c. 7.755.It was not, however, the last occasion upon which parliamentary action was attempted. In 1422, and again in 1425, the Lollards were formidable in London, and parliament on both occasions ordered that those who were in prison should be delivered at once to the Ordinary, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 81, 363.756.Letter Book I, fo. 147.757.Walsingham, ii, 306, 307.758.Hist. Angl., ii, 307.759.Letter Book I, fol. 154.760.See letter from the mayor to the king, giving an account of Cleydon's trial, 22nd August, 1415.—Letter Book I, fo. 155. (Memorials, p. 617). Foxe, "Acts and Monuments," iii, 531-534.761.Walsingham, ii, 327, 328.762.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 46; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 106.763.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii., 363, 364.764.Letter Book I, fo. 150. This "very antient memorandum" of the Lord Mayor's precedence in the City was submitted to Charles II in 1670, when that monarch insisted upon Sir Richard Ford, the Lord Mayor of the day, giving "the hand and the place" to the Prince of Orange (afterwards William III of England), on the occasion of the prince being entertained by the City.—Repertory, 76, fos. 28b, 29.765.Letter Book I, fo. 158b. (Memorials, p. 613).766.-Id., fo. 157.767.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), pp. 108-109. Gregory was an alderman of the City, and an eye-witness of much that he relates.768.Letter dated 2nd August—the day on which Sir Thomas Grey, one of the chief conspiritors was executed.—Letter Book I, fo. 180.769.Letter Book I, fo. 143. (Memorials, p. 619).770.Letter Book I, fo. 177.771.Letter Book I, fo. 159. (Memorials, pp. 620, 622).772."Quali gaudio, quali tripudio, quali denique triumpho, sit acceptus a Londoniensibus, dicere prætermitto. Quia revera curiositas apparatumn, nimietas expensarum, varietates spectaculorum, tractatus exigerent merito speciales."—Walsingham, ii, 314.773.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 103.774.Letter Book I, fo. 178b. Other proclamations on the same subject are recorded in the same place, most of which will be found in "Memorials" (pp. 627-629).775.Letter Book I, fo. 190b.776.-Id., fos. 188, 188b.777.Letter Book I, fo. 191b.778.Letter Book I, fo. 218b. In May, 1419, the sword was surrendered, and the security changed to one on wool, woolfells, &c.—Id., fo. 227b.779.Letter Book I, fo. 229. (Memorials, p. 654.)780.Journal 1, fo. 30b.781.Letter Book I, fo. 200b. (Memorials, p. 657.)782.Letter, dated Caen, 11 September.—Letter Book I, fo. 200b.783.Writ, dated 18th Oct.—Letter Book I, fo. 203.784.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 89.785.Letter Book I, fo. 222.786.Letter Book I, fos. 211b, 212b, 217. Proclamations made by the civic authorities at this time were subscribed "Carpenter"—the name of the Common Clerk or Town Clerk of the City. The custom of the Town Clerk of London for the time being, signing official documents of this kind with his surname alone, continues at the present day.787.Letter Book I, fo. 215b.788.Letter Book I, fo. 216. (Memorials, p. 664).789.Letter Book I, fo. 216. On the 15th September the question of payment to the brewers, wine drawers and turners of the cups was considered.—Journal I, fo. 48. (Memorials, pp. 665, 666).790.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), 1222.791.Letter Book I, fos. 236, 236b.792.Letter Book I, fo. 237. (Memorials, p. 674).793.-Id., fo. 241b.794.Letter Book I, fo. 252.795.Walsingham, ii, 335.796.Letter Book I, fo. 263.797.Letter Book I, fo. 259. According to Walsingham (ii, 336), the ceremony took place on thefirstSunday in Lent.798.Walsingham, ii, 336, 337.799.Parliament voted a fifteenth and a tenth to assist the king in his necessities; John Gedney, alderman, John Perneys, John Bacon, grocer, and John Patesley, goldsmith, being appointed commissioners to levy the same within the City.—Letter Book I, fo. 277b.800.Letter Book K, fo. 1b.801.Letter Book I, fo. 282b.802.Letter Book I, fo. 282b; Letter Book K, fo. 12.803.Letter Book K, fo. 2.804.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 97.805.Letter Book K, fos. 10, 10b.806.-Id., fo. 15b.807.Letter Book K, fos. 10-18.808.Chron. London (Nicolas), p. 114; Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 17), p. 159; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), pp. 53, 54.809.See two letters from the mayor.—Letter Book K, fos. 18b, 21.810.Gregory's Chron., p. 160.811.-Id., p. 162.812.Journal 2, fos. 22b, 64b (new pagination).813.Letter Book K, fo. 50b.814.Gregory's Chron., p. 161.815.Letter Book K, fo. 55b.816.Letter Book K, fos. 62, 63b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.817.Letter Book K, fo. 66b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.818.Letter Book K, fo. 68b. In 1443 the Common Council agreed to allow the City members their reasonable expenses out of the chamber (Journal 5, fo. 129b), but when parliament met at Coventry in 1459, the City members were allowed 40s.a day, besides any disbursements they might make in the City's honour (Journal 6, fo. 166b), and the same allowance was made in 1464, when parliament sat at York (Journal 7, fos. 52, 54).819.-Id., fo. 69b.820.Gregory's Chron., pp. 164-168.821.City Records, Liber Dunthorn, fo. 61b; Letter Book K, fo. 70.822.Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, London, ii, 509.823.Letter Book K, fo. 84.824.A long account of his entry into the French capital, and of the pageantry in honour of the occasion, is set out in full in the City's Records.—Letter Book K, fos. 101b-103.825.A full descriptive account of Henry's reception on his return from France is set out in the City Records (Letter Book K, fos. 103b-104b). It purports to be an account sent by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk, to a friend, and has been printed at the end of theLiber Albus(Rolls Series);Cf.Gregory's Chron., pp. 173-175.826.He informed the City of his intention by letter, dated from Ghent the 13th April.—Letter Book K, fo. 105.827.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 114-117.828.Letter Book K, fo. 137b.829.Letter Book K, fo. 138.830.Gregory's Chron., p. 177.831.Letter Book K, fo. 148.832."And that same yere (1437), the Mayre of London sende, by the good a-vyse and consent of craftys, sent sowdyers to Calys, for hyt was sayde that the Duke of Burgone lay sege unto Calis."—Gregory's Chron. p. 178.833.Letter Book K, fos. 160-162.834.Gregory's Chron. p. 179.835.Letter Book K. fo. 183b. The tax was found to be so successful that it was subsequently renewed. In 1453 it was renewed for the king's life.—Id., fo. 280b.836.Journal 3, fo. 103b.837.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 129.838.The validity as well as the effect of this charter (which is preserved in the Town Clerk's office) has been made the subject of much controversy, some contending that it is in effect a grant of the soil of the river from Staines to Yantlet, that being the extent of the City's liberties on the Thames, whilst others restrict the grant to the City's territorial limits,i.e., from Temple Bar to the Tower.839.Letter Book K, fo. 220b.840.Chron. of London (Nicholas), p. 134.841.See "Historical Memoranda," by Stow, printed in "Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), pp. 94-99.842."And the Meire of London with the comynes of the city came to the kynge besekynge him that he wolde tarye in the cite, and they wolde lyve and dye with him, and pay for his costes of householde an halff yere; but he wold nott, but toke his journey to Kyllyngworthe."—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chronicles" (Camd. Soc.), p. 67.843.Journal 5, fo. 36b.844.Journal 5, fo. 39.845.He had been admitted alderman of Lime Street ward in 1448, at the king's special request, and had only recently been discharged.—Journal 4, fo. 213b; Journal 5, fo. 38b. In 1461 he left England, but was captured at sea by the French and put to ransom for 4,000 marks.—Fabyan, p. 638.846.Holinshed, iii, 224.847.Gregory's Chron., p. 192.848.Journal 5, fo. 40b.849.Alexander Iden, who appears to have pursued Cade beyond the limits of his own jurisdiction, as Sheriff of Kent, into the neighbouring county of Sussex, where the rebel was apprehended in a garden at Heathfield.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron.," preface, p. vii.850.The exclusion of the Duke and other nobles from the king's council had been made an express ground of complaint by the Kentish insurgents.851.Chron., p. 196.852."And so thei brought (the duke) ungirt thurgh London bitwene ij bisshoppes ridyng unto his place; and after that made hym swere at Paulis after theire entent, and put him frome his good peticions which were for the comoen wele of the realme."—Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 138.853.Journal 5, fos. 131, 132b, 133b.854.Journal 5, fos. 134b, 135b, 136.855.-Id., fo. 148.856.-Id., fo. 152.857.-Id., fo. 152b.858.-Id., fos. 183, 184.859.Journal 5, fo. 206.860.Report of City Chamberlain to the Court of Common Council.—Journal 5, fos. 227-228b.861.News-letter of John Stodeley, 19 Jan., 1454; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 265, 266.862.Journal 5, fos 143, 145b, 152, 152b-160b.863.Journal 5, fo. 150.864.-Id., fos. 162, 162b.865.-Id., fo. 164b.866.Booking to Paston, 15 May; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 387;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139; Gregory's Chron., p. 199.867.William Cantelowe, alderman of Cripplegate and Billingsgate wards, from the latter of which he was discharged in October, 1461, on the score of old age and infirmity (Journal 6, fo. 81b). He appears in his time to have had financial dealings with the crown, on one occasion conveying money over sea for bringing Queen Margaret to England, and on another supplying gunpowder to the castle of Cherbourg, when it was in the hands of the English. He is thought by some to be identical with the William Cantelowe who afterwards (in 1464) captured Henry VI in a wood in the North of England.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 28), Preface, p. viii.868.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 70.869.Letter Book K, fo. 287.870.-Id., fo. 288b.871.Cotton MS., Vitell. A, xvi, fo. 114.872.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 77.873.Fabyan, Chron. (ed. 1811), p. 633;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139.874.Journal 6, fos. 138, 138b, 139.875.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 78;Cf.Fabyan, p. 633; Holinshed, iii, 249.876.Short Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 71; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 140.877.Journal 6, fo. 166.878.-Id., fo. 145.879.-Id., fo. 163.880.English Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 179.881.Journal 6, fo. 224b.882.William Paston, writing to his brother John, under date 28th January, 1460, remarks, "Item, the kyng cometh to London ward, and, as it is seyd, rereth the pepyll as he come; but it is certayn ther be comyssyons made in to dyvers schyres that every man be redy in his best aray to com when the kyng send for hem."—Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 506.883.Paston Letters (Gairdner), Introd., p. cxl.884.The king's letter, dated 2 Feb., was read before the Common Council on the 5 Feb.—Letter Book K, fo. 313b; Journal 6, fo. 196b.885.Journal 6, fo. 197b.886.-Id., fo. 203b.887.-Id., fo. 158.888.Journal 6, fo. 237.889.It had been destroyed by fire during the Kentish outbreak.—Gregory's Chron., p. 193.890.Journal 6, fo. 237b.891.Journal 6, fo. 238.892.-Id., fo. 238b.893.Journal 6, fos. 239, 239b; Eng. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 94.894.Journal 6, fo. 252b.895.Eo quod nullus alius modus videtur esse tutus pro civitate.—Id., fo. 251.896.Journal 6, fo. 251b.897.-Id., fo. 250b.898.Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 98. The Thames boatmen and sailors were almost as powerful and troublesome a body of men as the London apprentices. The Common Council had recently (11th July) endeavoured to subdue their turbulent spirit by the distribution among them of a large sum of money (£100).—Journal 6, fo. 254.899.On the 4th July the Common Council voted the earls the sum of £1,000 by way of loan.—Journal 6, fo. 253.900.Journal 6, fo. 256. By some inadvertence two copies of the agreement were sealed, one of which was returned to the mayor to be cancelled.901.Journal 6, fo. 257.902.Gregory's Chron., p. 208; Engl. Chron., pp, 99-100; Short Engl. Chron., p. 75.903.The interview with the wardens of the companies took place at a Common Council held on the 13th December, 1460.—Journal 6, fo. 282b.904.Journal 6, fo. 13.905.The governing body in the city was still Lancastrian at heart. On the 13th Feb. the Common Council had voted Henry, at that time in the hands of Warwick, a loan of 1,000 marks, and a further sum of 500 marks (making in all £1,000) for the purpose ofgarnysshyngand safeguarding the city. On the 24th a certain number of aldermen and commoners were deputed to answer for the safe custody of the Tower, and on the following day (25 Feb.) the mayor forbade, by public proclamation, any insult being offered to Sir Edmund Hampden and others, who had been despatched by the king and queen to London for the purpose of ascertaining "the true and faithful disposition" of the city.—Journal 6, fos. 35, 35b, 40.906.Gregory's Chron., p. 215.907.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 189.908.Journal 6, fo. 37b.909.Letter Book L, fo. 4; Lib. Dunthorn, fo. 62; Journal 7, fo. 98.910.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 80.911.Journal 7, fos. 97b, 98.912.Charter, dat. Winchecombe, 26 Aug., 1461. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).913.Inspeximus charter, dated Westminster, 25 March, 1462. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 13).914.Journal 7, fo. 8.915.-Id., fo. 15.916.See Inspeximus charter 15 Charles II.917.Journal 7, fo. 21b.918.Journal 7, fo. 175.919.Ancestor of Lord Bacon and others of the nobility.—See Orridge "Citizens and their Rulers," p. 222.920.Fabyan, p. 656. He was deprived of his aldermanry (Broad Street Ward) by the king's orders.—Journal 7, fo. 128.921.Journal 7, fos. 196, 198, 199.922.Journal 7, fos. 215b, 222b.923.-Id., fos. 229b, 230b.924.-Id., fo. 222b.925.A record of what took place in the city between the 1st and 6th October is set out in Journal 7, fo. 223b.926.-Id., fo. 225.927.He had, after Warwick's flight to France in March of this year, put to death and impaled twenty of the earl's followers.—Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 9.928.Journal 7, fo. 225.929.Fabyan Chron., p. 660.930.Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 15.—According to the chronicler, theCommonsof the city were still loyal to Henry, whom Archbishop Nevill had carried through the streets, weak and sickly as he was, in the hope of exciting the sympathy of the burgesses. Had the archbishop been a true man, "as the Commons of London were," Edward would not have gained an entry into the city until after the victory of Barnet-field.931.Journal 5, fos. 152, 175.932.The "bastard's" letter and the reply of the mayor and aldermen are set out in Journal 8, fos. 4b-6b, and Letter Book L, fo. 78.933.Holinshed, iii, 323; Fabyan, p. 662.—According to Warkworth (p. 19), theCommonswould willingly have admitted the rebels had the latter not attempted to fire Aldgate and London Bridge.934.Paston Letters, iii, 17.935.The 21st May is the day usually given as that on which Edward returned. The City's Journal, however, gives the day as the Eve of the Ascension, that festival falling on May the 23rd.—Journal 8, fo. 7.936.Warkworth's Chron., p. 21.937.Namely, Richard Lee, Matthew Philip, Ralph Verney, John Young, William Tailour, George Irlond, William Hampton, Bartholomew James, Thomas Stalbrok, and William Stokker.—Journal 8, fo. 7.938.Journal 7, fo. 246.939.-Id., 8, fo. 98.940.-Id., fo. 101.941.Journal 8, fo. 110b.942.Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).943.Journal 8, fo. 244.944.Fabyan, p. 667.945.Proclamation, dated 21 Nov., 22 Edw. IV.—Letter Book L, fo. 281b; Journal 9, fo. 2.946.Journal 9, fo. 12.947.-Id., fo. 14.948.-Id., fo. 14b.949.-Id., fos. 18, 18b.950.Journal 9, fo. 21b.951.The oath taken by Gloucester to King Edward V, as well as the oath which he was willing to take to the queen, if she consented to quit Westminster, were read before the Common Council on the 23rd March.—Journal 9, fo. 23b.952.Wife of Matthew Shore, a respectable goldsmith of Lombard Street:—"In Lombard-street, I once did dwelle,As London yet can witness welle;Where many gallants did beholdeMy beautye in a shop of golde."(Percy Reliques).She had recently been made to do penance by Gloucester in a white sheet for practising witchcraft upon him; but her unhappy position, as well as her well-known charity in better days, gained for her much sympathy and respect.953.The duke's speech, interesting as it is, as showing the importance attached to gaining the favour of the City, cannot be regarded as historical.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 224 note.954.Journal 9, fo. 27.955.Journal 9, fo. 33b. The names of the citizens selected for that honour are recorded.—Id., fo. 21b. The names also of those who attended coronations in the same capacity down to the time of George IV are, with one exception (the coronation of Charles I), entered in the City's archives.—(See Report on Coronations, presented to Co. Co., 18 Aug., 1831.Printed.)956.-Id., fo. 43.957.-Id., fo. 114b.958.Journal 9, fo. 39.959.Green, Hist. of the English People, ii, 63.960.Stat. 1 Richard III, c. 9.961.-Id., c. 2.962.Journal 9, fo. 43b.963.Journal 9, fo. 56.964.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 140.965.Journal 9, fos. 78b, 81. Richard issued a proclamation against Henry "Tydder" on the 23 June, calling upon his subjects to defend themselves against his proposed attack.—Paston Letters (Gairdner), iii, 316-320.966.Journal 9, fos. 81b-83b.967.Journal 9, fos. 84, 85b, 86b;Cf."Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 4-6.968.Holinshed, iii, 479.969.Hecker's "Epidemics of the Middle Ages," p. 168.970.Journal 9, fo. 87b.971.The day for election of mayor varied; at one time it was the Feast of the Translation of S. Edward (13 Oct.), at another the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude (28 Oct.).972.Journal 9, fo. 88.973.-Id., fo. 78b.974.-Id., fo. 89b.975.Holinshed, iii, 482, 483; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 141b. According to Fabyan (p. 683), the Mercers, Grocers and Drapers subscribed nearly one half of the loan.976.Pol. Verg., 717; "Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 3.977.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh" (Twelve English Statesmen Series), p. 47. No record of this appears in the City's archives.978.Journal 9, fos. 150b, 151.979.-Id., fo. 151.980.He arrived on the 3rd Nov.—Gairdner, p. 57.981.Journal 9, fos. 157b, 158.982.-Id., fo. 161.983.Journal 9, fo. 223b; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 142b; Fabyan, p. 683; Holinshed, iii, 492.984.Henry's second parliament was summoned to meet the 9th Nov., 1487. The names of the City's representatives have not come down to us, but we know that William White, an alderman, was elected one or the members in the place of Thomas Fitz-William, who was chosen member for Lincolnshire, and we have the names of six men chosen to superintend the City's affairs in this parliament (ad prosequendum in parliamento pro negociis civitatis), viz:—William Capell, alderman, Thomas Bullesdon, Nicholas Alwyn, Simon Harrys, William Brogreve, and Thomas Grafton.—Journal 9, fo. 224.985.Holinshed, iii, 492.986.Journal 9, fo. 273b.987.Fabyan, p. 684.988.Journal 10, fos. 80b, 83; Repertory 1, fos. 10b, 13. The "Repertories"—containing minutes of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen, distinct from those of the Common Council—commence in 1495.989.Repertory 1, fo. 19b.990.Two years later, when the post was held by Arnold Babyngton, complaint being made of the noisome smell arising from the burning of bones, horns, shavings of leather, &c., in preparing food for the City's hounds, near Moorgate, the Common Hunt was allowed a sum of 26s.8d.in addition to his customary fees for the purpose of supplying wood for the purpose.—Repertory 1, fo. 70. The office was maintained as late as the year 1807, when it was abolished by order of the Common Council.—Journal 84, fo. 135b.991.Repertory 1, fo. 20b.992.-Id., fos. 20, 20b.993.Journal 10, fo. 104b.994.-Id., fo. 105.995.-Id., fo. 108.996.Fabyan, p. 687.997.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 176.998.Repertory 1, fo. 41b.999.Repertory 1, fo. 62.1000.Journal 10, fo. 187b.1001.Journal 10, fo. 190b.1002.-Id., fo. 191.1003.This is the date given by Gairdner (p. 198). According to Fabyan (p. 687) she arrived on the 4th Oct.1004.Journal 10, fos. 238, 238b.1005.Repertory 1, fos. 122b-126. The account will be found in Archæol., vol. xxxii, p. 126.1006.Repertory 1, fos. 130, 130b.1007.By Stat. 19 Henry VII, c. 7, annulling Stat. 15 Henry VI, c. 6.1008.Repertory 2, fo. 146.1009.Charter dated 23 July, 1505, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 15).1010.Repertory 1, fo. 175.1011.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 193.1012.Repertory 2, fos. 12, 14; Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 29.1013.The sum mentioned by Holinshed (iii. 539), is £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689.1014.Baker, in his Chronicle (ed. 1674), p. 248, puts Capel's fine at £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689; Holinshed, iii, 530; Journal 11, fo. 94.1015.Fabyan, p. 690.1016.Letter Book M, fo. 138; Journal 11, fo. 28.1017.Journal 11, fos. 37-39.1018.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh," p. 206.1019.Journal 10, fos. 318, 318b; Repertory 2, fos. 10b-11b. A list of "such places as have charged themself and promysed to kepe the yerely obit" of Henry VII, as well as a copy of indentures made for the assurance of the same obit, with schedule of sums paid to various religious houses for the observance of the same, are entered in the City's Records.—Repertory 1. fo. 167b; Letter Book P, fo. 186b.1020.The generally accepted day of his death, although the City's Archives in one place record it as having taken place on the 21st.—Journal 2, fo. 67b;Cf.Fabyan, 690.1021.Holinshed, iii, 541.1022.Journal 11, fos. 67b-69.1023."Aldermen barons and presenting barons astate whiche hath been Maires."1024.Journal 2, fo. 69.1025.Repertory 11, fo. 68b.1026.Letters Patent, dated 9 June, 1509, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 29).1027.Letter Book M, fo. 159; Journal 11, fo. 74b.1028.Repertory 2, fo. 68.1029.Journal 11, fos. 80, 81b, 82; Letter Book M, fo. 160.1030.Journal 11, fo. 80.1031.Holinshed, iii, 547.1032.According to Holinshed (iii, 567), Parliament opened on the 25th Jan., 1512. The Parliamentary Returns give the date as the 4th Feb. with "no returns found." The names of the City's members, however, are recorded in the City's Archives. They were Alderman Sir William Capell, who had suffered so much at the close of the last reign, Richard Broke, the City's new Recorder, William Cawle or Calley, draper, and John Kyme, mercer, commoners.—Journal 11, fo. 147b; Repertory 2, fo. 125b.1033.The Act for levying the necessary subsidy ordained that every alien made a denizen should be rated like a native, but that aliens who had not become denizens should be assessed at double the amount at which natives were assessed.—See "Historical Introd. to Cal. of Denizations and Naturalizations of Aliens in England, 1509-1603." (Huguenot Soc.), viii, 7.1034.Journal 11, fo. 1.1035.-Id., fo. 1b.1036.Journal 11, fo. 171; Repertory 2, fos. 150b, 172.1037.Repertory 2, fos. 151b-152.1038.Journal 11, fo. 2.1039.Repertory 2, fo. 153.1040.Letter Book M., fo. 257; Repertory 3, fo. 221. In July, 1517, the Fellowship of Saddlers of London consented, on the recommendation of Archbishop Warham, to refer a matter of dispute between it and the parishioners of St. Vedast to the Recorder and Thomas More, gentleman, for settlement (Repertory 3, fo. 149); and in Aug., 1521, "Thomas More, late of London, gentleman," was bound over, in the sum of £20, to appear before the mayor for the time being, to answer such charges as might be made against him.—Journal 12, fo. 123.1041.Roper's Life of Sir Thomas More, pp. 3, 5, 6.1042.Journal 8, fo. 144; Journal 9, fos. 13, 142b.1043.William Lichfield, rector of All Hallows the Great, Gilbert Worthington, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, John Cote, rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and John Nigel or Neel, master of the hospital of St. Thomas de Acon and parson of St. Mary Colechurch.—Rot. Parl. v, 137.1044.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 42.1045.Chamber Accounts (Town Clerk's office), i, fos. 202b, 203.1046.Repertory 2, fos. 121b, 123.1047.-Id., fo. 126b; Journal 11, fo. 147b.1048.Journal 11, fo. 163; Repertory 2, fos. 133b, 142.1049.Letter of Erasmus to Justus Jonas quoted in Lupton's Life of Colet, pp. 166, 167.1050.Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 28.1051."The number of grammar schools, in various parts of the country, which owe their foundation and endowment to the piety and liberality of citizens of London ... far exceeds what might be supposed, approaching as it does nearly to a hundred."—Preface to Brewer's Life of Carpenter, p. xi.1052.Repertory 3, fo. 46.1053.-Id., fos. 70b, 71.1054.-Id., fos. 86, 86b, 88.1055.Repertory 3, fos. 116, 116b.1056.Wares bought and sold between strangers—"foreign bought and sold"—were declared forfeited to the City by Letters Patent of Henry VII, 23 July. 1505, confirmed by Henry VIII, 12 July, 1523.1057.In 1500, and again in 1516, orders were issued for all freemen to return with their families to the city on pain of losing their freedom.—Journal 10. fos. 181b, 259.1058.Repertory 3, fos. 141b, 142.1059.Holinshed, iii, 618.1060.Or Munday; the name is said to appear in twenty-seven different forms. He was a goldsmith by trade, and was appointed (among others) by Cardinal Wolsey to report upon the assay of gold and silver coinage in 1526.—Journal 13, fo. 45b; Letter Book O, fo. 71b. He served sheriff, 1514; and was mayor in 1522.1061.In 1462 the Common Council ordered basket-makers, gold wire-drawers, and other foreigners plying a craft within the city, to reside at Blanchappleton—a manor in the vicinity of Mark Lane—and not elsewhere.1062.Repertory 3, fo. 55b.1063.For an account of the riot and subsequent proceedings, see Holinshed, iii, 621-623, and the Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53). p. 30.1064.Repertory 3, fos. 143, 143b.1065.Holinshed, iii, 624.1066.Repertory 3, fo. 144b.1067.-Id., fo. 143b.1068.Holinshed, 624.1069.Repertory 3, fo. 145b.1070.-Id., fo. 145.1071.Repertory 3, fo. 165.1072.-Id., fo. 166.1073."Thys yere was much a doo in the yelde-halle for the mayer for the comyns wold not have had Semer, for be cause of yell May-day."—Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 33.1074.Repertory 11, fo. 351b.1075.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii, pt. i, Pref., p. ccxxi.1076.-Id., vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1276.1077.Repertory 3, fos. 184b, 189b, 191, 192.1078.Letter Book N, fo. 95b.1079.Repertory 3, fos. 192, 194; Letter Book N, fos. 63b, 74.1080.Repertory 3, fo. 197.1081.Hall's Chron., pp. 593, 594.1082.Holinshed, iii, 632.1083.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii. pt. i, Pref., pp. clx, clxi.1084."An order devysed by the Mayer and hys brethrern the aldremen by the Kynges commandment for a Tryumphe to be done in the Citie of London at the Request of the Right honorable ambassadors of the Kynge of Romayns."—10 July, Journal 12, fo. 9.1085.Hall, pp. 592, 593.1086.Holinshed, iii, 639.1087.Journal 12, fos. 125, 172b, 173b; Letter Book N, fo. 194b.1088.Knighted the next day at Greenwich.—Repertory 5, fo. 295.1089.Repertory 5, fo. 294.1090.-Id.4, fo. 134b.1091.-Id.5, fo. 293.1092.Journal 12, fos. 75b-76; Letter Book N, fos. 142-143.1093.Grey Friars Chron., p. 30; Repertory 4, fo. 71b.1094.Repertory 4, fos. 1b, 12, 13.1095.Journal 12, fo. 136.1096.-Id., fo. 144.1097.Journal 12, fos. 158, 161, 163b; Letter Book N, fos. 187b, 190b.1098.Holinshed, iii, 675.1099.Shakespere mentions the Duke's manor thus:—"Not long before your highness sped to France,The duke being at the Rose, within the parishSt. Laurence Poultney, did of me demandWhat was the speech among the LondonersConcerning the French journey."—Henry VIII, act 1, sc. 2.1100.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. i, Pref., pp. cxxv, cxxvi, cxxxv, cxxxvi.1101.On the 5th July steps were taken by the Court of Aldermen for putting a stop to the mutinous and seditious words that were current in the city "concerning the lamenting and sorrowing of the death of the duke"—men saying that he was guiltless—and special precautions were taken for the safe custody of weapons and harness for fear of an outbreak. The scribe evinced his loyalty by heading the page of the record withLex domini immaculata: Vivat Rex Currat L.—Repertory 5, fo. 204.1102.Repertory 5, fo. 288.1103.Journal 12, fos. 187b, 188b, 195; Letter Book N, fos. 203b, 204, 208.1104.Repertory 5, fo. 292.1105.Journal 12, fo. 187b.1106.Repertory 5, fos. 289, 290.1107.-Id., fo. 291.1108.Repertory 5, fos. 296b, 297.1109.-Id., fo. 294.1110.A portion remained unpaid on 16 August.—Journal 12, fo. 195.1111.Letter dated 3 Sept.—Journal 12, fo. 196b. On 28 Sept. Wolsey asked for more time to repay the loan.—Repertory 5, fo. 326.1112.Journal 12, fo. 200.1113.Journal 12, fo. 210.1114.See Green's "Hist. of the English People," ii, 121. 122.1115.Grey Friars Chron., p. 31.1116.Repertory 4, fo. 144;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 20b; Letter Book N, fo. 222.1117.Repertory 4, fo. 145b.1118.Roper's "Life of More," pp. 17-20.1119.Repertory 4, fos. 152, 168;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 38.1120.Repertory 4, fos. 144b, 145, 146, 150;Cf.Repertory 6, fos. 22b, 29, 32b.1121.Grey Friars Chron. pp. 30, 31.1122.Repertory 4, fos. 153b-154;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 42.1123.Repertory 6, fo. 61b.1124.Holinshed, iii, 692, 693.1125.Journal 12, fos. 249-250.1126.Journal 12, fos. 287-288.1127.-Id., fo. 276.1128.-Id., fo. 284.1129.Letter Book N, fo. 280; Journal 12, fo. 329.1130.Grey Friars Chron., p. 32.1131.Hall's Chron., p. 695.1132.Journal 12, fo. 331; Letter Book N. fo. 278.1133.Journal 12, fo. 331b.1134.Hall's Chron., p. 701.1135.The truce was to last from 14 August to 1 December.—Letter Book N, fos. 291, 293; Journal 12, fos. 300, 305.1136."Item in lyke wyse the Chamberleyn shall have allowance of and for suche gyftes and presentes as were geven presentyd on Sonday laste passyd at the Bysshoppes palace at Paules to the Ambassadours of Fraunce devysed and appoynted by my lorde Cardynalles Grace and most specyally at his contemplacioun geven for asmoch as lyke precedent in so ample maner hath not afore tyme be seen; the presents ensue etc."—Repertory 7, fo. 225.1137.He had been one of the commoners sent to confer with Wolsey touching the amicable loan (Journal 12, fo. 331b). He attended the coronation banquet of Anne Boleyn in 1533 (Repertory 9, fo. 2), and was M.P. for the city from 1529-1536 (Letter Book O, fo. 157). His daughter Elizabeth married Emanuel Lucar, also a merchant-tailor.—Repertory 9, fos. 139. 140.1138.Repertory 7, fos. 171b, 172, 174b, 179.1139.Repertory 7, fos. 179b, 180.1140.To the effect that he was not worth £1,000.—Journal 7, fo. 198.1141.Repertory 7, fos. 238b, 240, 240b.1142.-Id., fo. 243b.1143.Repertory 7, fo. 206. The Common Council assessed the fine at £100.—Journal 13, fo. 61b; Letter Book O, fo. 80b.1144.Repertory 7, fo. 264.1145.Journal 13, fo. 184b.1146.Letter Book O, fos. 88b, 89b.1147.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., p. cccclxv.1148.Letter Book O, fos. 174b-175; Journal 13, fo. 180b.1149.Letter Book O, fo. 157.1150.About the year 1522 Cromwell was living in the city, near Fenchurch, combining the business of a merchant with that of a money-lender. He sat in the parliament of 1523, and towards the close of that year served on a wardmote inquest for Bread Street Ward. In 1524 he entered Wolsey's service.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII.), vol. iii, pt. i, Introd., pp. cclvi, cclvii.1151.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., pp. dliii-dlvi.1152.Stat. 21, Henry VIII, caps. 5, 6 and 13.1153.Proclamation, 12 Sept., 1530.—Letter Book O, fo. 199b.1154.Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., pp. 1, 2.1155.Letter Book O, fos. 47,seq.1156.A list of these, comprising seven churches, was submitted to the Court of Aldermen, 23 Feb., 1528.—Repertory 8, fo. 21.1157.Letter Book O, fos. 140b, 141b.1158.Repertory 8, fo. 27b.1159.Letter Book O, fos. 145, 145b; Journal 13, fo. 125b.1160.Letter book P, fos. 31, 34, 41b; Journal 13, fo. 417b.1161.This order was confirmed by stat. 27, Henry VIII, cap. 21. Ten years later a decree was made pursuant to stat. 37, Henry VIII, cap. 12, regulating the whole subject of tithes, but owing to the decree not having been enrolled in accordance with the terms of the statute, much litigation has in recent times arisen.—Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., p. 3.1162.The well-known and somewhat romantic account of the origin of the priory and of its connection with the city cnihten-guild is given in Letter Book C, fos. 134b,seq.;Cf.Liber Dunthorn, fo. 79.1163.Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 35. Three years later (30 March, 1534) the Court of Aldermen resolved to wait upon the chancellor "to know his mind for the office concerning the lands" belonging to the late priory.—Repertory 9, fo. 53b.1164.By letters patent dated 13 April, 1531 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box No. 16).1165.Henry Lumnore, Lumnar or Lomner, a grocer by guild as well as calling (see Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 879), was associated with Sidney in holding the beam. The City offered to buy him out either by bestowing on him an annuity of £10 during the joint lives of himself and Sidney, or else by paying him a lump sum of £100.—Repertory 8, fo. 218b.1166.Anne Boleyn.1167.Repertory 8, fo. 131.1168.-Id., fos. 142b. 202b.1169.Chapuys to the emperor.—Cal. State Papers (Spanish), vol. iv., pt. ii, p. 646.1170.Repertory 9, fo. 1b. There is a fine drawing at Berlin by Holbein which is thought to be the original design for the triumphal arch erected by the merchants of the Steelyard on this occasion.1171.Journal 13, fo. 371b. According to Wriothesley (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 11, p. 19) the present to the queen was made to her in a purse of cloth of gold on the occasion of her passing through the city on the 31st May, the day before her coronation.1172.Repertory 2, fo. 70b; Repertory 9, fo. 2.1173.Letter Book P, fos. 37-37b; Journal 13, fo. 408b.1174.Letter to Lord Lisle.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 208.1175.Repertory 9, fo. 57b. "Allso the same day [20 April] all the craftes in London were called to their halls, and there were sworne on a booke to be true to Queene Anne and to believe and take her for lawfull wife of the Kinge and rightfull Queene of Englande, and utterlie to thincke the Lady Marie, daughter to the Kinge by Queene Katherin, but as a bastarde, and thus to doe without any scrupulositie of conscience."—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 24.1176.Grey Friars Chron., p. 37. In November of the last year they had been made to do penance at Paul's Cross and afterwards at Canterbury.1177."Historia aliquot nostri sæculi martyrum," 1583. Much of it is quoted by Father Gasquet in his work on "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries" (cap. vi), and also by Mr. Froude ("Hist. of England," vol. ii, cap. ix).1178.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 283.1179.This convent—the most virtuous house of religion in England—was of the Order of St. Bridget, and received an annual visit from the mayor and aldermen of the City of London at what was known as "the pardon time of Sion," in the month of August. In return for the hospitality bestowed by the lady abbess on these occasions the Court of Aldermen occasionally made her presents of wine (Repertories 3, fo. 94b; 7, fo. 275). In 1517 the court instructed the chamberlain to avoid excess of diet on the customary visit. There was to be no breakfast on the barge and no swans at dinner (Repertory 3, fo. 154b). In 1825 the Court of Common Council decreed (inter alia) that "as tonchyng the goyng of my lord mayre and my masters his brethern the aldermen [to] Syon, yt is sett at large and to be in case as it was before the Restreynt" (Journal 12, fo. 302). It was suppressed 25 Nov., 1539.—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 109.1180.The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534, but the king's new title as Supreme Head of the Church was not incorporated in his style before the 15 Jan., 1535.1181.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. viii, p. 321.1182.-Id., p. 354.1183.Repertory 9, fo. 145.1184.-Id., fo. 199.1185.He had been elected mayor for the second time in October last (1535), much against his own wish, at the king's express desire.—Journal 13, fo. 452b; Wriothesley, i, 31. He presented the City with a collar of SS. to be worn by the mayor for the time being.—Repertory 11, fo. 238.1186.Repertory 9, fos. 199, 199b.1187.Repertory 9, fo. 200.1188.-Id., fo. 200b.1189.Son of Thomas Warren, fuller; grandson of William Warren, of Fering, co. Sussex. He was knighted on the day that his election was confirmed by the king (Wriothesley. i, 59). His daughter Joan (by his second wife Joan, daughter of John Lake, of London) married Sir Henry Williams,aliasCromwell (Repertory 14, fo. 180; Journal 17. fo. 137b), by whom she had issue Robert Cromwell, father of the Protector. Warren died 11 July, 1533, and his widow married Alderman Sir Thomas White.—See notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 330.1190.Repertory 9, fo. 209b.1191.Henry attributed her miscarriage to licentiousness; others to her having received a shock at seeing her royal husband thrown from his horse whilst tilting at the ring.—Wriothesley, i, 33.1192.Chapuys to [Granvelle] 25 Aug., 1536.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. xi., p. 145.1193.Wriothesley, i, 52-53.1194.Letter Book P, fo. 103b.1195.Wriothesley, i, 69.1196.Letter Book P, fo. 135b; Wriothesley, i, 71, 72.1197.Repertory 10, fos. 152b, 153; Wriothesley, i, 109, 111.1198.Repertory 10, fo. 161. The circumstance that Henry carried his new bride to Westminster by water instead of conducting her thither through the streets of the city has been considered a proof of his want of regard for her.1199.Holinshed, iii. 807.1200.Letter Book P, fo. 113; Journal 14, fo. 30b.1201.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 68.1202.The Mercers' Company applied for a grant of the chapel and other property of the hospital; and this was conceded by letters patent, 21 April, 1542, upon payment of the sum of £969 17s.6d., subject to a reserved rent of £7 8s.10d., which was redeemed by the company in 1560.—Livery Comp. Com. (1880), Append. to Report, 1884, vol. ii, p. 9.1203.On the re-establishment of the Dutch or Mother Strangers' Church, at Elizabeth's accession, it was declared by the Privy Council to be under the superintendence of the Bishop of London (Cal. State Papers Dom., Feb., 1560). Hence it was that Dr. Temple, Bishop of London, was memorialised in March, 1888, as superintendent of the French Church in London.—See "Eng. Hist. Review," April, 1891, pp. 388-389.1204.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 67.1205.Nichols' "Progresses of Queen Eliz.," iii. 598. For particulars of Swinnerton see Clode's "Early Hist. of the Merchant Taylors' Company," i, 262, etc.1206.Strype's Stow, bk. ii, pp. 114, 115.1207.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 133, 134.1208.In 1439 Reginald Kentwode, Dean of St. Paul's, having in a recent visitation discovered "many defaults and excesses," drew up a schedule of injunctions for their better regulation.—Printed in London and Middlesex Archæol. Soc. Transactions, ii, 200-203.1209.Journal 12, fo. 75.1210.Repertory 2, fo. 185b.1211.Repertory 5, fos. 15, 15b, 82b.1212.Repertory 2, fo. 185; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 29, 31.1213.Sixteen other registers for city parishes commence in 1538, and four in 1539.—See Paper on St. James Garlickhithe, by W. D. Cooper, F.S.A. (London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Trans., vol. iii, p. 392, note).1214.Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11), i, 77, 78.1215.Descended from a Norfolk family. Apprenticed to John Middleton, mercer, of London, and admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1507. Alderman of Walbrook and Cheap Wards successively. Sheriff 1531-2. Married (1) Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton, (2) Isabella Taverson,néeWorpfall. Was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange and of the college which bears his name.—Ob., 21 Feb., 1549. Buried in the church of St. Laurence Jewry.1216.Cott. MS., Cleop. E., iv, fo. 222.—Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 26-29.1217.Journal 14, fo. 129; Letter Book P, fo. 178.1218.Journal 14, fo. 216b; Letter Book P, fo. 220b.1219.Repertory 10, fo. 200.1220.Journal 14, fo. 269.1221.Wriothesley, i, 129.1222.Son of Thomas Hill, of Hodnet, co. Salop. He devoted large sums of money to building causeways and bridges, and erected a grammar school at Drayton-in-Hales, otherwise Market Drayton, in his native county, which he endowed by will, dated 6 April, 1551 (Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, part ii, p. 651). See also Holinshed, iii, 1021.1223.Holinshed, iii, 824; Wriothesley, i, 135. According to the Grey Friars Chron. (p. 45), it was the sergeant-at-arms himself whom the sheriffs detained.1224.Proclamation dated 13 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 48b.1225.Journal 15, fo. 55; Letter Book Q, fo. 93.1226.Letter Book Q, fo. 92b; Grey Friars Chron., p. 45.1227.Writ to mayor and sheriffs for proclamation of war, dat. 2 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 46b.1228.Repertory 11, fo. 32b.1229.Repertory 11, fo. 65b.1230.Journal 15, fo. 95; Repertory 11, fo. 74; Letter Book Q, fo. 109.1231."Memoranda ... relating to the Royal Hospitals," 1863, pp. 4-7.1232.Repertory 11, fo. 106; Letter Book Q, fo. 116b.1233.Repertory, 11, fo. 118b; Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1234.Journal 15, fo. 123; Letter Book Q, fo. 119.1235.Journal 15, fo. 124; Letter Book Q, fo. 122.1236.Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1237.Wriothesley, i, 151, 153; Grey Friars Chron., p. 48.1238.Holinshed, iii, 346.1239.Wriothesley, i, 151, 152.1240.Journal 15, fo. 239b; Letter Book Q, fo. 167b.1241.Journal 15, fo. 240.; Letter Book Q, fo. 168; Wriothesley, i, 154.1242."A coarse frieze was so called from a small town in the West Riding of Yorkshire. An Act of 5 and 6 Edward VI (1551-2) provided that all "clothes commonly called Pennystones or Forest Whites ... shall conteyne in length beinge wett betwixt twelve and thirtene yardes."1243.Repertory 11, fo. 193b; Letter Book Q, fo. 133; Wriothesley, i, 154.1244.Wriothesley, i, 155.1245.Repertory 11, fos. 203, 212b.1246.30 July.—Repertory 11, fo. 215b. The Midsummer watch had not been kept this year.—Wriothesley, i, 156.1247.Repertory 11, fo. 213.1248.Wriothesley, i, 58.1249.Repertory 11, fo. 216b.1250.Stat. 37, Henry VIII, c. 4.1251.Repertory 11, fo. 299b; Letter Book Q, fo. 181; Journal 15, fo. 270; Wriothesley, i, 165.1252.Holinshed, iii, 856; Grey Friars Chron., p. 50.1253.Holinshed, iii, 847.1254.Letter Book Q, fo. 181.1255.Repertory 11, fo. 247.1256.Journal 15, fo. 213b.1257.Wriothesley, i, 162, 175.1258.Journal 15, fos. 245, 399b,seq.1259."Memoranda ... Royal Hospitals," pp. 20-45.1260.Repertory 11, fo. 349b.1261.In Sept., 1547, the citizens were called upon to contribute half a fifteenth for the maintenance of the poor of St. Bartholomew's.—Journal 15, fo. 325b. In Dec, 1548, an annual sum of 500 marks out of the profits of Blackwell, and in 1557 the whole of the same profits were set aside for the poor.—Journal 15, fos. 398,seq.; Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 512.1262.Royal proclamation, 7 July, 1545, forbidding all pursuit of game in Westminster, Islington, Highgate, Hornsey and elsewhere in the suburbs of London.—Journal 15, fo. 240b.1263.Son of Christopher Huberthorne, of Waddington, co. Lane, Alderman of Farringdon Within. His mansion adjoined the Leadenhall.Ob., Oct., 1556. Buried in the church of St. Peter, Cornhill.—Machyn. 115, 352. It was in Huberthorne's mayoralty that the customary banquet to the aldermen, the "officers lerned" and the commoners of the city, on Monday next after the Feast of Epiphany, known as "Plow Monday," was discontinued.—Letter Book Q, fo. 191b. It was afterwards renewed and continues to this day in the form of a dinner given by the new mayor to the officers of his household and clerks engaged in various departments of the service of the Corporation. An attempt was at the same time made to put down the lord mayor's banquet also.—Wriothesley, i, 176.1264.Journal 15. fos. 303b, 305b; Letter Book Q, os. 192b, 194; Wriothesley. i, 178.1265.Journal 15, fo. 304; Letter Book Q, fo. 195; Repertory 11, fo. 335b.1266."The lord mayor of London, Henry Hobulthorne, was called fourth, who kneeling before the king, his majestie tooke the sworde of the Lord Protector and made him knight, which was the first that eaver he made."—Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11.), i, 181.1267.This mace is still in possession of the Corporation. It is only brought out for use on such occasions as a coronation, when it is carried by the lord mayor as on the occasion narrated above, and at the annual election of the chief magistrate of the city, when it is formally handed by the Chamberlain to the lord mayor elect. The mace consists of a tapering shaft of rock crystal mounted in gold, with a coroneted head also of gold, adorned with pearls and large jewels. Its age is uncertain. Whilst some hazard the conjecture that it may be of Saxon origin, there are others who are of opinion that the head of it at least cannot be earlier than the 15th century.1268.Journal 15, fo. 305; Letter Book Q, fos. 195b-196; Repertory 11, fo. 334b.1269."All these chyldren shall every Chyldermasse day come to Paulis Church and here the chylde bisshoppis sermon, and after be at the hye masse, and eche of them offer a 1d.to the childe bisshop and with theme the maisters and surveyors of the scole."—Statutes of St. Paul's School, printed in Lupton's "Life of Dean Colet," p. 278b.1270.Letter Book P, fo. 172b.1271.Journal 14, fo. 158b; Letter Book P, fo. 197.1272.See Brewer's Introd. to Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom., vol. iv, pp. dcli-dcliii.1273.Letter Book P, fo. 153.1274.Letter Book Q, fo. 102.1275."Also this same tyme [Nov., 1547] was moche spekying agayne the sacrament of the auter, that some callyd it Jacke of the boxe, with divers other shamefulle names... And at this tyme [Easter, 1548] was more prechyng agayne the masse."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1276.Letter Book Q, fo. 250b.1277.Repertory 11, fo. 423.1278."After the redyng of the preposycioun made yesterday in the Sterre Chamber by the lorde chaunceler and yedeclaracioun made by my lorde mayer of suche comunicacioun as his lordshyp had wtthe Bysshop of Caunterburye concernyng the demeanorof certein prechers and other dysobedyent persones yt was ordered and agreyd that my lorde mayer and all my maisters thaldermen shall this afternone att ij of yeclok repayre to my lorde protectors grace and the hole counseill and declare unto theim the seid mysdemeanor and that thei shall mete att Saint Martyns in the Vyntrey att one of the clok."—Repertory 11, fo. 456b.1279.Repertory 11, fo. 465.1280.A proclamation against the evil behaviour of citizens and others against priests, 12 Nov., 1547.—Letter Book Q. fo. 218; Journal 15, fo. 335b.1281.By letters patent dated 14 July, 1550 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box 17).1282.Letter Book R, fo. 166b; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc., N.S., No. 20), ii, 35. See also exemplification of Act of Parl. passed a° 5 Edward VI, in accordance with the terms of this petition (Box 29).1283.Journal 15, fo. 322; Letter Book Q, fo. 210b.1284.Repertory 11. fo. 373; Letter Book Q, fo. 214.1285.Grey Friars Chron., 54, 55; Wriothesley. ii, 1.1286.Grey Friars Chron., p. 58. In May (1548) the duke applied to the City for water to be laid on to Stronde House, afterwards known as Somerset House.—Repertory 11, fos. 462b, 484; Journal 15. fo. 383b; Letter Book Q, fo. 253b.1287.Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1288.Wriothesley, ii, 29. Touching the ceremony of visiting the tomb of the Bishop of London, to whom the citizens were indebted for the charter of William the Conqueror, see chap. i, p. 35.1289.Letter Book Q, fos. 232, 234b; Repertory 11, fos. 356, 415, 431, 444b, 511b.1290."Item, at this same tyme [circ.Sept., 1547] was pullyd up alle the tomes, grett stones, alle the auteres, with stalles and walles of the qweer and auters in the church that was some tyme the Gray freeres, and solde and the qweer made smaller."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 54.1291."At Ester followyng there began the commonion, and confession but of thoys that wolde, as the boke dothe specifythe."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55;Cf.Wriothesley (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 20), ii, 2.1292.The Guildhall college, chapel and library were restored to the City in 1550, by Edward VI, on payment of £456 13s.4d.,—Pat. Roll 4 Edward VI, p. 9m. (32) 20; Letter Book R, fo. 64b.1293.Repertory 11, fo. 493b.1294.-Id., fo. 455. (431 pencil mark); Letter Book Q, fo. 237. "This yeare in the Whitson holidaies my lord maior [Sir John Gresham] caused three notable sermons to be made at Sainct Marie Spittell, according as they are kept at Easter.... And the sensing in Poules cleene put downe."—Wriothesley, ii, 2, 3. The processions were kept up in 1554, "but there was no sensynge."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1295.-Cf.Journal 15, fo. 352b; Letter Book Q, fos. 230-252b. "This yeare [1548] the xxviiithdaie of September, proclamation was made to inhibite all preachers generallie till the kinges further pleasure. After which daie all sermons seasede at Poules Crosse and in all other places."—Wriothesley, ii, 6.1296.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 59, 62. Occasionally the chronicler is overcome by his feelings, and cries out, "Almyghty God helpe it whan hys wylle ys!"Id., p. 67.1297.In some cases the new owners may have experienced some difficulty in fixing a fair rent, as appears to have been the case with the City of London and its recently acquired property of Bethlehem. When the Chamberlain reported that the rents demanded for houses in the precincts of the hospital were far too high, he was at once authorised to reduce them at discretion.—Letter Book R, fo. 10b.1298.Letter Book R, fo. 11b.1299.Grey Friars Chron., p. 60; Wriothesley, ii, 15, 16.1300.Wriothesley, ii, 16, 17; Grey Friars Chron., p. 60.1301.Wriothesley, ii, 19.1302.Wriothesley, ii, 20; Grey Friars Chron., p. 61.1303.Holinshed, iii, 982-984.1304.Letter Book R, fo. 40; Journal 16, fo. 36.1305.Letter Book R, fo. 39b.1306.Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 331-332; Wriothesley, ii, 24-25; Holinshed, iii, 1014; Repertory 12, pt. i, fos. 149-150.1307.Holinshed, iii, 1014-1015; Acts of Privy Council, ii, 333.1308.Acts of Privy Council, ii, fos. 333-336.1309.Repertory 12, pt. i, fo. 150b.1310.Letter Book R, fo. 40b.1311.-Id., fos. 43-43b.1312.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 336, 337.1313.Wriothesley, ii, 26.1314.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 337-342.1315.Letter Book R, fos. 41-42; Journal 16, fos. 37, 37b. According to Holinshed (iii, 1017, 1018), considerable opposition was made by a member of the Common Council named George Stadlow to any force at all being sent by the city. He reminded the court of the evils that had arisen in former times from the city rendering support to the barons against Henry III, and how the city lost its liberties in consequence. The course he recommended was that the city should join the lords in making a humble representation to the king as to the Protector's conduct.1316.Wriothesley, ii, 26, 27.1317.Letter Book R, fo. 37; Journal 16, fo. 34; Wriothesley, ii, 26.1318.Stow's "Summarie of the Chronicles of England" (ed. 1590), p. 545; Wriothesley, ii, 27, 28. The names are given differently in the Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 344.1319.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 63, 64;Cf.Wriothesley, ii, 24.1320.Wriothesley, ii, 28.1321.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 384; Wriothesley, ii, 33.1322.For more than a week he had been compelled to lie on nothing but straw, his bed having been taken away by order of the knight marshal for refusing to pay an extortionate fee.—Grey Friars Chron., p. 65.1323.Thomas Thurlby, the last abbot of Westminster, became the first and only bishop of the see. Upon the union of the see with that of London Thurlby became bishop of Norwich. Among the archives of the city there is a release by him, in his capacity as bishop of Westminster, and the dean and chapter of the same, to the City of London of the parish church of St. Nicholas, Shambles. The document is dated 14 March, 1549, and has the seals of the bishopric and of the dean and chapter, in excellent preservation, appended.1324.For objecting to the prescribed vestments, he was committed to the Fleet by order of the Privy Council, 27 Jan., 1551, and was not consecrated until the following 8th March.—Hooper to Bullinger, 1 Aug., 1551 ("Original Letters relative to the English Reformation." ed. for Parker Society, 1846, p. 91).1325.Their respective boundaries are set out in the Report of Commissioners on Municipal Corporations (1837), p. 3.1326.Charter dated 6 March, 1 Edward III.1327.Charter dated 9 Nov., 2 Edward IV.1328.Letter Book Q, fos. 239b-241b.1329.Letter Book R, fo. 58b.1330.Dated 23 April, 1550. A fee of £6 "and odde money" was paid for the enrolment of this charter in the Exchequer.—Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 458. This fee appears to have been paid, notwithstanding the express terms of the charter that no fee great or small should be paid or made or by any means given to the hanaper to the king's use. According to Wriothesley (ii, 36), the "purchase" of Southwark cost the city 1,000 marks, "so that nowe they shall have all the whole towne of Southwarke by letters patent as free as they have the City of London, the Kinges Place [i.e.Southwark Place or Suffolk House] and the two prison houses of the Kinges Bench and the Marshalsea excepted."1331.Wriothesley, ii, 38.1332.Letter Book R, fo. 80; Journal 16, fo. 82b.1333.The custom in the city was for the inhabitants of a vacant ward to nominate four persons for the Court of Aldermen to select one. As there were no means of enforcing the above ordinance it was repealed by Act of Co. Co., 16 June, 1558.—Letter Book S., fo. 167b.1334.Letter Book R, fo. 71b. The following particulars of Aylyff and his family are drawn from the city's archives. From Bridge Ward Without he removed to Dowgate Ward. At the time of his death, in 1556, he was keeper of the clothmarket at Blackwell Hall. His widow was allowed to take the issues and profits of her late husband's place for one week, and was forgiven a quarter's rent. Aylyff's son Erkenwald succeeded him at Blackwell Hall. The son died in 1561. After his decease he was convicted of having forged a deed. His widow, Dorothy, married Henry Butler, "gentleman."—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 442b, 443, 461; Repertory 14, fos. 446b, 477b, 478; Repertory 16, fo. 6b.1335.Printed Report. Co. Co., 20 May, 1836.1336.See Report Committee of the whole Court for General Purposes, with Appendix, 31 May, 1892 (Printed).1337.Grey Friars Chron., p. 66. The surrender of Boulogne was "sore lamented of all Englishmen."—Wriothesley, ii, 37.1338.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 271b; Letter Book R, fos. 74, 85b; Journal 16, fos. 66b, 91b.1339.Letter Book R, fo. 115; Journal 16, fo. 118.1340.Wriothesley, ii, 48. The price of living became so dear that the town clerk and the under-sheriffs asked for and obtained from the Common Council an increase of emoluments.—Letter Book R, fo. 117b.1341.Wriothesley, ii, 54.1342.Grey Friars Chron., p. 72.1343.Wriothesley, ii, 56; Grey Friars Chron., p. 71.1344.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 72, 73.1345.-Id., pp. 71, 72.1346.Wriothesley, ii, 57.1347.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 426; Letter Book R, fo. 157b.1348.Wriothesley, ii, 63.1349.Holinshed, iii, 1032.1350.Journal 15, fo. 325b; Letter Book Q, fo. 214b.1351.Letter Book Q, fo. 237; Repertory 11, fo. 445b.1352.Journal 15, fo. 384.1353.Letter Book Q, fo. 261b; Journal 15, fos. 398, 401; Appendix vii to "Memoranda of the Royal Hospitals," pp. 46-51.1354.Repertory 12, pt. ii., fos. 311, 312b.1355.Both deeds are printed in Supplement to Memoranda relating to Royal Hospitals, pp. 15-32.1356.Son of Robert Dobbs, of Batley, Yorks. Alderman of Tower Ward. Knighted 8 May, 1552.Ob.1556. Buried in Church of St. Margaret Moses.—Machyn, pp. 105, 269, 349; Wriothesley, ii, 69.1357.Report, Charity Commissioners, No. 32, pt. vi, p. 75; Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1358.Among the names of those forming the deputation appears that of Richard Grafton, whose printing house, from which issued "The Prymer"—one of the earliest books of private devotion printed in English as well as Latin—was situate within the precinct of the Old Grey Friars.—Repertory 12, p. ii., fos. 271b, 272b.1359.Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1360.Wriothesley, 83; Repertory 13, fo. 60.1361.Charter dated 26 June, 1553.1362."Letters Patent for the limitation of the Crown," sometimes called the "counterfeit will" of King Edward VI.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary (Camd. Soc., No. 48), pp. 91-100.1363.Richard Hilles to Henry Bullinger, 9 July, 1553.—"Original letters relative to the English Reformation" (Parker Soc.), pp. 272-274.1364.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 78, 79.1365.Wriothesley, ii, 88-90.1366.Letter Book R, fo. 262b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 68.1367.Wriothesley, ii, 90, 91; Grey Friars Chron., p. 81.1368.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69.1369.-Id., fo. 70b.1370.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69b.1371.Wriothesley, 93-95.1372.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 14; Wriothesley, ii, 95.1373.Grey Friars Chron., p. 83; Wriothesley, ii, 96-98.1374.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 24.1375.Letter Book R, fo. 270; Journal 16, fo. 261b.1376.Wriothesley, ii, 99, 100; Holinshed, iv, 3.1377.Citizen and Merchant Taylor. Son of William White, of Reading, and formerly of Rickmansworth. Founder of St. John's College, Oxford, and principal benefactor of Merchant Taylors' School. Alderman of Cornhill Ward; when first elected alderman he declined to accept office and was committed to Newgate for contumacy (Letter Book Q, fo. 109b; Repertory 11, fo. 80b). Sheriff 1547. Knighted at Whitehall 10 Dec., 1553 (Wriothesley, ii, 105). His first wife, Avice (surname unknown), died 26 Feb., 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary. He afterwards married Joan, daughter of John Lake and widow of Sir Ralph Warren, twice Mayor of London.Ob.11 Feb., 1566, at Oxford, aged 72.—Clode, "Early Hist. Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, chaps. x-xii; Machyn's Diary, pp. 167, 330, 363.1378.Journal 16, fo. 261; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 74b.1379.Grey Friars Chron., p. 84.1380.Met in October, 1553. The names of the city's representatives are not recorded. The Court of Aldermen, according to a custom then prevalent, authorized the city chamberlain to make a gift of £6 13s.4d.to Sir John Pollard, the Speaker, "for his lawfull favor to be borne and shewed in the parlyment howse towardes this cytie and theyre affayres theire."—Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 92.1381.Grey Friars Chron., p. 85; Wriothesley, ii, 104; Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 32. There is preserved in the British Museum a small manual of prayers believed to have been used by Lady Jane Grey on the scaffold. The tiny volume (Harl. MS., 2342) measures only 3-1/2 inches by 2-3/4 inches, and contains on the margin lines addressed to Sir John Gage, lieutenant of the Tower, and to her father, the Duke of Suffolk.1382.Journal 16, fo. 283.1383.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 35.1384.Wriothesley, ii, 106.1385.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 116, 116b, 117, 117b, 119-122b.1386.Wriothesley, ii, 107.1387.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 121.1388.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 414-415; Holinshed, iv, 16.1389.Holinshed, iv, 15.1390.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 124.1391.Wriothesley, iii, 109.1392.Stow.1393.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 415.1394.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1395.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 43; Wriothesley, iii, 107, 108.1396.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1397.Machyn, 45. The gibbets remained standing till the following June, when they were taken down in anticipation of Philip's public entry into London.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 76.1398.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1399.Journal 16, fo. 283; Letter Book R, fo. 288.1400.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 131.1401.Holinshed, iv, 26.1402.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 153; Letter Book R, fo. 293.1403.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 130; Journal 16, fo. 284b.1404.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 138b.1405.-Id., fos. 142b, 146b.1406.-Id., fo. 147.1407.Wriothesley, ii, 115.1408.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 186b.1409.-Id., fo. 190b.1410.Howell's "State Trials," i, 901, 902; Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 75.1411.It sat from 2 April until 5 May.—Wriothesley, ii, 114, 115. The city returned the same members that had served in the last parliament of Edward VI, namely, Martin Bowes, Broke the Recorder, John Marsh and John Blundell.1412.Journal 16, fo. 295b.1413.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 165, 166, 166b, 170.1414.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 77.1415.-Id., p. 78.1416.Journal 16, fo. 263.1417.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 191. A full account of the pageants, etc., will be found in John Elder's letter.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, AppendixX.1418.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, pp. 78-79.1419.Martin Bowes, of the old members, alone continued to sit for the city, the places of the other members being taken by Ralph Cholmeley, who had succeeded Broke as Recorder; Richard Grafton, the printer; and Richard Burnell.1420.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 82; Wriothesley, 122.1421.Repertory 13, part i, fo. 111b.1422.-Id., fo. 193.1423.Journal 16, fo. 300. Bishop Braybroke, nearly two centuries before, had done all he could to put down marketing within the sacred precincts, and to render "Paul's Walk"—as the great nave of the cathedral was called—less a scene of barter and frivolity.1424.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 251b.1425.In 1558, a man convicted of breaking this law was ordered to ride through the public market places of the city, his face towards the horse's tail, with a piece of beef hanging before and behind him, and a paper on his head setting forth his offence.—Repertory 13, fo. 12b.1426.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 193; Letter Book S, fo. 119b.1427.Journal 16, fo. 285b; Letter Book R, fo. 290b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 147; Wriothesley, ii, 114.1428.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1429.-Id., p. 95.1430.-Id.,ibid.1431.-Id., p. 78n.1432.Journal 16, fo. 321b.1433.Wriothesley, ii, 126; Grey Friars Chron., p. 94.1434.Wriothesley, ii, 126n; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 56, 57, 95.1435.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 717, 737, 740, vii, 114, 115.1436."Item the vthday of September [1556], was browte thorrow Cheppesyde teyd in ropes xxiijti tayd together as herreytkes, and soo unto the Lowlers tower."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 98.1437."At this time [Aug., 1554] there was so many Spanyerdes in London that a man shoulde have mett in the stretes for one Inglisheman above iiij Spanyerdes, to the great discomfort of the Inglishe nation. The halles taken up for Spanyerdes."—Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 81.1438.-Id.,ibid.1439.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 205b.1440.By an order in council, dated Greenwich, 13 March, 1555, the merchants of the Steelyard were thenceforth to be allowed to buy cloth in warehouses adjoining the Steelyard, without hindrance from the mayor. The mayor was ordered to give up cloth that had been seized as foreign bought and sold at Blackwell Hall. He was, moreover, not to demandquotam salisof the merchants, who were to be allowed to import into the city fish, corn and other provisions free of import.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 384b; Letter Book S, fo. 76.1441.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 399b, 404, 406; Letter Book S, fos. 70, 93b.1442.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 508b.1443.Wheeler's "Treatise of Commerce" (ed. 1601), p. 100.1444.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 507b, 520b, 540.1445.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 529.1446.-Id., fo. 526b.1447.-Id., fo. 534b.1448.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 420.1449.Stafford had issued a proclamation from Scarborough Castle declaiming against Philip for introducing 12,000 foreigners into the country, and announcing himself as protector and governor of the realm. He was captured by the Earl of Westmoreland and executed on Tower Hill 28 May.—Journal 17, fo. 34b; Letter Book S, fo. 127b; Holinshed. iv, 87; Machyn's Diary, p. 137.1450.Journal 17, fo. 37b; Letter Book S, fo. 131.1451.Journal 17, fos. 37b, 38; Letter Book S, fo. 131b.1452.Machyn, p. 142.1453.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 517.1454."London fond v.c. men all in bluw cassokes, sum by shyppes and sum to Dover by land, the goodlyst men that ever whent, and best be-sene in change (of) apprelle."—Diary, p. 143.1455.Merchant Taylor, son of William Offley, of Chester; alderman of Portsoken and Aldgate Wards. Was one of the signatories to the document nominating Lady Jane Grey successor to Edward VI, and was within a few weeks (1 Aug.) elected sheriff. Knighted with alderman William Chester, 7 Feb., 1557. His mansion-house was in Lime Street, near the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft.Ob.29 Aug, 1582.—Machyn, pp. 125, 353; Index to Remembrancia, p. 37, note. Fuller, who erroneously places his death in 1580, describes him as the "Zaccheus of London" not "on account of his low stature, but his great charity in bestowing half of his estate on the poor."—Fuller's "Worthies," p. 191.1456.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 521b, 522; Letter Book S, fo. 134.1457.Journal 17, fo. 54b.1458.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 530.1459.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 530, 532, 522b, 535; Journal 17, fo. 54.1460.Machyn, p. 147.1461.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 571.1462.Journal 17, fo. 55. See Appendix. They were ordered in the first instance to be forwarded to Dover by the 19th Jan. at the latest, but on the 6th Jan. the Privy Council sent a letter to the mayor to the effect that "albeit he was willed to send the vcmen levied in London to Dover, forasmuch as it is sithence considered here that they may with best speede be brought to the place of service by seas, he is willen to sende them with all speede by hoyes to Queenburgh, where order is given for the receavinge and placing of them in the shippes, to be transported with all speede possible."—Harl. MS. 643, fo. 198; Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 362.1463.Journal 17, fo. 56.1464.Wriothesley, ii, 140.1465.Order of the Court of Aldermen, 10 Jan.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582.1466.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582b; Precept to the Companies.—Journal 17, fo. 56b.1467.Journal 17, fo. 57. So furious was this storm, lasting four or five days, that "some said that the same came to passe through necromancie, and that the diuell was raised vp and become French, the truth whereof is known (saith Master Grafton) to God."—Holinshed, iv, 93.1468.Journal 17, fo. 7.1469.Repertory 14, fo. 1b; Journal 17, fo. 58; Machyn, 164.1470.Journal 17, fos. 59, 59b; Letter Book S, fos. 154b, 155.1471.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 100; Wriothesley, ii, 140, 141.1472.Stat. 5 and 6, Edward VI, c. 20, which repealed Stat.37, Henry VIII, c. 9 (allowing interest to be taken on loans at the rate of ten per cent.) and forbade all usury. This Statute was afterwards repealed (Stat. 13, Eliz., c. 8) and the Statute of Henry VIII re-enacted. The dispensation granted by Mary was confirmed in 1560 by Elizabeth.—Repertory 14, fo. 404b.1473.Repertory 14, fo. 15b; Journal 17, fo. 63. A large portion of this loan was repaid by Elizabeth soon after her accession.—Repertory 14, fos. 236b, 289.1474.Repertory 14, fos. 94b, 96b.1475.The commemoration was eventually put down by the Stuarts as giving rise to tumults and disorders.—Journal 49, fo. 270b; Luttrell's Diary, 17 Nov., 1682.1476.Son of Roger Leigh, of Wellington, co. Salop, an apprentice of Sir Rowland Hill, whose niece, Alice Barker, he married. Buried in the Mercers' Chapel. By his second son, William, he was ancestor of the Lords Leigh, of Stoneleigh, and by his third son William, grandfather of Francis Leigh, Earl of Chichester.—Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 407.1477."The order of the sheryfes at the receyvyng of the quenes highenes in to Myddlesex."—Letter Book S, fo. 183; Repertory 14, fo. 90b.1478.Letter Book S, fo. 182b; Journal 7, fo. 101b.1479.Repertory 14, fos. 97, 98.1480.-Id., fo. 99.1481.-Id., fo. 102b.1482.Repertory 14, fo. 103b.1483.Dated 27 Dec., 1558.—Journal 17, fo. 106b.1484.Wriothesley, ii, 145.1485.-Id.ibid.1486.Repertory 4, fo. 213b.1487.Journal 17, fos. 120b, 168; Repertory 14, fo. 152; Letter Book T, fo. 82b.1488."In some places the coapes, vestments, and aulter clothes, bookes, banners, sepulchers and other ornaments of the churches were burned, which cost above £2,000 renuinge agayne in Queen Maries time" (Wriothesley, ii, 146;Cf.Machyn, p. 298). Among the churchwarden accounts of the parish of St. Mary-at-Hill for the year 1558-1559 there is a payment of one shilling for "bringing down ymages to Romeland (near Billingsgate) to be burnt."1489.Proclamation, dated 19 Sept., 1559.—Journal 17, fo. 267; Letter Book T, fo. 5b.1490.Journal 17, fo. 184b.1491.Proclamation, dated 24 March, 1560.—Journal 17, fo. 223b.1492.In April the city was called upon to furnish 900 soldiers, in May 250 seamen, and in June 200 soldiers.—Repertory 14, fos. 323, 336, 339b, 340, 340b, 344b; Journal 17, fos. 238b, 244. It is noteworthy that the number of able men in the city at this time serviceable for war, although untrained, was estimated to amount to no more than 5,000.—Journal 17, fo. 244b.1493.Journal 18, fos. 57-60b. The livery companies furnished the men according to allotment. The barber-surgeons claimed exemption by statute (32 Henry VIII, c. 42), but subsequently consented to waive their claim. The city also objected to supplying the soldiers with cloaks.—Repertory 15, fos. 110b, 113.1494.Journal 18, fo. 66; Machyn, pp. 292, 293.1495.Journal 18, fo. 71.1496.The queen to the mayor and corporation of London, 30 June, 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 124.1497.Repertory 15, fo. 258.1498.-Id., fo. 259.1499.-Id., fo. 263.1500.The queen to the mayor, 2 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 140. Precept of the mayor.—Id., fo. 136; Repertory 15, fo. 279b; Machyn's Diary, p. 312.1501.Journal 18, fo. 128.1502.-Id., fo. 119b.1503.Repertory 15, fo. 265b.1504.Machyn, 312.1505.Journal 18, fos. 139, 139b, 142, 151b, 152b, 154, 156b, 184, 189b. With the sickness was associated, as was so often the case, a scarcity of food.—Repertory 15, fos. 127, 133b, 138, 168, 178, 179b, etc. The rate of mortality increased to such an extent that a committee was appointed for the purpose of procuring more burial accommodation.—Repertory 15, fos. 311b, 313b, 333.1506.Proclamation dated 1 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 141.1507.Repertory 15, fo. 284b.1508.Journal 18, fo. 249.1509.-Id., fo. 190b.1510.Journal 18, fos. 214, 215, 227, 291b, 354b; Holinshed, iv, 224.1511.Journal 17, fos. 320, 321, 331b; Letter Book T, fos. 42, 42b; Repertory 14, fo. 491b. The fire caused by the lightning threatened the neighbouring shops, and their contents were therefore removed to Christchurch, Newgate and elsewhere for safety.—Journal 17, fo. 319b; Letter Book T, fo. 42.1512.Repertory 15, fos. 474, 478.1513.Repertory 16, fos. 227, 241b, 274; Letter Book V, fo. 108b.1514.Repertory 16, fos. 303b, 448. Among the Chamber Accounts of this period we find an item of a sum exceeding £4 paid for "Cusshens to be occupied at Powles by my L. Maiorand thaldermen, vz:—for cloth for the uttorside lyning of leather feathers and for making of theym as by a bill appearth."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. i, fo. 50b.1515.Journal 13, fos. 417, 420, 435, 442b, 443.1516.Cotton MS., Otho E, x. fo. 45;Cf.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 31-33.1517.Journal 14, fos. 124, 124b.1518.By Sir Richard's first wife Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton. Sir Thomas is supposed to have been born in London in 1519. Having been bound apprentice to his uncle, Sir John Gresham, he was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1543. Married Anne, daughter of William Ferneley, of West Creting, co. Suffolk, widow of William Read, mercer.1519.The queen's business kept him so much abroad that her majesty wrote to the Common Council (7 March, 1563) desiring that he might be discharged from all municipal duties.—Journal 18, fo. 137.1520.Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 409.1521.Repertory 15, fo. 237b.1522.Burgon, ii, 30-40.1523.Repertory 15, fos. 406b, 407.1524.Repertory 15, fos. 410b, 412.1525.-Id., fos. 417b, 431.1526.Repertory 16, fos. 31b, 32b, 43b; Letter Book V, fos. 5, 7b, 8, 17, 21b.1527.The amount of subscriptions and charges is set out in a "booke" and entered on the City's Journal (No. 19, fos. 12-20;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 70b-79); see also Repertory 16, fo. 126.1528.Journal 18. fo. 398.1529.Repertory 16, fo. 316.1530.Repertory 16, fo. 406b.1531.Repertory 15, fo. 268b.1532.Repertory 16, fo. 229.1533."A proclamacioun concernyng the cutting of the crest conyzans and mantell of the arms of SrThomas Gresham."—Journal 19, fo. 150b; Letter Book V, fo. 222.1534.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 341.1535.Repertory 18, fo. 362.1536."Law and Practice of Marine Insurance," by John Duer, LL.D. (New York, 1845), Lecture ii, p. 33.1537.At the present day the form of policy used at Lloyds and commonly called the "Lloyd's policy" contains the following clause:—"and it is agreed by us the insurers, that this writing or policy of assurance shall be of as much force and effect as the surest writing or policy of assurance heretofore made in Lombard Street or in the Royal Exchange or elsewhere in London."—Arnould, "Marine Insurance" (6th ed.), i, 230.1538.Repertory 18, fo. 362b.1539.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 523.1540.Repertory 19, fos. 166b, 168.1541.The reader is here reminded that there is an essential difference between life policies and fire or marine policies of assurance. The latter, being policies of indemnity, recovery can be had at law only to the extent of the actual damage done, whereas in life policies the whole amount of the policy can be recovered.1542.Repertory 17, fo. 300.1543.Repertory 19, fo. 150.1544.Cal. Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 698.1545.Printed Report "Gresham College Trust," 29 Oct., 1885.1546.A return made in 1567 by the livery companies of foreigners residing in the city and liberties gives the number as 3,562.—Repertory 16, fo. 202. Another authority gives the number as 4,851, of which 3,838 were Dutch.—Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 242, citing Haynes, p. 461.1547.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 271-275.1548.Repertory 16, fo. 164.1549.Journal 19, fo. 116.1550.Precept of the mayor to that effect, 19 Oct., 1568.-Id., fo. 132b.1551.Repertory 16, fo. 451.1552.Journal 19, fo. 180; Letter Book V, fo. 245.1553.Letter Book V, fo. 246. Holinshed (iv, 234) and others give the whole credit of providing the cemetery to the liberality of Sir Thomas Rowe, the mayor.1554.Proclamation (15 July, 1568) against suspected persons landing in England or returning "with any furniture for mayntenaunce of ther rebellion or other lyke cryme" against the King of Spain.—Journal 18, fo. 115;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 181, 246b.1555.Green, "Hist. of the English People," ii, 418.1556.Repertory 15, fos. 162, 164, 166b, 241b, 258, 267b, 297, etc.1557.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (ed. 1720), bk. i, p. 283.1558.Journal II, fo. 253.1559.Journal 19, fos. 55-58; Letter Book V, fos. 115b-117b.1560.Price's "London Bankers" (enlarged edition), p. 51.1561.Letter Book V, fo. 139.1562.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 314.1563.Clode, "Early Hist. of the Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, pp. 229-230.1564.Journal 19, fo. 133b.1565.Holinshed, iv, 234.1566."Mesmes j'entendz que de la blanque, qu'on a tirée ces jours passés en ceste ville, ceste Royne retirera pour elle plus de cent mille livres esterlin, qui sont 33,000 escuz; de quoy le monde murumre assés pour la diminution qu'ilz trouvent aulx bénéfices qu'ilz esperoient de leurs billetz"—wrote De la Motlie Fénélon, the French ambassador in London.—Cooper's "Recueil des Dépéches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France (Paris and London, 1838-1840)," i, 155.1567.Proclamation, 6 Jan., 1569.—Journal 19, fo. 139; Letter Book V, fo. 210.1568.See letter from Sir Arthur Champernowne, William Hawkins and others to the lords of the council. 1 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1569.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1570.Cotton MS., Galba C, iii, fo. 151b. This letter was signed by John Gresham, Thomas Offley, John White, Roger Martyn, Leonell Duckett, Thomas Heaton, Richard Wheler, Thomas Aldersey and Francis Beinson.1571.Citizen and Merchant Taylor: Alderman of the Wards of Portsoken and Bishopsgate; Sheriff, 1560-61.Ob.2 Sept., 1570. Buried in Hackney Church. He bestowed the sum of £100 for the relief of members of his company "usinge the brode shire or ell rowinge of the pearch or making of garmentes" during his lifetime, and some landed estate in the city by his will for like purpose.—Letter Book V, fo. 274b; Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, ii, 686.1572.Letter printed (from original among State Papers Dom.) in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 287.1573.Sir Thomas Rowe, mayor, to Secretary Cecil. 23 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 329; Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 295-296.1574.-Id., 25 Jan.1575.Cooper's "Dépêches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France," i, 176-177.1576.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 297.1577.Lansd. MS., No. xii, fo. 16b.1578.-Id., fo. 22.1579.Repertory 17, fo. 36b.1580.Journal 19, fo. 247b; Letter Book V, fo. 301.1581.Journal 19, fo. 257.1582.-Id., fo. 390b.1583.Journal 19, fo. 390b.1584.Add. MS., No. 5, 755, fo. 58.1585.In the following year he was removed to the Charterhouse, but being discovered in correspondence with the deposed Queen of Scots was again placed in the Tower. He was tried and convicted of treason, and after some delay executed on Tower Hill.—Holinshed, iv, 254, 262, 264, 267.1586.The proclamation, which is set out in Journal 19, fo. 202b (Cf.Letter Book V, fo. 267b), gives in detail the rise and progress of the rebellion.1587.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1588.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1589.Letter Book V, fo. 269.1590.Journal 19, fo. 206b; Letter Book V, fo. 270b; Repertory 16, fo. 522b.1591.Holinshed, iv, 254.1592.-Id., 262.1593.From Hertfordshire, alderman of Billingsgate Ward.1594.Dated 8 Nov.—Journal 19, fo. 370b.1595.Holinshed, iv, 263.1596.Repertory 17, fos. 8b, 23, 27b, 29. 243, etc.; Repertory 19, fos. 24b, 154, etc.; City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Analytical Index), pp. 51-55.1597.Stranger denizens, carrying on a handicraft in the city, had recently preferred a Bill in Parliament against several of the livery companies. They were persuaded, however, to drop it, and refer their grievance to the Court of Aldermen.—Repertory 17, fos. 302b, 335, 337. A return made by the mayor (10 Nov., 1571) of the strangers then living in London and Southwark and liberties thereof gives the total number as 4,631.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 427.1598.Repertory 17, fo. 372.1599.Journal 19, fos. 407-408b, 417-417b; Repertory 17, fos. 292, 298b, 307, 308.1600.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 133b, 143b; Repertory 18, fo. 224b.1601.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 156b.1602.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 252;Id., pt. ii, fo. 280b.1603.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 228b, 239.1604.Repertory 19, fo. 98.1605.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 371.1606.He was removed by order of Common Council, 13 Dec.,pre diversis magnis rebus dictam civitatem et negotia ejusdem tangentibus.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 376b.1607.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 388b, 389, 394-395b. The queen to the mayor, etc., of London, 12 March.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 586.1608.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 409b.1609.-Id., fos. 404, 408b, 412.1610.Repertory 19, fo. 346b.1611.This conjecture is made from the fact of a precept having been issued on the 20th Jan. for certain persons to furnish themselves with velvet coats, chains and horses, and a suitable suite, to wait upon the lord mayor on the following Saturday.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 404b.1612.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 451-452.1613.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 464, 480.1614.Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 315.1615.City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Printed Analytical Index), pp. 306, 330, 331, 350-352; Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 373, 379, 407.1616.Remembrancia (Index), pp. 207, 331, 334; Journal 21, fo. 235b.1617.Remembrancia, vol. i, No. 331.1618.A reference to this defeat is to be found in the Dublin Assembly Roll under the year 1581.—"Cal. of Ancient Records of Dublin" (ed. by John T. Gilbert, 1891), ii, 155.1619.Bright, "Hist. of England," ii, 539.1620.Journal 21, fos. 19, 34, 52, 53, 69b-71b, 78b, etc.; Repertory 20, fos. 90, 117, 117b, 119b, etc.; Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 230-236.1621.Journal 21, fo. 329b.1622.Among Chamber Accountscirca1585 we find the following:—"Pd. the x of Dec. by order of Courte to Roger Warffeld Treasurorof Bridewell towards the conveyinge of all the Irishe begging people in and nere London to the Citie of Bristowe v1."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. ii, fo. 17.1623.Repertory 16, fo. 350.1624.Repertory 18, fo. 167.1625.Journal 20, fo. 219b.1626.Journal 21, fo. 81b; Repertory 20, fo. 1b.1627.Journal 21, fo. 90.1628.-Id., fos. 114b, 135, 290, 322.1629.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 364, 365.1630.As early as 1554 students had been supported by the Corporation and the Companies at the Universities.—Repertory 13, fos. 144b, 148, 150b.1631.Rembrancia, i, 250, 256 (Analytical Index, pp. 365, 366). Another difference shortly occurred between the corporation and the Bishop of London in October of this year. A dispute arose between them as to who was responsible for keeping St. Paul's Cathedral in repair, each party endeavouring to throw the burden upon the other (Id., Analytical Index, pp. 323-327); and in the following March (1582) Bishop Aylmer found cause to complain by letter of unbecoming treatment by the mayor, both of the bishop and his clergy, and threatened, unless matters changed for the better, to admonish the mayor publicly at Paul's Cross, "where the lord mayor must sit, not as a judge to control, but as a scholar to learn, and the writer, not as John Aylmer to be thwarted, but as John London, to teach him and all London."—(Id.,ibid., pp. 128-129).1632.Repertory 20, fo. 282.1633.Son of Richard Osborne, of Ashford, co. Kent. The story goes that he was apprenticed to Sir William Hewet, clothworker, and that he married his master's daughter, whom he had rescued from a watery grave in the Thames at London Bridge. His son, Sir Edward Osborne, was created a baronet by Charles I, and his grandson, Sir Thomas, made Duke of Leeds in 1692 by King William III.1634.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 157. The right of holding musters in Southwark was again questioned; and the claim of the city was upheld by Sir Francis Walsingham. For this he received the thanks of the lord mayor by letter dated 15 Feb.—Id., p. 159.1635."A lettre from the quenes maty for yemustringe of 4000 men, and also for the shewes on the evens of St. John Baptist and St. Peter thapostles."—Journal 21, fo. 421b.1636.Contin. of Holinshed, v, 599, 600.1637.Journal 21, fo. 388b.1638.Stow's Annals (ed. 1592), pp. 1198-1201.1639.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, pp. 318-324.1640.For particulars of his life see Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 284, note.1641.Journal 21, fo. 448b.1642."Thaccompte of the saide chamberlyn for the transportacioun and necessary provision ofMMCCCCXXsoldiers into the lowe countryes of Flaunders."—Chamber Accounts, vol. ii, fos. 56-58b.1643.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, 340.1644.Chamber Accounts, ii, 134. The earl's honor of Denbigh, North Wales, was mortgaged to certain citizens of London, and not being redeemed, was afterwards purchased by the queen herself.—Repertory 22, fo. 287.1645.Repertory 21, fos. 308-311.1646.For many years after the passing of the Act (1 Edw. VI, c. 14) confiscating property devoted to "superstitious uses," the corporation and the livery companies were the objects of suspicion of holding "concealed lands,"i.e.lands held charged for superstitious uses, which they had failed to divulge. The appointment of a royal commission to search for such lands was submitted to the law officers of the city for consideration, 9 Sept., 1567.—Repertory 16, fo. 276b. Vexatious proceedings continued to be taken under the Act until the year 1623, when a Statute was passed, entitled "An Act for the General Quiet of the Subjects against all Pretences of Concealment whatsoever."—Stat. 21, James I, c. ii.1647.Journal 22, fo. 1.1648.-Id., fos. 26, 29.1649.Journal 22, fo. 37b; Repertory 21, fo. 288b.1650.Journal 22, fos. 52-53. Both the queen's letter and Dalton's speech are printed in Stow's Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 902-904.1651.Journal 22, fos. 48, 57b, 58; Repertory 21, fo. 327.1652.Proclamation, dated Richmond, 4 Dec., 1586.—Journal 22, fo. 67b.1653.Royal Proclamation against engrossers of corn, 2 Jan., 1587.—Journal 22, fo. 74.1654.Journal 22, fo. 64.1655.Repertory 21, fo. 370b.1656.Journal 21, fo. 136b.1657.Motley, "United Netherlands," ii, 281.1658.Journal 22, fos. 144, 161b, 166-167b, 170b.1659.Journal 22, fo. 190.1660.Only 1,000 men out of the force raised by the city went to Tilbury, and the earl only consented to receive this small contingent on condition they brought their own provisions with them, so scantily was the camp supplied with victuals through the queen's parsimony.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 244. Letter from Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 513.1661.Leicester to Walsingham, 28 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 55.1662.William of Malmesbury bears similar testimony to the courage of Londoners under good leadership:Laudandi prorsus viri et quos Mars ipse collata non sperneret hasta si ducem habuissent.—Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 208.1663.Repertory 22, fo. 148b.1664.A list of "the London shippes" (including pinnaces), dated 19 July, 1588, is preserved among the State Papers (Domestic) at the Public Record Office (vol. ccxii, No. 68), and is set out in the Appendix to this work. Two other lists, dated 24 July, giving the names of the ships (exclusive of pinnaces) are also preserved (State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, Nos. 15, 16). Each of these lists give the number of vessels supplied by the city against the Armada as sixteen ships and four pinnaces, or as twenty ships (inclusive of pinnaces). It is not clear what was the authority of Stow (Howes's Chron., p. 743) for stating that the city, having been requested to furnish fifteen ships of war and 5,000 men, asked for two days to deliberate, and then furnished thirty ships and 10,000 men. At the same time there does exist a list of "shipps set forth and payde upon yecharge of yecity of London, anno 1588" (that is to say, the ships furnished by the city for that whole year), and that list contains the names of thirty ships, with the number of men on board each vessel and the names of the commanders.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxxxii, fos. 16, 16b.1665.Journal 22, fo. 173. The assessment was afterwards (19 April) settled at three shillings in the pound.—Id., fo. 175.1666.Journal 22, fos. 193, 200b.1667.Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1668.Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1669.Howard to the same, 21 July.—Id., p. 507.1670.Sir William Wynter to Walsingham, 1 Aug., 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 521.1671.Journal 22, fo. 196b.1672.-Id., fo. 196.1673.Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 67.1674.Repertory 21, fo. 578.1675.Journal 22, fo. 200b; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 510.1676.Journal 22, fo. 197.1677.-Id., fo. 199b.1678.Journal 22, fo. 200.1679.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 537.1680.Journal 22, fos. 233, 235.1681.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 538, 539.1682.On the 7th Feb., 1583, previously to setting out on his last ill-fated expedition, Gilbert addressed a letter to Walsingham from "his house in Redcross Street."—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 95.1683.See the will of Dame Margaret Hawkins, dated 23 April, 1619.—Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 745. The will contains many bequests of articles which savour of Spanish loot.1684.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 44.1685.Journal 22, fo. 202b.1686.Journal 22, fo. 210; Repertory 21, fos. 590b, 593; Repertory 22, fos. 15, 26b, 27; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 471.1687.Journal 22, fo. 252; Repertory 22, fo. 16b.1688.Journal 22, fos. 227b, 278.1689.Burghley and others to the mayor, 26 July, 1589.—Journal 22, fo. 312.1690.-Id., fo. 316b.1691.Journal 22, fo. 345b; Journal 23, fo. 79.1692.Journal 22, fo. 314.1693.Journal 22, fo. 321b.1694.-Id., fo. 326.1695.-Id., fo. 321.1696.Journal 23, fos. 35, 38.1697.July 24, 1591.—Remembrancia. i, 599 (Analytical Index, p. 408).1698.Journal 23, fos. 31, 43b, 48b; Repertory 22, fo. 284b.1699.Journal 23, fos. 68, 68b;Cf.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 48, where the date of the letter is given as "May."1700.Journal 23, fos. 325b, 383b.1701.Journal 23, fos. 45-46b.1702.Journal 24, fo. 86.1703.Proclamation, dated 16 Sept., 1591.—Journal 23, fo. 47.1704.Journal 23, fo. 73.1705.-Id., fo. 71.1706.Proclamations, dated 8 Jan. and 26 Sept., 1592.—Journal 23, fos. 78b, 136.1707.The queen to the lord mayor, 6 Jan., 1592.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 168. The same to the same, 25 Jan.—Journal 23, fo. 87.1708.Journal 23, fos. 157, 167, 174, 224b; Repertory 23, fo. 29.1709.It was in 1592 that bills of mortality, kept by the parish clerks, were for the first time published.1710.Journal 23, fo. 204b.1711.Journal 23, fo. 266.1712.-Id., fos. 400, 402.1713.-Id., fo. 153.1714.Journal 23, fo. 290b. The number was afterwards reduced to 350 men.—Id., fo. 296b; Remembrancia, ii, 3, 27, 30.1715.Journal 23, fo. 290.1716.-Id., fo. 289.1717.Journal 23, fo. 293. The names, tonnage and crews of the ships are thus given (Remembrancia, ii, 26):—The Assention, 400 tons, 100 mariners; The Consent, 350 tons, 100 mariners; The Susan Bonadventure, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Cherubim, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Minion, 180 tons, 50 mariners; and The Primrose, 180 tons, 50 mariners. Only one pinnace is mentioned, of 50 tons, with 20 mariners.1718.Journal 23, fo. 323b.1719.Chamberlain's Letters,temp., Eliz. (Camd. Soc., No. 79), p. 50. The writer was a son of Richard Chamberlain, a city alderman.1720.Alderman of Tower Ward; Sheriff 1584-5; Mayor 1597.1721.Repertory 24, fo. 410b.1722.Repertory 25, fo. 216b.1723.The letter is printedin extensoin Chambers' "Book of Days," i, 464, and in Goodman's "Court of James I," ii, 127.1724.Journal 24, fos. 79b, 81, 82, 82b.1725.-Id., fo. 85b.1726.Journal 24, fos. 105, 144.1727.-Id., fo. 84b.1728.Macaulay's "Essay on Lord Bacon."1729.Journal 24, fo. 145.1730.-Id., fos. 146b, 149.1731.Journal 24, fos. 110-111, 129b.; Repertory 23, fo. 594b.1732.Journal 24, fos. 124, 154b, 157b.1733.The queen to the mayor, 25 July; the lords of the council to the same, 26 July.—Journal 24, fo. 142.1734.Journal 24, fos. 173, 175.1735.The same dissatisfaction at the result of the Cadiz expedition so far as it affected the citizens of London was displayed in a previous letter from the mayor to the lords of the Privy Council (3 Nov.) in answer to a demand for 3,000 men and three ships to ride at Tilbury Hope and give notice of the approach of the Spanish fleet.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 243, 244.1736.Repertory 24, fo. 60b.1737.Journal 24, fos. 210b-213b, 216, 217.1738.Journal 24, fos. 324b, 325, 329b; Repertory 24, fos. 268, 287, 306;Id.25, fo. 4b. Elizabeth asked for £40,000, but only succeeded in getting half that sum.—Chamberlain's Letters, p. 15.1739.Journal 25, fos. 34, 47b, 48; Repertory 24, fo. 352b. In July, 1600, a deputation was appointed to wait upon the lords of the council touching the repayment of this loan.—Repertory 25, fo. 119b. It still remained unpaid in Feb., 1604.—Journal 26, fo. 163b. By the end of 1606 £20,000 had been paid off.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 188; Repertory 27, fo. 278. And by July, 1607, the whole was repaid.—Howes's Chron., p. 890.1740.Journal 25, fos. 74b, 75, 77b-78b, 81, 81b, 82b-84, etc.1741.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1742.Journal 25, fo. 79b.1743.-Id., fos. 80, 80b.1744.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1745.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 61; Journal 25, fos. 81, 84b.1746.Journal 25, fo. 238.1747.Journal 25. fo. 245; Letter Book BB, fo. 85. He was deprived of his aldermanry of the Ward of Farringdon Without and debarred from ever becoming alderman of any other ward "for causes sufficiently made known" to the Court of Aldermen.1748.Repertory 25, fos. 209b, 213.1749.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 546.1750.Secretary Cecil to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and others, 10 Feb., 1601.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 547.1751.Proclamation, dated 9 Feb., 1601.—Journal 25, fo. 240b.1752.Repertory 25, fos. 213, 246.1753.Journal 25, fos. 242, 243, 243b.1754.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1601-1603), pp. 16, 26, 89, 90.1755.Journal 25, fos. 137, 161b, 166, 179, 189, 190, 218b, 223, 237, 237b, 262b-265b, 293, 295, 301, 302b, 313b, 315; Journal 26, fos. 16b-19.1756.Repertory 25, fo. 296b.1757.Repertory 24, fos. 343, 354; Repertory 25, fos. 165-175. The Steelyard was re-opened in 1606.—Journal 27, fo. 66.1758.Letter from Sir Christopher Hatton to the mayor, 27 Nov., 1583.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 407.1759.Journal 26, fo. 42.

Footnotes1.Strype remarks of Thames water that it "did sooner become fine and clear than the New River water, and was ever a clearer water."—Strype, Stow's Survey, ed. 1720, bk. i, p. 25. Another writer speaks of "that most delicate and serviceable ryver of Thames."—Howes's Chron., p. 938.2.During Edgar's reign (958-975), the foreign trade of the City had increased to such a degree, and notably with a body of German merchants from the Eastern shores of the Baltic, called "Easterlings" (subsequently known as the Hanse Merchants of the Steel-yard), that his son and successor Ethelred drew up a code of laws for the purpose of regulating it.3."Et ipsa (i.e.Lundonia) multorum emporium populorum terrâ marique venientium."—Hist. Eccl., lib. ii, cap. iii.4.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 409.5.See ordinances made by the Earl (32 Eliz.).—Hunter's Hallamshire (1819), p. 119.6.Luttrell, Diary, i, p. 314.7."At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter hostes Londinium perrexit, cognomento quidem coloniæ non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre."—Tacitus, Ann., xiv, 33.8.For the direction of the various routes, see Elton's Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 344 note.9.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i., 60.10.The church of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill claims a Roman origin, but its claim is unsubstantiated by any proof.11.This appeal took the following form:—"The groans of the Britons to Aetius, for the third time Consul [i.e.A.D.446]. The savages drive us to the sea, and the sea casts us back upon the savages; so arise two kinds of death, and we are either drowned or slaughtered."—Elton, Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 360.12."Postea vero explorata insulæ fertilitate et indigenarum inertia, rupto fœdere, in ipsos, a quibus fuerant invitati arma verterunt."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Anglic. (Rolls Series No. 82). Proœmium. p. 13.13.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 12.14."In qua videlicet gente tune temporis Sabertus, nepos Ethelberti ex sorore Ricula, regnabat quamvis sub potestate positus ejusdem Ethelberti, qui omnibus, ut supra dictum est, usque ad terminum Humbræ fluminis, Anglorum gentibus imperabat."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii.15."Quorum [i.e., Orientalium Saxonum] metropolis Lundonia civitas est."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii. So, again, another writer describes London at the time it was devastated by the Danes in 851 as "Sita in aquilonari ripa Tamesis fluminis in confinio East-Sæxum et Middel-Sæxum, sed tamen ad East-Sæxum illa civitas cum veritate pertinet."—Flor. Wigorn., (ed. by Thorpe, for Engl. Hist. Soc.), i, 72.16.Kemble. Saxons in England, ii, 556.17."Mellitum vero Lundonienses episcopum recipere noluerunt, idolatris magis pontificibus servire gaudentes. Bede, Lib. ii, cap. vi.—Cf.Flor. Wigorn., i, 13.18."Ecclesiam ... beati Petri quæ sita est in loco terribili qui ab incolis Thorneye nunenpatur ... quæ olim ... beati Æthelberti hortatu ... a Sabertho prædivite quodam sub-regulo Lundoniæ, nepote videlicet ipsius regis, constructa est."—Kemble, Cod. Dipl., 555.19.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), i, 8, 16, 18.20.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., p. 53, &c.21.Thorpe, 114. The Troy weight was kept in the Husting of London and known as the Husting-weight.—Strype, Stow's Survey (1720), Bk. v., 369.22.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 55.23."And in the same year [i.e.851] came three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the Thames, and landed, and took Canterbury and London by storm."—Id.ii, 56.24.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 64, 65.25.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—the existence of which in its present form has been attributed to Alfred's encouragement of literature—seems to convey this meaning, although it is not quite clear on the point. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 44, pp. 148-149) ascribes the recovery of London by Alfred to the year 886. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, i., 56) does the same, and compares the status of London at the time with that of a German free city, which it more nearly resembled, than an integral portion of a kingdom.26.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 279.27.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 67.Cf."Lundoniam civitatem honorifice restauravit et habitabilem fecit quam etiam. Ætheredo Merciorum comitti servandam commendavit."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 101.28.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 405.29.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 71.30.According to Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74. p. 150) Alfred diverted the waters of the Lea that his enemy's ships were stranded.31.-Id., ii. 71.Cf."Quarum navium Lundonienses quasdam Lundoniam vehunt, quasdam vero penitus confringunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 115.32.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ, Thorpe, 97, 103.33.This is the earliest mention of a guildhall in London; and the ale-making which took place at the meeting of the officers of the frith-guild, accounts in all probability for Giraldus Cambrensis (Vita Galfridi, Rolls Series No. 21 iii., c. 8.) having described the Guildhall of London as "Aula publica quæ a potorum conventu nomen accepit."34."Notwithstanding the butt-filling and feasting, this appears to have been a purely religious and social guild, and, although it may have subsequently become a power in the city, so far, it is only of importance as the first evidence of combination among the inhabitants of London for anything like corporate action."—Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 68.35.Laws of Athelstan.—Thorpe, 93.36.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Thorpe, 100.37.Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 178-179.38.Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax., p. 59.39."And if a merchant thrived so that he fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means [cɲæƥte, craft] then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy." (Thorpe, 81.) The word cɲæƥte is similarly translated in Wilkins's Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ; (ed. 1721, p. 71.)per facultates suas; but there seems no reason why it should not be taken to mean literally a craft or vessel. The passage occurs in a list of "People's Rank" which "formerly" prevailed, and is probably of Athelstan's time, even if it did not form part of the Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Wilkins,op. cit.p. 70 note.40.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 105.41.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 114.42.-Id.ii, p. 115.43.-Id.ii. pp. 117, 118. Annal. Monast., Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, p. 173.44.The towns of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, Stamford, and Derby, which for many years were occupied by the Danes, were so called.45.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, pp. 118, 119.46.-Id.ii, p. 119. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No 74), p. 180.47.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 120.48.-Id.ii, p. 120.Cf."Ad hæc principes se non amplius Danicum regem admissuros in Angliam unanimiter spoponderunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, p. 169.49.The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the kings of Norway, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson, ii. pp. 8-11.50.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 120.51.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 121.52.-Id.ii., 122.53.Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 215.54.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 308.55.Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes, 127, 128.56.In course of time the natives of Denmark acquired the privilege of sojourning all the year round in London—a privilege accorded to few, if any other, foreigners. They enjoyed moreover the benefits of the 'the law of the city of London' (la lei de la citie de Loundres) in other words, the right of resorting to fair or market in any place throughout England.—Liber Cust. pt. i, p. 63.57.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 418.58.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 122.59."At oppidanis magnanimiter pugnantibus repulsa."—Malmesbury, i, 216.60.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 123.61.-Id.ii, 121, 123. Henry of Huntingdon relates that Eadric caused a panic on the field of battle by crying out that Edmund had been killed. "Flet Engle, flet Engle, ded is Edmund."62.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 437.63.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 538.64."The 'lithsmen' (ship-owners) of London, who with others raised Harold to the throne, were doubtless such 'burg-thegns.'"—Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 186.Cf.Lingard, i, 318. Norton Commentaries, pp. 23-24.65.Green, Conquest of England, p. 462. Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 73. "The Londoners who attended must have gone by way of the river in their 'liths.'"—Historic Towns, London (Loftie), p. 197.66.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 129.67.At the death of Harold, Harthacnut was invited to accept the crown by an embassy from England, of which the Bishop of London was a member. He accepted the offer and crossed over from the continent with a fleet of sixty ships, manned by Danish soldiers, and his first act was to demand eight marks for each rower; an imposition that was borne with difficulty. Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 132.68.Anglo-Sax Chron., ii, 132.69.Freeman, Norman Conquest, 2nd ed., ii. 5. But according to Kemble (Saxons in England, ii, 259 note), Edward's election took place at a hastily convened meeting at Gillingham.70."London, que caput est regni et legum. semper curia domini regis."—Laws of Edward Confessor, Thorpe, p. 197 note.71.For a list of gemóts held in London fromA.D.790, see Kemble's Saxons in England, ii, 241-261.72.Malmesbury, i, 242-244. Freeman, ii, 148-332.73.Freeman, ii, 324.74.Sed omnis civitas duci obviam et auxilio processit et præsidio acclamantque illi omnes una voce prospere in adventu suo. "Life of Edward Conf." (Rolls Series No. 3.), p. 406.75."Interim quosdam per internuntios, quosdam per se cives Lundonienses, quos variis pollicitationibus prius illexerat, convenit, et ut omnes fere quæ volebat omnino vellent, effecit."—Flor. Wigorn., i., 209.76.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 165-167.77."Aldredus autem Eboracensis archiepiscopus et iidem Comites cum civibus Lundoniensibus et butsecarlis, clitonem Eadgarum, Eadmundi Ferrei Lateris nepotem, in regem levare volueren, et cum eo se pugnam inituros promisere; sed dum ad pugnam descendere multi se paravere, comites suum auxilium ab eis retraxere, et cum suo exercitu domum redierunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.78.Such is the description of William's march, as given by Malmesbury (ii, 307). Another chronicler describes his march as one of slaughter and devastation.—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.79.The bishop was certainly Norman, and so probably was the port-reeve.80.Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 168-169.81.This charter is preserved in the Town Clerk's Office at the Guildhall. A fac-simile of it and of another charter of William, granting lands to Deorman, forms a frontispiece to this volume. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, second edition, revised 1876, iv, 29) wrote of this venerable parchment as bearing William's mark—"the cross traced by the Conqueror's own hand"—but this appears to be a mistake. The same authority, writing of the transcript of the charter made by the late Mr. Riley and printed by him in his edition of theLiber Custumarum(Rolls Series, pt. ii, p. 504), remarks that, "one or two words here look a little suspicious"; and justly so, for the transcript is far from being literally accurate.82.-Cf."Ego volo quod vos sitis omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus Regis." These words appear in the xivth century Latin version of William's Charter, preserved at the Guildhall.83.Liber Albus (Rolls Series i, 26).84.Opinions differ as to the derivation of the term port. Some, like Kemble, refer it to the Lat.portus, in the sense of an enclosed place for sale or purchase, a market. ("Portus est conclusus locus, quo importantur merces et inde exportantur. Est et statio conclusa et munita."—Thorpe, i, 158). Others, like Dr. Stubbs (Const. Hist., i, 404 n.), connect it with Lat.porta, not in its restricted signification of a gate, but as implying a market place, markets being often held at a city's gates. The Latin termsportaandportuswere in fact so closely allied, that they both alike signified a market place or a gate. Thus, in the will of Edmund Harengeye, enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, we find the following: "Ac eciam lego et volo quod illa tenementa cum magno portu vocato le Brodegate ... vendantur per executores meos."—Hust. Roll, 114 (76).85.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., pp. 258-259.86."London and her election of Stephen," a paper read before the Archæol. Inst. in 1866, by the late Mr. Green (p. 267).87.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, p. 55.88.There appears to be no doubt that the charter preserved at the Guildhall had a seal, but not a fragment remains.89."Et dicunt quod prefatus dominus conquestor ante fundacionem ecclesie predicte et confeccionem carte sue de qua superius fit mencio auctoritate parliament sui et per duas cartes suas quas dicti maior et Cives hic proferunt scilicet per unam earam dimissit tunc civibus London' totam dictam civitatem et vice-comitatum London' cum omnibus appendiciis rebus et consuetudinibus eis qualitercumque pertinentibus.... Et per alteram concessit et auctoritate supradicta confirmavit eisdem civibus et successoribus suis quod haberent predicta ac omnes alias libertates et liberas consuetudines suas illesas quas habuerunt tempore dicti Sancti Regis Edwardi progenitoris sui."—Letter Book K, fo. 120 b.90."Tantaque pax suis regnavit temporibus, quod puella virguncula auro onusta, indempnis et intacta Angliam potuit peragrare."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44), i, 29.91.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.92.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.93.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 121.94.Malmesbury. ii, 375.95.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 189.96.-Id., ii, 202.97."Those of the council who were nigh at hand."—Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 204.98.Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44) i, 176.99.See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (p. 366), where the writer conjectures the date of the charter to have been between 1130 and 1135, and brings evidence in favour of it having been purchased by the payment of a large sum of money.100.Set out under fifteen heads in the City'sLiber Albus. (Rolls Series) i, 128-129.101.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 404, 405. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville. p. 356.102.The sum of 100 marks of silver recorded (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I) as having been paid for the shrievalty in 1130, appears to have been more of the nature of a fine than afirma.103."Whereas from time immemorial there have been and of right ought to be two sheriffs of this city, which said two sheriffs during all the time aforesaid have constituted and of right ought to constitute one sheriff of the county of Middlesex...."—Preamble to Act of Common Council, 7th April, 1748,reNomination and election of Sheriffs. Journal 59, fo. 130b.104.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 357. Mr. Round's statements (op. cit., Appendix P), that "this onefirma... represents onecorpus comitatus, namely Middlesex, inclusive of London," and that "from this conclusion there is no escape," are more capable of refutation than he is willing to allow.105."It is probable that whilst the Sheriff in his character of Sheriff was competent to direct the customary business of the Court, it was in that ofjustitiathat he transacted business under the King's writ."—Stubbs, Const. History, i, 389, note.106."Post hoc prædictus Justitiarius ... accessit ad Gildhalle Londoniarum, et ibi tenuit placita de die in diem ... et incontinenti ... ilia terminavit nullo juris ordine observato contra leges civitatis et etiam contra leges et consuetudines cujuslibet liberi hominis de regno Anglie. Quod vero cives semper calumpniaverunt, dicentes quod nullus debet placitare in civitate de transgressionibus ibidem factis nisi vicecomites Londoniarium."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 40.107.Round. Geoffrey de Mandeville. pp. 107-113, 373, and Appendix K.108.Mat. Paris (Hist. Angl. i, 251), ascribes the incessant turmoil of the latter part of the reign to the vengeance of the deity for this breach of faith.109."Id quoque sui esse juris, suique specialiter privilegii, ut si rex ipsorum quoquo moclo obiret, alius suo provisu in regno substituendus e vestigio succederet."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 5-6.110."With the solemn independent election of a king, the great part which London was to play in England's history had definitely begun."—Green, London and her Election of Stephen.111.Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82). iii. 17.112.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 18.113."Eodem anno in Pentecoste resedit rex Londoniæ in Turri, episcopo tantum modo Sagiensi præsente: ceteri vel fastidierunt vel timuerunt venire. Aliquanto post, mediante legato, colloquium indictum est inter imperatricem et regem. si forte Deo inspirante pax reformari posset."—Malmesbury, Hist. Nov. (Rolls Series No. 90.), ii, 564.114."Juravit et affidavit imperatrix episcopo quod omnia majora negotia in Anglia præcipueque donationes episcopatuum et abbatiarum ejus nutum spectarent, si eam ipse cum sancta ecclesia in dominam reciperet et perpetuam ei fidelitatem teneret.... Nec dubitavit episcopus imperatricem in dominam Angliæ recipere, et ei cum quibusdam suis affidare, quod, quamdiu ipsa pactem non infringeret ipse quoque fidem ei custodiret."—Id.,ii, 573.115."Ventilata est hesterno die causa secreto coram majori parte cleri Angliæ ad cujus jus potissimum spectat principem eligere, simulque ordinare."—Id., ii, 576.116."Missos se a communione quam vocant Londoniarum."—Malmesbury, (Hist. Nov.), ii, 576. Exception may be taken to translatingcommunioas 'commune'; but even if the municipal organization represented by the French termcommunedid not at this period exist in the City of London in all its fulness, the "communal idea" appears to have been there.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i. 407.117."Omnes barones qui in eorum coramunionem jamdudum recepti fuerant."—Malmesbury,Ibid.118."Proficiscitur inde cum exultatione magna et gaudio, et in monasterio Sancti Albani cum processionali suscipitur honore et jubilo. Adeunt eam ibi cives multi ex Lundonia, tractatur ibi sermo multimodus de reddenda civitate."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 131.119."Erecta est autem in superbiam intolerabilem, quia suis incerta belli prosperavissent."—Hen. of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 275.120."Infinitæ copiæ pecuniam, non simplici cum mansuetudine sed cum ore imperioso ab eis exegit."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 75.121."Interpellata est a civibus, ut leges eis regis Edwardi observari liceret, quia optimæ erant, non patris sui Henrici quia graves erant. Verum illa non bono usa consilio, præ nimia austeritate non acquievit eis, unde et motus magnus factus in urbe; et facta conjuratione adversus eam quam cum honore susceperunt. cum dedecore apprehendere statuerunt."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 132.122.Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 577-578. "Sed tandem a Londoniensibus expulsa est in die Sancti Johannis Baptiste proximo sequenti"—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc), p. 197.123."Anno prædicto [i.e.7 Stephen,A.D.1141], statim in illa estate, obsessa est Turris Lundoniarum a Londoniensibus, quam Willielmus [sic] de Magnaville tenebat et firmaverat."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 197. From this it would appear that the father still held the office of constable. A charter of the empress, however, which Mr. Horace Round prints in his book on Geoffrey de Mandeville (pp. 88,seq.) points to the son as being constable at the time.124.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 88-95.125.It is not to be supposed that the earl consented to assist the queen without meeting with some return for his services, more especially as the queen was prepared to go all lengths to obtain her husband's liberty. See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 119.126."Gaufrido de Mandevilla, qui jam iterum auxilio eorum cesserat, antea enim post captionem regis imperatrici fidelitatem juraverat, et Londoniensibus maxime annitentibus, nihilque omnino quod possent prætermittentibus quo imperatricem contristarent."—Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 580.127."Magnæ ex Lundoniis copiæ."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82.), i, 42. "Cumque invictâ Londoniensium catervâ."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 80. The Londoners sacked Winchester mercilessly. "Londonienses, cum maxima militum regalium parte, modis horrendis Wintoniensem civitatem expilavere."—Gesta Stephani, iii, 84.128.The precedent thus set by Stephen, of submitting to the ceremony of a second coronation after a period of captivity, was afterwards followed by Richard I, on his return from captivity abroad.129.This is the date assigned to the charter by Mr. Horace Round, (Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 138-144).Cf.Appendix to 31st Report of Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 3.130.The date assigned by Mr. Round to this charter is between Christmas, 1141, and the end of June, 1142.131."Et convenciono eidem Gaufredo Comiti Essex quod dominus meus Comes Andegavie vel ego vel filii nostri nullam pacem aut concordiam cum Burgensibus Lund[oniæ] faciemus, nisi concessu et assensu præ-dicti Comitis Gaufredi quia inimici eius sunt mortales."—Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 168.132.Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82), i. 48. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 278.133.Sometimes called the Treaty of Wallingford.134.The general joy is depicted in glowing colours by Henry of Huntingdon, (p. 289.)Cf.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 235.135.Fitz-Stephen's Stephanides, Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 208.136.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v., 325.137.A cartulary of the Mercers' Company contains a copy of a grant from Thomas Fitz-Theobald to the hospital of St. Thomas of Acon of "all that land, with the appurtenances, which was formerly of Gilbert Becket, father of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, where the said Blessed Thomas the Martyr was born (duxit originem), to build a church (basilicam) in honour of Almighty God and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of the same most glorious martyr."—Watney, Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon (privately printed 1892), pp. 9, 237.138.Liber Albus (Rolls Series), i, pp. 26, 27.139.This charter (with fragment of seal) is preserved at the Guildhall. It bears no date, but appears to have been granted between 1154 and 1161.140.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 138.141."De filiis et parentibus nobilium civitatis" and again "filii et nepotes quorundam nobilium civium Londoniarum."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 155.142.By a strange anomaly, a man who underwent ordeal by water was only adjudged innocent if he sank to the bottom and was drowned. Hence the old man's caution!143.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 28. According to Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82, iii, 387), Longchamp obtained the chancellorship by bribery.144.Benedict (Rolls Series No. 49). ii, 106.145.-Id.ii, 143.146.-Id.ii, 158.147.Preface to Roger de Hoveden, iii, p. lxxvii. Girald. Cambr. Vita Galfridi (Rolls Series No. 21). iv, 397.148.Richard of Devizes, iii, 414. Benedict, ii, 213.149.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, 99. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi). iv, 397-398. Roger de Hoveden, iii. 140.150.Richard of Devizes. (Rolls Series No. 82), iii. 415. Benedict, 213. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi), iv, 405.151."Johannes comes frater regis et archiepiscopus Rothomagensis, et omnes episcopi, comites et barones regni qui aderant, concesserunt civibus Lundoniarum communam suam, et juraverunt quod ipsi eam et dignitates civitatis Lundoniarum custodirent illibatas, quandiu regi placuerit. Et cives Lundoniarum et epispcopi et comites et barones juraverunt fidelitates regi Ricardo, et Johanni comiti de Meretone fratri ejus salva fidelitate, et quod illum in dominum suum et regem reciperent, si rex sine prole decesserit."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 214.Cf.Roger de Hovedene (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 141; Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 5-6.152.-Suprap. 49.153."In crastino vero convocatis in unum civibus, communione, vel ut Latine minus vulgariter magis loquamur, communa seu communia eis concessa et communiter jurata."—Vita Galfridi, iv, 405.154.Const. Hist., i, 407.155.Referring to the year 1191, he writes, "we have the date of the foundation of the commune."—Id., i, 629.156."Concessa est ipsa die et instituta communia Londoniensium, in quam universi regni magnates et ipsi etiam ipsius provinciæ episcopi jurare coguntur. Nunc primum in indulta sibi conjuratione regno regem deesse cognovit Londonia quam nec rex ipse Ricardus, nec prædecessor et pater ejus Henricus, pro mille millibus marcarum argenti fieri permisisset. Quanta quippe mala ex conjuratione proveniant ex ipsa poterit diffinitione perpendi, quæ talis est—communia tumor plebis, timor regni, tepor sacerdotii."—Chron. Stephen, Hen. II, Ric. I (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 416.157."It is impossible to avoid a suspicion," writes Bishop Stubbs, "that the disappearance of the port-reeve and other changes in the municipal government, signify a civic revolution, the history of which is lost."—Const. Hist., i, 406n.158.Merewether and Stephens, Hist. of Boroughs (1835), i, 384. No authority, however, is given for this statement.159.The entire MS. was published in Latin by the Camden Society in 1846; and a translation of the original portion of the work was afterwards made by the late Mr. H. T. Riley, under the title "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London,A.D.1188 toA.D.1274."160."The correct date of the accession of Richard has never been ascertained. No records appear to be extant to fix the commencement of the reign of any king before the accession of John."—Nicholas, Chronology of Hist., p. 285.161.Fos. 45, 63 and 63b.162.Or simply Thedmar.163.It is thus that Riley reads the word which to me appears to be capable of being read "Grennigge."164.Calendar of Wills. Court of Husting, London, part. I., p. 22. From another Will, that of Margery, relict of Walter de Wynton, and one of Fitz-Thedmar's sisters—she is described as daughter of "Thedmar, the Teutonic"—it appears that other sisters of Fitz-Thedmar married into the well-known city families of Eswy and Gisors.—Id., part i, p. 31.165."Ibi etiam dispositium est, penes quem pecunia collata debeat residere: scilicet sub custodia Huberti Walteri Cantuariensis electi, et domini Ricardi Lundoniensis episcopi, et Willelmi comitis de Arundel et Hamelini comitis de Warenna et majoris Lundoniarum."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 212.166.Preserved at the Guildhall.167.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, p. 114.168."Denique ad ingressum principis ita ornata est facies amplissimæ civitatis ut Alemanni nobiles qui cum ipso venerant et redemptione regia exinanitam bonis Angliam credebant opum magnitudine obstupescerent."—William of Newburgh (Rolls Series No. 82), i, p. 406.169."Cives vero Lundonienses servierunt de pincernaria, et cives Wintonienses de coquina."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 12.170.Brit. Mus., Harl. MS. 3,504, fo. 248.171."Si invenissem emptorem Londoniam vendidissem."—Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 388.172."Frequentius enim solito . . imponebantur eis auxilia non modica et divites, propriis parcentes marsupiis volebant ut pauperes solverent universa."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iv. 5. "Ad omne edictum regium divites, propriis fortunis parcentes, pauperibus per potentiam omne onus imponerent."—Newburgh, (Rolls Series No. 82), ii. 466.173.Newburgh, ii., 466.174.Mat. Paris, ii, 57. A similar character is given him by Roger de Hoveden. Dr. S. R. Gardiner describes him as an alderman of the city, and as advocating the cause of the poor artisan against the exactions of the wealthier traders.—Students' History of England, i, 169.175."Pauperum et veritatis ac pietatis adversarii."—Mat. Paris, ii. 57.176.Newburgh, ii, 470.177."And for the time," adds Dr. Gardiner, "the rich tradesmen had their way against the poorer artisans."—Students' History of England, i, 170.178.Chronicles of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 2.179.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 709.180.Mat. Paris, ii, 143. Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 83-87.181.-Id.ii, 146.182.-Id.ii, 153.183.Ann. of Bermondsey (Rolls Series No. 36), in, 453.184.Mat. Paris, ii, 154-156.185.As to the services and franchises of Fitz-Walter, both in time of peace and war, see Lib. Cust., (Rolls Series), part i, pp. 147-151.186.Introd. to Lib. Cust, p. lxxvii.187.The sword of St. Paul, emblematic possibly of his martyrdom, still remains in the City's coat of arms. It has often been mistaken for the dagger with which Sir William Walworth is said to have killed Wat Tyler.188.The story is told in Mr. Riley's Introduction to the Liber Custamarum (p. lxxix), on the authority of the Chronicle of Dunmow.189.He is said to have made a similar attempt upon the wife of Eustace de Vesci, a leading baron.—(Blackstone, Introd. to Magna Carta, pp. 289, 290).190.Mat. Paris, ii, 156. A different complexion, however, is put on this event by another chronicler. According to Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series, No. 58, ii, 220) the barons made their way into the City by stealth, scaling the walls at a time when most of the inhabitants were engaged in divine service, and having once gained a footing opened all the City gates one after another.191.By charter, date 8th May, 1215, preserved at the Guildhall.192.Mat. Paris, ii, 159, 161, 164, 186.193.Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 117.194.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 298.195."Moram autem faciebant barones in civitate Londoniæ per annum et amplius cum civibus confœderati, permittentes se nullam pacem facturos cum rege nisi assensu utriusque partis."—Annals of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 283.196.Mat. Paris, ii, 161, 165.197.Contin. Flor. Wigorn. ii, 167, 171. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 3.198.Mat. Paris, ii, p. 179.199.Confession of the Vicomte de Melun.—Mat. Paris, ii, 187.200.Mat. Paris, ii, 200.201.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 4.202.Strype, Stow's Survey, 1720, Bk. i, p. 62. They had settled in Holborn soon after their arrival in 1220.203.Mat. Paris, ii, 385.204.-Id., ii, 218, 220.205.Liber de Ant. fol. 38. According to this authority (fol. 38b), the peace was ratified 23rd September, at Merton.206.Mat. Paris, ii, 222.207.Often spoken of as the Treaty of Lambeth (Rymer's Fœdera, i, 148.)208.The sum mentioned by Matthew Paris (ii. 224) is £5,000 sterling, but according to a marginal note in the Liber de Ant. (fol. 39) it would appear to have been only £1,000, which, according to the compiler of that record, Louis repaid the Londoners as soon as he arrived home, out of pure generosity (mera liberalitate sua). On the other hand, Matthew Paris (ii, 292) under the year 1227, narrates that Henry extorted from the citizens of London 5,000 marks of silver, on the ground that that was the sum paid by the Londoners to Louis on his departure, to the king's prejudice.209.Walter of Coventry. (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 239.210.Mat. Paris, ii, 251, 252.211.Roger of Wendover, (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 265, 267.212.Probably Saint Giles in the Fields, a hospital founded by Matilda, wife of Henry I.213."Cives autem Londonienses, qui eundem H[ubertum] propter suspendium Constantini oderant, lætati sunt de tribulalionibus suis, et ilico conquesti sunt de eo, quod concivem suum injuste suspendit, et absque judicio."—Mat. Paris, ii, 345.214.-Id., ii, 346, 347. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 6, 7.215."Dicebabur enim ... quod alienigenæ qui plus regni perturbationem desiderabant quam pacem, præfatum comitem Cestriæ ad domini sui regis infestationem et regni inquietationem inducere conarentur."—Walter of Coventry, ii, 251.216.Mat. Paris, ii, 382, 384, iii, 90.217.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 469, 470. "Et quia communitas nostra sigillum non habet, præsentes literas signo communitatis civitatis Londoniarum vestræ sanctitati mittimus consignatas."—Mat. Paris, iii, 17.218.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 7, 8.219.French Chronicle (Camden Soc., No. 28), ed. by Aungier (Riley's translation), pp. 241-244.220.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 11.221.-Id., pp. 13, 14, 16.222.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 16, 17, 61. Mat. Paris, iii., 62, 80-81.223.Mat. Paris, ii, 323.224."Quia dominus rex obligabatur de debitis non minimis erga mercatores de vino, de cera, de pannis ultramarinis, a civibus pecuniam multam extorsit et Judæis, nec tamen inde mercatores plenam pacationem receperunt."—Mat. Paris, ii, 496.225."Cives tanien videntes aliud sibi non expedire, omnia benigne remiserunt."—Mat. Paris, iii, 72.226.-Id., iii, 43.227.Ann. of Worcester (Rolls Series No. 36), iv., 407.228."Unde, ne exorta contentione lætitia nuptialis nubilaretur, salvo cujuslibet jure, multa ad horam perpessa sunt, quæ in tempore opportuno fuerant determinanda."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl., ed. 1684, P. 355.Cf.City Records, Liber Ordinationum, fo. 193 b. Brit. Mus. Cotton MS. Vespasian, C. xiv. fos. 113-114.229.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 9, 20, 45, 53.230.-Id., p. 21.231.An early instance of this parliament being so designated is found in theLiber de Antiquisof the City's Records (fol. 75b.) where the wordsinsane parliamentumoccur.232.This agreement between the king and barons is termed a "Charter" by Fitz-Thedmar, who says it bore the seals of the king and of many barons.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 41.233.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 43.234.-Id., pp. 33-39.235.-Id., pp. 45, 46.236.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 47.237.-Id., p. 52.238.The Bull was confirmed by Alexander's successor Pope Urban IV. and the later Bull was read at Paul's Cross, by the king's orders in the following year (1262),Id., p. 53.239.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 56.240.-Id., p. 57.241.-Id., p. 58.242.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 59. "A similar uprising of the middle class of citizens was taking place about this period in other towns. They are spoken of by chroniclers of the same stamp as Fitz-Thedmar as ribald men who proclaimed themselves 'bachelors,' and banded themselves together to the prejudice of the chief men of the towns (majores urbium et burgorum)"—Chron. of Thomas Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 138.243.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 59-60.244.-Id., p. 60.245.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36). iii. 222-223. Chron. of Thos. Wykes (Ibid) iv, 136. Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28, ii, 18), places this event after the Mise of Amiens (23rd Jan., 1264).246.Annales Londonienses.—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76) i, 60.247.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 62.248.-Id., pp. 64, 65.249.Ann. of Dunstaple. iii, 230, 231.250.The number of Londoners who accompanied Leicester to Lewes is not given. Thomas Wykes mentions it to have been very large, for the reason that the number of fools is said to be infinite! "Quo comperto comes Leycestriæ glorians in virtute sua, congregata baronum multitudine copiosa, Londoniensium innumerabili agmine circumcinctus, quia legitur stultorum infinitus est numerus."—(Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 148.251.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 66; Ann. of Dunstaple, iii, 232; Thos. Wykes, iv, 149, 150; Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28), 27.252.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 67.253.-Id., p. 74.254.Fitz-Thedmar gives the number of representatives of each city and borough as four: "De qualitet civitate et burgo iiii homines."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 75.255.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 77. This anecdote is inserted in the margin of Fitz-Thedmar's chronicle, the writer expressing his horror at the "wondrous and unheard of" conduct of "this most wretched mayor."256.The story is told by Thos. Wykes. (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 163.257.Lib. de. Ant. fo. 94b.258.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 119. Circumstantially as the chronicler relates the story, he appears only to have inserted it as an after-thought. Mr. Loftie (Hist, of London, i, 151), suggests that possibly the news of Fitz-Thomas' death might have been the occasion of its insertion.259.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 235.260."His lordship the king had summoned to Wyndleshores all the earls, barons, [and] knights, as many as he could, with horses and arms, intending to lay siege to the City of London [and] calling the citizens his foes."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 81.261.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 82.262.At one time the parish of All Hallows Barking is spoken of as being in the County of Middlesex, at another as being within the City—Hust. Roll. 274, (10), (12).263.In narrating this, Fitz-Thedmar again discloses his aristocratic proclivities by remarking, "Such base exclamations did the fools of the vulgar classes give utterance to" on this occasion, viz., the election of William Fitz-Richard as Sheriff of Middlesex and Warden of London.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 90, 91.264.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 83, 85.265."Regina etiam rogavit pro Londoniensibus de quibus rex plures recepit ad pacem suam."—Ann. of Winchester (Rolls Series, No. 36), ii, 103.266.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 146, 147.267.Ann. of Dunstaple. (Rolls Series, No. 36), iii, 245.268.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 95. The citizens appear to have been divided, as indeed they often were, on the question of admitting the Earl.269.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 95, 97.270.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 96.271.-Id., pp. 97, 100.272.Dated "Est Ratford," 16th June, 1267. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 98-100.273.Dated 26th March, 1268. The original is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 3). A copy of it, inserted in the Lib. de Ant. (fo. 108b), has the following heading:—"Carta domini regis quam fecit civibus Lond',sub spe inveniendi ab eo meliorem gratiam," the words in italics being added by a later hand.274.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 113. Ann. of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 375.275.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 129.276.Lib. de Ant., fo. 120.277.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 129-130.278.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 153.279.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 154, 159.280.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 164.281.The series of Husting Rolls for Pleas of Land, preserved at the Guildhall, commence in the mayoralty of Hervy's successor.282.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 205-208.283.What Fitz-Thedmar means when he says (Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 171), that "only one part of the seal of the Commonalty of London" was appended to Hervy's so-called "charter" is hard to determine. The common seal of the city was at this period in the custody of the mayor for the time being. Under Edward II, it was for the first time entrusted to two aldermen and two commoners for safe keeping.—City Records, Letter Book D, fo. 145b.Cf.Ordinances of Edward II,A.D.1319.284.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 169-171.285.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 173-5.286."Et quod nullus alienigena in libertatem civitatis prædictæ admittatur nisi in Hustengo ... et si non sint de certo mestero, tune in libertatem civitatis ejusdem non admittentur sine assensu communitatis civitatis illius."—Lib. Custumarum (Rolls Series), pt. 1, pp. 269-270.287."The establishment of the corporate character of the city under a mayor marks the victory of the communal principle over the more ancient shire organisation, which seems to have displaced early in the century the complicated system of guild and franchise. It also marks the triumph of the mercantile over the aristocratic element."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 630, 631.288."The guilds continued to elect until 1384, when the right of election was again transferred to the wards." City Records, Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 173.289.Chron. Edward I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 84. Chron. of T. Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36) iv, p. 259.290.Dated from "Caples in the land of Labour" (Caples in terra laboris) or Capua, 19th January, 1273. This letter was publicly read in the Guildhall on the 25th March following.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 163.291.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 161.292.-Id., p. 172.293.-.Id, pp. 132, 140-2.294.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 143-4.295.-Id., pp. 145, 146.296.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 147, 148.297.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 149, 150.298.-Id., p. 165.299.-A.D.1279. "Eodem anno escambia et novæ monetæ extiterunt levata apud turrim Londoniensem; et Gregorius de Roqesle major monetæ per totam Angliam."—Chron. Edw. I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76. i. 88).—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Transl.) p. 239.300.The name of John Horn with the addition. "Flemyng" occurs in the 14th cent.—Hust. Roll. 64 (67), 81 (74).301.For one month after the Feast of St. Botolph the Abbot [17 June], the Court of Husting in London was closed, owing to the absence of citizens attending the fair. The right of appointing their own officers to settle disputes arising at the fair was granted to the citizens of London at the close of the Barons' War.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 176.302.Peace was signed before the end of July.—Rymer's Fœdera, (ed. 1816), vol. i. pt. 2, p. 513.303.A series of MS. books extending froma.d.1275 to 1688, deriving their title from the letters of the alphabet with which they are distinguished,A, B, C,&c,AA, BB, CC,&c. We are further aided by chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and II, edited by Bishop Stubbs for the Master of the Rolls. A portion of these chronicles the editor has fitly called "Annales Londonienses." There is even reason for believing them to have been written by Andrew Horn, citizen and fishmonger, as well as eminent jurist of his day. He died soon after the accession of Edward III. and by his will, dated 9th Oct., 1328, (Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, i, 344) bequeathed to the city many valuable legal and other treatises, only one of which (known to this day as "Liber Horn,") is preserved among the archives of the Corporation.304.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 239.305.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 447.306.Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series). Introd. vol. i, p. xxxiii.307.-Id., i, 92.308.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 229. 230. Tho. Wykes (Ann. Monast. Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 294. Ann. of Worcester (Ibid), iv, 486. Walter de Heminburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 13.309.They were, in the language of Stow, "hanged by the purse." (Survey, Thoms' ed., p. 96).Cf."He was hanged by the nek and nought by the purs." (Chaucer, Cook's Tale. l. 885). The story is recorded in Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 240; and in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series i, 92-93).310.Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 472-474.311.Letter Book C, fo. 52. Riley's Memorials, p. 21.312.Rolls Series, i, 51-60.Cf.Lib. Ordinationum, fos. 154b,seq.313.The circumstances of Rokesley's visit to the justices at the Tower are set out in the city's "Liber Albus" (i, 16), from a MS. of Andrew Horn, no longer preserved at the Guildhall. The story also appears in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 94.314.In 1293 the king appointed Elias Russell and Henry le Bole his "improvers" (appropriatores) in the city:—Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series No. 76, i, 102). Their duties were practically identical with those of sheriffs, and Bishop Stubbs places a marginal note over against the appointment,—"Sheriffs appointed by the king." Walter Hervy is recorded as having removed certain stones near Bucklersbury when he was "improver" of the city (Letter Book A, fo. 84. Riley's Memorials, p. 25). This was probably done in 1268, when the city was in the king's hand, and Hervy and William de Durham were appointed bailiffs "without election by the citizens."—Chron. Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 112, 113.315.Letter Book A, fo. 132b.316.-Id., fo. 110.317.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 98.318.Letter Book A, fo. 95. Riley's Memorials, p. 26.319."From the very day of his accession, Edward was financially in the hands of the Lombard bankers; hence arose, no doubt, the difficulty which he had in managing the City of London; hence came also the financial mischief which followed the banishment of the Jews; and hence an accumulation of popular discontent, which showed itself in the king's lifetime by opposition to his mercantile policy, and, after his death, supplied one of the most efficient means for the overthrow of his son."—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. vol. i, pp. c, ci.320.Writ to the Sheriff of Middlesex, dated 2nd Jan., 1293. Letter Book B, fo. 25. Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 266.321.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36), iii, 390. The chronicler acquits the king of complicity in this sacrilege.322.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 274.323.Letter Book C. fo. 20.324.-Id., fos. 21b, 22. (Riley's Memorials, pp. 31-33). Liber Custum., i, 72-76.325.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii. 108, 109.326.Letter Book C, fo. 22b.327.By the bullClericis Laicos, Boniface VIII had recently forbidden the clergy to pay taxes to any layman.—Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 113-116.328.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 130, 131, 134.329.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh, ii, 121.330.-Id., ii, 126, 127.331.-Id., ii, 149, 151.332.Letter Book B, fo. xxxvii (101b).333.Preserved among the City Archives (Box 26).Cf.Letter Book C, fo. xxiv, b.334.Letter Book B, fo. 93.335.Letter Book C, fo. 24. (Riley's Memorials, 37).336.Strictly speaking, a talliage could only be charged on the king's demesnes, and these did not include the City of London.337.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 132.338.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247. Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 139.339.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 146. Hemingburgh ii, 248.340.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247 n.341."Tunc visa est Londonia quasi nova Jerusalem monilibus ornata."—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 152.342."Ad quam coronationem major, aldermanni et cives Londoniarum induti samiteis et sericeis vestimentis et ex armis Angliæ et Franciæ depictis, coram rege et regina Karolantes, et servi civium ad illud festum, ut moris est, de cupa servientes, omnibus intuentibus inauditum proviserunt gaudium."—Id. ibid.343.Letter Book C, fo. 93 (Riley's Memorials, p. 64).344.Letter Book D, fo. 96 (Memorials, pp. 69-71).345.Letter Book C, fo. 97 b (Memorials, p. 69).346.Letter Book D, fo. 104 (Memorials, pp. 72-74).347.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 224-225.348.Letter Book D, fo. 147b.349.-Id., fo. 125b.350."Eodem anno (i.e.1302), die Lunæ ivtoKalendas Februarii, restitutus est Richerus de Refham in honore aldermanniæ Londoniarum, et factus est aldermannus de Warda de Basseishawe."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 104.351.Among those who were called to account was a woman remarkable for her name—"Sarra la Bredmongesterre." A selection of the cases enquired into is printed in Riley's Memorials, pp. 86-89.352."Sed quia idem Richerus fuerat austerus et celer ad justitiam faciendam nulli parcendo, et quia fecit imprisonare Willelmum de Hakford, mercer, ideo dictus W, et sui complices insurrexerunt in ipsum et ideo depositus fuit ab officio majoris et postea aldermanniæ suæ."—Chron. Edw. I and II, i, 175-176.353.Letter Book D, fo. 142.354.-Id., fos. 142b-143b (Memorials pp. 93-98.)355.-Id., fos. 142b, 143b, 145b.356.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 203.357.Lib. de Antiq., fo. 43b. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 250.358.Letter Book C, fo. 45.359.Letter Book C, fo. 92b (Memorials p. 63).360.The city chose as its representatives, Nicholas de Farendone, John de Wengrave, and Robert de Kelleseye. Letter Book D. fos. 149b, 151, 151b.361.-Id., fos. 151b, 152 (Memorials pp. 102-104.)362.-Id., fo. 168 (Memorials, pp. 105-106).363.Letter Book D, fos. 164, 164b.364.Letter Book E, fo. 18. (Memorials, pp. 108-110).365.Letter Book D, fo. 165.366.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 55, 56.367.Letter Book E, fo. 84. (Memorials, pp. 128-129).368.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 285.369.Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 252.370.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 269.371.Dated York, 8th June, 1319. These letters patent are preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4). Ten days later [18th June] Edward granted an ample inspeximus charter to the city, the original of which does not appear among the archives.SeeLib. Cust. i, pp. 255-273.372.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 253.373.In this year [1318-19] the new charter was confirmed by the king, and cost £1,000.Id., p. 252.374.Chron. Edward I and II, Introd., vol. ii, p. lxxxiv.375.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 285-432.376.Rolls Series i, 51-60. Copies of the Ordinances are also to be found in the Liber Horn (fos. 209,seq.) and Liber Ordinationum (fos. 154bseq.) of the city's archives.377.Lib. Cust. i, 289, 308.378.Lib. Cust., i, 296.379.-Id., i, 308-322.380.-Id., i, 322-324.381.-Id., i, 324-325.382.-Id., i, 347-362.383."Et fuit illo die post horam vesperarum antequam Justiciarii et duodenæ perfiniebant; sed neminem eodem die indictaverunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 366.384.Lib. Cust., i, 371-374.385.-Id., i, 378. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 253.386."Qui cum quasi leones parati ad prædam ante Pascham extitissent, nunc, versa vice, quasi agni vicissim facti sunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 383-384.387.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 216, 272.388.Lib. Cust., i, 408, 409.389.-Id., i, 425.390.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. The precise date of his election is not known. Bishop Stubbs, in his introduction to the Chronicle cited (i, p. lxxxii), states it to have taken place in January. This can hardly have been the case, inasmuch as the city had not been taken into the king's hands before the middle of February—forty-one days after the commencement of the Iter. See Lib. Cust. i, p. 378.391.Letter Book E, fos. 119b-120 (Memorials, pp. 142-144).392.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 293, 296.393.-Id., i, 297.394.Dated, Boxle, 25 October. Patent Roll 15, Edward II, Part 1, m. ii.395.Chron. Edward I and II, i, p. 298. Re-elected "by the commons at the king's wish."—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 254.396.Chron. Edward I and II, i, pp. 298-299.397.Aungier, Fr. Chron., pp. 254, 255.398.The charter, dated Aldermaston, 12th December, 15 Edward II [A.D.1321], with seal (imperfect) attached, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4.)399.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301.—Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.). p. 255.400."Car c'est le plus perilleux peuple [sc. the English] qui soit au monde et plus outrageux et orgueilleux et de tous ceux d' Angleterre les Londriens sont chefs ... ils sont fors durs et hardis et haux en courage; tant plus voyent de sang respandu et plus sont cruels et moins ebahis."—Froissart's Hist. (ed. Lyon, 1559), pp. 333-334.401.Macaulay, Hist., cap. iii.402.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 257, 264.403.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 303.404.-Id., i. 305. Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 257.405.By the king's writ, dated Ravensdale, 29 Nov., Letter Book E. fo. 148. According to the French Chronicle (Aungier, p. 258) Chigwell recovered the mayoralty on the feast of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.]. On the 7th Dec. he was admitted and sworn into office.406.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301, 305, 318 n.407."Propter insidiantes domini regis et aliorum malorum hominum."—Id., i, 306.408.-Id., i, 307.409.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 259.410.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 308. Easter is given as the date of her departure by the Fr. Chron. (p. 259), Easter Day falling on the 15th April in that year.411.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 260.412.See her proclamation issued at Wallingford, 15th Oct. Rymer's Fœdera, vol. ii, part 1, pp. 645, 646.413.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 314, 315.414.Dated Baldock, 6 Oct., 1326. City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, membr. x (12).415.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), pp. 262, 263.416.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 315, 316. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 263.417.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 310. Murimuth, Chron. (Eng. Hist. Soc.), p. 48.418.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 321, ii, 310. Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 264. Murimuth (Eng. Hist. Soc.), pp. 48, 49.419.The proclamation is headed,Proclamacio prima post decessum episcopi Exoniensis et ipsius decollacionem.—City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, membr. 2 dors.420.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 265.421.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 318.422.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 323. Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, memb. 2.423.Dated 28 February, 1326-7. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325-326.424.Dated 6 March, 1326-7. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5).425.InreIslington Market Bill, 3 Clk, 513. See also Stat. 5 and 6, William IV, cap. cxi, ss. 46et seq.426.-Vide sup., p. 104.427.According to the common law of the land, no market could be erected so as to be a "nuisance" to another market within a less distance than six miles and a half and a third of another half.—Bracton "De Legibus Angliæ" (Rolls Series No. 70), iii, 584.428.Dated 4 March, 1326-7.429.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325.430.The king's letters asking for assistance were dated from Nottingham, 29 April and 2 May.—City's Records, Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. iv dors, and ix.431.The names of the troopers are set out in full, under the several wards, in Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, memb. ix. The compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i. 333), gives the number of the City contingent as 100 men, adding feelingly "sed proh pudor! nil boni ibi facientes sine honore revertuntur."432.Dated Topclyf, 10 July.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. ii (4).433.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. iii.434.Writ dated Lincoln, 23 September.—Id., Roll A 1, membr. v (7) dors.435.-Id., Roll A 1. memb. iii.—In July, 1323, the Exchequer had been transferred from York to Westminster, "and great treasure therewith."—Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 258.436.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. iii, and v (7).437.Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1. membr. xxii.438.-Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxii, dors.—According to the Chronicle of Lanercost (Bannatyne Club, p. 261), it was theLondonerswho refused to give up the stone.439.Rymer's Fœdera (1830), Vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 716. Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey (2nd ed.), pp. 60-64.440.Rymer's Fœdera (1821) Vol. ii, pt. ii, pp. 734, 740. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xx dors. Chron. Edward I and II, i. 339-340.441.The city was represented by Stephen de Abyndon and Robert de Kelseye. The writ was dated Clipston, 28 August, and the return made the 10th October.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxiii-xxiv.442.Letter dated 27 September.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii (27) dors.443.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xxiv (28) dors.444."Quod dictus Hamo fuit pessimus vermis qui venit in civitate jam xx annis elapsis et amplius, et quod nunquam foret bona pax in civitate dum viveret et quod bonum esset valde si capud ejus a corpore truncatur."—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii dors.445.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 29.446.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 29 dors.447.-Id.,ibid.—Notwithstanding this disavowal, it is said that no less than 600 Londoners assisted the Lancastrian cause.—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. Vol. i, p. cxx.448.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 343.—Letter Book E, fo. 179b. (Memorials, pp. 170-171).449.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 31.450.See letter from the mayor, &c., to the king informing him that his wishes had been carried out.—Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).451.At Christmas, both the primate and the city despatched letters to Edward, who was then at Worcester, to that effect.—Id., Roll A 1. memb. xxviii (32).452.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 343-344.453.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).454.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 242-243.455.-Id., i, 245, 346.456.-Id., i. 246-247.457.The will is enrolled in the records of the Court of Husting, Roll 61 (17). His devise to St. Paul's was challenged by John de Pulteney, and execution stayed.458.According to the compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i, 352), Mortimer was taken "in camera Isabelle reginæ."459.She died in 1357. and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, in the city.460."The last days of Queen Isabella."—Archæol., vol. xxxv, p. 464.461.On her first arrival in London she was conducted by a cavalcade of citizens to the Bishop of Ely's house in Holborn, and after her marriage, was made the recipient of a present of gold and silver and a great store of all kinds of provisions. Her coronation, which took place two years later (Feb., 1330), was also made the occasion for a further display of their loyalty and affection.—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 338, 339, 349.462.Green, Hist. of the English People, i, 410. Imposts on wool, writes Bishop Stubbs, became of such importance at this period that "the merchants again seemed likely to furnish the realm with a new estate."—Const. Hist., ii. 379.463.-Supra, pp. 112-115.464."Eodem anno (i.e., 1326) post Pascha dominus rex habuit consilium apud Westmonasterium; et ordinatum fuit ibi quod mercatores emerent lanas. corias et plumbum, in certis locis Angliæ, Walliæ et Hyberniæ, et illa loca vocantur Stapel."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 312.Cf.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 15.465.Dated 23 April, 1327. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. i (3) dors.466.Dated Nottingham, 30 April (1327). Rymer's Fœdera. Vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 705.467.Writ to the collector of dues in the port of London and other places on both sides of the Thames as far as Gravesend. Dated Overton, 2 July, 1 Edward III (a.d.1327). Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors (cedula).468.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.469.Letters patent, dated Lincoln, 23 Sept., 1 Edward III (a.d.1327).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.470.Writ to sheriffs to see the restrictions carried out, dated York, 1 March, 2 Edward III (a.d.1327-8).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 24 dors.471.Dated from Coventry.Id., Roll A 1, membr. 18 dors.472.Return to writ, dated 12 January, 1 Edward III (A.D.1327-8).—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 20.473.Letter from the Mayor, &c., of York, to the City of London, dated 29 January, and reply.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23).474.-Id. ibid.475.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xvii (20) dors. The letter was sent in reply to one from the City's representatives, Grantham and Priour, asking for instructions.476.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23) dors.477.He had been an intimate favourite of Edward II. and had been removed, with others, from that king's service in 1311. Notwithstanding this, he appears as the king's Chamberlain in 1316. Ten years later, when the city was in the hands of an infuriated mob, and the king confined at Kenilworth, John de Charleton took the Earl of Arundel prisoner and caused him to be beheaded. In 1329 the citizens received peremptory orders from Edward III, not to harbour him in the city.—Chron. Edward I & II. i, 247.478.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.479.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.480.Letter Book E, fo. 183. (Memorials, p. 169.)481."In 1333 they were again established in England, but merchants ignored them, and in the following year they were abolished. From 1344 onwards they are frequently discussed in parliament and assemblies of the merchants; and by the statute of 1353 the system was consolidated."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 412.482.Letter Book G. fos. 35b, 76.483.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 765.484.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 247, 249.485.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 249, 251.486.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 815.487.Rex Franciæ subtiliavit viis et modis quibus potuit qualiter deturbaret regem Angliæ et repatriare faceret ne tantum destrueret et debellaret regnum Scotiæ.—Knighton (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 476.488.-Id., i, 461.489.Letter Book E, fos. 1-4—(Memorials, pp. 187-190).490.John de Grantham was allowed 60 shillings for a horse which he lost whilst going to this parliament on the city's business. (Letter Book F, fo. 9b.) It is, however, not clear that Grantham attended the parliament as a city member.491.Chron. Edward I and II, ii. 122.492.Letter patent, dated 12 August.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 35.493.-Id. ibid.494.Letter patent, dated Westm., 24 March.—Letter Book F., fo. 6.495.-Id., fo. 6b.496.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 366.497.The king's letter, dated Stamford, 1 June, 1337.—Letter Book F, fo. 6b.498.Letter Book F, fos. 4-5.499.Charter dated Westminster, 26 March, 1337, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5). The king made frequent attempts to annul this charter.—Letter Book F, fo. 197; Letter Book G, fos. 11b, 41b.500.-Id., fo. 9.501.-Id., fo. 9b. (Memorials, p. 197).502.-Id., fo. 10b.503.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380.504.Letter Book F, fo. 42.505.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 3 and 3 dors.506.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380-381.507.Letter Book F, fos. 3, 3b.508.-Id., fo. 14b.Id., fo. 18b.509.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 5, membr. 3 dors.510.-Id., membr. 5 dors.511.-Id., membr. 6. On the 23 October, the Duke of Cornwall, whom the king had nominated regent during his absence abroad, wrote to the Mayor, &c., of London, bidding him put the city into a posture of defence.—Letter Book F, fo. 19.512.-Skumarii: a scummar, a rover. Skeats' Glossary to the Bruce (Early Eng. Text Soc.s. v.)513.Letter Book F, fos. 22b-23.514.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 1.515.Letter Book F, fly leaf. (Memorials, p. 204.)516.Letter Book F, fly-leaf. The passage was printed by the late Mr. Riley, although somewhat inaccurately, in his Memorials (p. 205). The original MS. runs thus: "Item in Camera Gildaule sunt sex Instrumenta de Laton vocata Gonnes cum quinque teleres ad eadem. Item pelete de plumbo pro eidem Instrumentis que ponderant iiijcli et dj. Item xxxij li de pulvere pro dictis instrumentis."517.The late Mr. Riley misread "roleres" for "teleres" (the writing is not very legible), and therefore thought the passage referred to heavy ordnance.518.Richard Hastinges bequeaths by will in 1558 his bows and arrows, with "tyllers" &c.—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 670.519.Congregacio Maioris Aldermannorum et unius hominis cujuslibet warde civitatis pro negociis communitatem tangentibus die veneris proxima post festum Sancte Katerine Virginis (25 Nov.) anno xiijccontra adventum domini regis et regine de partibus transmarinis.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 10.520.Letter Book F, fo. 30b.521.Letter Book F, fo. 32b. (Memorials, pp. 208-210.)522.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 12 dors.523.Letter Book F, fo. 34b.524.Letter Book F, fo. 39.525.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 20-21. Letter Book F, fo. 37b.526.A cedula inserted between membranes 19 and 20 of Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3.527.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 277.528.Murimuth, Contin. Chron. (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 116. Avesbury (Ibid), p. 323.529.Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 283-285. Murimuth, p. 117.530.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 22.531.Letter Book F, fos. 45b-49. Murimuth, pp. 118, 119.532.Murimuth, p. 119.533.Letter Book F, fo. 49.534.Dated 26 May, 1341. This charter, which was granted with the assent of parliament, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5.)535.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 25 dors.536.-Id., Roll A 5. membr. 17.537.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 392 note. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 290.538.Murimuth, 155.539.Letter Book F, fos. 81-84b.540.Commission, dated Windsor, 20th March, 1345.Id.fo. 98b.541.-Id.fos. 99, 109, 110.542.Letter Book F, fo. 111.543.-Id., fo. 116b.544.Murimuth (Rolls Series, No. 93, p. 198) states that the number of vessels great and small amounted to 750; whilst in another Chronicle the same writer says that they numbered more than 1,500 (Chron. ed. for Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 164.)545.Letter Book F. fo. 119. Murimuth (Rolls Series), p. 198.546.Murimuth (Rolls Series), pp. 205-211.547.Letter Book F, fo. 120b.548.-Id., fos. 121-125b.549.Letter Book F, fos. 127, 127b, 130.550.-Id., fos. 132b-133b.551.-Id., fos. 139, 140.552.-Id., fo. 140 b.553.Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 272.Cf.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64). p. 26.554.It was the first of the three pestilences (the others occurring in 1361 and 1369) which served occasionally as land marks in history for dating conveyances and other records.—See Bond's Handy-book for verifying dates, p. 311.555.Stow extravagantly conjectures that no less than 50,000 perished within a year, all of whom were buried in Walter Manny's cemetery, near the Charterhouse. Another chronicler states that 200 were buried there alone between February and April, 1349.—Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 407.556.Whilst the king forbade the encouragement of beggars by gifts of charity, the municipal authorities fixed the price of labour.—Letter Book F. fos. 163, 168, 169, 181. At the close of the year (1349) a statute—known as the Statute of Labourers—was passed, fixing the scale of wages at the rate prevalent before the Black Death, and ordering punishment to be inflicted on those who demanded more.557.Letter Book F, fo. 168.558.-Id., fo. 191b.559.By writ, dated 1 July. Letter Book F, fo. 185b.560.Letter Book F, fos. 187b, 188b.561.Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 412.562.Letter Book F, fos. 174, 176.563.Rot. Parl., ii, 155.564.Letter Book G, fo. 47.—Their cost, amounting to nearly £500, was assessed on the wards.565.Letter Book G, fo. 53b. (Memorials, pp. 285-289).566.Walshingham (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 283. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), p. 37.567.Letter Book G, fos. 65-67.568.Letter Book G, fo. 60.569.Relief on this point was afforded by the king in February, 1359, by the issue of a writ to the effect that the names of his purveyors should be handed to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and that the purveyors shall not seize any victuals until they had shown and read their commission.—Letter Book G, fo. 74.570.Walsingham, i, 288.571.Letter Book G, fo. 133.572.Stow's Survey (Thom's ed. 1876), pp. 41, 90.—If we include David, King of Denmark (as some do), the number of kings entertained on this occasion was five, and to this day the toast of "Prosperity to the Vintners' Company" is drunk at their banquets with five cheers in memory of the visit of the five crowned heads.—See a pamphlet entitledThe Vintners' Company with Five, by B. Standring, Master of the Company in 1887.573.Letter Book G, fo. 133.—The list of subscribers, as printed in Herbert's Introduction to his History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (p. 32), is very inaccurately transcribed.574.-Id., fo. 158.575.-Id., fos. 225b, 226b, 235b, 236b.576.-Id., fo. 228b.577.Letter Book G, fo. 247b.—The money was advanced on the security of Exchequer bills. The names of the contributors and the several sums contributed, covering three folios of the Letter Book, have been for some reason erased.578.-Id., fos. 263, 270.579.Fasciculi Zizaniorum (Rolls Series No. 5), introd., p. xxviii.580.Letter Book G, fos. 274b-275.581.-Id., fo. 268.582.Letter Book G, fos. 268b, 270.583.The number of parishes is elsewhere given as 110.—Id., fo. 275. A list of London benefices, under date 31 Edward I [1302-3], is given in the City's Liber Custumarum (i, 228-230), the number being 116.584.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), pref. vol. i, p. lvi.585.Chron. Edward I and II, introd., vol. i., p. xli.586.Letter Book G, fo. 271. (Memorials, pp. 350-352).587.-Id., fo. 289b.588.Walsingham, i, 315.589.Letter Book G, fos. 297, 298, 304b, 306b, 307.590.Letter Book G, fo. 312b. Letter Book H, fos. 17-19b.591.The parliament was originally summoned for the 12th February, but did not meet before the 28 April. The city members were John Pyel and William Walworth, Aldermen, William Essex and Adam Carlile, commoners.—Letter Book H. fos. 28. 29.592.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), 78, 79.593.Walsingham i, 321. Higden's Polychron (Rolls Series No. 41), viii, 385. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), pp. 94, 392.594.Letter Book H, fo. 45b.595.See the king's letter, dated "Haddele" Castle, 29 July, 1376.—Letter Book H, fo. 44.596.The names of the representatives of the guilds forming the first Common Council of the kind are placed on record.—Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 47.597.-Id., fo. 44b.598.Letter Book H, fo. 46.599.-Id., fos. 47, 161; Journal 11, fo. 89.600.Charter, dated 26 May, 15 Edward III,Suprap. 188.601.Letter Book H, fo. 173.—The names of those elected by the wards to the Common Council two years later (9 Ric. II), are inserted on a cedula between membranes, 15 and 16, of Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 27.602.Walsingham, i, 327. Chron. Angliæ, pp. 142, 143. Modern writers, however, have discovered some good qualities in this lady.—See Notes and Queries, 7th Series, vol. vii, pp. 449,et seq.603.Chron. Angliæ, p. 130.604.See Hust., Rolls, 95, (130) (13O); 97, (9); 98, (73) (74) (82); 109, (6) (7) (8); also Will of William Burton—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 301.605.Letter Book H, fo. 77b.606.-Id., fo. 47b.607.Pat. Roll, 3 Ric. II, part 1.608."Ut de cetero non major, antiquo more, sed capitaneus Londoniis haberetur, et quod Marescallus Angliæ in illa civitate, sicut alibi, reos arestare valeret; cum multis petitionibus quæ; manifeste obviabant urbis libertatibus et imminebant civium detrimento."—Chron. Angliæ, p. 120.609.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 123-125, 397; Walsingham, i, 325.610.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 125, 398.611.-Id., pp. 127, 128.612.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.613.Letter Book H, fos. 58, 59.614.Chron. Angliæ, p. 134.615.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.616.-Id., pp. 136-137, 142-143.617.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 146-149. The chronicler expresses the utmost joy and astonishment at the sudden change in the duke's manner. It was (he says) nothing less than a miracle that one who had so recently demanded a present of precious stones and 100 tuns of wine, as the price of his favour, should now appear so complacent.618.-Id., pp. 150, 151.619."Londonienses præcipue obloquebantur, dicentes jam perpaucorum proceruin corda fore cum Rege, eos solos sibi fideles esse; quorum Rex licet ironice, vocabatur a nonnullis proceribus, eo quod ipsi multum juvissent eum in coronatione sua."—Walsingham i, 370;Cf.Chron. Angliæ, p. 200.620.Chron. Angliæ, p. 153.621.Lib. Cust. ii, 467, 468. It appears from the City Records, that the king's butler in ordinary could claim the office of Coroner of the city.—See Letter Book H, fos. 68, 77b.622.The Isle of Wight had been surprised and taken, Rye had been captured, Hastings had been destroyed by fire, and Winchelsea would have fallen into the hands of the enemy but for the bold defence made by the Abbot of Battle.—Walsingham i, 340-342; Chron. Angliæ, pp. 151, 166, 167.623.Letter Book H, fos. 76-77, 83.624.Et deputati sunt ad hujus pecuniæ custodiam duo cives Londonienses, scilicet Willelmus Walworthe et Johannes Philipot.—Chron. Angliæ, p. 171. Eight other citizens, viz., Adam Lovekyn, William Tonge, Thomas Welford, Robert Lucas, John Hadley, John Northampton, John Organ, and John Sely, were appointed collectors of the two fifteenths.—Letter Book H, fo. 90.625.Dated 4 Dec, 1377. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).626.Letter Book H, fo. 82.627.Chron. Angliæ, p. 194: Walsingham i, 367. It was stated before parliament, in 1378, that Walworth and Philipot had laid out every penny of the subsidy.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 445 note.628.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 199, 200. Philipot again showed his patriotism in 1380, by providing money and arms for an expedition sent to assist the Duke of Brittany.—Id., p. 266. He died in the summer of 1384.—Walsingham, ii, 115.629.Letter Book H, fo. 95.630."Et idcirco locum illum elegerant præmeditato facinori; ne Londonienses, si Londoniis fuisset Parliamentum prædictum, sua auctoritate vel potentia eorum conatus ullatenus impedirent."—Walsingham, i, 380.631.Letter Book H, fo. 101b. (Memorials, p. 427).632.Letter Book H, fos. 109b, 110.633.-Id., fos. 107, 108, 109.634.-Id., fos. 111b, 113.635.Letter Book H, fos. 128, 132.636.The story of the insurrection under Wat Tyler, and of his death at the hands of Walworth, as told in Letter Book H, fo. 133b (Memorials, pp. 449-451), varies in some particulars from that given by Walsingham (i, 454-465), and in the Chronicon Angliæ (pp. 285-297).637.Letter Book H, fo. 134.638.-Id., fo. 134b.639.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 24, membr. 9.640.Walsingham, i, 467-484; ii, 23.641.Walsingham, ii, 13.642.-Id., ii, 9, 10.643.Letter Book H, fos. 149b, 150.644."Homo duri cordis et astutus, elatus propter divitias et superbus, qui nec inferioribus adquiescere, nec superiorum allegationibus sive monitis flecti valeret quin quod inceperat proprio ingenio torvo proposito ad quemcunque finem perducere niteretur."—Walsingham, ii, 65.645.Letter Book H, fo. 144. (Memorials, p. 463).646.Letter Book H, fo. 146b.647.-Id., fos. 153-154.648.Walsingham, ii, 71. From the City's Records it appears that early in 1383, William Baret was alderman of Philipot's ward (Cornhill); but in the following year, when Brembre succeeded to his mayoralty, and the so-called "king's party" was again in the ascendant, Philipot again appears as alderman of his old ward, continuing in office until his death (12 Sept., 1384), when he was succeeded by John Rote.—Letter Book H, fos. 163, 174.649.Letter Book H, fo. 155b.650.Letter Book H, fo. 154.651.Letter Book H, fo. 168. Three years later, "the folk of the Mercerye of London" complained to parliament that Brembre and his "upberers" had on this occasion obtained his election by force—"through debate and strenger partye."—(Rot., Parl. iii, 225). There is no evidence of this in the City's Records, although there appears to have been a disturbance at his re-election in 1384. It may be to this that the Mercers' petition refers. It is noteworthy that at the time of his election in 1383, Brembre was not an alderman, although in the previous year, and again in the year following his election, he is recorded as Alderman of Bread Street Ward.—Letter Book H, fos. 140, 163, 174.652.Breve quod piscenarii libertatis civitatis Londoniæ exerceant artem suam ut consueverunt. Dated 27 Nov., 1383.—Letter Book H, fo. 172.653.-Id., fos. 154-154b, 176-177.654.Dated 26 Nov., 7 Ric. II. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).655.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3 dors.656.Letter Book H, fos. 166, 167.657.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3.658.Writ dated 9 February; Letter Box H, fo. 173b.659.-Id., fos. 173b, 174b.660.-Id., fo. 174.661.Letter Book H, fo. 179.662.Letter Book H, fo. 179b; Walsingham, ii, 116.663.Hidgen, Polychron. (Rolls Series No. 41), ix, 45seq.664."Hæc autem omnia sibi fieri procurarunt æmuli piscarii, ut dicebabur, quia per illos stetit quod ars et curia eorum erant destructæ."—Higden, ix, 49.665.Letter Book H, fo. 92. (Memorials, pp. 415-417).666.Letter Book H, fo. 182. The names of those specially summoned are set out in Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 15.667.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 4, 5 and 6.668.Higden, ix, 50, 51.669.Letter Book H, fo. 182.670.Letter Book H, fo. 198b.671.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 26.672.Letters patent of pardon received the king's sign manual on the 3 June, 1386 (Letter Book H, fo. 216), but the prisoners were not released before April in the following year.—See Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.673.Letter Book H, fo. 214. (Memorials, p. 494).674.Rot. Parl. iii, 227, cited by Riley in his "Memorials," p. 494, note.675.Letter Book H, fo. 176b.676.This letter, which was dated the 27 April, was delivered to Lord Zouche at his house by John Reche, Common Pleader, and Ralph Strode and John Harwell, Sergeants-at-Arms.—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.677."Super quo dominus Rex respondit quod licet in sua potestate fuerat cum ipsis, Johanne, Johanne et Ricardo agere graciose bene tamen sibi provideret priusquam foret eis graciam concessurus."—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.678.Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.679.Letter Book H, fo. 222.680.The oath as set out in the letter to the king differs from another copy of the oath, which immediately precedes the letter in Letter Book H, fos. 220b, 221; a clause having been subsequently added to the latter to the effect that the swearer abjured the opinions of Northampton and his followers, and would oppose their return within the bounds and limits set out in the king's letters patent.681.Letter Book H, fo. 222.682.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.683.Walsingham, ii, 150.684.Higden, Polychron. ix, 104.685.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.686.Higden, Polychron. ix, 106; Walsingham, ii, 166.687.Letter Book H, fo. 223b. (Memorials, p. 449.)688.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108-109.689."Londonienses ... mobiles erant ut arundo, et nunc cum Dominis, nunc cum Rege, sentiebant, nusquam stabiles sed fallaces."—Hist. Angliæ, ii, 161.690.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108; Walsingham, ii, 169.691.Pleas and Mem., Roll A, membr. 7.692.Higden, ix, 111-114; Walsingham, ii, 170, 171; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 5.693.Higden, ix, 117, 118.694.Howell's State Trials, i, 115.695.Higden, Polychron. ix, 168.696.State Trials, i, 118, 119.697.Walsingham, ii, 165-174.698.Higden, ix, 167-169.699.Letter Book H, fo. 228.700.Letter Book H, fo, 161.701.-Id.,fo. 126; Higden ix, 179.702.Letter Book H, fos. 234, 234b.703.Higden ix, 217.704.Higden ix, 238, 239.705.Letters patent, date, 2 Dec, 1390.—Letter Book H, fo. 255; Higden ix, 243.706.Letter Book H, fo. 259. (Memorials, p. 526.).707.-Id., fo. 300.708.-Id., fo. 270.709.Higden, ix, 270. According to Walsingham (Hist. Angl. ii, 208), the Lombard failed to get the money from the citizens, who nearly killed him when they learnt his purpose.710.The names of the citizens chosen for the occasion are given by Higden (Polychron. ix, 269, 270), and in Letter Book H, fo. 270.711.The reason given in the City Records for the dismissals which followed is stated to be "certain defects in a commission under the common seal and other causes."—Letter Book H, fo. 270b.712.Higden, Polychron. ix, 272; Walsingham, ii, 208-209.713.Higden, ix, 273; Letter Book H, fo. 270b.714.Letter Book H, fo. 275b.715.-Id., fo. 273.716.Letter Book H, fo. 269b; Higden, ix, 267. Walsingham (ii, 213) suggests that this was done at the instance of the Archbishop of York, the Chancellor.717."Putabant isti officiarii per hoc non modicum damnificare civitatem Lundoniæ, sed potius hoc multo majora damna intulerunt regi et hominibus regni quam jam dictæ civitati."—Higden, ix, 267-268.718.Walsingham, ii, 210.719.Higden, ix, 273.720.Letters Patent of pardon, dated Woodstock, 19 September, 1392. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 6).721.Higden. ix, 274, 276, 278; Letter Book H, fos. 271b, 272, 274. Notwithstanding these remissions, the city was mulcted, according to Waisingham (ii, 211), in no less a sum than £10,000 before it received its liberties.—Cf.Chron. of London, 1089-1483 (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas, sometimes called "Tyrrell's Chronicle," from a City Remembrancer of that name), p. 80.722.Stat. 17, Ric. II, c. 13; Letter Book H, fos. 290b, 291.; Bohun, "Privilegia Londini" (ed. 1723), p. 57.723.Higden, ix, 274.724.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 489-490.725.Letter Book H, fo. 314.726.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 12.727."Also this yere (1397-8), by selying of blank chartres, the Citie of London paied to the kyng a mlli."—Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas); p. 83.728.Letters Patent, dat. 9 May, 1399.—Letter Book H, fo. 326. Richard set sail on the 29th.729."Douze cent hommes de Londres, tous armés et montés à cheval."—Froissart (ed. Lyon, 1559), vol. iv, c. 108, p. 328. In Lord Berner's translation of Froissart (iv, 566), the number is wrongly given as 12,000.730.Walsingham, ii, 245, 246.731.Walsingham, ii, 262-264. Serle's Christian name is given elsewhere as John.—Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 30. The writ for his execution is dated 5 August, 1404.—Letter Book I, fo. 31b.732.Letter Book I, fo. 180b. (Memorials, pp. 638-641). Walsingham, ii, 317.733.City Records Journal, I, fo. 83b. We have now a series of MS. Volumes among the City's archives known as "Journals" to assist us. They contain minutes of proceedings of the Court of Common Council, just as the "Repertories" (which we shall have occasion to consult later on), contain a record of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen. The Letter Books may now be regarded as "fair copies" of the more important of the proceedings of both Courts.734.Letter Book H, fo. 307b. The Lollards are said to have derived their name from a low German wordlollen, to sing or chant, from their habit of chanting, but their clerical opponents affected to derive it from the Latinlolium, as if this sect were as tares among the true wheat of the church.735.Letter Book I, fo. 125b-132.736.-Id., fo. 130b.737.-Ibid.738.Letter Book I, fo. 11b.739.He appears, however, to have burnt by a special order of the king, before the passing of the statute.—See Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), Introd. p. lxix.740.A curious story is told of boys in the streets playing at England and Scotland at this time, with the result that what began in play ended in fighting and loss of life.—See Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 332.741.Letter Book I, fo. 16.742.Letter Book I, fo. 27; Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 379.743.Letter Book I, fo. 89b.744.-Id., fo. 113.745.-Id., fo. 108b.746.Letter Book I, fo. 112b.747.Exchequer Roll, Lay Subsidy, 144-20.—See Archæological Journal, vol. xliv, 56-82.748.Letter Book I, fo. 54. (Memorials pp. 563-564.)749.License, dated Westminster, 29 May, 12 Henry IV (A.D.1411).—Letter Book I, fo. 103b. In 1417 the mayor and aldermen ordained that the rector of St. Peter's for the time being should in future take precedence of the rectors of all other city churches, on the ground that Saint Peter's was the first church founded in the city of London, having been built in 199 by King Lucius, and for 400 years or more held the metropolitan chair.—Letter Book I, fo. 203. (Memorials, pp. 651-653.)Cf.Journal 1, fo. 21b.750."Eminentissima turris Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et pugil invictus Dominus Thomas de Arundelia."—Hist. Angl. ii, 300.751.A certain William Fyssher, aparchemyneror parchment-maker of London, was afterwards (1416) convicted of assisting in Oldcastle's escape, and was executed at Tyburn.—Letter Book I, fo. 181b. (Memorials, p. 641.)752.Walsingham, ii, 292-299; Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), 433-449; Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas), p. 97.753.Letter Book I, fos. 286-290.754.2 Hen. V. Stat. i, c. 7.755.It was not, however, the last occasion upon which parliamentary action was attempted. In 1422, and again in 1425, the Lollards were formidable in London, and parliament on both occasions ordered that those who were in prison should be delivered at once to the Ordinary, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 81, 363.756.Letter Book I, fo. 147.757.Walsingham, ii, 306, 307.758.Hist. Angl., ii, 307.759.Letter Book I, fol. 154.760.See letter from the mayor to the king, giving an account of Cleydon's trial, 22nd August, 1415.—Letter Book I, fo. 155. (Memorials, p. 617). Foxe, "Acts and Monuments," iii, 531-534.761.Walsingham, ii, 327, 328.762.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 46; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 106.763.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii., 363, 364.764.Letter Book I, fo. 150. This "very antient memorandum" of the Lord Mayor's precedence in the City was submitted to Charles II in 1670, when that monarch insisted upon Sir Richard Ford, the Lord Mayor of the day, giving "the hand and the place" to the Prince of Orange (afterwards William III of England), on the occasion of the prince being entertained by the City.—Repertory, 76, fos. 28b, 29.765.Letter Book I, fo. 158b. (Memorials, p. 613).766.-Id., fo. 157.767.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), pp. 108-109. Gregory was an alderman of the City, and an eye-witness of much that he relates.768.Letter dated 2nd August—the day on which Sir Thomas Grey, one of the chief conspiritors was executed.—Letter Book I, fo. 180.769.Letter Book I, fo. 143. (Memorials, p. 619).770.Letter Book I, fo. 177.771.Letter Book I, fo. 159. (Memorials, pp. 620, 622).772."Quali gaudio, quali tripudio, quali denique triumpho, sit acceptus a Londoniensibus, dicere prætermitto. Quia revera curiositas apparatumn, nimietas expensarum, varietates spectaculorum, tractatus exigerent merito speciales."—Walsingham, ii, 314.773.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 103.774.Letter Book I, fo. 178b. Other proclamations on the same subject are recorded in the same place, most of which will be found in "Memorials" (pp. 627-629).775.Letter Book I, fo. 190b.776.-Id., fos. 188, 188b.777.Letter Book I, fo. 191b.778.Letter Book I, fo. 218b. In May, 1419, the sword was surrendered, and the security changed to one on wool, woolfells, &c.—Id., fo. 227b.779.Letter Book I, fo. 229. (Memorials, p. 654.)780.Journal 1, fo. 30b.781.Letter Book I, fo. 200b. (Memorials, p. 657.)782.Letter, dated Caen, 11 September.—Letter Book I, fo. 200b.783.Writ, dated 18th Oct.—Letter Book I, fo. 203.784.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 89.785.Letter Book I, fo. 222.786.Letter Book I, fos. 211b, 212b, 217. Proclamations made by the civic authorities at this time were subscribed "Carpenter"—the name of the Common Clerk or Town Clerk of the City. The custom of the Town Clerk of London for the time being, signing official documents of this kind with his surname alone, continues at the present day.787.Letter Book I, fo. 215b.788.Letter Book I, fo. 216. (Memorials, p. 664).789.Letter Book I, fo. 216. On the 15th September the question of payment to the brewers, wine drawers and turners of the cups was considered.—Journal I, fo. 48. (Memorials, pp. 665, 666).790.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), 1222.791.Letter Book I, fos. 236, 236b.792.Letter Book I, fo. 237. (Memorials, p. 674).793.-Id., fo. 241b.794.Letter Book I, fo. 252.795.Walsingham, ii, 335.796.Letter Book I, fo. 263.797.Letter Book I, fo. 259. According to Walsingham (ii, 336), the ceremony took place on thefirstSunday in Lent.798.Walsingham, ii, 336, 337.799.Parliament voted a fifteenth and a tenth to assist the king in his necessities; John Gedney, alderman, John Perneys, John Bacon, grocer, and John Patesley, goldsmith, being appointed commissioners to levy the same within the City.—Letter Book I, fo. 277b.800.Letter Book K, fo. 1b.801.Letter Book I, fo. 282b.802.Letter Book I, fo. 282b; Letter Book K, fo. 12.803.Letter Book K, fo. 2.804.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 97.805.Letter Book K, fos. 10, 10b.806.-Id., fo. 15b.807.Letter Book K, fos. 10-18.808.Chron. London (Nicolas), p. 114; Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 17), p. 159; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), pp. 53, 54.809.See two letters from the mayor.—Letter Book K, fos. 18b, 21.810.Gregory's Chron., p. 160.811.-Id., p. 162.812.Journal 2, fos. 22b, 64b (new pagination).813.Letter Book K, fo. 50b.814.Gregory's Chron., p. 161.815.Letter Book K, fo. 55b.816.Letter Book K, fos. 62, 63b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.817.Letter Book K, fo. 66b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.818.Letter Book K, fo. 68b. In 1443 the Common Council agreed to allow the City members their reasonable expenses out of the chamber (Journal 5, fo. 129b), but when parliament met at Coventry in 1459, the City members were allowed 40s.a day, besides any disbursements they might make in the City's honour (Journal 6, fo. 166b), and the same allowance was made in 1464, when parliament sat at York (Journal 7, fos. 52, 54).819.-Id., fo. 69b.820.Gregory's Chron., pp. 164-168.821.City Records, Liber Dunthorn, fo. 61b; Letter Book K, fo. 70.822.Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, London, ii, 509.823.Letter Book K, fo. 84.824.A long account of his entry into the French capital, and of the pageantry in honour of the occasion, is set out in full in the City's Records.—Letter Book K, fos. 101b-103.825.A full descriptive account of Henry's reception on his return from France is set out in the City Records (Letter Book K, fos. 103b-104b). It purports to be an account sent by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk, to a friend, and has been printed at the end of theLiber Albus(Rolls Series);Cf.Gregory's Chron., pp. 173-175.826.He informed the City of his intention by letter, dated from Ghent the 13th April.—Letter Book K, fo. 105.827.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 114-117.828.Letter Book K, fo. 137b.829.Letter Book K, fo. 138.830.Gregory's Chron., p. 177.831.Letter Book K, fo. 148.832."And that same yere (1437), the Mayre of London sende, by the good a-vyse and consent of craftys, sent sowdyers to Calys, for hyt was sayde that the Duke of Burgone lay sege unto Calis."—Gregory's Chron. p. 178.833.Letter Book K, fos. 160-162.834.Gregory's Chron. p. 179.835.Letter Book K. fo. 183b. The tax was found to be so successful that it was subsequently renewed. In 1453 it was renewed for the king's life.—Id., fo. 280b.836.Journal 3, fo. 103b.837.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 129.838.The validity as well as the effect of this charter (which is preserved in the Town Clerk's office) has been made the subject of much controversy, some contending that it is in effect a grant of the soil of the river from Staines to Yantlet, that being the extent of the City's liberties on the Thames, whilst others restrict the grant to the City's territorial limits,i.e., from Temple Bar to the Tower.839.Letter Book K, fo. 220b.840.Chron. of London (Nicholas), p. 134.841.See "Historical Memoranda," by Stow, printed in "Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), pp. 94-99.842."And the Meire of London with the comynes of the city came to the kynge besekynge him that he wolde tarye in the cite, and they wolde lyve and dye with him, and pay for his costes of householde an halff yere; but he wold nott, but toke his journey to Kyllyngworthe."—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chronicles" (Camd. Soc.), p. 67.843.Journal 5, fo. 36b.844.Journal 5, fo. 39.845.He had been admitted alderman of Lime Street ward in 1448, at the king's special request, and had only recently been discharged.—Journal 4, fo. 213b; Journal 5, fo. 38b. In 1461 he left England, but was captured at sea by the French and put to ransom for 4,000 marks.—Fabyan, p. 638.846.Holinshed, iii, 224.847.Gregory's Chron., p. 192.848.Journal 5, fo. 40b.849.Alexander Iden, who appears to have pursued Cade beyond the limits of his own jurisdiction, as Sheriff of Kent, into the neighbouring county of Sussex, where the rebel was apprehended in a garden at Heathfield.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron.," preface, p. vii.850.The exclusion of the Duke and other nobles from the king's council had been made an express ground of complaint by the Kentish insurgents.851.Chron., p. 196.852."And so thei brought (the duke) ungirt thurgh London bitwene ij bisshoppes ridyng unto his place; and after that made hym swere at Paulis after theire entent, and put him frome his good peticions which were for the comoen wele of the realme."—Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 138.853.Journal 5, fos. 131, 132b, 133b.854.Journal 5, fos. 134b, 135b, 136.855.-Id., fo. 148.856.-Id., fo. 152.857.-Id., fo. 152b.858.-Id., fos. 183, 184.859.Journal 5, fo. 206.860.Report of City Chamberlain to the Court of Common Council.—Journal 5, fos. 227-228b.861.News-letter of John Stodeley, 19 Jan., 1454; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 265, 266.862.Journal 5, fos 143, 145b, 152, 152b-160b.863.Journal 5, fo. 150.864.-Id., fos. 162, 162b.865.-Id., fo. 164b.866.Booking to Paston, 15 May; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 387;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139; Gregory's Chron., p. 199.867.William Cantelowe, alderman of Cripplegate and Billingsgate wards, from the latter of which he was discharged in October, 1461, on the score of old age and infirmity (Journal 6, fo. 81b). He appears in his time to have had financial dealings with the crown, on one occasion conveying money over sea for bringing Queen Margaret to England, and on another supplying gunpowder to the castle of Cherbourg, when it was in the hands of the English. He is thought by some to be identical with the William Cantelowe who afterwards (in 1464) captured Henry VI in a wood in the North of England.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 28), Preface, p. viii.868.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 70.869.Letter Book K, fo. 287.870.-Id., fo. 288b.871.Cotton MS., Vitell. A, xvi, fo. 114.872.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 77.873.Fabyan, Chron. (ed. 1811), p. 633;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139.874.Journal 6, fos. 138, 138b, 139.875.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 78;Cf.Fabyan, p. 633; Holinshed, iii, 249.876.Short Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 71; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 140.877.Journal 6, fo. 166.878.-Id., fo. 145.879.-Id., fo. 163.880.English Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 179.881.Journal 6, fo. 224b.882.William Paston, writing to his brother John, under date 28th January, 1460, remarks, "Item, the kyng cometh to London ward, and, as it is seyd, rereth the pepyll as he come; but it is certayn ther be comyssyons made in to dyvers schyres that every man be redy in his best aray to com when the kyng send for hem."—Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 506.883.Paston Letters (Gairdner), Introd., p. cxl.884.The king's letter, dated 2 Feb., was read before the Common Council on the 5 Feb.—Letter Book K, fo. 313b; Journal 6, fo. 196b.885.Journal 6, fo. 197b.886.-Id., fo. 203b.887.-Id., fo. 158.888.Journal 6, fo. 237.889.It had been destroyed by fire during the Kentish outbreak.—Gregory's Chron., p. 193.890.Journal 6, fo. 237b.891.Journal 6, fo. 238.892.-Id., fo. 238b.893.Journal 6, fos. 239, 239b; Eng. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 94.894.Journal 6, fo. 252b.895.Eo quod nullus alius modus videtur esse tutus pro civitate.—Id., fo. 251.896.Journal 6, fo. 251b.897.-Id., fo. 250b.898.Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 98. The Thames boatmen and sailors were almost as powerful and troublesome a body of men as the London apprentices. The Common Council had recently (11th July) endeavoured to subdue their turbulent spirit by the distribution among them of a large sum of money (£100).—Journal 6, fo. 254.899.On the 4th July the Common Council voted the earls the sum of £1,000 by way of loan.—Journal 6, fo. 253.900.Journal 6, fo. 256. By some inadvertence two copies of the agreement were sealed, one of which was returned to the mayor to be cancelled.901.Journal 6, fo. 257.902.Gregory's Chron., p. 208; Engl. Chron., pp, 99-100; Short Engl. Chron., p. 75.903.The interview with the wardens of the companies took place at a Common Council held on the 13th December, 1460.—Journal 6, fo. 282b.904.Journal 6, fo. 13.905.The governing body in the city was still Lancastrian at heart. On the 13th Feb. the Common Council had voted Henry, at that time in the hands of Warwick, a loan of 1,000 marks, and a further sum of 500 marks (making in all £1,000) for the purpose ofgarnysshyngand safeguarding the city. On the 24th a certain number of aldermen and commoners were deputed to answer for the safe custody of the Tower, and on the following day (25 Feb.) the mayor forbade, by public proclamation, any insult being offered to Sir Edmund Hampden and others, who had been despatched by the king and queen to London for the purpose of ascertaining "the true and faithful disposition" of the city.—Journal 6, fos. 35, 35b, 40.906.Gregory's Chron., p. 215.907.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 189.908.Journal 6, fo. 37b.909.Letter Book L, fo. 4; Lib. Dunthorn, fo. 62; Journal 7, fo. 98.910.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 80.911.Journal 7, fos. 97b, 98.912.Charter, dat. Winchecombe, 26 Aug., 1461. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).913.Inspeximus charter, dated Westminster, 25 March, 1462. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 13).914.Journal 7, fo. 8.915.-Id., fo. 15.916.See Inspeximus charter 15 Charles II.917.Journal 7, fo. 21b.918.Journal 7, fo. 175.919.Ancestor of Lord Bacon and others of the nobility.—See Orridge "Citizens and their Rulers," p. 222.920.Fabyan, p. 656. He was deprived of his aldermanry (Broad Street Ward) by the king's orders.—Journal 7, fo. 128.921.Journal 7, fos. 196, 198, 199.922.Journal 7, fos. 215b, 222b.923.-Id., fos. 229b, 230b.924.-Id., fo. 222b.925.A record of what took place in the city between the 1st and 6th October is set out in Journal 7, fo. 223b.926.-Id., fo. 225.927.He had, after Warwick's flight to France in March of this year, put to death and impaled twenty of the earl's followers.—Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 9.928.Journal 7, fo. 225.929.Fabyan Chron., p. 660.930.Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 15.—According to the chronicler, theCommonsof the city were still loyal to Henry, whom Archbishop Nevill had carried through the streets, weak and sickly as he was, in the hope of exciting the sympathy of the burgesses. Had the archbishop been a true man, "as the Commons of London were," Edward would not have gained an entry into the city until after the victory of Barnet-field.931.Journal 5, fos. 152, 175.932.The "bastard's" letter and the reply of the mayor and aldermen are set out in Journal 8, fos. 4b-6b, and Letter Book L, fo. 78.933.Holinshed, iii, 323; Fabyan, p. 662.—According to Warkworth (p. 19), theCommonswould willingly have admitted the rebels had the latter not attempted to fire Aldgate and London Bridge.934.Paston Letters, iii, 17.935.The 21st May is the day usually given as that on which Edward returned. The City's Journal, however, gives the day as the Eve of the Ascension, that festival falling on May the 23rd.—Journal 8, fo. 7.936.Warkworth's Chron., p. 21.937.Namely, Richard Lee, Matthew Philip, Ralph Verney, John Young, William Tailour, George Irlond, William Hampton, Bartholomew James, Thomas Stalbrok, and William Stokker.—Journal 8, fo. 7.938.Journal 7, fo. 246.939.-Id., 8, fo. 98.940.-Id., fo. 101.941.Journal 8, fo. 110b.942.Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).943.Journal 8, fo. 244.944.Fabyan, p. 667.945.Proclamation, dated 21 Nov., 22 Edw. IV.—Letter Book L, fo. 281b; Journal 9, fo. 2.946.Journal 9, fo. 12.947.-Id., fo. 14.948.-Id., fo. 14b.949.-Id., fos. 18, 18b.950.Journal 9, fo. 21b.951.The oath taken by Gloucester to King Edward V, as well as the oath which he was willing to take to the queen, if she consented to quit Westminster, were read before the Common Council on the 23rd March.—Journal 9, fo. 23b.952.Wife of Matthew Shore, a respectable goldsmith of Lombard Street:—"In Lombard-street, I once did dwelle,As London yet can witness welle;Where many gallants did beholdeMy beautye in a shop of golde."(Percy Reliques).She had recently been made to do penance by Gloucester in a white sheet for practising witchcraft upon him; but her unhappy position, as well as her well-known charity in better days, gained for her much sympathy and respect.953.The duke's speech, interesting as it is, as showing the importance attached to gaining the favour of the City, cannot be regarded as historical.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 224 note.954.Journal 9, fo. 27.955.Journal 9, fo. 33b. The names of the citizens selected for that honour are recorded.—Id., fo. 21b. The names also of those who attended coronations in the same capacity down to the time of George IV are, with one exception (the coronation of Charles I), entered in the City's archives.—(See Report on Coronations, presented to Co. Co., 18 Aug., 1831.Printed.)956.-Id., fo. 43.957.-Id., fo. 114b.958.Journal 9, fo. 39.959.Green, Hist. of the English People, ii, 63.960.Stat. 1 Richard III, c. 9.961.-Id., c. 2.962.Journal 9, fo. 43b.963.Journal 9, fo. 56.964.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 140.965.Journal 9, fos. 78b, 81. Richard issued a proclamation against Henry "Tydder" on the 23 June, calling upon his subjects to defend themselves against his proposed attack.—Paston Letters (Gairdner), iii, 316-320.966.Journal 9, fos. 81b-83b.967.Journal 9, fos. 84, 85b, 86b;Cf."Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 4-6.968.Holinshed, iii, 479.969.Hecker's "Epidemics of the Middle Ages," p. 168.970.Journal 9, fo. 87b.971.The day for election of mayor varied; at one time it was the Feast of the Translation of S. Edward (13 Oct.), at another the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude (28 Oct.).972.Journal 9, fo. 88.973.-Id., fo. 78b.974.-Id., fo. 89b.975.Holinshed, iii, 482, 483; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 141b. According to Fabyan (p. 683), the Mercers, Grocers and Drapers subscribed nearly one half of the loan.976.Pol. Verg., 717; "Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 3.977.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh" (Twelve English Statesmen Series), p. 47. No record of this appears in the City's archives.978.Journal 9, fos. 150b, 151.979.-Id., fo. 151.980.He arrived on the 3rd Nov.—Gairdner, p. 57.981.Journal 9, fos. 157b, 158.982.-Id., fo. 161.983.Journal 9, fo. 223b; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 142b; Fabyan, p. 683; Holinshed, iii, 492.984.Henry's second parliament was summoned to meet the 9th Nov., 1487. The names of the City's representatives have not come down to us, but we know that William White, an alderman, was elected one or the members in the place of Thomas Fitz-William, who was chosen member for Lincolnshire, and we have the names of six men chosen to superintend the City's affairs in this parliament (ad prosequendum in parliamento pro negociis civitatis), viz:—William Capell, alderman, Thomas Bullesdon, Nicholas Alwyn, Simon Harrys, William Brogreve, and Thomas Grafton.—Journal 9, fo. 224.985.Holinshed, iii, 492.986.Journal 9, fo. 273b.987.Fabyan, p. 684.988.Journal 10, fos. 80b, 83; Repertory 1, fos. 10b, 13. The "Repertories"—containing minutes of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen, distinct from those of the Common Council—commence in 1495.989.Repertory 1, fo. 19b.990.Two years later, when the post was held by Arnold Babyngton, complaint being made of the noisome smell arising from the burning of bones, horns, shavings of leather, &c., in preparing food for the City's hounds, near Moorgate, the Common Hunt was allowed a sum of 26s.8d.in addition to his customary fees for the purpose of supplying wood for the purpose.—Repertory 1, fo. 70. The office was maintained as late as the year 1807, when it was abolished by order of the Common Council.—Journal 84, fo. 135b.991.Repertory 1, fo. 20b.992.-Id., fos. 20, 20b.993.Journal 10, fo. 104b.994.-Id., fo. 105.995.-Id., fo. 108.996.Fabyan, p. 687.997.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 176.998.Repertory 1, fo. 41b.999.Repertory 1, fo. 62.1000.Journal 10, fo. 187b.1001.Journal 10, fo. 190b.1002.-Id., fo. 191.1003.This is the date given by Gairdner (p. 198). According to Fabyan (p. 687) she arrived on the 4th Oct.1004.Journal 10, fos. 238, 238b.1005.Repertory 1, fos. 122b-126. The account will be found in Archæol., vol. xxxii, p. 126.1006.Repertory 1, fos. 130, 130b.1007.By Stat. 19 Henry VII, c. 7, annulling Stat. 15 Henry VI, c. 6.1008.Repertory 2, fo. 146.1009.Charter dated 23 July, 1505, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 15).1010.Repertory 1, fo. 175.1011.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 193.1012.Repertory 2, fos. 12, 14; Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 29.1013.The sum mentioned by Holinshed (iii. 539), is £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689.1014.Baker, in his Chronicle (ed. 1674), p. 248, puts Capel's fine at £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689; Holinshed, iii, 530; Journal 11, fo. 94.1015.Fabyan, p. 690.1016.Letter Book M, fo. 138; Journal 11, fo. 28.1017.Journal 11, fos. 37-39.1018.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh," p. 206.1019.Journal 10, fos. 318, 318b; Repertory 2, fos. 10b-11b. A list of "such places as have charged themself and promysed to kepe the yerely obit" of Henry VII, as well as a copy of indentures made for the assurance of the same obit, with schedule of sums paid to various religious houses for the observance of the same, are entered in the City's Records.—Repertory 1. fo. 167b; Letter Book P, fo. 186b.1020.The generally accepted day of his death, although the City's Archives in one place record it as having taken place on the 21st.—Journal 2, fo. 67b;Cf.Fabyan, 690.1021.Holinshed, iii, 541.1022.Journal 11, fos. 67b-69.1023."Aldermen barons and presenting barons astate whiche hath been Maires."1024.Journal 2, fo. 69.1025.Repertory 11, fo. 68b.1026.Letters Patent, dated 9 June, 1509, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 29).1027.Letter Book M, fo. 159; Journal 11, fo. 74b.1028.Repertory 2, fo. 68.1029.Journal 11, fos. 80, 81b, 82; Letter Book M, fo. 160.1030.Journal 11, fo. 80.1031.Holinshed, iii, 547.1032.According to Holinshed (iii, 567), Parliament opened on the 25th Jan., 1512. The Parliamentary Returns give the date as the 4th Feb. with "no returns found." The names of the City's members, however, are recorded in the City's Archives. They were Alderman Sir William Capell, who had suffered so much at the close of the last reign, Richard Broke, the City's new Recorder, William Cawle or Calley, draper, and John Kyme, mercer, commoners.—Journal 11, fo. 147b; Repertory 2, fo. 125b.1033.The Act for levying the necessary subsidy ordained that every alien made a denizen should be rated like a native, but that aliens who had not become denizens should be assessed at double the amount at which natives were assessed.—See "Historical Introd. to Cal. of Denizations and Naturalizations of Aliens in England, 1509-1603." (Huguenot Soc.), viii, 7.1034.Journal 11, fo. 1.1035.-Id., fo. 1b.1036.Journal 11, fo. 171; Repertory 2, fos. 150b, 172.1037.Repertory 2, fos. 151b-152.1038.Journal 11, fo. 2.1039.Repertory 2, fo. 153.1040.Letter Book M., fo. 257; Repertory 3, fo. 221. In July, 1517, the Fellowship of Saddlers of London consented, on the recommendation of Archbishop Warham, to refer a matter of dispute between it and the parishioners of St. Vedast to the Recorder and Thomas More, gentleman, for settlement (Repertory 3, fo. 149); and in Aug., 1521, "Thomas More, late of London, gentleman," was bound over, in the sum of £20, to appear before the mayor for the time being, to answer such charges as might be made against him.—Journal 12, fo. 123.1041.Roper's Life of Sir Thomas More, pp. 3, 5, 6.1042.Journal 8, fo. 144; Journal 9, fos. 13, 142b.1043.William Lichfield, rector of All Hallows the Great, Gilbert Worthington, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, John Cote, rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and John Nigel or Neel, master of the hospital of St. Thomas de Acon and parson of St. Mary Colechurch.—Rot. Parl. v, 137.1044.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 42.1045.Chamber Accounts (Town Clerk's office), i, fos. 202b, 203.1046.Repertory 2, fos. 121b, 123.1047.-Id., fo. 126b; Journal 11, fo. 147b.1048.Journal 11, fo. 163; Repertory 2, fos. 133b, 142.1049.Letter of Erasmus to Justus Jonas quoted in Lupton's Life of Colet, pp. 166, 167.1050.Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 28.1051."The number of grammar schools, in various parts of the country, which owe their foundation and endowment to the piety and liberality of citizens of London ... far exceeds what might be supposed, approaching as it does nearly to a hundred."—Preface to Brewer's Life of Carpenter, p. xi.1052.Repertory 3, fo. 46.1053.-Id., fos. 70b, 71.1054.-Id., fos. 86, 86b, 88.1055.Repertory 3, fos. 116, 116b.1056.Wares bought and sold between strangers—"foreign bought and sold"—were declared forfeited to the City by Letters Patent of Henry VII, 23 July. 1505, confirmed by Henry VIII, 12 July, 1523.1057.In 1500, and again in 1516, orders were issued for all freemen to return with their families to the city on pain of losing their freedom.—Journal 10. fos. 181b, 259.1058.Repertory 3, fos. 141b, 142.1059.Holinshed, iii, 618.1060.Or Munday; the name is said to appear in twenty-seven different forms. He was a goldsmith by trade, and was appointed (among others) by Cardinal Wolsey to report upon the assay of gold and silver coinage in 1526.—Journal 13, fo. 45b; Letter Book O, fo. 71b. He served sheriff, 1514; and was mayor in 1522.1061.In 1462 the Common Council ordered basket-makers, gold wire-drawers, and other foreigners plying a craft within the city, to reside at Blanchappleton—a manor in the vicinity of Mark Lane—and not elsewhere.1062.Repertory 3, fo. 55b.1063.For an account of the riot and subsequent proceedings, see Holinshed, iii, 621-623, and the Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53). p. 30.1064.Repertory 3, fos. 143, 143b.1065.Holinshed, iii, 624.1066.Repertory 3, fo. 144b.1067.-Id., fo. 143b.1068.Holinshed, 624.1069.Repertory 3, fo. 145b.1070.-Id., fo. 145.1071.Repertory 3, fo. 165.1072.-Id., fo. 166.1073."Thys yere was much a doo in the yelde-halle for the mayer for the comyns wold not have had Semer, for be cause of yell May-day."—Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 33.1074.Repertory 11, fo. 351b.1075.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii, pt. i, Pref., p. ccxxi.1076.-Id., vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1276.1077.Repertory 3, fos. 184b, 189b, 191, 192.1078.Letter Book N, fo. 95b.1079.Repertory 3, fos. 192, 194; Letter Book N, fos. 63b, 74.1080.Repertory 3, fo. 197.1081.Hall's Chron., pp. 593, 594.1082.Holinshed, iii, 632.1083.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii. pt. i, Pref., pp. clx, clxi.1084."An order devysed by the Mayer and hys brethrern the aldremen by the Kynges commandment for a Tryumphe to be done in the Citie of London at the Request of the Right honorable ambassadors of the Kynge of Romayns."—10 July, Journal 12, fo. 9.1085.Hall, pp. 592, 593.1086.Holinshed, iii, 639.1087.Journal 12, fos. 125, 172b, 173b; Letter Book N, fo. 194b.1088.Knighted the next day at Greenwich.—Repertory 5, fo. 295.1089.Repertory 5, fo. 294.1090.-Id.4, fo. 134b.1091.-Id.5, fo. 293.1092.Journal 12, fos. 75b-76; Letter Book N, fos. 142-143.1093.Grey Friars Chron., p. 30; Repertory 4, fo. 71b.1094.Repertory 4, fos. 1b, 12, 13.1095.Journal 12, fo. 136.1096.-Id., fo. 144.1097.Journal 12, fos. 158, 161, 163b; Letter Book N, fos. 187b, 190b.1098.Holinshed, iii, 675.1099.Shakespere mentions the Duke's manor thus:—"Not long before your highness sped to France,The duke being at the Rose, within the parishSt. Laurence Poultney, did of me demandWhat was the speech among the LondonersConcerning the French journey."—Henry VIII, act 1, sc. 2.1100.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. i, Pref., pp. cxxv, cxxvi, cxxxv, cxxxvi.1101.On the 5th July steps were taken by the Court of Aldermen for putting a stop to the mutinous and seditious words that were current in the city "concerning the lamenting and sorrowing of the death of the duke"—men saying that he was guiltless—and special precautions were taken for the safe custody of weapons and harness for fear of an outbreak. The scribe evinced his loyalty by heading the page of the record withLex domini immaculata: Vivat Rex Currat L.—Repertory 5, fo. 204.1102.Repertory 5, fo. 288.1103.Journal 12, fos. 187b, 188b, 195; Letter Book N, fos. 203b, 204, 208.1104.Repertory 5, fo. 292.1105.Journal 12, fo. 187b.1106.Repertory 5, fos. 289, 290.1107.-Id., fo. 291.1108.Repertory 5, fos. 296b, 297.1109.-Id., fo. 294.1110.A portion remained unpaid on 16 August.—Journal 12, fo. 195.1111.Letter dated 3 Sept.—Journal 12, fo. 196b. On 28 Sept. Wolsey asked for more time to repay the loan.—Repertory 5, fo. 326.1112.Journal 12, fo. 200.1113.Journal 12, fo. 210.1114.See Green's "Hist. of the English People," ii, 121. 122.1115.Grey Friars Chron., p. 31.1116.Repertory 4, fo. 144;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 20b; Letter Book N, fo. 222.1117.Repertory 4, fo. 145b.1118.Roper's "Life of More," pp. 17-20.1119.Repertory 4, fos. 152, 168;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 38.1120.Repertory 4, fos. 144b, 145, 146, 150;Cf.Repertory 6, fos. 22b, 29, 32b.1121.Grey Friars Chron. pp. 30, 31.1122.Repertory 4, fos. 153b-154;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 42.1123.Repertory 6, fo. 61b.1124.Holinshed, iii, 692, 693.1125.Journal 12, fos. 249-250.1126.Journal 12, fos. 287-288.1127.-Id., fo. 276.1128.-Id., fo. 284.1129.Letter Book N, fo. 280; Journal 12, fo. 329.1130.Grey Friars Chron., p. 32.1131.Hall's Chron., p. 695.1132.Journal 12, fo. 331; Letter Book N. fo. 278.1133.Journal 12, fo. 331b.1134.Hall's Chron., p. 701.1135.The truce was to last from 14 August to 1 December.—Letter Book N, fos. 291, 293; Journal 12, fos. 300, 305.1136."Item in lyke wyse the Chamberleyn shall have allowance of and for suche gyftes and presentes as were geven presentyd on Sonday laste passyd at the Bysshoppes palace at Paules to the Ambassadours of Fraunce devysed and appoynted by my lorde Cardynalles Grace and most specyally at his contemplacioun geven for asmoch as lyke precedent in so ample maner hath not afore tyme be seen; the presents ensue etc."—Repertory 7, fo. 225.1137.He had been one of the commoners sent to confer with Wolsey touching the amicable loan (Journal 12, fo. 331b). He attended the coronation banquet of Anne Boleyn in 1533 (Repertory 9, fo. 2), and was M.P. for the city from 1529-1536 (Letter Book O, fo. 157). His daughter Elizabeth married Emanuel Lucar, also a merchant-tailor.—Repertory 9, fos. 139. 140.1138.Repertory 7, fos. 171b, 172, 174b, 179.1139.Repertory 7, fos. 179b, 180.1140.To the effect that he was not worth £1,000.—Journal 7, fo. 198.1141.Repertory 7, fos. 238b, 240, 240b.1142.-Id., fo. 243b.1143.Repertory 7, fo. 206. The Common Council assessed the fine at £100.—Journal 13, fo. 61b; Letter Book O, fo. 80b.1144.Repertory 7, fo. 264.1145.Journal 13, fo. 184b.1146.Letter Book O, fos. 88b, 89b.1147.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., p. cccclxv.1148.Letter Book O, fos. 174b-175; Journal 13, fo. 180b.1149.Letter Book O, fo. 157.1150.About the year 1522 Cromwell was living in the city, near Fenchurch, combining the business of a merchant with that of a money-lender. He sat in the parliament of 1523, and towards the close of that year served on a wardmote inquest for Bread Street Ward. In 1524 he entered Wolsey's service.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII.), vol. iii, pt. i, Introd., pp. cclvi, cclvii.1151.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., pp. dliii-dlvi.1152.Stat. 21, Henry VIII, caps. 5, 6 and 13.1153.Proclamation, 12 Sept., 1530.—Letter Book O, fo. 199b.1154.Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., pp. 1, 2.1155.Letter Book O, fos. 47,seq.1156.A list of these, comprising seven churches, was submitted to the Court of Aldermen, 23 Feb., 1528.—Repertory 8, fo. 21.1157.Letter Book O, fos. 140b, 141b.1158.Repertory 8, fo. 27b.1159.Letter Book O, fos. 145, 145b; Journal 13, fo. 125b.1160.Letter book P, fos. 31, 34, 41b; Journal 13, fo. 417b.1161.This order was confirmed by stat. 27, Henry VIII, cap. 21. Ten years later a decree was made pursuant to stat. 37, Henry VIII, cap. 12, regulating the whole subject of tithes, but owing to the decree not having been enrolled in accordance with the terms of the statute, much litigation has in recent times arisen.—Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., p. 3.1162.The well-known and somewhat romantic account of the origin of the priory and of its connection with the city cnihten-guild is given in Letter Book C, fos. 134b,seq.;Cf.Liber Dunthorn, fo. 79.1163.Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 35. Three years later (30 March, 1534) the Court of Aldermen resolved to wait upon the chancellor "to know his mind for the office concerning the lands" belonging to the late priory.—Repertory 9, fo. 53b.1164.By letters patent dated 13 April, 1531 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box No. 16).1165.Henry Lumnore, Lumnar or Lomner, a grocer by guild as well as calling (see Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 879), was associated with Sidney in holding the beam. The City offered to buy him out either by bestowing on him an annuity of £10 during the joint lives of himself and Sidney, or else by paying him a lump sum of £100.—Repertory 8, fo. 218b.1166.Anne Boleyn.1167.Repertory 8, fo. 131.1168.-Id., fos. 142b. 202b.1169.Chapuys to the emperor.—Cal. State Papers (Spanish), vol. iv., pt. ii, p. 646.1170.Repertory 9, fo. 1b. There is a fine drawing at Berlin by Holbein which is thought to be the original design for the triumphal arch erected by the merchants of the Steelyard on this occasion.1171.Journal 13, fo. 371b. According to Wriothesley (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 11, p. 19) the present to the queen was made to her in a purse of cloth of gold on the occasion of her passing through the city on the 31st May, the day before her coronation.1172.Repertory 2, fo. 70b; Repertory 9, fo. 2.1173.Letter Book P, fos. 37-37b; Journal 13, fo. 408b.1174.Letter to Lord Lisle.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 208.1175.Repertory 9, fo. 57b. "Allso the same day [20 April] all the craftes in London were called to their halls, and there were sworne on a booke to be true to Queene Anne and to believe and take her for lawfull wife of the Kinge and rightfull Queene of Englande, and utterlie to thincke the Lady Marie, daughter to the Kinge by Queene Katherin, but as a bastarde, and thus to doe without any scrupulositie of conscience."—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 24.1176.Grey Friars Chron., p. 37. In November of the last year they had been made to do penance at Paul's Cross and afterwards at Canterbury.1177."Historia aliquot nostri sæculi martyrum," 1583. Much of it is quoted by Father Gasquet in his work on "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries" (cap. vi), and also by Mr. Froude ("Hist. of England," vol. ii, cap. ix).1178.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 283.1179.This convent—the most virtuous house of religion in England—was of the Order of St. Bridget, and received an annual visit from the mayor and aldermen of the City of London at what was known as "the pardon time of Sion," in the month of August. In return for the hospitality bestowed by the lady abbess on these occasions the Court of Aldermen occasionally made her presents of wine (Repertories 3, fo. 94b; 7, fo. 275). In 1517 the court instructed the chamberlain to avoid excess of diet on the customary visit. There was to be no breakfast on the barge and no swans at dinner (Repertory 3, fo. 154b). In 1825 the Court of Common Council decreed (inter alia) that "as tonchyng the goyng of my lord mayre and my masters his brethern the aldermen [to] Syon, yt is sett at large and to be in case as it was before the Restreynt" (Journal 12, fo. 302). It was suppressed 25 Nov., 1539.—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 109.1180.The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534, but the king's new title as Supreme Head of the Church was not incorporated in his style before the 15 Jan., 1535.1181.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. viii, p. 321.1182.-Id., p. 354.1183.Repertory 9, fo. 145.1184.-Id., fo. 199.1185.He had been elected mayor for the second time in October last (1535), much against his own wish, at the king's express desire.—Journal 13, fo. 452b; Wriothesley, i, 31. He presented the City with a collar of SS. to be worn by the mayor for the time being.—Repertory 11, fo. 238.1186.Repertory 9, fos. 199, 199b.1187.Repertory 9, fo. 200.1188.-Id., fo. 200b.1189.Son of Thomas Warren, fuller; grandson of William Warren, of Fering, co. Sussex. He was knighted on the day that his election was confirmed by the king (Wriothesley. i, 59). His daughter Joan (by his second wife Joan, daughter of John Lake, of London) married Sir Henry Williams,aliasCromwell (Repertory 14, fo. 180; Journal 17. fo. 137b), by whom she had issue Robert Cromwell, father of the Protector. Warren died 11 July, 1533, and his widow married Alderman Sir Thomas White.—See notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 330.1190.Repertory 9, fo. 209b.1191.Henry attributed her miscarriage to licentiousness; others to her having received a shock at seeing her royal husband thrown from his horse whilst tilting at the ring.—Wriothesley, i, 33.1192.Chapuys to [Granvelle] 25 Aug., 1536.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. xi., p. 145.1193.Wriothesley, i, 52-53.1194.Letter Book P, fo. 103b.1195.Wriothesley, i, 69.1196.Letter Book P, fo. 135b; Wriothesley, i, 71, 72.1197.Repertory 10, fos. 152b, 153; Wriothesley, i, 109, 111.1198.Repertory 10, fo. 161. The circumstance that Henry carried his new bride to Westminster by water instead of conducting her thither through the streets of the city has been considered a proof of his want of regard for her.1199.Holinshed, iii. 807.1200.Letter Book P, fo. 113; Journal 14, fo. 30b.1201.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 68.1202.The Mercers' Company applied for a grant of the chapel and other property of the hospital; and this was conceded by letters patent, 21 April, 1542, upon payment of the sum of £969 17s.6d., subject to a reserved rent of £7 8s.10d., which was redeemed by the company in 1560.—Livery Comp. Com. (1880), Append. to Report, 1884, vol. ii, p. 9.1203.On the re-establishment of the Dutch or Mother Strangers' Church, at Elizabeth's accession, it was declared by the Privy Council to be under the superintendence of the Bishop of London (Cal. State Papers Dom., Feb., 1560). Hence it was that Dr. Temple, Bishop of London, was memorialised in March, 1888, as superintendent of the French Church in London.—See "Eng. Hist. Review," April, 1891, pp. 388-389.1204.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 67.1205.Nichols' "Progresses of Queen Eliz.," iii. 598. For particulars of Swinnerton see Clode's "Early Hist. of the Merchant Taylors' Company," i, 262, etc.1206.Strype's Stow, bk. ii, pp. 114, 115.1207.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 133, 134.1208.In 1439 Reginald Kentwode, Dean of St. Paul's, having in a recent visitation discovered "many defaults and excesses," drew up a schedule of injunctions for their better regulation.—Printed in London and Middlesex Archæol. Soc. Transactions, ii, 200-203.1209.Journal 12, fo. 75.1210.Repertory 2, fo. 185b.1211.Repertory 5, fos. 15, 15b, 82b.1212.Repertory 2, fo. 185; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 29, 31.1213.Sixteen other registers for city parishes commence in 1538, and four in 1539.—See Paper on St. James Garlickhithe, by W. D. Cooper, F.S.A. (London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Trans., vol. iii, p. 392, note).1214.Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11), i, 77, 78.1215.Descended from a Norfolk family. Apprenticed to John Middleton, mercer, of London, and admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1507. Alderman of Walbrook and Cheap Wards successively. Sheriff 1531-2. Married (1) Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton, (2) Isabella Taverson,néeWorpfall. Was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange and of the college which bears his name.—Ob., 21 Feb., 1549. Buried in the church of St. Laurence Jewry.1216.Cott. MS., Cleop. E., iv, fo. 222.—Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 26-29.1217.Journal 14, fo. 129; Letter Book P, fo. 178.1218.Journal 14, fo. 216b; Letter Book P, fo. 220b.1219.Repertory 10, fo. 200.1220.Journal 14, fo. 269.1221.Wriothesley, i, 129.1222.Son of Thomas Hill, of Hodnet, co. Salop. He devoted large sums of money to building causeways and bridges, and erected a grammar school at Drayton-in-Hales, otherwise Market Drayton, in his native county, which he endowed by will, dated 6 April, 1551 (Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, part ii, p. 651). See also Holinshed, iii, 1021.1223.Holinshed, iii, 824; Wriothesley, i, 135. According to the Grey Friars Chron. (p. 45), it was the sergeant-at-arms himself whom the sheriffs detained.1224.Proclamation dated 13 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 48b.1225.Journal 15, fo. 55; Letter Book Q, fo. 93.1226.Letter Book Q, fo. 92b; Grey Friars Chron., p. 45.1227.Writ to mayor and sheriffs for proclamation of war, dat. 2 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 46b.1228.Repertory 11, fo. 32b.1229.Repertory 11, fo. 65b.1230.Journal 15, fo. 95; Repertory 11, fo. 74; Letter Book Q, fo. 109.1231."Memoranda ... relating to the Royal Hospitals," 1863, pp. 4-7.1232.Repertory 11, fo. 106; Letter Book Q, fo. 116b.1233.Repertory, 11, fo. 118b; Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1234.Journal 15, fo. 123; Letter Book Q, fo. 119.1235.Journal 15, fo. 124; Letter Book Q, fo. 122.1236.Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1237.Wriothesley, i, 151, 153; Grey Friars Chron., p. 48.1238.Holinshed, iii, 346.1239.Wriothesley, i, 151, 152.1240.Journal 15, fo. 239b; Letter Book Q, fo. 167b.1241.Journal 15, fo. 240.; Letter Book Q, fo. 168; Wriothesley, i, 154.1242."A coarse frieze was so called from a small town in the West Riding of Yorkshire. An Act of 5 and 6 Edward VI (1551-2) provided that all "clothes commonly called Pennystones or Forest Whites ... shall conteyne in length beinge wett betwixt twelve and thirtene yardes."1243.Repertory 11, fo. 193b; Letter Book Q, fo. 133; Wriothesley, i, 154.1244.Wriothesley, i, 155.1245.Repertory 11, fos. 203, 212b.1246.30 July.—Repertory 11, fo. 215b. The Midsummer watch had not been kept this year.—Wriothesley, i, 156.1247.Repertory 11, fo. 213.1248.Wriothesley, i, 58.1249.Repertory 11, fo. 216b.1250.Stat. 37, Henry VIII, c. 4.1251.Repertory 11, fo. 299b; Letter Book Q, fo. 181; Journal 15, fo. 270; Wriothesley, i, 165.1252.Holinshed, iii, 856; Grey Friars Chron., p. 50.1253.Holinshed, iii, 847.1254.Letter Book Q, fo. 181.1255.Repertory 11, fo. 247.1256.Journal 15, fo. 213b.1257.Wriothesley, i, 162, 175.1258.Journal 15, fos. 245, 399b,seq.1259."Memoranda ... Royal Hospitals," pp. 20-45.1260.Repertory 11, fo. 349b.1261.In Sept., 1547, the citizens were called upon to contribute half a fifteenth for the maintenance of the poor of St. Bartholomew's.—Journal 15, fo. 325b. In Dec, 1548, an annual sum of 500 marks out of the profits of Blackwell, and in 1557 the whole of the same profits were set aside for the poor.—Journal 15, fos. 398,seq.; Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 512.1262.Royal proclamation, 7 July, 1545, forbidding all pursuit of game in Westminster, Islington, Highgate, Hornsey and elsewhere in the suburbs of London.—Journal 15, fo. 240b.1263.Son of Christopher Huberthorne, of Waddington, co. Lane, Alderman of Farringdon Within. His mansion adjoined the Leadenhall.Ob., Oct., 1556. Buried in the church of St. Peter, Cornhill.—Machyn. 115, 352. It was in Huberthorne's mayoralty that the customary banquet to the aldermen, the "officers lerned" and the commoners of the city, on Monday next after the Feast of Epiphany, known as "Plow Monday," was discontinued.—Letter Book Q, fo. 191b. It was afterwards renewed and continues to this day in the form of a dinner given by the new mayor to the officers of his household and clerks engaged in various departments of the service of the Corporation. An attempt was at the same time made to put down the lord mayor's banquet also.—Wriothesley, i, 176.1264.Journal 15. fos. 303b, 305b; Letter Book Q, os. 192b, 194; Wriothesley. i, 178.1265.Journal 15, fo. 304; Letter Book Q, fo. 195; Repertory 11, fo. 335b.1266."The lord mayor of London, Henry Hobulthorne, was called fourth, who kneeling before the king, his majestie tooke the sworde of the Lord Protector and made him knight, which was the first that eaver he made."—Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11.), i, 181.1267.This mace is still in possession of the Corporation. It is only brought out for use on such occasions as a coronation, when it is carried by the lord mayor as on the occasion narrated above, and at the annual election of the chief magistrate of the city, when it is formally handed by the Chamberlain to the lord mayor elect. The mace consists of a tapering shaft of rock crystal mounted in gold, with a coroneted head also of gold, adorned with pearls and large jewels. Its age is uncertain. Whilst some hazard the conjecture that it may be of Saxon origin, there are others who are of opinion that the head of it at least cannot be earlier than the 15th century.1268.Journal 15, fo. 305; Letter Book Q, fos. 195b-196; Repertory 11, fo. 334b.1269."All these chyldren shall every Chyldermasse day come to Paulis Church and here the chylde bisshoppis sermon, and after be at the hye masse, and eche of them offer a 1d.to the childe bisshop and with theme the maisters and surveyors of the scole."—Statutes of St. Paul's School, printed in Lupton's "Life of Dean Colet," p. 278b.1270.Letter Book P, fo. 172b.1271.Journal 14, fo. 158b; Letter Book P, fo. 197.1272.See Brewer's Introd. to Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom., vol. iv, pp. dcli-dcliii.1273.Letter Book P, fo. 153.1274.Letter Book Q, fo. 102.1275."Also this same tyme [Nov., 1547] was moche spekying agayne the sacrament of the auter, that some callyd it Jacke of the boxe, with divers other shamefulle names... And at this tyme [Easter, 1548] was more prechyng agayne the masse."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1276.Letter Book Q, fo. 250b.1277.Repertory 11, fo. 423.1278."After the redyng of the preposycioun made yesterday in the Sterre Chamber by the lorde chaunceler and yedeclaracioun made by my lorde mayer of suche comunicacioun as his lordshyp had wtthe Bysshop of Caunterburye concernyng the demeanorof certein prechers and other dysobedyent persones yt was ordered and agreyd that my lorde mayer and all my maisters thaldermen shall this afternone att ij of yeclok repayre to my lorde protectors grace and the hole counseill and declare unto theim the seid mysdemeanor and that thei shall mete att Saint Martyns in the Vyntrey att one of the clok."—Repertory 11, fo. 456b.1279.Repertory 11, fo. 465.1280.A proclamation against the evil behaviour of citizens and others against priests, 12 Nov., 1547.—Letter Book Q. fo. 218; Journal 15, fo. 335b.1281.By letters patent dated 14 July, 1550 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box 17).1282.Letter Book R, fo. 166b; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc., N.S., No. 20), ii, 35. See also exemplification of Act of Parl. passed a° 5 Edward VI, in accordance with the terms of this petition (Box 29).1283.Journal 15, fo. 322; Letter Book Q, fo. 210b.1284.Repertory 11. fo. 373; Letter Book Q, fo. 214.1285.Grey Friars Chron., 54, 55; Wriothesley. ii, 1.1286.Grey Friars Chron., p. 58. In May (1548) the duke applied to the City for water to be laid on to Stronde House, afterwards known as Somerset House.—Repertory 11, fos. 462b, 484; Journal 15. fo. 383b; Letter Book Q, fo. 253b.1287.Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1288.Wriothesley, ii, 29. Touching the ceremony of visiting the tomb of the Bishop of London, to whom the citizens were indebted for the charter of William the Conqueror, see chap. i, p. 35.1289.Letter Book Q, fos. 232, 234b; Repertory 11, fos. 356, 415, 431, 444b, 511b.1290."Item, at this same tyme [circ.Sept., 1547] was pullyd up alle the tomes, grett stones, alle the auteres, with stalles and walles of the qweer and auters in the church that was some tyme the Gray freeres, and solde and the qweer made smaller."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 54.1291."At Ester followyng there began the commonion, and confession but of thoys that wolde, as the boke dothe specifythe."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55;Cf.Wriothesley (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 20), ii, 2.1292.The Guildhall college, chapel and library were restored to the City in 1550, by Edward VI, on payment of £456 13s.4d.,—Pat. Roll 4 Edward VI, p. 9m. (32) 20; Letter Book R, fo. 64b.1293.Repertory 11, fo. 493b.1294.-Id., fo. 455. (431 pencil mark); Letter Book Q, fo. 237. "This yeare in the Whitson holidaies my lord maior [Sir John Gresham] caused three notable sermons to be made at Sainct Marie Spittell, according as they are kept at Easter.... And the sensing in Poules cleene put downe."—Wriothesley, ii, 2, 3. The processions were kept up in 1554, "but there was no sensynge."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1295.-Cf.Journal 15, fo. 352b; Letter Book Q, fos. 230-252b. "This yeare [1548] the xxviiithdaie of September, proclamation was made to inhibite all preachers generallie till the kinges further pleasure. After which daie all sermons seasede at Poules Crosse and in all other places."—Wriothesley, ii, 6.1296.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 59, 62. Occasionally the chronicler is overcome by his feelings, and cries out, "Almyghty God helpe it whan hys wylle ys!"Id., p. 67.1297.In some cases the new owners may have experienced some difficulty in fixing a fair rent, as appears to have been the case with the City of London and its recently acquired property of Bethlehem. When the Chamberlain reported that the rents demanded for houses in the precincts of the hospital were far too high, he was at once authorised to reduce them at discretion.—Letter Book R, fo. 10b.1298.Letter Book R, fo. 11b.1299.Grey Friars Chron., p. 60; Wriothesley, ii, 15, 16.1300.Wriothesley, ii, 16, 17; Grey Friars Chron., p. 60.1301.Wriothesley, ii, 19.1302.Wriothesley, ii, 20; Grey Friars Chron., p. 61.1303.Holinshed, iii, 982-984.1304.Letter Book R, fo. 40; Journal 16, fo. 36.1305.Letter Book R, fo. 39b.1306.Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 331-332; Wriothesley, ii, 24-25; Holinshed, iii, 1014; Repertory 12, pt. i, fos. 149-150.1307.Holinshed, iii, 1014-1015; Acts of Privy Council, ii, 333.1308.Acts of Privy Council, ii, fos. 333-336.1309.Repertory 12, pt. i, fo. 150b.1310.Letter Book R, fo. 40b.1311.-Id., fos. 43-43b.1312.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 336, 337.1313.Wriothesley, ii, 26.1314.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 337-342.1315.Letter Book R, fos. 41-42; Journal 16, fos. 37, 37b. According to Holinshed (iii, 1017, 1018), considerable opposition was made by a member of the Common Council named George Stadlow to any force at all being sent by the city. He reminded the court of the evils that had arisen in former times from the city rendering support to the barons against Henry III, and how the city lost its liberties in consequence. The course he recommended was that the city should join the lords in making a humble representation to the king as to the Protector's conduct.1316.Wriothesley, ii, 26, 27.1317.Letter Book R, fo. 37; Journal 16, fo. 34; Wriothesley, ii, 26.1318.Stow's "Summarie of the Chronicles of England" (ed. 1590), p. 545; Wriothesley, ii, 27, 28. The names are given differently in the Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 344.1319.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 63, 64;Cf.Wriothesley, ii, 24.1320.Wriothesley, ii, 28.1321.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 384; Wriothesley, ii, 33.1322.For more than a week he had been compelled to lie on nothing but straw, his bed having been taken away by order of the knight marshal for refusing to pay an extortionate fee.—Grey Friars Chron., p. 65.1323.Thomas Thurlby, the last abbot of Westminster, became the first and only bishop of the see. Upon the union of the see with that of London Thurlby became bishop of Norwich. Among the archives of the city there is a release by him, in his capacity as bishop of Westminster, and the dean and chapter of the same, to the City of London of the parish church of St. Nicholas, Shambles. The document is dated 14 March, 1549, and has the seals of the bishopric and of the dean and chapter, in excellent preservation, appended.1324.For objecting to the prescribed vestments, he was committed to the Fleet by order of the Privy Council, 27 Jan., 1551, and was not consecrated until the following 8th March.—Hooper to Bullinger, 1 Aug., 1551 ("Original Letters relative to the English Reformation." ed. for Parker Society, 1846, p. 91).1325.Their respective boundaries are set out in the Report of Commissioners on Municipal Corporations (1837), p. 3.1326.Charter dated 6 March, 1 Edward III.1327.Charter dated 9 Nov., 2 Edward IV.1328.Letter Book Q, fos. 239b-241b.1329.Letter Book R, fo. 58b.1330.Dated 23 April, 1550. A fee of £6 "and odde money" was paid for the enrolment of this charter in the Exchequer.—Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 458. This fee appears to have been paid, notwithstanding the express terms of the charter that no fee great or small should be paid or made or by any means given to the hanaper to the king's use. According to Wriothesley (ii, 36), the "purchase" of Southwark cost the city 1,000 marks, "so that nowe they shall have all the whole towne of Southwarke by letters patent as free as they have the City of London, the Kinges Place [i.e.Southwark Place or Suffolk House] and the two prison houses of the Kinges Bench and the Marshalsea excepted."1331.Wriothesley, ii, 38.1332.Letter Book R, fo. 80; Journal 16, fo. 82b.1333.The custom in the city was for the inhabitants of a vacant ward to nominate four persons for the Court of Aldermen to select one. As there were no means of enforcing the above ordinance it was repealed by Act of Co. Co., 16 June, 1558.—Letter Book S., fo. 167b.1334.Letter Book R, fo. 71b. The following particulars of Aylyff and his family are drawn from the city's archives. From Bridge Ward Without he removed to Dowgate Ward. At the time of his death, in 1556, he was keeper of the clothmarket at Blackwell Hall. His widow was allowed to take the issues and profits of her late husband's place for one week, and was forgiven a quarter's rent. Aylyff's son Erkenwald succeeded him at Blackwell Hall. The son died in 1561. After his decease he was convicted of having forged a deed. His widow, Dorothy, married Henry Butler, "gentleman."—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 442b, 443, 461; Repertory 14, fos. 446b, 477b, 478; Repertory 16, fo. 6b.1335.Printed Report. Co. Co., 20 May, 1836.1336.See Report Committee of the whole Court for General Purposes, with Appendix, 31 May, 1892 (Printed).1337.Grey Friars Chron., p. 66. The surrender of Boulogne was "sore lamented of all Englishmen."—Wriothesley, ii, 37.1338.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 271b; Letter Book R, fos. 74, 85b; Journal 16, fos. 66b, 91b.1339.Letter Book R, fo. 115; Journal 16, fo. 118.1340.Wriothesley, ii, 48. The price of living became so dear that the town clerk and the under-sheriffs asked for and obtained from the Common Council an increase of emoluments.—Letter Book R, fo. 117b.1341.Wriothesley, ii, 54.1342.Grey Friars Chron., p. 72.1343.Wriothesley, ii, 56; Grey Friars Chron., p. 71.1344.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 72, 73.1345.-Id., pp. 71, 72.1346.Wriothesley, ii, 57.1347.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 426; Letter Book R, fo. 157b.1348.Wriothesley, ii, 63.1349.Holinshed, iii, 1032.1350.Journal 15, fo. 325b; Letter Book Q, fo. 214b.1351.Letter Book Q, fo. 237; Repertory 11, fo. 445b.1352.Journal 15, fo. 384.1353.Letter Book Q, fo. 261b; Journal 15, fos. 398, 401; Appendix vii to "Memoranda of the Royal Hospitals," pp. 46-51.1354.Repertory 12, pt. ii., fos. 311, 312b.1355.Both deeds are printed in Supplement to Memoranda relating to Royal Hospitals, pp. 15-32.1356.Son of Robert Dobbs, of Batley, Yorks. Alderman of Tower Ward. Knighted 8 May, 1552.Ob.1556. Buried in Church of St. Margaret Moses.—Machyn, pp. 105, 269, 349; Wriothesley, ii, 69.1357.Report, Charity Commissioners, No. 32, pt. vi, p. 75; Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1358.Among the names of those forming the deputation appears that of Richard Grafton, whose printing house, from which issued "The Prymer"—one of the earliest books of private devotion printed in English as well as Latin—was situate within the precinct of the Old Grey Friars.—Repertory 12, p. ii., fos. 271b, 272b.1359.Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1360.Wriothesley, 83; Repertory 13, fo. 60.1361.Charter dated 26 June, 1553.1362."Letters Patent for the limitation of the Crown," sometimes called the "counterfeit will" of King Edward VI.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary (Camd. Soc., No. 48), pp. 91-100.1363.Richard Hilles to Henry Bullinger, 9 July, 1553.—"Original letters relative to the English Reformation" (Parker Soc.), pp. 272-274.1364.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 78, 79.1365.Wriothesley, ii, 88-90.1366.Letter Book R, fo. 262b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 68.1367.Wriothesley, ii, 90, 91; Grey Friars Chron., p. 81.1368.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69.1369.-Id., fo. 70b.1370.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69b.1371.Wriothesley, 93-95.1372.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 14; Wriothesley, ii, 95.1373.Grey Friars Chron., p. 83; Wriothesley, ii, 96-98.1374.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 24.1375.Letter Book R, fo. 270; Journal 16, fo. 261b.1376.Wriothesley, ii, 99, 100; Holinshed, iv, 3.1377.Citizen and Merchant Taylor. Son of William White, of Reading, and formerly of Rickmansworth. Founder of St. John's College, Oxford, and principal benefactor of Merchant Taylors' School. Alderman of Cornhill Ward; when first elected alderman he declined to accept office and was committed to Newgate for contumacy (Letter Book Q, fo. 109b; Repertory 11, fo. 80b). Sheriff 1547. Knighted at Whitehall 10 Dec., 1553 (Wriothesley, ii, 105). His first wife, Avice (surname unknown), died 26 Feb., 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary. He afterwards married Joan, daughter of John Lake and widow of Sir Ralph Warren, twice Mayor of London.Ob.11 Feb., 1566, at Oxford, aged 72.—Clode, "Early Hist. Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, chaps. x-xii; Machyn's Diary, pp. 167, 330, 363.1378.Journal 16, fo. 261; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 74b.1379.Grey Friars Chron., p. 84.1380.Met in October, 1553. The names of the city's representatives are not recorded. The Court of Aldermen, according to a custom then prevalent, authorized the city chamberlain to make a gift of £6 13s.4d.to Sir John Pollard, the Speaker, "for his lawfull favor to be borne and shewed in the parlyment howse towardes this cytie and theyre affayres theire."—Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 92.1381.Grey Friars Chron., p. 85; Wriothesley, ii, 104; Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 32. There is preserved in the British Museum a small manual of prayers believed to have been used by Lady Jane Grey on the scaffold. The tiny volume (Harl. MS., 2342) measures only 3-1/2 inches by 2-3/4 inches, and contains on the margin lines addressed to Sir John Gage, lieutenant of the Tower, and to her father, the Duke of Suffolk.1382.Journal 16, fo. 283.1383.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 35.1384.Wriothesley, ii, 106.1385.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 116, 116b, 117, 117b, 119-122b.1386.Wriothesley, ii, 107.1387.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 121.1388.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 414-415; Holinshed, iv, 16.1389.Holinshed, iv, 15.1390.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 124.1391.Wriothesley, iii, 109.1392.Stow.1393.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 415.1394.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1395.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 43; Wriothesley, iii, 107, 108.1396.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1397.Machyn, 45. The gibbets remained standing till the following June, when they were taken down in anticipation of Philip's public entry into London.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 76.1398.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1399.Journal 16, fo. 283; Letter Book R, fo. 288.1400.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 131.1401.Holinshed, iv, 26.1402.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 153; Letter Book R, fo. 293.1403.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 130; Journal 16, fo. 284b.1404.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 138b.1405.-Id., fos. 142b, 146b.1406.-Id., fo. 147.1407.Wriothesley, ii, 115.1408.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 186b.1409.-Id., fo. 190b.1410.Howell's "State Trials," i, 901, 902; Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 75.1411.It sat from 2 April until 5 May.—Wriothesley, ii, 114, 115. The city returned the same members that had served in the last parliament of Edward VI, namely, Martin Bowes, Broke the Recorder, John Marsh and John Blundell.1412.Journal 16, fo. 295b.1413.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 165, 166, 166b, 170.1414.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 77.1415.-Id., p. 78.1416.Journal 16, fo. 263.1417.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 191. A full account of the pageants, etc., will be found in John Elder's letter.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, AppendixX.1418.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, pp. 78-79.1419.Martin Bowes, of the old members, alone continued to sit for the city, the places of the other members being taken by Ralph Cholmeley, who had succeeded Broke as Recorder; Richard Grafton, the printer; and Richard Burnell.1420.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 82; Wriothesley, 122.1421.Repertory 13, part i, fo. 111b.1422.-Id., fo. 193.1423.Journal 16, fo. 300. Bishop Braybroke, nearly two centuries before, had done all he could to put down marketing within the sacred precincts, and to render "Paul's Walk"—as the great nave of the cathedral was called—less a scene of barter and frivolity.1424.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 251b.1425.In 1558, a man convicted of breaking this law was ordered to ride through the public market places of the city, his face towards the horse's tail, with a piece of beef hanging before and behind him, and a paper on his head setting forth his offence.—Repertory 13, fo. 12b.1426.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 193; Letter Book S, fo. 119b.1427.Journal 16, fo. 285b; Letter Book R, fo. 290b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 147; Wriothesley, ii, 114.1428.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1429.-Id., p. 95.1430.-Id.,ibid.1431.-Id., p. 78n.1432.Journal 16, fo. 321b.1433.Wriothesley, ii, 126; Grey Friars Chron., p. 94.1434.Wriothesley, ii, 126n; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 56, 57, 95.1435.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 717, 737, 740, vii, 114, 115.1436."Item the vthday of September [1556], was browte thorrow Cheppesyde teyd in ropes xxiijti tayd together as herreytkes, and soo unto the Lowlers tower."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 98.1437."At this time [Aug., 1554] there was so many Spanyerdes in London that a man shoulde have mett in the stretes for one Inglisheman above iiij Spanyerdes, to the great discomfort of the Inglishe nation. The halles taken up for Spanyerdes."—Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 81.1438.-Id.,ibid.1439.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 205b.1440.By an order in council, dated Greenwich, 13 March, 1555, the merchants of the Steelyard were thenceforth to be allowed to buy cloth in warehouses adjoining the Steelyard, without hindrance from the mayor. The mayor was ordered to give up cloth that had been seized as foreign bought and sold at Blackwell Hall. He was, moreover, not to demandquotam salisof the merchants, who were to be allowed to import into the city fish, corn and other provisions free of import.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 384b; Letter Book S, fo. 76.1441.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 399b, 404, 406; Letter Book S, fos. 70, 93b.1442.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 508b.1443.Wheeler's "Treatise of Commerce" (ed. 1601), p. 100.1444.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 507b, 520b, 540.1445.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 529.1446.-Id., fo. 526b.1447.-Id., fo. 534b.1448.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 420.1449.Stafford had issued a proclamation from Scarborough Castle declaiming against Philip for introducing 12,000 foreigners into the country, and announcing himself as protector and governor of the realm. He was captured by the Earl of Westmoreland and executed on Tower Hill 28 May.—Journal 17, fo. 34b; Letter Book S, fo. 127b; Holinshed. iv, 87; Machyn's Diary, p. 137.1450.Journal 17, fo. 37b; Letter Book S, fo. 131.1451.Journal 17, fos. 37b, 38; Letter Book S, fo. 131b.1452.Machyn, p. 142.1453.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 517.1454."London fond v.c. men all in bluw cassokes, sum by shyppes and sum to Dover by land, the goodlyst men that ever whent, and best be-sene in change (of) apprelle."—Diary, p. 143.1455.Merchant Taylor, son of William Offley, of Chester; alderman of Portsoken and Aldgate Wards. Was one of the signatories to the document nominating Lady Jane Grey successor to Edward VI, and was within a few weeks (1 Aug.) elected sheriff. Knighted with alderman William Chester, 7 Feb., 1557. His mansion-house was in Lime Street, near the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft.Ob.29 Aug, 1582.—Machyn, pp. 125, 353; Index to Remembrancia, p. 37, note. Fuller, who erroneously places his death in 1580, describes him as the "Zaccheus of London" not "on account of his low stature, but his great charity in bestowing half of his estate on the poor."—Fuller's "Worthies," p. 191.1456.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 521b, 522; Letter Book S, fo. 134.1457.Journal 17, fo. 54b.1458.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 530.1459.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 530, 532, 522b, 535; Journal 17, fo. 54.1460.Machyn, p. 147.1461.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 571.1462.Journal 17, fo. 55. See Appendix. They were ordered in the first instance to be forwarded to Dover by the 19th Jan. at the latest, but on the 6th Jan. the Privy Council sent a letter to the mayor to the effect that "albeit he was willed to send the vcmen levied in London to Dover, forasmuch as it is sithence considered here that they may with best speede be brought to the place of service by seas, he is willen to sende them with all speede by hoyes to Queenburgh, where order is given for the receavinge and placing of them in the shippes, to be transported with all speede possible."—Harl. MS. 643, fo. 198; Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 362.1463.Journal 17, fo. 56.1464.Wriothesley, ii, 140.1465.Order of the Court of Aldermen, 10 Jan.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582.1466.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582b; Precept to the Companies.—Journal 17, fo. 56b.1467.Journal 17, fo. 57. So furious was this storm, lasting four or five days, that "some said that the same came to passe through necromancie, and that the diuell was raised vp and become French, the truth whereof is known (saith Master Grafton) to God."—Holinshed, iv, 93.1468.Journal 17, fo. 7.1469.Repertory 14, fo. 1b; Journal 17, fo. 58; Machyn, 164.1470.Journal 17, fos. 59, 59b; Letter Book S, fos. 154b, 155.1471.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 100; Wriothesley, ii, 140, 141.1472.Stat. 5 and 6, Edward VI, c. 20, which repealed Stat.37, Henry VIII, c. 9 (allowing interest to be taken on loans at the rate of ten per cent.) and forbade all usury. This Statute was afterwards repealed (Stat. 13, Eliz., c. 8) and the Statute of Henry VIII re-enacted. The dispensation granted by Mary was confirmed in 1560 by Elizabeth.—Repertory 14, fo. 404b.1473.Repertory 14, fo. 15b; Journal 17, fo. 63. A large portion of this loan was repaid by Elizabeth soon after her accession.—Repertory 14, fos. 236b, 289.1474.Repertory 14, fos. 94b, 96b.1475.The commemoration was eventually put down by the Stuarts as giving rise to tumults and disorders.—Journal 49, fo. 270b; Luttrell's Diary, 17 Nov., 1682.1476.Son of Roger Leigh, of Wellington, co. Salop, an apprentice of Sir Rowland Hill, whose niece, Alice Barker, he married. Buried in the Mercers' Chapel. By his second son, William, he was ancestor of the Lords Leigh, of Stoneleigh, and by his third son William, grandfather of Francis Leigh, Earl of Chichester.—Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 407.1477."The order of the sheryfes at the receyvyng of the quenes highenes in to Myddlesex."—Letter Book S, fo. 183; Repertory 14, fo. 90b.1478.Letter Book S, fo. 182b; Journal 7, fo. 101b.1479.Repertory 14, fos. 97, 98.1480.-Id., fo. 99.1481.-Id., fo. 102b.1482.Repertory 14, fo. 103b.1483.Dated 27 Dec., 1558.—Journal 17, fo. 106b.1484.Wriothesley, ii, 145.1485.-Id.ibid.1486.Repertory 4, fo. 213b.1487.Journal 17, fos. 120b, 168; Repertory 14, fo. 152; Letter Book T, fo. 82b.1488."In some places the coapes, vestments, and aulter clothes, bookes, banners, sepulchers and other ornaments of the churches were burned, which cost above £2,000 renuinge agayne in Queen Maries time" (Wriothesley, ii, 146;Cf.Machyn, p. 298). Among the churchwarden accounts of the parish of St. Mary-at-Hill for the year 1558-1559 there is a payment of one shilling for "bringing down ymages to Romeland (near Billingsgate) to be burnt."1489.Proclamation, dated 19 Sept., 1559.—Journal 17, fo. 267; Letter Book T, fo. 5b.1490.Journal 17, fo. 184b.1491.Proclamation, dated 24 March, 1560.—Journal 17, fo. 223b.1492.In April the city was called upon to furnish 900 soldiers, in May 250 seamen, and in June 200 soldiers.—Repertory 14, fos. 323, 336, 339b, 340, 340b, 344b; Journal 17, fos. 238b, 244. It is noteworthy that the number of able men in the city at this time serviceable for war, although untrained, was estimated to amount to no more than 5,000.—Journal 17, fo. 244b.1493.Journal 18, fos. 57-60b. The livery companies furnished the men according to allotment. The barber-surgeons claimed exemption by statute (32 Henry VIII, c. 42), but subsequently consented to waive their claim. The city also objected to supplying the soldiers with cloaks.—Repertory 15, fos. 110b, 113.1494.Journal 18, fo. 66; Machyn, pp. 292, 293.1495.Journal 18, fo. 71.1496.The queen to the mayor and corporation of London, 30 June, 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 124.1497.Repertory 15, fo. 258.1498.-Id., fo. 259.1499.-Id., fo. 263.1500.The queen to the mayor, 2 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 140. Precept of the mayor.—Id., fo. 136; Repertory 15, fo. 279b; Machyn's Diary, p. 312.1501.Journal 18, fo. 128.1502.-Id., fo. 119b.1503.Repertory 15, fo. 265b.1504.Machyn, 312.1505.Journal 18, fos. 139, 139b, 142, 151b, 152b, 154, 156b, 184, 189b. With the sickness was associated, as was so often the case, a scarcity of food.—Repertory 15, fos. 127, 133b, 138, 168, 178, 179b, etc. The rate of mortality increased to such an extent that a committee was appointed for the purpose of procuring more burial accommodation.—Repertory 15, fos. 311b, 313b, 333.1506.Proclamation dated 1 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 141.1507.Repertory 15, fo. 284b.1508.Journal 18, fo. 249.1509.-Id., fo. 190b.1510.Journal 18, fos. 214, 215, 227, 291b, 354b; Holinshed, iv, 224.1511.Journal 17, fos. 320, 321, 331b; Letter Book T, fos. 42, 42b; Repertory 14, fo. 491b. The fire caused by the lightning threatened the neighbouring shops, and their contents were therefore removed to Christchurch, Newgate and elsewhere for safety.—Journal 17, fo. 319b; Letter Book T, fo. 42.1512.Repertory 15, fos. 474, 478.1513.Repertory 16, fos. 227, 241b, 274; Letter Book V, fo. 108b.1514.Repertory 16, fos. 303b, 448. Among the Chamber Accounts of this period we find an item of a sum exceeding £4 paid for "Cusshens to be occupied at Powles by my L. Maiorand thaldermen, vz:—for cloth for the uttorside lyning of leather feathers and for making of theym as by a bill appearth."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. i, fo. 50b.1515.Journal 13, fos. 417, 420, 435, 442b, 443.1516.Cotton MS., Otho E, x. fo. 45;Cf.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 31-33.1517.Journal 14, fos. 124, 124b.1518.By Sir Richard's first wife Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton. Sir Thomas is supposed to have been born in London in 1519. Having been bound apprentice to his uncle, Sir John Gresham, he was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1543. Married Anne, daughter of William Ferneley, of West Creting, co. Suffolk, widow of William Read, mercer.1519.The queen's business kept him so much abroad that her majesty wrote to the Common Council (7 March, 1563) desiring that he might be discharged from all municipal duties.—Journal 18, fo. 137.1520.Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 409.1521.Repertory 15, fo. 237b.1522.Burgon, ii, 30-40.1523.Repertory 15, fos. 406b, 407.1524.Repertory 15, fos. 410b, 412.1525.-Id., fos. 417b, 431.1526.Repertory 16, fos. 31b, 32b, 43b; Letter Book V, fos. 5, 7b, 8, 17, 21b.1527.The amount of subscriptions and charges is set out in a "booke" and entered on the City's Journal (No. 19, fos. 12-20;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 70b-79); see also Repertory 16, fo. 126.1528.Journal 18. fo. 398.1529.Repertory 16, fo. 316.1530.Repertory 16, fo. 406b.1531.Repertory 15, fo. 268b.1532.Repertory 16, fo. 229.1533."A proclamacioun concernyng the cutting of the crest conyzans and mantell of the arms of SrThomas Gresham."—Journal 19, fo. 150b; Letter Book V, fo. 222.1534.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 341.1535.Repertory 18, fo. 362.1536."Law and Practice of Marine Insurance," by John Duer, LL.D. (New York, 1845), Lecture ii, p. 33.1537.At the present day the form of policy used at Lloyds and commonly called the "Lloyd's policy" contains the following clause:—"and it is agreed by us the insurers, that this writing or policy of assurance shall be of as much force and effect as the surest writing or policy of assurance heretofore made in Lombard Street or in the Royal Exchange or elsewhere in London."—Arnould, "Marine Insurance" (6th ed.), i, 230.1538.Repertory 18, fo. 362b.1539.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 523.1540.Repertory 19, fos. 166b, 168.1541.The reader is here reminded that there is an essential difference between life policies and fire or marine policies of assurance. The latter, being policies of indemnity, recovery can be had at law only to the extent of the actual damage done, whereas in life policies the whole amount of the policy can be recovered.1542.Repertory 17, fo. 300.1543.Repertory 19, fo. 150.1544.Cal. Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 698.1545.Printed Report "Gresham College Trust," 29 Oct., 1885.1546.A return made in 1567 by the livery companies of foreigners residing in the city and liberties gives the number as 3,562.—Repertory 16, fo. 202. Another authority gives the number as 4,851, of which 3,838 were Dutch.—Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 242, citing Haynes, p. 461.1547.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 271-275.1548.Repertory 16, fo. 164.1549.Journal 19, fo. 116.1550.Precept of the mayor to that effect, 19 Oct., 1568.-Id., fo. 132b.1551.Repertory 16, fo. 451.1552.Journal 19, fo. 180; Letter Book V, fo. 245.1553.Letter Book V, fo. 246. Holinshed (iv, 234) and others give the whole credit of providing the cemetery to the liberality of Sir Thomas Rowe, the mayor.1554.Proclamation (15 July, 1568) against suspected persons landing in England or returning "with any furniture for mayntenaunce of ther rebellion or other lyke cryme" against the King of Spain.—Journal 18, fo. 115;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 181, 246b.1555.Green, "Hist. of the English People," ii, 418.1556.Repertory 15, fos. 162, 164, 166b, 241b, 258, 267b, 297, etc.1557.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (ed. 1720), bk. i, p. 283.1558.Journal II, fo. 253.1559.Journal 19, fos. 55-58; Letter Book V, fos. 115b-117b.1560.Price's "London Bankers" (enlarged edition), p. 51.1561.Letter Book V, fo. 139.1562.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 314.1563.Clode, "Early Hist. of the Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, pp. 229-230.1564.Journal 19, fo. 133b.1565.Holinshed, iv, 234.1566."Mesmes j'entendz que de la blanque, qu'on a tirée ces jours passés en ceste ville, ceste Royne retirera pour elle plus de cent mille livres esterlin, qui sont 33,000 escuz; de quoy le monde murumre assés pour la diminution qu'ilz trouvent aulx bénéfices qu'ilz esperoient de leurs billetz"—wrote De la Motlie Fénélon, the French ambassador in London.—Cooper's "Recueil des Dépéches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France (Paris and London, 1838-1840)," i, 155.1567.Proclamation, 6 Jan., 1569.—Journal 19, fo. 139; Letter Book V, fo. 210.1568.See letter from Sir Arthur Champernowne, William Hawkins and others to the lords of the council. 1 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1569.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1570.Cotton MS., Galba C, iii, fo. 151b. This letter was signed by John Gresham, Thomas Offley, John White, Roger Martyn, Leonell Duckett, Thomas Heaton, Richard Wheler, Thomas Aldersey and Francis Beinson.1571.Citizen and Merchant Taylor: Alderman of the Wards of Portsoken and Bishopsgate; Sheriff, 1560-61.Ob.2 Sept., 1570. Buried in Hackney Church. He bestowed the sum of £100 for the relief of members of his company "usinge the brode shire or ell rowinge of the pearch or making of garmentes" during his lifetime, and some landed estate in the city by his will for like purpose.—Letter Book V, fo. 274b; Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, ii, 686.1572.Letter printed (from original among State Papers Dom.) in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 287.1573.Sir Thomas Rowe, mayor, to Secretary Cecil. 23 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 329; Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 295-296.1574.-Id., 25 Jan.1575.Cooper's "Dépêches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France," i, 176-177.1576.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 297.1577.Lansd. MS., No. xii, fo. 16b.1578.-Id., fo. 22.1579.Repertory 17, fo. 36b.1580.Journal 19, fo. 247b; Letter Book V, fo. 301.1581.Journal 19, fo. 257.1582.-Id., fo. 390b.1583.Journal 19, fo. 390b.1584.Add. MS., No. 5, 755, fo. 58.1585.In the following year he was removed to the Charterhouse, but being discovered in correspondence with the deposed Queen of Scots was again placed in the Tower. He was tried and convicted of treason, and after some delay executed on Tower Hill.—Holinshed, iv, 254, 262, 264, 267.1586.The proclamation, which is set out in Journal 19, fo. 202b (Cf.Letter Book V, fo. 267b), gives in detail the rise and progress of the rebellion.1587.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1588.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1589.Letter Book V, fo. 269.1590.Journal 19, fo. 206b; Letter Book V, fo. 270b; Repertory 16, fo. 522b.1591.Holinshed, iv, 254.1592.-Id., 262.1593.From Hertfordshire, alderman of Billingsgate Ward.1594.Dated 8 Nov.—Journal 19, fo. 370b.1595.Holinshed, iv, 263.1596.Repertory 17, fos. 8b, 23, 27b, 29. 243, etc.; Repertory 19, fos. 24b, 154, etc.; City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Analytical Index), pp. 51-55.1597.Stranger denizens, carrying on a handicraft in the city, had recently preferred a Bill in Parliament against several of the livery companies. They were persuaded, however, to drop it, and refer their grievance to the Court of Aldermen.—Repertory 17, fos. 302b, 335, 337. A return made by the mayor (10 Nov., 1571) of the strangers then living in London and Southwark and liberties thereof gives the total number as 4,631.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 427.1598.Repertory 17, fo. 372.1599.Journal 19, fos. 407-408b, 417-417b; Repertory 17, fos. 292, 298b, 307, 308.1600.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 133b, 143b; Repertory 18, fo. 224b.1601.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 156b.1602.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 252;Id., pt. ii, fo. 280b.1603.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 228b, 239.1604.Repertory 19, fo. 98.1605.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 371.1606.He was removed by order of Common Council, 13 Dec.,pre diversis magnis rebus dictam civitatem et negotia ejusdem tangentibus.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 376b.1607.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 388b, 389, 394-395b. The queen to the mayor, etc., of London, 12 March.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 586.1608.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 409b.1609.-Id., fos. 404, 408b, 412.1610.Repertory 19, fo. 346b.1611.This conjecture is made from the fact of a precept having been issued on the 20th Jan. for certain persons to furnish themselves with velvet coats, chains and horses, and a suitable suite, to wait upon the lord mayor on the following Saturday.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 404b.1612.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 451-452.1613.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 464, 480.1614.Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 315.1615.City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Printed Analytical Index), pp. 306, 330, 331, 350-352; Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 373, 379, 407.1616.Remembrancia (Index), pp. 207, 331, 334; Journal 21, fo. 235b.1617.Remembrancia, vol. i, No. 331.1618.A reference to this defeat is to be found in the Dublin Assembly Roll under the year 1581.—"Cal. of Ancient Records of Dublin" (ed. by John T. Gilbert, 1891), ii, 155.1619.Bright, "Hist. of England," ii, 539.1620.Journal 21, fos. 19, 34, 52, 53, 69b-71b, 78b, etc.; Repertory 20, fos. 90, 117, 117b, 119b, etc.; Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 230-236.1621.Journal 21, fo. 329b.1622.Among Chamber Accountscirca1585 we find the following:—"Pd. the x of Dec. by order of Courte to Roger Warffeld Treasurorof Bridewell towards the conveyinge of all the Irishe begging people in and nere London to the Citie of Bristowe v1."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. ii, fo. 17.1623.Repertory 16, fo. 350.1624.Repertory 18, fo. 167.1625.Journal 20, fo. 219b.1626.Journal 21, fo. 81b; Repertory 20, fo. 1b.1627.Journal 21, fo. 90.1628.-Id., fos. 114b, 135, 290, 322.1629.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 364, 365.1630.As early as 1554 students had been supported by the Corporation and the Companies at the Universities.—Repertory 13, fos. 144b, 148, 150b.1631.Rembrancia, i, 250, 256 (Analytical Index, pp. 365, 366). Another difference shortly occurred between the corporation and the Bishop of London in October of this year. A dispute arose between them as to who was responsible for keeping St. Paul's Cathedral in repair, each party endeavouring to throw the burden upon the other (Id., Analytical Index, pp. 323-327); and in the following March (1582) Bishop Aylmer found cause to complain by letter of unbecoming treatment by the mayor, both of the bishop and his clergy, and threatened, unless matters changed for the better, to admonish the mayor publicly at Paul's Cross, "where the lord mayor must sit, not as a judge to control, but as a scholar to learn, and the writer, not as John Aylmer to be thwarted, but as John London, to teach him and all London."—(Id.,ibid., pp. 128-129).1632.Repertory 20, fo. 282.1633.Son of Richard Osborne, of Ashford, co. Kent. The story goes that he was apprenticed to Sir William Hewet, clothworker, and that he married his master's daughter, whom he had rescued from a watery grave in the Thames at London Bridge. His son, Sir Edward Osborne, was created a baronet by Charles I, and his grandson, Sir Thomas, made Duke of Leeds in 1692 by King William III.1634.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 157. The right of holding musters in Southwark was again questioned; and the claim of the city was upheld by Sir Francis Walsingham. For this he received the thanks of the lord mayor by letter dated 15 Feb.—Id., p. 159.1635."A lettre from the quenes maty for yemustringe of 4000 men, and also for the shewes on the evens of St. John Baptist and St. Peter thapostles."—Journal 21, fo. 421b.1636.Contin. of Holinshed, v, 599, 600.1637.Journal 21, fo. 388b.1638.Stow's Annals (ed. 1592), pp. 1198-1201.1639.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, pp. 318-324.1640.For particulars of his life see Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 284, note.1641.Journal 21, fo. 448b.1642."Thaccompte of the saide chamberlyn for the transportacioun and necessary provision ofMMCCCCXXsoldiers into the lowe countryes of Flaunders."—Chamber Accounts, vol. ii, fos. 56-58b.1643.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, 340.1644.Chamber Accounts, ii, 134. The earl's honor of Denbigh, North Wales, was mortgaged to certain citizens of London, and not being redeemed, was afterwards purchased by the queen herself.—Repertory 22, fo. 287.1645.Repertory 21, fos. 308-311.1646.For many years after the passing of the Act (1 Edw. VI, c. 14) confiscating property devoted to "superstitious uses," the corporation and the livery companies were the objects of suspicion of holding "concealed lands,"i.e.lands held charged for superstitious uses, which they had failed to divulge. The appointment of a royal commission to search for such lands was submitted to the law officers of the city for consideration, 9 Sept., 1567.—Repertory 16, fo. 276b. Vexatious proceedings continued to be taken under the Act until the year 1623, when a Statute was passed, entitled "An Act for the General Quiet of the Subjects against all Pretences of Concealment whatsoever."—Stat. 21, James I, c. ii.1647.Journal 22, fo. 1.1648.-Id., fos. 26, 29.1649.Journal 22, fo. 37b; Repertory 21, fo. 288b.1650.Journal 22, fos. 52-53. Both the queen's letter and Dalton's speech are printed in Stow's Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 902-904.1651.Journal 22, fos. 48, 57b, 58; Repertory 21, fo. 327.1652.Proclamation, dated Richmond, 4 Dec., 1586.—Journal 22, fo. 67b.1653.Royal Proclamation against engrossers of corn, 2 Jan., 1587.—Journal 22, fo. 74.1654.Journal 22, fo. 64.1655.Repertory 21, fo. 370b.1656.Journal 21, fo. 136b.1657.Motley, "United Netherlands," ii, 281.1658.Journal 22, fos. 144, 161b, 166-167b, 170b.1659.Journal 22, fo. 190.1660.Only 1,000 men out of the force raised by the city went to Tilbury, and the earl only consented to receive this small contingent on condition they brought their own provisions with them, so scantily was the camp supplied with victuals through the queen's parsimony.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 244. Letter from Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 513.1661.Leicester to Walsingham, 28 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 55.1662.William of Malmesbury bears similar testimony to the courage of Londoners under good leadership:Laudandi prorsus viri et quos Mars ipse collata non sperneret hasta si ducem habuissent.—Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 208.1663.Repertory 22, fo. 148b.1664.A list of "the London shippes" (including pinnaces), dated 19 July, 1588, is preserved among the State Papers (Domestic) at the Public Record Office (vol. ccxii, No. 68), and is set out in the Appendix to this work. Two other lists, dated 24 July, giving the names of the ships (exclusive of pinnaces) are also preserved (State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, Nos. 15, 16). Each of these lists give the number of vessels supplied by the city against the Armada as sixteen ships and four pinnaces, or as twenty ships (inclusive of pinnaces). It is not clear what was the authority of Stow (Howes's Chron., p. 743) for stating that the city, having been requested to furnish fifteen ships of war and 5,000 men, asked for two days to deliberate, and then furnished thirty ships and 10,000 men. At the same time there does exist a list of "shipps set forth and payde upon yecharge of yecity of London, anno 1588" (that is to say, the ships furnished by the city for that whole year), and that list contains the names of thirty ships, with the number of men on board each vessel and the names of the commanders.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxxxii, fos. 16, 16b.1665.Journal 22, fo. 173. The assessment was afterwards (19 April) settled at three shillings in the pound.—Id., fo. 175.1666.Journal 22, fos. 193, 200b.1667.Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1668.Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1669.Howard to the same, 21 July.—Id., p. 507.1670.Sir William Wynter to Walsingham, 1 Aug., 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 521.1671.Journal 22, fo. 196b.1672.-Id., fo. 196.1673.Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 67.1674.Repertory 21, fo. 578.1675.Journal 22, fo. 200b; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 510.1676.Journal 22, fo. 197.1677.-Id., fo. 199b.1678.Journal 22, fo. 200.1679.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 537.1680.Journal 22, fos. 233, 235.1681.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 538, 539.1682.On the 7th Feb., 1583, previously to setting out on his last ill-fated expedition, Gilbert addressed a letter to Walsingham from "his house in Redcross Street."—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 95.1683.See the will of Dame Margaret Hawkins, dated 23 April, 1619.—Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 745. The will contains many bequests of articles which savour of Spanish loot.1684.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 44.1685.Journal 22, fo. 202b.1686.Journal 22, fo. 210; Repertory 21, fos. 590b, 593; Repertory 22, fos. 15, 26b, 27; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 471.1687.Journal 22, fo. 252; Repertory 22, fo. 16b.1688.Journal 22, fos. 227b, 278.1689.Burghley and others to the mayor, 26 July, 1589.—Journal 22, fo. 312.1690.-Id., fo. 316b.1691.Journal 22, fo. 345b; Journal 23, fo. 79.1692.Journal 22, fo. 314.1693.Journal 22, fo. 321b.1694.-Id., fo. 326.1695.-Id., fo. 321.1696.Journal 23, fos. 35, 38.1697.July 24, 1591.—Remembrancia. i, 599 (Analytical Index, p. 408).1698.Journal 23, fos. 31, 43b, 48b; Repertory 22, fo. 284b.1699.Journal 23, fos. 68, 68b;Cf.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 48, where the date of the letter is given as "May."1700.Journal 23, fos. 325b, 383b.1701.Journal 23, fos. 45-46b.1702.Journal 24, fo. 86.1703.Proclamation, dated 16 Sept., 1591.—Journal 23, fo. 47.1704.Journal 23, fo. 73.1705.-Id., fo. 71.1706.Proclamations, dated 8 Jan. and 26 Sept., 1592.—Journal 23, fos. 78b, 136.1707.The queen to the lord mayor, 6 Jan., 1592.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 168. The same to the same, 25 Jan.—Journal 23, fo. 87.1708.Journal 23, fos. 157, 167, 174, 224b; Repertory 23, fo. 29.1709.It was in 1592 that bills of mortality, kept by the parish clerks, were for the first time published.1710.Journal 23, fo. 204b.1711.Journal 23, fo. 266.1712.-Id., fos. 400, 402.1713.-Id., fo. 153.1714.Journal 23, fo. 290b. The number was afterwards reduced to 350 men.—Id., fo. 296b; Remembrancia, ii, 3, 27, 30.1715.Journal 23, fo. 290.1716.-Id., fo. 289.1717.Journal 23, fo. 293. The names, tonnage and crews of the ships are thus given (Remembrancia, ii, 26):—The Assention, 400 tons, 100 mariners; The Consent, 350 tons, 100 mariners; The Susan Bonadventure, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Cherubim, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Minion, 180 tons, 50 mariners; and The Primrose, 180 tons, 50 mariners. Only one pinnace is mentioned, of 50 tons, with 20 mariners.1718.Journal 23, fo. 323b.1719.Chamberlain's Letters,temp., Eliz. (Camd. Soc., No. 79), p. 50. The writer was a son of Richard Chamberlain, a city alderman.1720.Alderman of Tower Ward; Sheriff 1584-5; Mayor 1597.1721.Repertory 24, fo. 410b.1722.Repertory 25, fo. 216b.1723.The letter is printedin extensoin Chambers' "Book of Days," i, 464, and in Goodman's "Court of James I," ii, 127.1724.Journal 24, fos. 79b, 81, 82, 82b.1725.-Id., fo. 85b.1726.Journal 24, fos. 105, 144.1727.-Id., fo. 84b.1728.Macaulay's "Essay on Lord Bacon."1729.Journal 24, fo. 145.1730.-Id., fos. 146b, 149.1731.Journal 24, fos. 110-111, 129b.; Repertory 23, fo. 594b.1732.Journal 24, fos. 124, 154b, 157b.1733.The queen to the mayor, 25 July; the lords of the council to the same, 26 July.—Journal 24, fo. 142.1734.Journal 24, fos. 173, 175.1735.The same dissatisfaction at the result of the Cadiz expedition so far as it affected the citizens of London was displayed in a previous letter from the mayor to the lords of the Privy Council (3 Nov.) in answer to a demand for 3,000 men and three ships to ride at Tilbury Hope and give notice of the approach of the Spanish fleet.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 243, 244.1736.Repertory 24, fo. 60b.1737.Journal 24, fos. 210b-213b, 216, 217.1738.Journal 24, fos. 324b, 325, 329b; Repertory 24, fos. 268, 287, 306;Id.25, fo. 4b. Elizabeth asked for £40,000, but only succeeded in getting half that sum.—Chamberlain's Letters, p. 15.1739.Journal 25, fos. 34, 47b, 48; Repertory 24, fo. 352b. In July, 1600, a deputation was appointed to wait upon the lords of the council touching the repayment of this loan.—Repertory 25, fo. 119b. It still remained unpaid in Feb., 1604.—Journal 26, fo. 163b. By the end of 1606 £20,000 had been paid off.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 188; Repertory 27, fo. 278. And by July, 1607, the whole was repaid.—Howes's Chron., p. 890.1740.Journal 25, fos. 74b, 75, 77b-78b, 81, 81b, 82b-84, etc.1741.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1742.Journal 25, fo. 79b.1743.-Id., fos. 80, 80b.1744.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1745.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 61; Journal 25, fos. 81, 84b.1746.Journal 25, fo. 238.1747.Journal 25. fo. 245; Letter Book BB, fo. 85. He was deprived of his aldermanry of the Ward of Farringdon Without and debarred from ever becoming alderman of any other ward "for causes sufficiently made known" to the Court of Aldermen.1748.Repertory 25, fos. 209b, 213.1749.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 546.1750.Secretary Cecil to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and others, 10 Feb., 1601.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 547.1751.Proclamation, dated 9 Feb., 1601.—Journal 25, fo. 240b.1752.Repertory 25, fos. 213, 246.1753.Journal 25, fos. 242, 243, 243b.1754.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1601-1603), pp. 16, 26, 89, 90.1755.Journal 25, fos. 137, 161b, 166, 179, 189, 190, 218b, 223, 237, 237b, 262b-265b, 293, 295, 301, 302b, 313b, 315; Journal 26, fos. 16b-19.1756.Repertory 25, fo. 296b.1757.Repertory 24, fos. 343, 354; Repertory 25, fos. 165-175. The Steelyard was re-opened in 1606.—Journal 27, fo. 66.1758.Letter from Sir Christopher Hatton to the mayor, 27 Nov., 1583.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 407.1759.Journal 26, fo. 42.

Footnotes1.Strype remarks of Thames water that it "did sooner become fine and clear than the New River water, and was ever a clearer water."—Strype, Stow's Survey, ed. 1720, bk. i, p. 25. Another writer speaks of "that most delicate and serviceable ryver of Thames."—Howes's Chron., p. 938.2.During Edgar's reign (958-975), the foreign trade of the City had increased to such a degree, and notably with a body of German merchants from the Eastern shores of the Baltic, called "Easterlings" (subsequently known as the Hanse Merchants of the Steel-yard), that his son and successor Ethelred drew up a code of laws for the purpose of regulating it.3."Et ipsa (i.e.Lundonia) multorum emporium populorum terrâ marique venientium."—Hist. Eccl., lib. ii, cap. iii.4.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 409.5.See ordinances made by the Earl (32 Eliz.).—Hunter's Hallamshire (1819), p. 119.6.Luttrell, Diary, i, p. 314.7."At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter hostes Londinium perrexit, cognomento quidem coloniæ non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre."—Tacitus, Ann., xiv, 33.8.For the direction of the various routes, see Elton's Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 344 note.9.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i., 60.10.The church of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill claims a Roman origin, but its claim is unsubstantiated by any proof.11.This appeal took the following form:—"The groans of the Britons to Aetius, for the third time Consul [i.e.A.D.446]. The savages drive us to the sea, and the sea casts us back upon the savages; so arise two kinds of death, and we are either drowned or slaughtered."—Elton, Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 360.12."Postea vero explorata insulæ fertilitate et indigenarum inertia, rupto fœdere, in ipsos, a quibus fuerant invitati arma verterunt."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Anglic. (Rolls Series No. 82). Proœmium. p. 13.13.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 12.14."In qua videlicet gente tune temporis Sabertus, nepos Ethelberti ex sorore Ricula, regnabat quamvis sub potestate positus ejusdem Ethelberti, qui omnibus, ut supra dictum est, usque ad terminum Humbræ fluminis, Anglorum gentibus imperabat."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii.15."Quorum [i.e., Orientalium Saxonum] metropolis Lundonia civitas est."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii. So, again, another writer describes London at the time it was devastated by the Danes in 851 as "Sita in aquilonari ripa Tamesis fluminis in confinio East-Sæxum et Middel-Sæxum, sed tamen ad East-Sæxum illa civitas cum veritate pertinet."—Flor. Wigorn., (ed. by Thorpe, for Engl. Hist. Soc.), i, 72.16.Kemble. Saxons in England, ii, 556.17."Mellitum vero Lundonienses episcopum recipere noluerunt, idolatris magis pontificibus servire gaudentes. Bede, Lib. ii, cap. vi.—Cf.Flor. Wigorn., i, 13.18."Ecclesiam ... beati Petri quæ sita est in loco terribili qui ab incolis Thorneye nunenpatur ... quæ olim ... beati Æthelberti hortatu ... a Sabertho prædivite quodam sub-regulo Lundoniæ, nepote videlicet ipsius regis, constructa est."—Kemble, Cod. Dipl., 555.19.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), i, 8, 16, 18.20.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., p. 53, &c.21.Thorpe, 114. The Troy weight was kept in the Husting of London and known as the Husting-weight.—Strype, Stow's Survey (1720), Bk. v., 369.22.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 55.23."And in the same year [i.e.851] came three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the Thames, and landed, and took Canterbury and London by storm."—Id.ii, 56.24.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 64, 65.25.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—the existence of which in its present form has been attributed to Alfred's encouragement of literature—seems to convey this meaning, although it is not quite clear on the point. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 44, pp. 148-149) ascribes the recovery of London by Alfred to the year 886. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, i., 56) does the same, and compares the status of London at the time with that of a German free city, which it more nearly resembled, than an integral portion of a kingdom.26.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 279.27.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 67.Cf."Lundoniam civitatem honorifice restauravit et habitabilem fecit quam etiam. Ætheredo Merciorum comitti servandam commendavit."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 101.28.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 405.29.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 71.30.According to Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74. p. 150) Alfred diverted the waters of the Lea that his enemy's ships were stranded.31.-Id., ii. 71.Cf."Quarum navium Lundonienses quasdam Lundoniam vehunt, quasdam vero penitus confringunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 115.32.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ, Thorpe, 97, 103.33.This is the earliest mention of a guildhall in London; and the ale-making which took place at the meeting of the officers of the frith-guild, accounts in all probability for Giraldus Cambrensis (Vita Galfridi, Rolls Series No. 21 iii., c. 8.) having described the Guildhall of London as "Aula publica quæ a potorum conventu nomen accepit."34."Notwithstanding the butt-filling and feasting, this appears to have been a purely religious and social guild, and, although it may have subsequently become a power in the city, so far, it is only of importance as the first evidence of combination among the inhabitants of London for anything like corporate action."—Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 68.35.Laws of Athelstan.—Thorpe, 93.36.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Thorpe, 100.37.Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 178-179.38.Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax., p. 59.39."And if a merchant thrived so that he fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means [cɲæƥte, craft] then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy." (Thorpe, 81.) The word cɲæƥte is similarly translated in Wilkins's Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ; (ed. 1721, p. 71.)per facultates suas; but there seems no reason why it should not be taken to mean literally a craft or vessel. The passage occurs in a list of "People's Rank" which "formerly" prevailed, and is probably of Athelstan's time, even if it did not form part of the Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Wilkins,op. cit.p. 70 note.40.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 105.41.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 114.42.-Id.ii, p. 115.43.-Id.ii. pp. 117, 118. Annal. Monast., Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, p. 173.44.The towns of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, Stamford, and Derby, which for many years were occupied by the Danes, were so called.45.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, pp. 118, 119.46.-Id.ii, p. 119. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No 74), p. 180.47.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 120.48.-Id.ii, p. 120.Cf."Ad hæc principes se non amplius Danicum regem admissuros in Angliam unanimiter spoponderunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, p. 169.49.The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the kings of Norway, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson, ii. pp. 8-11.50.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 120.51.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 121.52.-Id.ii., 122.53.Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 215.54.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 308.55.Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes, 127, 128.56.In course of time the natives of Denmark acquired the privilege of sojourning all the year round in London—a privilege accorded to few, if any other, foreigners. They enjoyed moreover the benefits of the 'the law of the city of London' (la lei de la citie de Loundres) in other words, the right of resorting to fair or market in any place throughout England.—Liber Cust. pt. i, p. 63.57.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 418.58.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 122.59."At oppidanis magnanimiter pugnantibus repulsa."—Malmesbury, i, 216.60.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 123.61.-Id.ii, 121, 123. Henry of Huntingdon relates that Eadric caused a panic on the field of battle by crying out that Edmund had been killed. "Flet Engle, flet Engle, ded is Edmund."62.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 437.63.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 538.64."The 'lithsmen' (ship-owners) of London, who with others raised Harold to the throne, were doubtless such 'burg-thegns.'"—Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 186.Cf.Lingard, i, 318. Norton Commentaries, pp. 23-24.65.Green, Conquest of England, p. 462. Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 73. "The Londoners who attended must have gone by way of the river in their 'liths.'"—Historic Towns, London (Loftie), p. 197.66.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 129.67.At the death of Harold, Harthacnut was invited to accept the crown by an embassy from England, of which the Bishop of London was a member. He accepted the offer and crossed over from the continent with a fleet of sixty ships, manned by Danish soldiers, and his first act was to demand eight marks for each rower; an imposition that was borne with difficulty. Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 132.68.Anglo-Sax Chron., ii, 132.69.Freeman, Norman Conquest, 2nd ed., ii. 5. But according to Kemble (Saxons in England, ii, 259 note), Edward's election took place at a hastily convened meeting at Gillingham.70."London, que caput est regni et legum. semper curia domini regis."—Laws of Edward Confessor, Thorpe, p. 197 note.71.For a list of gemóts held in London fromA.D.790, see Kemble's Saxons in England, ii, 241-261.72.Malmesbury, i, 242-244. Freeman, ii, 148-332.73.Freeman, ii, 324.74.Sed omnis civitas duci obviam et auxilio processit et præsidio acclamantque illi omnes una voce prospere in adventu suo. "Life of Edward Conf." (Rolls Series No. 3.), p. 406.75."Interim quosdam per internuntios, quosdam per se cives Lundonienses, quos variis pollicitationibus prius illexerat, convenit, et ut omnes fere quæ volebat omnino vellent, effecit."—Flor. Wigorn., i., 209.76.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 165-167.77."Aldredus autem Eboracensis archiepiscopus et iidem Comites cum civibus Lundoniensibus et butsecarlis, clitonem Eadgarum, Eadmundi Ferrei Lateris nepotem, in regem levare volueren, et cum eo se pugnam inituros promisere; sed dum ad pugnam descendere multi se paravere, comites suum auxilium ab eis retraxere, et cum suo exercitu domum redierunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.78.Such is the description of William's march, as given by Malmesbury (ii, 307). Another chronicler describes his march as one of slaughter and devastation.—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.79.The bishop was certainly Norman, and so probably was the port-reeve.80.Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 168-169.81.This charter is preserved in the Town Clerk's Office at the Guildhall. A fac-simile of it and of another charter of William, granting lands to Deorman, forms a frontispiece to this volume. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, second edition, revised 1876, iv, 29) wrote of this venerable parchment as bearing William's mark—"the cross traced by the Conqueror's own hand"—but this appears to be a mistake. The same authority, writing of the transcript of the charter made by the late Mr. Riley and printed by him in his edition of theLiber Custumarum(Rolls Series, pt. ii, p. 504), remarks that, "one or two words here look a little suspicious"; and justly so, for the transcript is far from being literally accurate.82.-Cf."Ego volo quod vos sitis omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus Regis." These words appear in the xivth century Latin version of William's Charter, preserved at the Guildhall.83.Liber Albus (Rolls Series i, 26).84.Opinions differ as to the derivation of the term port. Some, like Kemble, refer it to the Lat.portus, in the sense of an enclosed place for sale or purchase, a market. ("Portus est conclusus locus, quo importantur merces et inde exportantur. Est et statio conclusa et munita."—Thorpe, i, 158). Others, like Dr. Stubbs (Const. Hist., i, 404 n.), connect it with Lat.porta, not in its restricted signification of a gate, but as implying a market place, markets being often held at a city's gates. The Latin termsportaandportuswere in fact so closely allied, that they both alike signified a market place or a gate. Thus, in the will of Edmund Harengeye, enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, we find the following: "Ac eciam lego et volo quod illa tenementa cum magno portu vocato le Brodegate ... vendantur per executores meos."—Hust. Roll, 114 (76).85.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., pp. 258-259.86."London and her election of Stephen," a paper read before the Archæol. Inst. in 1866, by the late Mr. Green (p. 267).87.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, p. 55.88.There appears to be no doubt that the charter preserved at the Guildhall had a seal, but not a fragment remains.89."Et dicunt quod prefatus dominus conquestor ante fundacionem ecclesie predicte et confeccionem carte sue de qua superius fit mencio auctoritate parliament sui et per duas cartes suas quas dicti maior et Cives hic proferunt scilicet per unam earam dimissit tunc civibus London' totam dictam civitatem et vice-comitatum London' cum omnibus appendiciis rebus et consuetudinibus eis qualitercumque pertinentibus.... Et per alteram concessit et auctoritate supradicta confirmavit eisdem civibus et successoribus suis quod haberent predicta ac omnes alias libertates et liberas consuetudines suas illesas quas habuerunt tempore dicti Sancti Regis Edwardi progenitoris sui."—Letter Book K, fo. 120 b.90."Tantaque pax suis regnavit temporibus, quod puella virguncula auro onusta, indempnis et intacta Angliam potuit peragrare."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44), i, 29.91.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.92.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.93.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 121.94.Malmesbury. ii, 375.95.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 189.96.-Id., ii, 202.97."Those of the council who were nigh at hand."—Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 204.98.Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44) i, 176.99.See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (p. 366), where the writer conjectures the date of the charter to have been between 1130 and 1135, and brings evidence in favour of it having been purchased by the payment of a large sum of money.100.Set out under fifteen heads in the City'sLiber Albus. (Rolls Series) i, 128-129.101.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 404, 405. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville. p. 356.102.The sum of 100 marks of silver recorded (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I) as having been paid for the shrievalty in 1130, appears to have been more of the nature of a fine than afirma.103."Whereas from time immemorial there have been and of right ought to be two sheriffs of this city, which said two sheriffs during all the time aforesaid have constituted and of right ought to constitute one sheriff of the county of Middlesex...."—Preamble to Act of Common Council, 7th April, 1748,reNomination and election of Sheriffs. Journal 59, fo. 130b.104.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 357. Mr. Round's statements (op. cit., Appendix P), that "this onefirma... represents onecorpus comitatus, namely Middlesex, inclusive of London," and that "from this conclusion there is no escape," are more capable of refutation than he is willing to allow.105."It is probable that whilst the Sheriff in his character of Sheriff was competent to direct the customary business of the Court, it was in that ofjustitiathat he transacted business under the King's writ."—Stubbs, Const. History, i, 389, note.106."Post hoc prædictus Justitiarius ... accessit ad Gildhalle Londoniarum, et ibi tenuit placita de die in diem ... et incontinenti ... ilia terminavit nullo juris ordine observato contra leges civitatis et etiam contra leges et consuetudines cujuslibet liberi hominis de regno Anglie. Quod vero cives semper calumpniaverunt, dicentes quod nullus debet placitare in civitate de transgressionibus ibidem factis nisi vicecomites Londoniarium."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 40.107.Round. Geoffrey de Mandeville. pp. 107-113, 373, and Appendix K.108.Mat. Paris (Hist. Angl. i, 251), ascribes the incessant turmoil of the latter part of the reign to the vengeance of the deity for this breach of faith.109."Id quoque sui esse juris, suique specialiter privilegii, ut si rex ipsorum quoquo moclo obiret, alius suo provisu in regno substituendus e vestigio succederet."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 5-6.110."With the solemn independent election of a king, the great part which London was to play in England's history had definitely begun."—Green, London and her Election of Stephen.111.Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82). iii. 17.112.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 18.113."Eodem anno in Pentecoste resedit rex Londoniæ in Turri, episcopo tantum modo Sagiensi præsente: ceteri vel fastidierunt vel timuerunt venire. Aliquanto post, mediante legato, colloquium indictum est inter imperatricem et regem. si forte Deo inspirante pax reformari posset."—Malmesbury, Hist. Nov. (Rolls Series No. 90.), ii, 564.114."Juravit et affidavit imperatrix episcopo quod omnia majora negotia in Anglia præcipueque donationes episcopatuum et abbatiarum ejus nutum spectarent, si eam ipse cum sancta ecclesia in dominam reciperet et perpetuam ei fidelitatem teneret.... Nec dubitavit episcopus imperatricem in dominam Angliæ recipere, et ei cum quibusdam suis affidare, quod, quamdiu ipsa pactem non infringeret ipse quoque fidem ei custodiret."—Id.,ii, 573.115."Ventilata est hesterno die causa secreto coram majori parte cleri Angliæ ad cujus jus potissimum spectat principem eligere, simulque ordinare."—Id., ii, 576.116."Missos se a communione quam vocant Londoniarum."—Malmesbury, (Hist. Nov.), ii, 576. Exception may be taken to translatingcommunioas 'commune'; but even if the municipal organization represented by the French termcommunedid not at this period exist in the City of London in all its fulness, the "communal idea" appears to have been there.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i. 407.117."Omnes barones qui in eorum coramunionem jamdudum recepti fuerant."—Malmesbury,Ibid.118."Proficiscitur inde cum exultatione magna et gaudio, et in monasterio Sancti Albani cum processionali suscipitur honore et jubilo. Adeunt eam ibi cives multi ex Lundonia, tractatur ibi sermo multimodus de reddenda civitate."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 131.119."Erecta est autem in superbiam intolerabilem, quia suis incerta belli prosperavissent."—Hen. of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 275.120."Infinitæ copiæ pecuniam, non simplici cum mansuetudine sed cum ore imperioso ab eis exegit."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 75.121."Interpellata est a civibus, ut leges eis regis Edwardi observari liceret, quia optimæ erant, non patris sui Henrici quia graves erant. Verum illa non bono usa consilio, præ nimia austeritate non acquievit eis, unde et motus magnus factus in urbe; et facta conjuratione adversus eam quam cum honore susceperunt. cum dedecore apprehendere statuerunt."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 132.122.Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 577-578. "Sed tandem a Londoniensibus expulsa est in die Sancti Johannis Baptiste proximo sequenti"—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc), p. 197.123."Anno prædicto [i.e.7 Stephen,A.D.1141], statim in illa estate, obsessa est Turris Lundoniarum a Londoniensibus, quam Willielmus [sic] de Magnaville tenebat et firmaverat."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 197. From this it would appear that the father still held the office of constable. A charter of the empress, however, which Mr. Horace Round prints in his book on Geoffrey de Mandeville (pp. 88,seq.) points to the son as being constable at the time.124.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 88-95.125.It is not to be supposed that the earl consented to assist the queen without meeting with some return for his services, more especially as the queen was prepared to go all lengths to obtain her husband's liberty. See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 119.126."Gaufrido de Mandevilla, qui jam iterum auxilio eorum cesserat, antea enim post captionem regis imperatrici fidelitatem juraverat, et Londoniensibus maxime annitentibus, nihilque omnino quod possent prætermittentibus quo imperatricem contristarent."—Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 580.127."Magnæ ex Lundoniis copiæ."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82.), i, 42. "Cumque invictâ Londoniensium catervâ."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 80. The Londoners sacked Winchester mercilessly. "Londonienses, cum maxima militum regalium parte, modis horrendis Wintoniensem civitatem expilavere."—Gesta Stephani, iii, 84.128.The precedent thus set by Stephen, of submitting to the ceremony of a second coronation after a period of captivity, was afterwards followed by Richard I, on his return from captivity abroad.129.This is the date assigned to the charter by Mr. Horace Round, (Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 138-144).Cf.Appendix to 31st Report of Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 3.130.The date assigned by Mr. Round to this charter is between Christmas, 1141, and the end of June, 1142.131."Et convenciono eidem Gaufredo Comiti Essex quod dominus meus Comes Andegavie vel ego vel filii nostri nullam pacem aut concordiam cum Burgensibus Lund[oniæ] faciemus, nisi concessu et assensu præ-dicti Comitis Gaufredi quia inimici eius sunt mortales."—Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 168.132.Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82), i. 48. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 278.133.Sometimes called the Treaty of Wallingford.134.The general joy is depicted in glowing colours by Henry of Huntingdon, (p. 289.)Cf.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 235.135.Fitz-Stephen's Stephanides, Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 208.136.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v., 325.137.A cartulary of the Mercers' Company contains a copy of a grant from Thomas Fitz-Theobald to the hospital of St. Thomas of Acon of "all that land, with the appurtenances, which was formerly of Gilbert Becket, father of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, where the said Blessed Thomas the Martyr was born (duxit originem), to build a church (basilicam) in honour of Almighty God and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of the same most glorious martyr."—Watney, Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon (privately printed 1892), pp. 9, 237.138.Liber Albus (Rolls Series), i, pp. 26, 27.139.This charter (with fragment of seal) is preserved at the Guildhall. It bears no date, but appears to have been granted between 1154 and 1161.140.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 138.141."De filiis et parentibus nobilium civitatis" and again "filii et nepotes quorundam nobilium civium Londoniarum."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 155.142.By a strange anomaly, a man who underwent ordeal by water was only adjudged innocent if he sank to the bottom and was drowned. Hence the old man's caution!143.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 28. According to Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82, iii, 387), Longchamp obtained the chancellorship by bribery.144.Benedict (Rolls Series No. 49). ii, 106.145.-Id.ii, 143.146.-Id.ii, 158.147.Preface to Roger de Hoveden, iii, p. lxxvii. Girald. Cambr. Vita Galfridi (Rolls Series No. 21). iv, 397.148.Richard of Devizes, iii, 414. Benedict, ii, 213.149.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, 99. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi). iv, 397-398. Roger de Hoveden, iii. 140.150.Richard of Devizes. (Rolls Series No. 82), iii. 415. Benedict, 213. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi), iv, 405.151."Johannes comes frater regis et archiepiscopus Rothomagensis, et omnes episcopi, comites et barones regni qui aderant, concesserunt civibus Lundoniarum communam suam, et juraverunt quod ipsi eam et dignitates civitatis Lundoniarum custodirent illibatas, quandiu regi placuerit. Et cives Lundoniarum et epispcopi et comites et barones juraverunt fidelitates regi Ricardo, et Johanni comiti de Meretone fratri ejus salva fidelitate, et quod illum in dominum suum et regem reciperent, si rex sine prole decesserit."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 214.Cf.Roger de Hovedene (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 141; Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 5-6.152.-Suprap. 49.153."In crastino vero convocatis in unum civibus, communione, vel ut Latine minus vulgariter magis loquamur, communa seu communia eis concessa et communiter jurata."—Vita Galfridi, iv, 405.154.Const. Hist., i, 407.155.Referring to the year 1191, he writes, "we have the date of the foundation of the commune."—Id., i, 629.156."Concessa est ipsa die et instituta communia Londoniensium, in quam universi regni magnates et ipsi etiam ipsius provinciæ episcopi jurare coguntur. Nunc primum in indulta sibi conjuratione regno regem deesse cognovit Londonia quam nec rex ipse Ricardus, nec prædecessor et pater ejus Henricus, pro mille millibus marcarum argenti fieri permisisset. Quanta quippe mala ex conjuratione proveniant ex ipsa poterit diffinitione perpendi, quæ talis est—communia tumor plebis, timor regni, tepor sacerdotii."—Chron. Stephen, Hen. II, Ric. I (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 416.157."It is impossible to avoid a suspicion," writes Bishop Stubbs, "that the disappearance of the port-reeve and other changes in the municipal government, signify a civic revolution, the history of which is lost."—Const. Hist., i, 406n.158.Merewether and Stephens, Hist. of Boroughs (1835), i, 384. No authority, however, is given for this statement.159.The entire MS. was published in Latin by the Camden Society in 1846; and a translation of the original portion of the work was afterwards made by the late Mr. H. T. Riley, under the title "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London,A.D.1188 toA.D.1274."160."The correct date of the accession of Richard has never been ascertained. No records appear to be extant to fix the commencement of the reign of any king before the accession of John."—Nicholas, Chronology of Hist., p. 285.161.Fos. 45, 63 and 63b.162.Or simply Thedmar.163.It is thus that Riley reads the word which to me appears to be capable of being read "Grennigge."164.Calendar of Wills. Court of Husting, London, part. I., p. 22. From another Will, that of Margery, relict of Walter de Wynton, and one of Fitz-Thedmar's sisters—she is described as daughter of "Thedmar, the Teutonic"—it appears that other sisters of Fitz-Thedmar married into the well-known city families of Eswy and Gisors.—Id., part i, p. 31.165."Ibi etiam dispositium est, penes quem pecunia collata debeat residere: scilicet sub custodia Huberti Walteri Cantuariensis electi, et domini Ricardi Lundoniensis episcopi, et Willelmi comitis de Arundel et Hamelini comitis de Warenna et majoris Lundoniarum."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 212.166.Preserved at the Guildhall.167.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, p. 114.168."Denique ad ingressum principis ita ornata est facies amplissimæ civitatis ut Alemanni nobiles qui cum ipso venerant et redemptione regia exinanitam bonis Angliam credebant opum magnitudine obstupescerent."—William of Newburgh (Rolls Series No. 82), i, p. 406.169."Cives vero Lundonienses servierunt de pincernaria, et cives Wintonienses de coquina."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 12.170.Brit. Mus., Harl. MS. 3,504, fo. 248.171."Si invenissem emptorem Londoniam vendidissem."—Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 388.172."Frequentius enim solito . . imponebantur eis auxilia non modica et divites, propriis parcentes marsupiis volebant ut pauperes solverent universa."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iv. 5. "Ad omne edictum regium divites, propriis fortunis parcentes, pauperibus per potentiam omne onus imponerent."—Newburgh, (Rolls Series No. 82), ii. 466.173.Newburgh, ii., 466.174.Mat. Paris, ii, 57. A similar character is given him by Roger de Hoveden. Dr. S. R. Gardiner describes him as an alderman of the city, and as advocating the cause of the poor artisan against the exactions of the wealthier traders.—Students' History of England, i, 169.175."Pauperum et veritatis ac pietatis adversarii."—Mat. Paris, ii. 57.176.Newburgh, ii, 470.177."And for the time," adds Dr. Gardiner, "the rich tradesmen had their way against the poorer artisans."—Students' History of England, i, 170.178.Chronicles of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 2.179.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 709.180.Mat. Paris, ii, 143. Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 83-87.181.-Id.ii, 146.182.-Id.ii, 153.183.Ann. of Bermondsey (Rolls Series No. 36), in, 453.184.Mat. Paris, ii, 154-156.185.As to the services and franchises of Fitz-Walter, both in time of peace and war, see Lib. Cust., (Rolls Series), part i, pp. 147-151.186.Introd. to Lib. Cust, p. lxxvii.187.The sword of St. Paul, emblematic possibly of his martyrdom, still remains in the City's coat of arms. It has often been mistaken for the dagger with which Sir William Walworth is said to have killed Wat Tyler.188.The story is told in Mr. Riley's Introduction to the Liber Custamarum (p. lxxix), on the authority of the Chronicle of Dunmow.189.He is said to have made a similar attempt upon the wife of Eustace de Vesci, a leading baron.—(Blackstone, Introd. to Magna Carta, pp. 289, 290).190.Mat. Paris, ii, 156. A different complexion, however, is put on this event by another chronicler. According to Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series, No. 58, ii, 220) the barons made their way into the City by stealth, scaling the walls at a time when most of the inhabitants were engaged in divine service, and having once gained a footing opened all the City gates one after another.191.By charter, date 8th May, 1215, preserved at the Guildhall.192.Mat. Paris, ii, 159, 161, 164, 186.193.Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 117.194.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 298.195."Moram autem faciebant barones in civitate Londoniæ per annum et amplius cum civibus confœderati, permittentes se nullam pacem facturos cum rege nisi assensu utriusque partis."—Annals of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 283.196.Mat. Paris, ii, 161, 165.197.Contin. Flor. Wigorn. ii, 167, 171. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 3.198.Mat. Paris, ii, p. 179.199.Confession of the Vicomte de Melun.—Mat. Paris, ii, 187.200.Mat. Paris, ii, 200.201.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 4.202.Strype, Stow's Survey, 1720, Bk. i, p. 62. They had settled in Holborn soon after their arrival in 1220.203.Mat. Paris, ii, 385.204.-Id., ii, 218, 220.205.Liber de Ant. fol. 38. According to this authority (fol. 38b), the peace was ratified 23rd September, at Merton.206.Mat. Paris, ii, 222.207.Often spoken of as the Treaty of Lambeth (Rymer's Fœdera, i, 148.)208.The sum mentioned by Matthew Paris (ii. 224) is £5,000 sterling, but according to a marginal note in the Liber de Ant. (fol. 39) it would appear to have been only £1,000, which, according to the compiler of that record, Louis repaid the Londoners as soon as he arrived home, out of pure generosity (mera liberalitate sua). On the other hand, Matthew Paris (ii, 292) under the year 1227, narrates that Henry extorted from the citizens of London 5,000 marks of silver, on the ground that that was the sum paid by the Londoners to Louis on his departure, to the king's prejudice.209.Walter of Coventry. (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 239.210.Mat. Paris, ii, 251, 252.211.Roger of Wendover, (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 265, 267.212.Probably Saint Giles in the Fields, a hospital founded by Matilda, wife of Henry I.213."Cives autem Londonienses, qui eundem H[ubertum] propter suspendium Constantini oderant, lætati sunt de tribulalionibus suis, et ilico conquesti sunt de eo, quod concivem suum injuste suspendit, et absque judicio."—Mat. Paris, ii, 345.214.-Id., ii, 346, 347. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 6, 7.215."Dicebabur enim ... quod alienigenæ qui plus regni perturbationem desiderabant quam pacem, præfatum comitem Cestriæ ad domini sui regis infestationem et regni inquietationem inducere conarentur."—Walter of Coventry, ii, 251.216.Mat. Paris, ii, 382, 384, iii, 90.217.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 469, 470. "Et quia communitas nostra sigillum non habet, præsentes literas signo communitatis civitatis Londoniarum vestræ sanctitati mittimus consignatas."—Mat. Paris, iii, 17.218.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 7, 8.219.French Chronicle (Camden Soc., No. 28), ed. by Aungier (Riley's translation), pp. 241-244.220.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 11.221.-Id., pp. 13, 14, 16.222.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 16, 17, 61. Mat. Paris, iii., 62, 80-81.223.Mat. Paris, ii, 323.224."Quia dominus rex obligabatur de debitis non minimis erga mercatores de vino, de cera, de pannis ultramarinis, a civibus pecuniam multam extorsit et Judæis, nec tamen inde mercatores plenam pacationem receperunt."—Mat. Paris, ii, 496.225."Cives tanien videntes aliud sibi non expedire, omnia benigne remiserunt."—Mat. Paris, iii, 72.226.-Id., iii, 43.227.Ann. of Worcester (Rolls Series No. 36), iv., 407.228."Unde, ne exorta contentione lætitia nuptialis nubilaretur, salvo cujuslibet jure, multa ad horam perpessa sunt, quæ in tempore opportuno fuerant determinanda."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl., ed. 1684, P. 355.Cf.City Records, Liber Ordinationum, fo. 193 b. Brit. Mus. Cotton MS. Vespasian, C. xiv. fos. 113-114.229.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 9, 20, 45, 53.230.-Id., p. 21.231.An early instance of this parliament being so designated is found in theLiber de Antiquisof the City's Records (fol. 75b.) where the wordsinsane parliamentumoccur.232.This agreement between the king and barons is termed a "Charter" by Fitz-Thedmar, who says it bore the seals of the king and of many barons.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 41.233.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 43.234.-Id., pp. 33-39.235.-Id., pp. 45, 46.236.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 47.237.-Id., p. 52.238.The Bull was confirmed by Alexander's successor Pope Urban IV. and the later Bull was read at Paul's Cross, by the king's orders in the following year (1262),Id., p. 53.239.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 56.240.-Id., p. 57.241.-Id., p. 58.242.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 59. "A similar uprising of the middle class of citizens was taking place about this period in other towns. They are spoken of by chroniclers of the same stamp as Fitz-Thedmar as ribald men who proclaimed themselves 'bachelors,' and banded themselves together to the prejudice of the chief men of the towns (majores urbium et burgorum)"—Chron. of Thomas Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 138.243.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 59-60.244.-Id., p. 60.245.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36). iii. 222-223. Chron. of Thos. Wykes (Ibid) iv, 136. Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28, ii, 18), places this event after the Mise of Amiens (23rd Jan., 1264).246.Annales Londonienses.—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76) i, 60.247.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 62.248.-Id., pp. 64, 65.249.Ann. of Dunstaple. iii, 230, 231.250.The number of Londoners who accompanied Leicester to Lewes is not given. Thomas Wykes mentions it to have been very large, for the reason that the number of fools is said to be infinite! "Quo comperto comes Leycestriæ glorians in virtute sua, congregata baronum multitudine copiosa, Londoniensium innumerabili agmine circumcinctus, quia legitur stultorum infinitus est numerus."—(Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 148.251.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 66; Ann. of Dunstaple, iii, 232; Thos. Wykes, iv, 149, 150; Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28), 27.252.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 67.253.-Id., p. 74.254.Fitz-Thedmar gives the number of representatives of each city and borough as four: "De qualitet civitate et burgo iiii homines."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 75.255.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 77. This anecdote is inserted in the margin of Fitz-Thedmar's chronicle, the writer expressing his horror at the "wondrous and unheard of" conduct of "this most wretched mayor."256.The story is told by Thos. Wykes. (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 163.257.Lib. de. Ant. fo. 94b.258.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 119. Circumstantially as the chronicler relates the story, he appears only to have inserted it as an after-thought. Mr. Loftie (Hist, of London, i, 151), suggests that possibly the news of Fitz-Thomas' death might have been the occasion of its insertion.259.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 235.260."His lordship the king had summoned to Wyndleshores all the earls, barons, [and] knights, as many as he could, with horses and arms, intending to lay siege to the City of London [and] calling the citizens his foes."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 81.261.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 82.262.At one time the parish of All Hallows Barking is spoken of as being in the County of Middlesex, at another as being within the City—Hust. Roll. 274, (10), (12).263.In narrating this, Fitz-Thedmar again discloses his aristocratic proclivities by remarking, "Such base exclamations did the fools of the vulgar classes give utterance to" on this occasion, viz., the election of William Fitz-Richard as Sheriff of Middlesex and Warden of London.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 90, 91.264.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 83, 85.265."Regina etiam rogavit pro Londoniensibus de quibus rex plures recepit ad pacem suam."—Ann. of Winchester (Rolls Series, No. 36), ii, 103.266.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 146, 147.267.Ann. of Dunstaple. (Rolls Series, No. 36), iii, 245.268.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 95. The citizens appear to have been divided, as indeed they often were, on the question of admitting the Earl.269.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 95, 97.270.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 96.271.-Id., pp. 97, 100.272.Dated "Est Ratford," 16th June, 1267. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 98-100.273.Dated 26th March, 1268. The original is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 3). A copy of it, inserted in the Lib. de Ant. (fo. 108b), has the following heading:—"Carta domini regis quam fecit civibus Lond',sub spe inveniendi ab eo meliorem gratiam," the words in italics being added by a later hand.274.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 113. Ann. of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 375.275.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 129.276.Lib. de Ant., fo. 120.277.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 129-130.278.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 153.279.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 154, 159.280.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 164.281.The series of Husting Rolls for Pleas of Land, preserved at the Guildhall, commence in the mayoralty of Hervy's successor.282.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 205-208.283.What Fitz-Thedmar means when he says (Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 171), that "only one part of the seal of the Commonalty of London" was appended to Hervy's so-called "charter" is hard to determine. The common seal of the city was at this period in the custody of the mayor for the time being. Under Edward II, it was for the first time entrusted to two aldermen and two commoners for safe keeping.—City Records, Letter Book D, fo. 145b.Cf.Ordinances of Edward II,A.D.1319.284.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 169-171.285.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 173-5.286."Et quod nullus alienigena in libertatem civitatis prædictæ admittatur nisi in Hustengo ... et si non sint de certo mestero, tune in libertatem civitatis ejusdem non admittentur sine assensu communitatis civitatis illius."—Lib. Custumarum (Rolls Series), pt. 1, pp. 269-270.287."The establishment of the corporate character of the city under a mayor marks the victory of the communal principle over the more ancient shire organisation, which seems to have displaced early in the century the complicated system of guild and franchise. It also marks the triumph of the mercantile over the aristocratic element."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 630, 631.288."The guilds continued to elect until 1384, when the right of election was again transferred to the wards." City Records, Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 173.289.Chron. Edward I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 84. Chron. of T. Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36) iv, p. 259.290.Dated from "Caples in the land of Labour" (Caples in terra laboris) or Capua, 19th January, 1273. This letter was publicly read in the Guildhall on the 25th March following.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 163.291.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 161.292.-Id., p. 172.293.-.Id, pp. 132, 140-2.294.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 143-4.295.-Id., pp. 145, 146.296.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 147, 148.297.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 149, 150.298.-Id., p. 165.299.-A.D.1279. "Eodem anno escambia et novæ monetæ extiterunt levata apud turrim Londoniensem; et Gregorius de Roqesle major monetæ per totam Angliam."—Chron. Edw. I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76. i. 88).—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Transl.) p. 239.300.The name of John Horn with the addition. "Flemyng" occurs in the 14th cent.—Hust. Roll. 64 (67), 81 (74).301.For one month after the Feast of St. Botolph the Abbot [17 June], the Court of Husting in London was closed, owing to the absence of citizens attending the fair. The right of appointing their own officers to settle disputes arising at the fair was granted to the citizens of London at the close of the Barons' War.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 176.302.Peace was signed before the end of July.—Rymer's Fœdera, (ed. 1816), vol. i. pt. 2, p. 513.303.A series of MS. books extending froma.d.1275 to 1688, deriving their title from the letters of the alphabet with which they are distinguished,A, B, C,&c,AA, BB, CC,&c. We are further aided by chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and II, edited by Bishop Stubbs for the Master of the Rolls. A portion of these chronicles the editor has fitly called "Annales Londonienses." There is even reason for believing them to have been written by Andrew Horn, citizen and fishmonger, as well as eminent jurist of his day. He died soon after the accession of Edward III. and by his will, dated 9th Oct., 1328, (Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, i, 344) bequeathed to the city many valuable legal and other treatises, only one of which (known to this day as "Liber Horn,") is preserved among the archives of the Corporation.304.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 239.305.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 447.306.Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series). Introd. vol. i, p. xxxiii.307.-Id., i, 92.308.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 229. 230. Tho. Wykes (Ann. Monast. Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 294. Ann. of Worcester (Ibid), iv, 486. Walter de Heminburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 13.309.They were, in the language of Stow, "hanged by the purse." (Survey, Thoms' ed., p. 96).Cf."He was hanged by the nek and nought by the purs." (Chaucer, Cook's Tale. l. 885). The story is recorded in Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 240; and in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series i, 92-93).310.Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 472-474.311.Letter Book C, fo. 52. Riley's Memorials, p. 21.312.Rolls Series, i, 51-60.Cf.Lib. Ordinationum, fos. 154b,seq.313.The circumstances of Rokesley's visit to the justices at the Tower are set out in the city's "Liber Albus" (i, 16), from a MS. of Andrew Horn, no longer preserved at the Guildhall. The story also appears in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 94.314.In 1293 the king appointed Elias Russell and Henry le Bole his "improvers" (appropriatores) in the city:—Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series No. 76, i, 102). Their duties were practically identical with those of sheriffs, and Bishop Stubbs places a marginal note over against the appointment,—"Sheriffs appointed by the king." Walter Hervy is recorded as having removed certain stones near Bucklersbury when he was "improver" of the city (Letter Book A, fo. 84. Riley's Memorials, p. 25). This was probably done in 1268, when the city was in the king's hand, and Hervy and William de Durham were appointed bailiffs "without election by the citizens."—Chron. Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 112, 113.315.Letter Book A, fo. 132b.316.-Id., fo. 110.317.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 98.318.Letter Book A, fo. 95. Riley's Memorials, p. 26.319."From the very day of his accession, Edward was financially in the hands of the Lombard bankers; hence arose, no doubt, the difficulty which he had in managing the City of London; hence came also the financial mischief which followed the banishment of the Jews; and hence an accumulation of popular discontent, which showed itself in the king's lifetime by opposition to his mercantile policy, and, after his death, supplied one of the most efficient means for the overthrow of his son."—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. vol. i, pp. c, ci.320.Writ to the Sheriff of Middlesex, dated 2nd Jan., 1293. Letter Book B, fo. 25. Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 266.321.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36), iii, 390. The chronicler acquits the king of complicity in this sacrilege.322.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 274.323.Letter Book C. fo. 20.324.-Id., fos. 21b, 22. (Riley's Memorials, pp. 31-33). Liber Custum., i, 72-76.325.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii. 108, 109.326.Letter Book C, fo. 22b.327.By the bullClericis Laicos, Boniface VIII had recently forbidden the clergy to pay taxes to any layman.—Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 113-116.328.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 130, 131, 134.329.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh, ii, 121.330.-Id., ii, 126, 127.331.-Id., ii, 149, 151.332.Letter Book B, fo. xxxvii (101b).333.Preserved among the City Archives (Box 26).Cf.Letter Book C, fo. xxiv, b.334.Letter Book B, fo. 93.335.Letter Book C, fo. 24. (Riley's Memorials, 37).336.Strictly speaking, a talliage could only be charged on the king's demesnes, and these did not include the City of London.337.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 132.338.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247. Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 139.339.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 146. Hemingburgh ii, 248.340.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247 n.341."Tunc visa est Londonia quasi nova Jerusalem monilibus ornata."—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 152.342."Ad quam coronationem major, aldermanni et cives Londoniarum induti samiteis et sericeis vestimentis et ex armis Angliæ et Franciæ depictis, coram rege et regina Karolantes, et servi civium ad illud festum, ut moris est, de cupa servientes, omnibus intuentibus inauditum proviserunt gaudium."—Id. ibid.343.Letter Book C, fo. 93 (Riley's Memorials, p. 64).344.Letter Book D, fo. 96 (Memorials, pp. 69-71).345.Letter Book C, fo. 97 b (Memorials, p. 69).346.Letter Book D, fo. 104 (Memorials, pp. 72-74).347.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 224-225.348.Letter Book D, fo. 147b.349.-Id., fo. 125b.350."Eodem anno (i.e.1302), die Lunæ ivtoKalendas Februarii, restitutus est Richerus de Refham in honore aldermanniæ Londoniarum, et factus est aldermannus de Warda de Basseishawe."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 104.351.Among those who were called to account was a woman remarkable for her name—"Sarra la Bredmongesterre." A selection of the cases enquired into is printed in Riley's Memorials, pp. 86-89.352."Sed quia idem Richerus fuerat austerus et celer ad justitiam faciendam nulli parcendo, et quia fecit imprisonare Willelmum de Hakford, mercer, ideo dictus W, et sui complices insurrexerunt in ipsum et ideo depositus fuit ab officio majoris et postea aldermanniæ suæ."—Chron. Edw. I and II, i, 175-176.353.Letter Book D, fo. 142.354.-Id., fos. 142b-143b (Memorials pp. 93-98.)355.-Id., fos. 142b, 143b, 145b.356.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 203.357.Lib. de Antiq., fo. 43b. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 250.358.Letter Book C, fo. 45.359.Letter Book C, fo. 92b (Memorials p. 63).360.The city chose as its representatives, Nicholas de Farendone, John de Wengrave, and Robert de Kelleseye. Letter Book D. fos. 149b, 151, 151b.361.-Id., fos. 151b, 152 (Memorials pp. 102-104.)362.-Id., fo. 168 (Memorials, pp. 105-106).363.Letter Book D, fos. 164, 164b.364.Letter Book E, fo. 18. (Memorials, pp. 108-110).365.Letter Book D, fo. 165.366.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 55, 56.367.Letter Book E, fo. 84. (Memorials, pp. 128-129).368.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 285.369.Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 252.370.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 269.371.Dated York, 8th June, 1319. These letters patent are preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4). Ten days later [18th June] Edward granted an ample inspeximus charter to the city, the original of which does not appear among the archives.SeeLib. Cust. i, pp. 255-273.372.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 253.373.In this year [1318-19] the new charter was confirmed by the king, and cost £1,000.Id., p. 252.374.Chron. Edward I and II, Introd., vol. ii, p. lxxxiv.375.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 285-432.376.Rolls Series i, 51-60. Copies of the Ordinances are also to be found in the Liber Horn (fos. 209,seq.) and Liber Ordinationum (fos. 154bseq.) of the city's archives.377.Lib. Cust. i, 289, 308.378.Lib. Cust., i, 296.379.-Id., i, 308-322.380.-Id., i, 322-324.381.-Id., i, 324-325.382.-Id., i, 347-362.383."Et fuit illo die post horam vesperarum antequam Justiciarii et duodenæ perfiniebant; sed neminem eodem die indictaverunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 366.384.Lib. Cust., i, 371-374.385.-Id., i, 378. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 253.386."Qui cum quasi leones parati ad prædam ante Pascham extitissent, nunc, versa vice, quasi agni vicissim facti sunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 383-384.387.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 216, 272.388.Lib. Cust., i, 408, 409.389.-Id., i, 425.390.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. The precise date of his election is not known. Bishop Stubbs, in his introduction to the Chronicle cited (i, p. lxxxii), states it to have taken place in January. This can hardly have been the case, inasmuch as the city had not been taken into the king's hands before the middle of February—forty-one days after the commencement of the Iter. See Lib. Cust. i, p. 378.391.Letter Book E, fos. 119b-120 (Memorials, pp. 142-144).392.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 293, 296.393.-Id., i, 297.394.Dated, Boxle, 25 October. Patent Roll 15, Edward II, Part 1, m. ii.395.Chron. Edward I and II, i, p. 298. Re-elected "by the commons at the king's wish."—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 254.396.Chron. Edward I and II, i, pp. 298-299.397.Aungier, Fr. Chron., pp. 254, 255.398.The charter, dated Aldermaston, 12th December, 15 Edward II [A.D.1321], with seal (imperfect) attached, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4.)399.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301.—Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.). p. 255.400."Car c'est le plus perilleux peuple [sc. the English] qui soit au monde et plus outrageux et orgueilleux et de tous ceux d' Angleterre les Londriens sont chefs ... ils sont fors durs et hardis et haux en courage; tant plus voyent de sang respandu et plus sont cruels et moins ebahis."—Froissart's Hist. (ed. Lyon, 1559), pp. 333-334.401.Macaulay, Hist., cap. iii.402.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 257, 264.403.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 303.404.-Id., i. 305. Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 257.405.By the king's writ, dated Ravensdale, 29 Nov., Letter Book E. fo. 148. According to the French Chronicle (Aungier, p. 258) Chigwell recovered the mayoralty on the feast of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.]. On the 7th Dec. he was admitted and sworn into office.406.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301, 305, 318 n.407."Propter insidiantes domini regis et aliorum malorum hominum."—Id., i, 306.408.-Id., i, 307.409.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 259.410.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 308. Easter is given as the date of her departure by the Fr. Chron. (p. 259), Easter Day falling on the 15th April in that year.411.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 260.412.See her proclamation issued at Wallingford, 15th Oct. Rymer's Fœdera, vol. ii, part 1, pp. 645, 646.413.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 314, 315.414.Dated Baldock, 6 Oct., 1326. City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, membr. x (12).415.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), pp. 262, 263.416.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 315, 316. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 263.417.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 310. Murimuth, Chron. (Eng. Hist. Soc.), p. 48.418.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 321, ii, 310. Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 264. Murimuth (Eng. Hist. Soc.), pp. 48, 49.419.The proclamation is headed,Proclamacio prima post decessum episcopi Exoniensis et ipsius decollacionem.—City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, membr. 2 dors.420.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 265.421.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 318.422.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 323. Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, memb. 2.423.Dated 28 February, 1326-7. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325-326.424.Dated 6 March, 1326-7. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5).425.InreIslington Market Bill, 3 Clk, 513. See also Stat. 5 and 6, William IV, cap. cxi, ss. 46et seq.426.-Vide sup., p. 104.427.According to the common law of the land, no market could be erected so as to be a "nuisance" to another market within a less distance than six miles and a half and a third of another half.—Bracton "De Legibus Angliæ" (Rolls Series No. 70), iii, 584.428.Dated 4 March, 1326-7.429.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325.430.The king's letters asking for assistance were dated from Nottingham, 29 April and 2 May.—City's Records, Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. iv dors, and ix.431.The names of the troopers are set out in full, under the several wards, in Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, memb. ix. The compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i. 333), gives the number of the City contingent as 100 men, adding feelingly "sed proh pudor! nil boni ibi facientes sine honore revertuntur."432.Dated Topclyf, 10 July.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. ii (4).433.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. iii.434.Writ dated Lincoln, 23 September.—Id., Roll A 1, membr. v (7) dors.435.-Id., Roll A 1. memb. iii.—In July, 1323, the Exchequer had been transferred from York to Westminster, "and great treasure therewith."—Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 258.436.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. iii, and v (7).437.Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1. membr. xxii.438.-Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxii, dors.—According to the Chronicle of Lanercost (Bannatyne Club, p. 261), it was theLondonerswho refused to give up the stone.439.Rymer's Fœdera (1830), Vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 716. Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey (2nd ed.), pp. 60-64.440.Rymer's Fœdera (1821) Vol. ii, pt. ii, pp. 734, 740. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xx dors. Chron. Edward I and II, i. 339-340.441.The city was represented by Stephen de Abyndon and Robert de Kelseye. The writ was dated Clipston, 28 August, and the return made the 10th October.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxiii-xxiv.442.Letter dated 27 September.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii (27) dors.443.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xxiv (28) dors.444."Quod dictus Hamo fuit pessimus vermis qui venit in civitate jam xx annis elapsis et amplius, et quod nunquam foret bona pax in civitate dum viveret et quod bonum esset valde si capud ejus a corpore truncatur."—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii dors.445.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 29.446.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 29 dors.447.-Id.,ibid.—Notwithstanding this disavowal, it is said that no less than 600 Londoners assisted the Lancastrian cause.—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. Vol. i, p. cxx.448.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 343.—Letter Book E, fo. 179b. (Memorials, pp. 170-171).449.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 31.450.See letter from the mayor, &c., to the king informing him that his wishes had been carried out.—Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).451.At Christmas, both the primate and the city despatched letters to Edward, who was then at Worcester, to that effect.—Id., Roll A 1. memb. xxviii (32).452.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 343-344.453.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).454.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 242-243.455.-Id., i, 245, 346.456.-Id., i. 246-247.457.The will is enrolled in the records of the Court of Husting, Roll 61 (17). His devise to St. Paul's was challenged by John de Pulteney, and execution stayed.458.According to the compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i, 352), Mortimer was taken "in camera Isabelle reginæ."459.She died in 1357. and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, in the city.460."The last days of Queen Isabella."—Archæol., vol. xxxv, p. 464.461.On her first arrival in London she was conducted by a cavalcade of citizens to the Bishop of Ely's house in Holborn, and after her marriage, was made the recipient of a present of gold and silver and a great store of all kinds of provisions. Her coronation, which took place two years later (Feb., 1330), was also made the occasion for a further display of their loyalty and affection.—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 338, 339, 349.462.Green, Hist. of the English People, i, 410. Imposts on wool, writes Bishop Stubbs, became of such importance at this period that "the merchants again seemed likely to furnish the realm with a new estate."—Const. Hist., ii. 379.463.-Supra, pp. 112-115.464."Eodem anno (i.e., 1326) post Pascha dominus rex habuit consilium apud Westmonasterium; et ordinatum fuit ibi quod mercatores emerent lanas. corias et plumbum, in certis locis Angliæ, Walliæ et Hyberniæ, et illa loca vocantur Stapel."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 312.Cf.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 15.465.Dated 23 April, 1327. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. i (3) dors.466.Dated Nottingham, 30 April (1327). Rymer's Fœdera. Vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 705.467.Writ to the collector of dues in the port of London and other places on both sides of the Thames as far as Gravesend. Dated Overton, 2 July, 1 Edward III (a.d.1327). Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors (cedula).468.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.469.Letters patent, dated Lincoln, 23 Sept., 1 Edward III (a.d.1327).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.470.Writ to sheriffs to see the restrictions carried out, dated York, 1 March, 2 Edward III (a.d.1327-8).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 24 dors.471.Dated from Coventry.Id., Roll A 1, membr. 18 dors.472.Return to writ, dated 12 January, 1 Edward III (A.D.1327-8).—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 20.473.Letter from the Mayor, &c., of York, to the City of London, dated 29 January, and reply.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23).474.-Id. ibid.475.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xvii (20) dors. The letter was sent in reply to one from the City's representatives, Grantham and Priour, asking for instructions.476.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23) dors.477.He had been an intimate favourite of Edward II. and had been removed, with others, from that king's service in 1311. Notwithstanding this, he appears as the king's Chamberlain in 1316. Ten years later, when the city was in the hands of an infuriated mob, and the king confined at Kenilworth, John de Charleton took the Earl of Arundel prisoner and caused him to be beheaded. In 1329 the citizens received peremptory orders from Edward III, not to harbour him in the city.—Chron. Edward I & II. i, 247.478.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.479.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.480.Letter Book E, fo. 183. (Memorials, p. 169.)481."In 1333 they were again established in England, but merchants ignored them, and in the following year they were abolished. From 1344 onwards they are frequently discussed in parliament and assemblies of the merchants; and by the statute of 1353 the system was consolidated."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 412.482.Letter Book G. fos. 35b, 76.483.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 765.484.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 247, 249.485.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 249, 251.486.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 815.487.Rex Franciæ subtiliavit viis et modis quibus potuit qualiter deturbaret regem Angliæ et repatriare faceret ne tantum destrueret et debellaret regnum Scotiæ.—Knighton (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 476.488.-Id., i, 461.489.Letter Book E, fos. 1-4—(Memorials, pp. 187-190).490.John de Grantham was allowed 60 shillings for a horse which he lost whilst going to this parliament on the city's business. (Letter Book F, fo. 9b.) It is, however, not clear that Grantham attended the parliament as a city member.491.Chron. Edward I and II, ii. 122.492.Letter patent, dated 12 August.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 35.493.-Id. ibid.494.Letter patent, dated Westm., 24 March.—Letter Book F., fo. 6.495.-Id., fo. 6b.496.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 366.497.The king's letter, dated Stamford, 1 June, 1337.—Letter Book F, fo. 6b.498.Letter Book F, fos. 4-5.499.Charter dated Westminster, 26 March, 1337, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5). The king made frequent attempts to annul this charter.—Letter Book F, fo. 197; Letter Book G, fos. 11b, 41b.500.-Id., fo. 9.501.-Id., fo. 9b. (Memorials, p. 197).502.-Id., fo. 10b.503.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380.504.Letter Book F, fo. 42.505.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 3 and 3 dors.506.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380-381.507.Letter Book F, fos. 3, 3b.508.-Id., fo. 14b.Id., fo. 18b.509.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 5, membr. 3 dors.510.-Id., membr. 5 dors.511.-Id., membr. 6. On the 23 October, the Duke of Cornwall, whom the king had nominated regent during his absence abroad, wrote to the Mayor, &c., of London, bidding him put the city into a posture of defence.—Letter Book F, fo. 19.512.-Skumarii: a scummar, a rover. Skeats' Glossary to the Bruce (Early Eng. Text Soc.s. v.)513.Letter Book F, fos. 22b-23.514.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 1.515.Letter Book F, fly leaf. (Memorials, p. 204.)516.Letter Book F, fly-leaf. The passage was printed by the late Mr. Riley, although somewhat inaccurately, in his Memorials (p. 205). The original MS. runs thus: "Item in Camera Gildaule sunt sex Instrumenta de Laton vocata Gonnes cum quinque teleres ad eadem. Item pelete de plumbo pro eidem Instrumentis que ponderant iiijcli et dj. Item xxxij li de pulvere pro dictis instrumentis."517.The late Mr. Riley misread "roleres" for "teleres" (the writing is not very legible), and therefore thought the passage referred to heavy ordnance.518.Richard Hastinges bequeaths by will in 1558 his bows and arrows, with "tyllers" &c.—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 670.519.Congregacio Maioris Aldermannorum et unius hominis cujuslibet warde civitatis pro negociis communitatem tangentibus die veneris proxima post festum Sancte Katerine Virginis (25 Nov.) anno xiijccontra adventum domini regis et regine de partibus transmarinis.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 10.520.Letter Book F, fo. 30b.521.Letter Book F, fo. 32b. (Memorials, pp. 208-210.)522.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 12 dors.523.Letter Book F, fo. 34b.524.Letter Book F, fo. 39.525.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 20-21. Letter Book F, fo. 37b.526.A cedula inserted between membranes 19 and 20 of Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3.527.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 277.528.Murimuth, Contin. Chron. (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 116. Avesbury (Ibid), p. 323.529.Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 283-285. Murimuth, p. 117.530.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 22.531.Letter Book F, fos. 45b-49. Murimuth, pp. 118, 119.532.Murimuth, p. 119.533.Letter Book F, fo. 49.534.Dated 26 May, 1341. This charter, which was granted with the assent of parliament, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5.)535.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 25 dors.536.-Id., Roll A 5. membr. 17.537.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 392 note. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 290.538.Murimuth, 155.539.Letter Book F, fos. 81-84b.540.Commission, dated Windsor, 20th March, 1345.Id.fo. 98b.541.-Id.fos. 99, 109, 110.542.Letter Book F, fo. 111.543.-Id., fo. 116b.544.Murimuth (Rolls Series, No. 93, p. 198) states that the number of vessels great and small amounted to 750; whilst in another Chronicle the same writer says that they numbered more than 1,500 (Chron. ed. for Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 164.)545.Letter Book F. fo. 119. Murimuth (Rolls Series), p. 198.546.Murimuth (Rolls Series), pp. 205-211.547.Letter Book F, fo. 120b.548.-Id., fos. 121-125b.549.Letter Book F, fos. 127, 127b, 130.550.-Id., fos. 132b-133b.551.-Id., fos. 139, 140.552.-Id., fo. 140 b.553.Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 272.Cf.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64). p. 26.554.It was the first of the three pestilences (the others occurring in 1361 and 1369) which served occasionally as land marks in history for dating conveyances and other records.—See Bond's Handy-book for verifying dates, p. 311.555.Stow extravagantly conjectures that no less than 50,000 perished within a year, all of whom were buried in Walter Manny's cemetery, near the Charterhouse. Another chronicler states that 200 were buried there alone between February and April, 1349.—Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 407.556.Whilst the king forbade the encouragement of beggars by gifts of charity, the municipal authorities fixed the price of labour.—Letter Book F. fos. 163, 168, 169, 181. At the close of the year (1349) a statute—known as the Statute of Labourers—was passed, fixing the scale of wages at the rate prevalent before the Black Death, and ordering punishment to be inflicted on those who demanded more.557.Letter Book F, fo. 168.558.-Id., fo. 191b.559.By writ, dated 1 July. Letter Book F, fo. 185b.560.Letter Book F, fos. 187b, 188b.561.Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 412.562.Letter Book F, fos. 174, 176.563.Rot. Parl., ii, 155.564.Letter Book G, fo. 47.—Their cost, amounting to nearly £500, was assessed on the wards.565.Letter Book G, fo. 53b. (Memorials, pp. 285-289).566.Walshingham (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 283. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), p. 37.567.Letter Book G, fos. 65-67.568.Letter Book G, fo. 60.569.Relief on this point was afforded by the king in February, 1359, by the issue of a writ to the effect that the names of his purveyors should be handed to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and that the purveyors shall not seize any victuals until they had shown and read their commission.—Letter Book G, fo. 74.570.Walsingham, i, 288.571.Letter Book G, fo. 133.572.Stow's Survey (Thom's ed. 1876), pp. 41, 90.—If we include David, King of Denmark (as some do), the number of kings entertained on this occasion was five, and to this day the toast of "Prosperity to the Vintners' Company" is drunk at their banquets with five cheers in memory of the visit of the five crowned heads.—See a pamphlet entitledThe Vintners' Company with Five, by B. Standring, Master of the Company in 1887.573.Letter Book G, fo. 133.—The list of subscribers, as printed in Herbert's Introduction to his History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (p. 32), is very inaccurately transcribed.574.-Id., fo. 158.575.-Id., fos. 225b, 226b, 235b, 236b.576.-Id., fo. 228b.577.Letter Book G, fo. 247b.—The money was advanced on the security of Exchequer bills. The names of the contributors and the several sums contributed, covering three folios of the Letter Book, have been for some reason erased.578.-Id., fos. 263, 270.579.Fasciculi Zizaniorum (Rolls Series No. 5), introd., p. xxviii.580.Letter Book G, fos. 274b-275.581.-Id., fo. 268.582.Letter Book G, fos. 268b, 270.583.The number of parishes is elsewhere given as 110.—Id., fo. 275. A list of London benefices, under date 31 Edward I [1302-3], is given in the City's Liber Custumarum (i, 228-230), the number being 116.584.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), pref. vol. i, p. lvi.585.Chron. Edward I and II, introd., vol. i., p. xli.586.Letter Book G, fo. 271. (Memorials, pp. 350-352).587.-Id., fo. 289b.588.Walsingham, i, 315.589.Letter Book G, fos. 297, 298, 304b, 306b, 307.590.Letter Book G, fo. 312b. Letter Book H, fos. 17-19b.591.The parliament was originally summoned for the 12th February, but did not meet before the 28 April. The city members were John Pyel and William Walworth, Aldermen, William Essex and Adam Carlile, commoners.—Letter Book H. fos. 28. 29.592.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), 78, 79.593.Walsingham i, 321. Higden's Polychron (Rolls Series No. 41), viii, 385. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), pp. 94, 392.594.Letter Book H, fo. 45b.595.See the king's letter, dated "Haddele" Castle, 29 July, 1376.—Letter Book H, fo. 44.596.The names of the representatives of the guilds forming the first Common Council of the kind are placed on record.—Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 47.597.-Id., fo. 44b.598.Letter Book H, fo. 46.599.-Id., fos. 47, 161; Journal 11, fo. 89.600.Charter, dated 26 May, 15 Edward III,Suprap. 188.601.Letter Book H, fo. 173.—The names of those elected by the wards to the Common Council two years later (9 Ric. II), are inserted on a cedula between membranes, 15 and 16, of Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 27.602.Walsingham, i, 327. Chron. Angliæ, pp. 142, 143. Modern writers, however, have discovered some good qualities in this lady.—See Notes and Queries, 7th Series, vol. vii, pp. 449,et seq.603.Chron. Angliæ, p. 130.604.See Hust., Rolls, 95, (130) (13O); 97, (9); 98, (73) (74) (82); 109, (6) (7) (8); also Will of William Burton—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 301.605.Letter Book H, fo. 77b.606.-Id., fo. 47b.607.Pat. Roll, 3 Ric. II, part 1.608."Ut de cetero non major, antiquo more, sed capitaneus Londoniis haberetur, et quod Marescallus Angliæ in illa civitate, sicut alibi, reos arestare valeret; cum multis petitionibus quæ; manifeste obviabant urbis libertatibus et imminebant civium detrimento."—Chron. Angliæ, p. 120.609.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 123-125, 397; Walsingham, i, 325.610.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 125, 398.611.-Id., pp. 127, 128.612.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.613.Letter Book H, fos. 58, 59.614.Chron. Angliæ, p. 134.615.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.616.-Id., pp. 136-137, 142-143.617.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 146-149. The chronicler expresses the utmost joy and astonishment at the sudden change in the duke's manner. It was (he says) nothing less than a miracle that one who had so recently demanded a present of precious stones and 100 tuns of wine, as the price of his favour, should now appear so complacent.618.-Id., pp. 150, 151.619."Londonienses præcipue obloquebantur, dicentes jam perpaucorum proceruin corda fore cum Rege, eos solos sibi fideles esse; quorum Rex licet ironice, vocabatur a nonnullis proceribus, eo quod ipsi multum juvissent eum in coronatione sua."—Walsingham i, 370;Cf.Chron. Angliæ, p. 200.620.Chron. Angliæ, p. 153.621.Lib. Cust. ii, 467, 468. It appears from the City Records, that the king's butler in ordinary could claim the office of Coroner of the city.—See Letter Book H, fos. 68, 77b.622.The Isle of Wight had been surprised and taken, Rye had been captured, Hastings had been destroyed by fire, and Winchelsea would have fallen into the hands of the enemy but for the bold defence made by the Abbot of Battle.—Walsingham i, 340-342; Chron. Angliæ, pp. 151, 166, 167.623.Letter Book H, fos. 76-77, 83.624.Et deputati sunt ad hujus pecuniæ custodiam duo cives Londonienses, scilicet Willelmus Walworthe et Johannes Philipot.—Chron. Angliæ, p. 171. Eight other citizens, viz., Adam Lovekyn, William Tonge, Thomas Welford, Robert Lucas, John Hadley, John Northampton, John Organ, and John Sely, were appointed collectors of the two fifteenths.—Letter Book H, fo. 90.625.Dated 4 Dec, 1377. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).626.Letter Book H, fo. 82.627.Chron. Angliæ, p. 194: Walsingham i, 367. It was stated before parliament, in 1378, that Walworth and Philipot had laid out every penny of the subsidy.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 445 note.628.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 199, 200. Philipot again showed his patriotism in 1380, by providing money and arms for an expedition sent to assist the Duke of Brittany.—Id., p. 266. He died in the summer of 1384.—Walsingham, ii, 115.629.Letter Book H, fo. 95.630."Et idcirco locum illum elegerant præmeditato facinori; ne Londonienses, si Londoniis fuisset Parliamentum prædictum, sua auctoritate vel potentia eorum conatus ullatenus impedirent."—Walsingham, i, 380.631.Letter Book H, fo. 101b. (Memorials, p. 427).632.Letter Book H, fos. 109b, 110.633.-Id., fos. 107, 108, 109.634.-Id., fos. 111b, 113.635.Letter Book H, fos. 128, 132.636.The story of the insurrection under Wat Tyler, and of his death at the hands of Walworth, as told in Letter Book H, fo. 133b (Memorials, pp. 449-451), varies in some particulars from that given by Walsingham (i, 454-465), and in the Chronicon Angliæ (pp. 285-297).637.Letter Book H, fo. 134.638.-Id., fo. 134b.639.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 24, membr. 9.640.Walsingham, i, 467-484; ii, 23.641.Walsingham, ii, 13.642.-Id., ii, 9, 10.643.Letter Book H, fos. 149b, 150.644."Homo duri cordis et astutus, elatus propter divitias et superbus, qui nec inferioribus adquiescere, nec superiorum allegationibus sive monitis flecti valeret quin quod inceperat proprio ingenio torvo proposito ad quemcunque finem perducere niteretur."—Walsingham, ii, 65.645.Letter Book H, fo. 144. (Memorials, p. 463).646.Letter Book H, fo. 146b.647.-Id., fos. 153-154.648.Walsingham, ii, 71. From the City's Records it appears that early in 1383, William Baret was alderman of Philipot's ward (Cornhill); but in the following year, when Brembre succeeded to his mayoralty, and the so-called "king's party" was again in the ascendant, Philipot again appears as alderman of his old ward, continuing in office until his death (12 Sept., 1384), when he was succeeded by John Rote.—Letter Book H, fos. 163, 174.649.Letter Book H, fo. 155b.650.Letter Book H, fo. 154.651.Letter Book H, fo. 168. Three years later, "the folk of the Mercerye of London" complained to parliament that Brembre and his "upberers" had on this occasion obtained his election by force—"through debate and strenger partye."—(Rot., Parl. iii, 225). There is no evidence of this in the City's Records, although there appears to have been a disturbance at his re-election in 1384. It may be to this that the Mercers' petition refers. It is noteworthy that at the time of his election in 1383, Brembre was not an alderman, although in the previous year, and again in the year following his election, he is recorded as Alderman of Bread Street Ward.—Letter Book H, fos. 140, 163, 174.652.Breve quod piscenarii libertatis civitatis Londoniæ exerceant artem suam ut consueverunt. Dated 27 Nov., 1383.—Letter Book H, fo. 172.653.-Id., fos. 154-154b, 176-177.654.Dated 26 Nov., 7 Ric. II. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).655.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3 dors.656.Letter Book H, fos. 166, 167.657.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3.658.Writ dated 9 February; Letter Box H, fo. 173b.659.-Id., fos. 173b, 174b.660.-Id., fo. 174.661.Letter Book H, fo. 179.662.Letter Book H, fo. 179b; Walsingham, ii, 116.663.Hidgen, Polychron. (Rolls Series No. 41), ix, 45seq.664."Hæc autem omnia sibi fieri procurarunt æmuli piscarii, ut dicebabur, quia per illos stetit quod ars et curia eorum erant destructæ."—Higden, ix, 49.665.Letter Book H, fo. 92. (Memorials, pp. 415-417).666.Letter Book H, fo. 182. The names of those specially summoned are set out in Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 15.667.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 4, 5 and 6.668.Higden, ix, 50, 51.669.Letter Book H, fo. 182.670.Letter Book H, fo. 198b.671.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 26.672.Letters patent of pardon received the king's sign manual on the 3 June, 1386 (Letter Book H, fo. 216), but the prisoners were not released before April in the following year.—See Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.673.Letter Book H, fo. 214. (Memorials, p. 494).674.Rot. Parl. iii, 227, cited by Riley in his "Memorials," p. 494, note.675.Letter Book H, fo. 176b.676.This letter, which was dated the 27 April, was delivered to Lord Zouche at his house by John Reche, Common Pleader, and Ralph Strode and John Harwell, Sergeants-at-Arms.—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.677."Super quo dominus Rex respondit quod licet in sua potestate fuerat cum ipsis, Johanne, Johanne et Ricardo agere graciose bene tamen sibi provideret priusquam foret eis graciam concessurus."—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.678.Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.679.Letter Book H, fo. 222.680.The oath as set out in the letter to the king differs from another copy of the oath, which immediately precedes the letter in Letter Book H, fos. 220b, 221; a clause having been subsequently added to the latter to the effect that the swearer abjured the opinions of Northampton and his followers, and would oppose their return within the bounds and limits set out in the king's letters patent.681.Letter Book H, fo. 222.682.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.683.Walsingham, ii, 150.684.Higden, Polychron. ix, 104.685.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.686.Higden, Polychron. ix, 106; Walsingham, ii, 166.687.Letter Book H, fo. 223b. (Memorials, p. 449.)688.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108-109.689."Londonienses ... mobiles erant ut arundo, et nunc cum Dominis, nunc cum Rege, sentiebant, nusquam stabiles sed fallaces."—Hist. Angliæ, ii, 161.690.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108; Walsingham, ii, 169.691.Pleas and Mem., Roll A, membr. 7.692.Higden, ix, 111-114; Walsingham, ii, 170, 171; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 5.693.Higden, ix, 117, 118.694.Howell's State Trials, i, 115.695.Higden, Polychron. ix, 168.696.State Trials, i, 118, 119.697.Walsingham, ii, 165-174.698.Higden, ix, 167-169.699.Letter Book H, fo. 228.700.Letter Book H, fo, 161.701.-Id.,fo. 126; Higden ix, 179.702.Letter Book H, fos. 234, 234b.703.Higden ix, 217.704.Higden ix, 238, 239.705.Letters patent, date, 2 Dec, 1390.—Letter Book H, fo. 255; Higden ix, 243.706.Letter Book H, fo. 259. (Memorials, p. 526.).707.-Id., fo. 300.708.-Id., fo. 270.709.Higden, ix, 270. According to Walsingham (Hist. Angl. ii, 208), the Lombard failed to get the money from the citizens, who nearly killed him when they learnt his purpose.710.The names of the citizens chosen for the occasion are given by Higden (Polychron. ix, 269, 270), and in Letter Book H, fo. 270.711.The reason given in the City Records for the dismissals which followed is stated to be "certain defects in a commission under the common seal and other causes."—Letter Book H, fo. 270b.712.Higden, Polychron. ix, 272; Walsingham, ii, 208-209.713.Higden, ix, 273; Letter Book H, fo. 270b.714.Letter Book H, fo. 275b.715.-Id., fo. 273.716.Letter Book H, fo. 269b; Higden, ix, 267. Walsingham (ii, 213) suggests that this was done at the instance of the Archbishop of York, the Chancellor.717."Putabant isti officiarii per hoc non modicum damnificare civitatem Lundoniæ, sed potius hoc multo majora damna intulerunt regi et hominibus regni quam jam dictæ civitati."—Higden, ix, 267-268.718.Walsingham, ii, 210.719.Higden, ix, 273.720.Letters Patent of pardon, dated Woodstock, 19 September, 1392. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 6).721.Higden. ix, 274, 276, 278; Letter Book H, fos. 271b, 272, 274. Notwithstanding these remissions, the city was mulcted, according to Waisingham (ii, 211), in no less a sum than £10,000 before it received its liberties.—Cf.Chron. of London, 1089-1483 (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas, sometimes called "Tyrrell's Chronicle," from a City Remembrancer of that name), p. 80.722.Stat. 17, Ric. II, c. 13; Letter Book H, fos. 290b, 291.; Bohun, "Privilegia Londini" (ed. 1723), p. 57.723.Higden, ix, 274.724.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 489-490.725.Letter Book H, fo. 314.726.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 12.727."Also this yere (1397-8), by selying of blank chartres, the Citie of London paied to the kyng a mlli."—Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas); p. 83.728.Letters Patent, dat. 9 May, 1399.—Letter Book H, fo. 326. Richard set sail on the 29th.729."Douze cent hommes de Londres, tous armés et montés à cheval."—Froissart (ed. Lyon, 1559), vol. iv, c. 108, p. 328. In Lord Berner's translation of Froissart (iv, 566), the number is wrongly given as 12,000.730.Walsingham, ii, 245, 246.731.Walsingham, ii, 262-264. Serle's Christian name is given elsewhere as John.—Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 30. The writ for his execution is dated 5 August, 1404.—Letter Book I, fo. 31b.732.Letter Book I, fo. 180b. (Memorials, pp. 638-641). Walsingham, ii, 317.733.City Records Journal, I, fo. 83b. We have now a series of MS. Volumes among the City's archives known as "Journals" to assist us. They contain minutes of proceedings of the Court of Common Council, just as the "Repertories" (which we shall have occasion to consult later on), contain a record of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen. The Letter Books may now be regarded as "fair copies" of the more important of the proceedings of both Courts.734.Letter Book H, fo. 307b. The Lollards are said to have derived their name from a low German wordlollen, to sing or chant, from their habit of chanting, but their clerical opponents affected to derive it from the Latinlolium, as if this sect were as tares among the true wheat of the church.735.Letter Book I, fo. 125b-132.736.-Id., fo. 130b.737.-Ibid.738.Letter Book I, fo. 11b.739.He appears, however, to have burnt by a special order of the king, before the passing of the statute.—See Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), Introd. p. lxix.740.A curious story is told of boys in the streets playing at England and Scotland at this time, with the result that what began in play ended in fighting and loss of life.—See Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 332.741.Letter Book I, fo. 16.742.Letter Book I, fo. 27; Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 379.743.Letter Book I, fo. 89b.744.-Id., fo. 113.745.-Id., fo. 108b.746.Letter Book I, fo. 112b.747.Exchequer Roll, Lay Subsidy, 144-20.—See Archæological Journal, vol. xliv, 56-82.748.Letter Book I, fo. 54. (Memorials pp. 563-564.)749.License, dated Westminster, 29 May, 12 Henry IV (A.D.1411).—Letter Book I, fo. 103b. In 1417 the mayor and aldermen ordained that the rector of St. Peter's for the time being should in future take precedence of the rectors of all other city churches, on the ground that Saint Peter's was the first church founded in the city of London, having been built in 199 by King Lucius, and for 400 years or more held the metropolitan chair.—Letter Book I, fo. 203. (Memorials, pp. 651-653.)Cf.Journal 1, fo. 21b.750."Eminentissima turris Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et pugil invictus Dominus Thomas de Arundelia."—Hist. Angl. ii, 300.751.A certain William Fyssher, aparchemyneror parchment-maker of London, was afterwards (1416) convicted of assisting in Oldcastle's escape, and was executed at Tyburn.—Letter Book I, fo. 181b. (Memorials, p. 641.)752.Walsingham, ii, 292-299; Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), 433-449; Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas), p. 97.753.Letter Book I, fos. 286-290.754.2 Hen. V. Stat. i, c. 7.755.It was not, however, the last occasion upon which parliamentary action was attempted. In 1422, and again in 1425, the Lollards were formidable in London, and parliament on both occasions ordered that those who were in prison should be delivered at once to the Ordinary, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 81, 363.756.Letter Book I, fo. 147.757.Walsingham, ii, 306, 307.758.Hist. Angl., ii, 307.759.Letter Book I, fol. 154.760.See letter from the mayor to the king, giving an account of Cleydon's trial, 22nd August, 1415.—Letter Book I, fo. 155. (Memorials, p. 617). Foxe, "Acts and Monuments," iii, 531-534.761.Walsingham, ii, 327, 328.762.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 46; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 106.763.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii., 363, 364.764.Letter Book I, fo. 150. This "very antient memorandum" of the Lord Mayor's precedence in the City was submitted to Charles II in 1670, when that monarch insisted upon Sir Richard Ford, the Lord Mayor of the day, giving "the hand and the place" to the Prince of Orange (afterwards William III of England), on the occasion of the prince being entertained by the City.—Repertory, 76, fos. 28b, 29.765.Letter Book I, fo. 158b. (Memorials, p. 613).766.-Id., fo. 157.767.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), pp. 108-109. Gregory was an alderman of the City, and an eye-witness of much that he relates.768.Letter dated 2nd August—the day on which Sir Thomas Grey, one of the chief conspiritors was executed.—Letter Book I, fo. 180.769.Letter Book I, fo. 143. (Memorials, p. 619).770.Letter Book I, fo. 177.771.Letter Book I, fo. 159. (Memorials, pp. 620, 622).772."Quali gaudio, quali tripudio, quali denique triumpho, sit acceptus a Londoniensibus, dicere prætermitto. Quia revera curiositas apparatumn, nimietas expensarum, varietates spectaculorum, tractatus exigerent merito speciales."—Walsingham, ii, 314.773.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 103.774.Letter Book I, fo. 178b. Other proclamations on the same subject are recorded in the same place, most of which will be found in "Memorials" (pp. 627-629).775.Letter Book I, fo. 190b.776.-Id., fos. 188, 188b.777.Letter Book I, fo. 191b.778.Letter Book I, fo. 218b. In May, 1419, the sword was surrendered, and the security changed to one on wool, woolfells, &c.—Id., fo. 227b.779.Letter Book I, fo. 229. (Memorials, p. 654.)780.Journal 1, fo. 30b.781.Letter Book I, fo. 200b. (Memorials, p. 657.)782.Letter, dated Caen, 11 September.—Letter Book I, fo. 200b.783.Writ, dated 18th Oct.—Letter Book I, fo. 203.784.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 89.785.Letter Book I, fo. 222.786.Letter Book I, fos. 211b, 212b, 217. Proclamations made by the civic authorities at this time were subscribed "Carpenter"—the name of the Common Clerk or Town Clerk of the City. The custom of the Town Clerk of London for the time being, signing official documents of this kind with his surname alone, continues at the present day.787.Letter Book I, fo. 215b.788.Letter Book I, fo. 216. (Memorials, p. 664).789.Letter Book I, fo. 216. On the 15th September the question of payment to the brewers, wine drawers and turners of the cups was considered.—Journal I, fo. 48. (Memorials, pp. 665, 666).790.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), 1222.791.Letter Book I, fos. 236, 236b.792.Letter Book I, fo. 237. (Memorials, p. 674).793.-Id., fo. 241b.794.Letter Book I, fo. 252.795.Walsingham, ii, 335.796.Letter Book I, fo. 263.797.Letter Book I, fo. 259. According to Walsingham (ii, 336), the ceremony took place on thefirstSunday in Lent.798.Walsingham, ii, 336, 337.799.Parliament voted a fifteenth and a tenth to assist the king in his necessities; John Gedney, alderman, John Perneys, John Bacon, grocer, and John Patesley, goldsmith, being appointed commissioners to levy the same within the City.—Letter Book I, fo. 277b.800.Letter Book K, fo. 1b.801.Letter Book I, fo. 282b.802.Letter Book I, fo. 282b; Letter Book K, fo. 12.803.Letter Book K, fo. 2.804.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 97.805.Letter Book K, fos. 10, 10b.806.-Id., fo. 15b.807.Letter Book K, fos. 10-18.808.Chron. London (Nicolas), p. 114; Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 17), p. 159; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), pp. 53, 54.809.See two letters from the mayor.—Letter Book K, fos. 18b, 21.810.Gregory's Chron., p. 160.811.-Id., p. 162.812.Journal 2, fos. 22b, 64b (new pagination).813.Letter Book K, fo. 50b.814.Gregory's Chron., p. 161.815.Letter Book K, fo. 55b.816.Letter Book K, fos. 62, 63b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.817.Letter Book K, fo. 66b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.818.Letter Book K, fo. 68b. In 1443 the Common Council agreed to allow the City members their reasonable expenses out of the chamber (Journal 5, fo. 129b), but when parliament met at Coventry in 1459, the City members were allowed 40s.a day, besides any disbursements they might make in the City's honour (Journal 6, fo. 166b), and the same allowance was made in 1464, when parliament sat at York (Journal 7, fos. 52, 54).819.-Id., fo. 69b.820.Gregory's Chron., pp. 164-168.821.City Records, Liber Dunthorn, fo. 61b; Letter Book K, fo. 70.822.Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, London, ii, 509.823.Letter Book K, fo. 84.824.A long account of his entry into the French capital, and of the pageantry in honour of the occasion, is set out in full in the City's Records.—Letter Book K, fos. 101b-103.825.A full descriptive account of Henry's reception on his return from France is set out in the City Records (Letter Book K, fos. 103b-104b). It purports to be an account sent by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk, to a friend, and has been printed at the end of theLiber Albus(Rolls Series);Cf.Gregory's Chron., pp. 173-175.826.He informed the City of his intention by letter, dated from Ghent the 13th April.—Letter Book K, fo. 105.827.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 114-117.828.Letter Book K, fo. 137b.829.Letter Book K, fo. 138.830.Gregory's Chron., p. 177.831.Letter Book K, fo. 148.832."And that same yere (1437), the Mayre of London sende, by the good a-vyse and consent of craftys, sent sowdyers to Calys, for hyt was sayde that the Duke of Burgone lay sege unto Calis."—Gregory's Chron. p. 178.833.Letter Book K, fos. 160-162.834.Gregory's Chron. p. 179.835.Letter Book K. fo. 183b. The tax was found to be so successful that it was subsequently renewed. In 1453 it was renewed for the king's life.—Id., fo. 280b.836.Journal 3, fo. 103b.837.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 129.838.The validity as well as the effect of this charter (which is preserved in the Town Clerk's office) has been made the subject of much controversy, some contending that it is in effect a grant of the soil of the river from Staines to Yantlet, that being the extent of the City's liberties on the Thames, whilst others restrict the grant to the City's territorial limits,i.e., from Temple Bar to the Tower.839.Letter Book K, fo. 220b.840.Chron. of London (Nicholas), p. 134.841.See "Historical Memoranda," by Stow, printed in "Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), pp. 94-99.842."And the Meire of London with the comynes of the city came to the kynge besekynge him that he wolde tarye in the cite, and they wolde lyve and dye with him, and pay for his costes of householde an halff yere; but he wold nott, but toke his journey to Kyllyngworthe."—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chronicles" (Camd. Soc.), p. 67.843.Journal 5, fo. 36b.844.Journal 5, fo. 39.845.He had been admitted alderman of Lime Street ward in 1448, at the king's special request, and had only recently been discharged.—Journal 4, fo. 213b; Journal 5, fo. 38b. In 1461 he left England, but was captured at sea by the French and put to ransom for 4,000 marks.—Fabyan, p. 638.846.Holinshed, iii, 224.847.Gregory's Chron., p. 192.848.Journal 5, fo. 40b.849.Alexander Iden, who appears to have pursued Cade beyond the limits of his own jurisdiction, as Sheriff of Kent, into the neighbouring county of Sussex, where the rebel was apprehended in a garden at Heathfield.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron.," preface, p. vii.850.The exclusion of the Duke and other nobles from the king's council had been made an express ground of complaint by the Kentish insurgents.851.Chron., p. 196.852."And so thei brought (the duke) ungirt thurgh London bitwene ij bisshoppes ridyng unto his place; and after that made hym swere at Paulis after theire entent, and put him frome his good peticions which were for the comoen wele of the realme."—Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 138.853.Journal 5, fos. 131, 132b, 133b.854.Journal 5, fos. 134b, 135b, 136.855.-Id., fo. 148.856.-Id., fo. 152.857.-Id., fo. 152b.858.-Id., fos. 183, 184.859.Journal 5, fo. 206.860.Report of City Chamberlain to the Court of Common Council.—Journal 5, fos. 227-228b.861.News-letter of John Stodeley, 19 Jan., 1454; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 265, 266.862.Journal 5, fos 143, 145b, 152, 152b-160b.863.Journal 5, fo. 150.864.-Id., fos. 162, 162b.865.-Id., fo. 164b.866.Booking to Paston, 15 May; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 387;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139; Gregory's Chron., p. 199.867.William Cantelowe, alderman of Cripplegate and Billingsgate wards, from the latter of which he was discharged in October, 1461, on the score of old age and infirmity (Journal 6, fo. 81b). He appears in his time to have had financial dealings with the crown, on one occasion conveying money over sea for bringing Queen Margaret to England, and on another supplying gunpowder to the castle of Cherbourg, when it was in the hands of the English. He is thought by some to be identical with the William Cantelowe who afterwards (in 1464) captured Henry VI in a wood in the North of England.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 28), Preface, p. viii.868.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 70.869.Letter Book K, fo. 287.870.-Id., fo. 288b.871.Cotton MS., Vitell. A, xvi, fo. 114.872.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 77.873.Fabyan, Chron. (ed. 1811), p. 633;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139.874.Journal 6, fos. 138, 138b, 139.875.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 78;Cf.Fabyan, p. 633; Holinshed, iii, 249.876.Short Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 71; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 140.877.Journal 6, fo. 166.878.-Id., fo. 145.879.-Id., fo. 163.880.English Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 179.881.Journal 6, fo. 224b.882.William Paston, writing to his brother John, under date 28th January, 1460, remarks, "Item, the kyng cometh to London ward, and, as it is seyd, rereth the pepyll as he come; but it is certayn ther be comyssyons made in to dyvers schyres that every man be redy in his best aray to com when the kyng send for hem."—Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 506.883.Paston Letters (Gairdner), Introd., p. cxl.884.The king's letter, dated 2 Feb., was read before the Common Council on the 5 Feb.—Letter Book K, fo. 313b; Journal 6, fo. 196b.885.Journal 6, fo. 197b.886.-Id., fo. 203b.887.-Id., fo. 158.888.Journal 6, fo. 237.889.It had been destroyed by fire during the Kentish outbreak.—Gregory's Chron., p. 193.890.Journal 6, fo. 237b.891.Journal 6, fo. 238.892.-Id., fo. 238b.893.Journal 6, fos. 239, 239b; Eng. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 94.894.Journal 6, fo. 252b.895.Eo quod nullus alius modus videtur esse tutus pro civitate.—Id., fo. 251.896.Journal 6, fo. 251b.897.-Id., fo. 250b.898.Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 98. The Thames boatmen and sailors were almost as powerful and troublesome a body of men as the London apprentices. The Common Council had recently (11th July) endeavoured to subdue their turbulent spirit by the distribution among them of a large sum of money (£100).—Journal 6, fo. 254.899.On the 4th July the Common Council voted the earls the sum of £1,000 by way of loan.—Journal 6, fo. 253.900.Journal 6, fo. 256. By some inadvertence two copies of the agreement were sealed, one of which was returned to the mayor to be cancelled.901.Journal 6, fo. 257.902.Gregory's Chron., p. 208; Engl. Chron., pp, 99-100; Short Engl. Chron., p. 75.903.The interview with the wardens of the companies took place at a Common Council held on the 13th December, 1460.—Journal 6, fo. 282b.904.Journal 6, fo. 13.905.The governing body in the city was still Lancastrian at heart. On the 13th Feb. the Common Council had voted Henry, at that time in the hands of Warwick, a loan of 1,000 marks, and a further sum of 500 marks (making in all £1,000) for the purpose ofgarnysshyngand safeguarding the city. On the 24th a certain number of aldermen and commoners were deputed to answer for the safe custody of the Tower, and on the following day (25 Feb.) the mayor forbade, by public proclamation, any insult being offered to Sir Edmund Hampden and others, who had been despatched by the king and queen to London for the purpose of ascertaining "the true and faithful disposition" of the city.—Journal 6, fos. 35, 35b, 40.906.Gregory's Chron., p. 215.907.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 189.908.Journal 6, fo. 37b.909.Letter Book L, fo. 4; Lib. Dunthorn, fo. 62; Journal 7, fo. 98.910.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 80.911.Journal 7, fos. 97b, 98.912.Charter, dat. Winchecombe, 26 Aug., 1461. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).913.Inspeximus charter, dated Westminster, 25 March, 1462. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 13).914.Journal 7, fo. 8.915.-Id., fo. 15.916.See Inspeximus charter 15 Charles II.917.Journal 7, fo. 21b.918.Journal 7, fo. 175.919.Ancestor of Lord Bacon and others of the nobility.—See Orridge "Citizens and their Rulers," p. 222.920.Fabyan, p. 656. He was deprived of his aldermanry (Broad Street Ward) by the king's orders.—Journal 7, fo. 128.921.Journal 7, fos. 196, 198, 199.922.Journal 7, fos. 215b, 222b.923.-Id., fos. 229b, 230b.924.-Id., fo. 222b.925.A record of what took place in the city between the 1st and 6th October is set out in Journal 7, fo. 223b.926.-Id., fo. 225.927.He had, after Warwick's flight to France in March of this year, put to death and impaled twenty of the earl's followers.—Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 9.928.Journal 7, fo. 225.929.Fabyan Chron., p. 660.930.Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 15.—According to the chronicler, theCommonsof the city were still loyal to Henry, whom Archbishop Nevill had carried through the streets, weak and sickly as he was, in the hope of exciting the sympathy of the burgesses. Had the archbishop been a true man, "as the Commons of London were," Edward would not have gained an entry into the city until after the victory of Barnet-field.931.Journal 5, fos. 152, 175.932.The "bastard's" letter and the reply of the mayor and aldermen are set out in Journal 8, fos. 4b-6b, and Letter Book L, fo. 78.933.Holinshed, iii, 323; Fabyan, p. 662.—According to Warkworth (p. 19), theCommonswould willingly have admitted the rebels had the latter not attempted to fire Aldgate and London Bridge.934.Paston Letters, iii, 17.935.The 21st May is the day usually given as that on which Edward returned. The City's Journal, however, gives the day as the Eve of the Ascension, that festival falling on May the 23rd.—Journal 8, fo. 7.936.Warkworth's Chron., p. 21.937.Namely, Richard Lee, Matthew Philip, Ralph Verney, John Young, William Tailour, George Irlond, William Hampton, Bartholomew James, Thomas Stalbrok, and William Stokker.—Journal 8, fo. 7.938.Journal 7, fo. 246.939.-Id., 8, fo. 98.940.-Id., fo. 101.941.Journal 8, fo. 110b.942.Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).943.Journal 8, fo. 244.944.Fabyan, p. 667.945.Proclamation, dated 21 Nov., 22 Edw. IV.—Letter Book L, fo. 281b; Journal 9, fo. 2.946.Journal 9, fo. 12.947.-Id., fo. 14.948.-Id., fo. 14b.949.-Id., fos. 18, 18b.950.Journal 9, fo. 21b.951.The oath taken by Gloucester to King Edward V, as well as the oath which he was willing to take to the queen, if she consented to quit Westminster, were read before the Common Council on the 23rd March.—Journal 9, fo. 23b.952.Wife of Matthew Shore, a respectable goldsmith of Lombard Street:—"In Lombard-street, I once did dwelle,As London yet can witness welle;Where many gallants did beholdeMy beautye in a shop of golde."(Percy Reliques).She had recently been made to do penance by Gloucester in a white sheet for practising witchcraft upon him; but her unhappy position, as well as her well-known charity in better days, gained for her much sympathy and respect.953.The duke's speech, interesting as it is, as showing the importance attached to gaining the favour of the City, cannot be regarded as historical.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 224 note.954.Journal 9, fo. 27.955.Journal 9, fo. 33b. The names of the citizens selected for that honour are recorded.—Id., fo. 21b. The names also of those who attended coronations in the same capacity down to the time of George IV are, with one exception (the coronation of Charles I), entered in the City's archives.—(See Report on Coronations, presented to Co. Co., 18 Aug., 1831.Printed.)956.-Id., fo. 43.957.-Id., fo. 114b.958.Journal 9, fo. 39.959.Green, Hist. of the English People, ii, 63.960.Stat. 1 Richard III, c. 9.961.-Id., c. 2.962.Journal 9, fo. 43b.963.Journal 9, fo. 56.964.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 140.965.Journal 9, fos. 78b, 81. Richard issued a proclamation against Henry "Tydder" on the 23 June, calling upon his subjects to defend themselves against his proposed attack.—Paston Letters (Gairdner), iii, 316-320.966.Journal 9, fos. 81b-83b.967.Journal 9, fos. 84, 85b, 86b;Cf."Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 4-6.968.Holinshed, iii, 479.969.Hecker's "Epidemics of the Middle Ages," p. 168.970.Journal 9, fo. 87b.971.The day for election of mayor varied; at one time it was the Feast of the Translation of S. Edward (13 Oct.), at another the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude (28 Oct.).972.Journal 9, fo. 88.973.-Id., fo. 78b.974.-Id., fo. 89b.975.Holinshed, iii, 482, 483; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 141b. According to Fabyan (p. 683), the Mercers, Grocers and Drapers subscribed nearly one half of the loan.976.Pol. Verg., 717; "Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 3.977.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh" (Twelve English Statesmen Series), p. 47. No record of this appears in the City's archives.978.Journal 9, fos. 150b, 151.979.-Id., fo. 151.980.He arrived on the 3rd Nov.—Gairdner, p. 57.981.Journal 9, fos. 157b, 158.982.-Id., fo. 161.983.Journal 9, fo. 223b; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 142b; Fabyan, p. 683; Holinshed, iii, 492.984.Henry's second parliament was summoned to meet the 9th Nov., 1487. The names of the City's representatives have not come down to us, but we know that William White, an alderman, was elected one or the members in the place of Thomas Fitz-William, who was chosen member for Lincolnshire, and we have the names of six men chosen to superintend the City's affairs in this parliament (ad prosequendum in parliamento pro negociis civitatis), viz:—William Capell, alderman, Thomas Bullesdon, Nicholas Alwyn, Simon Harrys, William Brogreve, and Thomas Grafton.—Journal 9, fo. 224.985.Holinshed, iii, 492.986.Journal 9, fo. 273b.987.Fabyan, p. 684.988.Journal 10, fos. 80b, 83; Repertory 1, fos. 10b, 13. The "Repertories"—containing minutes of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen, distinct from those of the Common Council—commence in 1495.989.Repertory 1, fo. 19b.990.Two years later, when the post was held by Arnold Babyngton, complaint being made of the noisome smell arising from the burning of bones, horns, shavings of leather, &c., in preparing food for the City's hounds, near Moorgate, the Common Hunt was allowed a sum of 26s.8d.in addition to his customary fees for the purpose of supplying wood for the purpose.—Repertory 1, fo. 70. The office was maintained as late as the year 1807, when it was abolished by order of the Common Council.—Journal 84, fo. 135b.991.Repertory 1, fo. 20b.992.-Id., fos. 20, 20b.993.Journal 10, fo. 104b.994.-Id., fo. 105.995.-Id., fo. 108.996.Fabyan, p. 687.997.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 176.998.Repertory 1, fo. 41b.999.Repertory 1, fo. 62.1000.Journal 10, fo. 187b.1001.Journal 10, fo. 190b.1002.-Id., fo. 191.1003.This is the date given by Gairdner (p. 198). According to Fabyan (p. 687) she arrived on the 4th Oct.1004.Journal 10, fos. 238, 238b.1005.Repertory 1, fos. 122b-126. The account will be found in Archæol., vol. xxxii, p. 126.1006.Repertory 1, fos. 130, 130b.1007.By Stat. 19 Henry VII, c. 7, annulling Stat. 15 Henry VI, c. 6.1008.Repertory 2, fo. 146.1009.Charter dated 23 July, 1505, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 15).1010.Repertory 1, fo. 175.1011.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 193.1012.Repertory 2, fos. 12, 14; Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 29.1013.The sum mentioned by Holinshed (iii. 539), is £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689.1014.Baker, in his Chronicle (ed. 1674), p. 248, puts Capel's fine at £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689; Holinshed, iii, 530; Journal 11, fo. 94.1015.Fabyan, p. 690.1016.Letter Book M, fo. 138; Journal 11, fo. 28.1017.Journal 11, fos. 37-39.1018.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh," p. 206.1019.Journal 10, fos. 318, 318b; Repertory 2, fos. 10b-11b. A list of "such places as have charged themself and promysed to kepe the yerely obit" of Henry VII, as well as a copy of indentures made for the assurance of the same obit, with schedule of sums paid to various religious houses for the observance of the same, are entered in the City's Records.—Repertory 1. fo. 167b; Letter Book P, fo. 186b.1020.The generally accepted day of his death, although the City's Archives in one place record it as having taken place on the 21st.—Journal 2, fo. 67b;Cf.Fabyan, 690.1021.Holinshed, iii, 541.1022.Journal 11, fos. 67b-69.1023."Aldermen barons and presenting barons astate whiche hath been Maires."1024.Journal 2, fo. 69.1025.Repertory 11, fo. 68b.1026.Letters Patent, dated 9 June, 1509, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 29).1027.Letter Book M, fo. 159; Journal 11, fo. 74b.1028.Repertory 2, fo. 68.1029.Journal 11, fos. 80, 81b, 82; Letter Book M, fo. 160.1030.Journal 11, fo. 80.1031.Holinshed, iii, 547.1032.According to Holinshed (iii, 567), Parliament opened on the 25th Jan., 1512. The Parliamentary Returns give the date as the 4th Feb. with "no returns found." The names of the City's members, however, are recorded in the City's Archives. They were Alderman Sir William Capell, who had suffered so much at the close of the last reign, Richard Broke, the City's new Recorder, William Cawle or Calley, draper, and John Kyme, mercer, commoners.—Journal 11, fo. 147b; Repertory 2, fo. 125b.1033.The Act for levying the necessary subsidy ordained that every alien made a denizen should be rated like a native, but that aliens who had not become denizens should be assessed at double the amount at which natives were assessed.—See "Historical Introd. to Cal. of Denizations and Naturalizations of Aliens in England, 1509-1603." (Huguenot Soc.), viii, 7.1034.Journal 11, fo. 1.1035.-Id., fo. 1b.1036.Journal 11, fo. 171; Repertory 2, fos. 150b, 172.1037.Repertory 2, fos. 151b-152.1038.Journal 11, fo. 2.1039.Repertory 2, fo. 153.1040.Letter Book M., fo. 257; Repertory 3, fo. 221. In July, 1517, the Fellowship of Saddlers of London consented, on the recommendation of Archbishop Warham, to refer a matter of dispute between it and the parishioners of St. Vedast to the Recorder and Thomas More, gentleman, for settlement (Repertory 3, fo. 149); and in Aug., 1521, "Thomas More, late of London, gentleman," was bound over, in the sum of £20, to appear before the mayor for the time being, to answer such charges as might be made against him.—Journal 12, fo. 123.1041.Roper's Life of Sir Thomas More, pp. 3, 5, 6.1042.Journal 8, fo. 144; Journal 9, fos. 13, 142b.1043.William Lichfield, rector of All Hallows the Great, Gilbert Worthington, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, John Cote, rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and John Nigel or Neel, master of the hospital of St. Thomas de Acon and parson of St. Mary Colechurch.—Rot. Parl. v, 137.1044.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 42.1045.Chamber Accounts (Town Clerk's office), i, fos. 202b, 203.1046.Repertory 2, fos. 121b, 123.1047.-Id., fo. 126b; Journal 11, fo. 147b.1048.Journal 11, fo. 163; Repertory 2, fos. 133b, 142.1049.Letter of Erasmus to Justus Jonas quoted in Lupton's Life of Colet, pp. 166, 167.1050.Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 28.1051."The number of grammar schools, in various parts of the country, which owe their foundation and endowment to the piety and liberality of citizens of London ... far exceeds what might be supposed, approaching as it does nearly to a hundred."—Preface to Brewer's Life of Carpenter, p. xi.1052.Repertory 3, fo. 46.1053.-Id., fos. 70b, 71.1054.-Id., fos. 86, 86b, 88.1055.Repertory 3, fos. 116, 116b.1056.Wares bought and sold between strangers—"foreign bought and sold"—were declared forfeited to the City by Letters Patent of Henry VII, 23 July. 1505, confirmed by Henry VIII, 12 July, 1523.1057.In 1500, and again in 1516, orders were issued for all freemen to return with their families to the city on pain of losing their freedom.—Journal 10. fos. 181b, 259.1058.Repertory 3, fos. 141b, 142.1059.Holinshed, iii, 618.1060.Or Munday; the name is said to appear in twenty-seven different forms. He was a goldsmith by trade, and was appointed (among others) by Cardinal Wolsey to report upon the assay of gold and silver coinage in 1526.—Journal 13, fo. 45b; Letter Book O, fo. 71b. He served sheriff, 1514; and was mayor in 1522.1061.In 1462 the Common Council ordered basket-makers, gold wire-drawers, and other foreigners plying a craft within the city, to reside at Blanchappleton—a manor in the vicinity of Mark Lane—and not elsewhere.1062.Repertory 3, fo. 55b.1063.For an account of the riot and subsequent proceedings, see Holinshed, iii, 621-623, and the Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53). p. 30.1064.Repertory 3, fos. 143, 143b.1065.Holinshed, iii, 624.1066.Repertory 3, fo. 144b.1067.-Id., fo. 143b.1068.Holinshed, 624.1069.Repertory 3, fo. 145b.1070.-Id., fo. 145.1071.Repertory 3, fo. 165.1072.-Id., fo. 166.1073."Thys yere was much a doo in the yelde-halle for the mayer for the comyns wold not have had Semer, for be cause of yell May-day."—Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 33.1074.Repertory 11, fo. 351b.1075.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii, pt. i, Pref., p. ccxxi.1076.-Id., vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1276.1077.Repertory 3, fos. 184b, 189b, 191, 192.1078.Letter Book N, fo. 95b.1079.Repertory 3, fos. 192, 194; Letter Book N, fos. 63b, 74.1080.Repertory 3, fo. 197.1081.Hall's Chron., pp. 593, 594.1082.Holinshed, iii, 632.1083.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii. pt. i, Pref., pp. clx, clxi.1084."An order devysed by the Mayer and hys brethrern the aldremen by the Kynges commandment for a Tryumphe to be done in the Citie of London at the Request of the Right honorable ambassadors of the Kynge of Romayns."—10 July, Journal 12, fo. 9.1085.Hall, pp. 592, 593.1086.Holinshed, iii, 639.1087.Journal 12, fos. 125, 172b, 173b; Letter Book N, fo. 194b.1088.Knighted the next day at Greenwich.—Repertory 5, fo. 295.1089.Repertory 5, fo. 294.1090.-Id.4, fo. 134b.1091.-Id.5, fo. 293.1092.Journal 12, fos. 75b-76; Letter Book N, fos. 142-143.1093.Grey Friars Chron., p. 30; Repertory 4, fo. 71b.1094.Repertory 4, fos. 1b, 12, 13.1095.Journal 12, fo. 136.1096.-Id., fo. 144.1097.Journal 12, fos. 158, 161, 163b; Letter Book N, fos. 187b, 190b.1098.Holinshed, iii, 675.1099.Shakespere mentions the Duke's manor thus:—"Not long before your highness sped to France,The duke being at the Rose, within the parishSt. Laurence Poultney, did of me demandWhat was the speech among the LondonersConcerning the French journey."—Henry VIII, act 1, sc. 2.1100.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. i, Pref., pp. cxxv, cxxvi, cxxxv, cxxxvi.1101.On the 5th July steps were taken by the Court of Aldermen for putting a stop to the mutinous and seditious words that were current in the city "concerning the lamenting and sorrowing of the death of the duke"—men saying that he was guiltless—and special precautions were taken for the safe custody of weapons and harness for fear of an outbreak. The scribe evinced his loyalty by heading the page of the record withLex domini immaculata: Vivat Rex Currat L.—Repertory 5, fo. 204.1102.Repertory 5, fo. 288.1103.Journal 12, fos. 187b, 188b, 195; Letter Book N, fos. 203b, 204, 208.1104.Repertory 5, fo. 292.1105.Journal 12, fo. 187b.1106.Repertory 5, fos. 289, 290.1107.-Id., fo. 291.1108.Repertory 5, fos. 296b, 297.1109.-Id., fo. 294.1110.A portion remained unpaid on 16 August.—Journal 12, fo. 195.1111.Letter dated 3 Sept.—Journal 12, fo. 196b. On 28 Sept. Wolsey asked for more time to repay the loan.—Repertory 5, fo. 326.1112.Journal 12, fo. 200.1113.Journal 12, fo. 210.1114.See Green's "Hist. of the English People," ii, 121. 122.1115.Grey Friars Chron., p. 31.1116.Repertory 4, fo. 144;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 20b; Letter Book N, fo. 222.1117.Repertory 4, fo. 145b.1118.Roper's "Life of More," pp. 17-20.1119.Repertory 4, fos. 152, 168;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 38.1120.Repertory 4, fos. 144b, 145, 146, 150;Cf.Repertory 6, fos. 22b, 29, 32b.1121.Grey Friars Chron. pp. 30, 31.1122.Repertory 4, fos. 153b-154;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 42.1123.Repertory 6, fo. 61b.1124.Holinshed, iii, 692, 693.1125.Journal 12, fos. 249-250.1126.Journal 12, fos. 287-288.1127.-Id., fo. 276.1128.-Id., fo. 284.1129.Letter Book N, fo. 280; Journal 12, fo. 329.1130.Grey Friars Chron., p. 32.1131.Hall's Chron., p. 695.1132.Journal 12, fo. 331; Letter Book N. fo. 278.1133.Journal 12, fo. 331b.1134.Hall's Chron., p. 701.1135.The truce was to last from 14 August to 1 December.—Letter Book N, fos. 291, 293; Journal 12, fos. 300, 305.1136."Item in lyke wyse the Chamberleyn shall have allowance of and for suche gyftes and presentes as were geven presentyd on Sonday laste passyd at the Bysshoppes palace at Paules to the Ambassadours of Fraunce devysed and appoynted by my lorde Cardynalles Grace and most specyally at his contemplacioun geven for asmoch as lyke precedent in so ample maner hath not afore tyme be seen; the presents ensue etc."—Repertory 7, fo. 225.1137.He had been one of the commoners sent to confer with Wolsey touching the amicable loan (Journal 12, fo. 331b). He attended the coronation banquet of Anne Boleyn in 1533 (Repertory 9, fo. 2), and was M.P. for the city from 1529-1536 (Letter Book O, fo. 157). His daughter Elizabeth married Emanuel Lucar, also a merchant-tailor.—Repertory 9, fos. 139. 140.1138.Repertory 7, fos. 171b, 172, 174b, 179.1139.Repertory 7, fos. 179b, 180.1140.To the effect that he was not worth £1,000.—Journal 7, fo. 198.1141.Repertory 7, fos. 238b, 240, 240b.1142.-Id., fo. 243b.1143.Repertory 7, fo. 206. The Common Council assessed the fine at £100.—Journal 13, fo. 61b; Letter Book O, fo. 80b.1144.Repertory 7, fo. 264.1145.Journal 13, fo. 184b.1146.Letter Book O, fos. 88b, 89b.1147.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., p. cccclxv.1148.Letter Book O, fos. 174b-175; Journal 13, fo. 180b.1149.Letter Book O, fo. 157.1150.About the year 1522 Cromwell was living in the city, near Fenchurch, combining the business of a merchant with that of a money-lender. He sat in the parliament of 1523, and towards the close of that year served on a wardmote inquest for Bread Street Ward. In 1524 he entered Wolsey's service.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII.), vol. iii, pt. i, Introd., pp. cclvi, cclvii.1151.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., pp. dliii-dlvi.1152.Stat. 21, Henry VIII, caps. 5, 6 and 13.1153.Proclamation, 12 Sept., 1530.—Letter Book O, fo. 199b.1154.Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., pp. 1, 2.1155.Letter Book O, fos. 47,seq.1156.A list of these, comprising seven churches, was submitted to the Court of Aldermen, 23 Feb., 1528.—Repertory 8, fo. 21.1157.Letter Book O, fos. 140b, 141b.1158.Repertory 8, fo. 27b.1159.Letter Book O, fos. 145, 145b; Journal 13, fo. 125b.1160.Letter book P, fos. 31, 34, 41b; Journal 13, fo. 417b.1161.This order was confirmed by stat. 27, Henry VIII, cap. 21. Ten years later a decree was made pursuant to stat. 37, Henry VIII, cap. 12, regulating the whole subject of tithes, but owing to the decree not having been enrolled in accordance with the terms of the statute, much litigation has in recent times arisen.—Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., p. 3.1162.The well-known and somewhat romantic account of the origin of the priory and of its connection with the city cnihten-guild is given in Letter Book C, fos. 134b,seq.;Cf.Liber Dunthorn, fo. 79.1163.Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 35. Three years later (30 March, 1534) the Court of Aldermen resolved to wait upon the chancellor "to know his mind for the office concerning the lands" belonging to the late priory.—Repertory 9, fo. 53b.1164.By letters patent dated 13 April, 1531 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box No. 16).1165.Henry Lumnore, Lumnar or Lomner, a grocer by guild as well as calling (see Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 879), was associated with Sidney in holding the beam. The City offered to buy him out either by bestowing on him an annuity of £10 during the joint lives of himself and Sidney, or else by paying him a lump sum of £100.—Repertory 8, fo. 218b.1166.Anne Boleyn.1167.Repertory 8, fo. 131.1168.-Id., fos. 142b. 202b.1169.Chapuys to the emperor.—Cal. State Papers (Spanish), vol. iv., pt. ii, p. 646.1170.Repertory 9, fo. 1b. There is a fine drawing at Berlin by Holbein which is thought to be the original design for the triumphal arch erected by the merchants of the Steelyard on this occasion.1171.Journal 13, fo. 371b. According to Wriothesley (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 11, p. 19) the present to the queen was made to her in a purse of cloth of gold on the occasion of her passing through the city on the 31st May, the day before her coronation.1172.Repertory 2, fo. 70b; Repertory 9, fo. 2.1173.Letter Book P, fos. 37-37b; Journal 13, fo. 408b.1174.Letter to Lord Lisle.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 208.1175.Repertory 9, fo. 57b. "Allso the same day [20 April] all the craftes in London were called to their halls, and there were sworne on a booke to be true to Queene Anne and to believe and take her for lawfull wife of the Kinge and rightfull Queene of Englande, and utterlie to thincke the Lady Marie, daughter to the Kinge by Queene Katherin, but as a bastarde, and thus to doe without any scrupulositie of conscience."—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 24.1176.Grey Friars Chron., p. 37. In November of the last year they had been made to do penance at Paul's Cross and afterwards at Canterbury.1177."Historia aliquot nostri sæculi martyrum," 1583. Much of it is quoted by Father Gasquet in his work on "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries" (cap. vi), and also by Mr. Froude ("Hist. of England," vol. ii, cap. ix).1178.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 283.1179.This convent—the most virtuous house of religion in England—was of the Order of St. Bridget, and received an annual visit from the mayor and aldermen of the City of London at what was known as "the pardon time of Sion," in the month of August. In return for the hospitality bestowed by the lady abbess on these occasions the Court of Aldermen occasionally made her presents of wine (Repertories 3, fo. 94b; 7, fo. 275). In 1517 the court instructed the chamberlain to avoid excess of diet on the customary visit. There was to be no breakfast on the barge and no swans at dinner (Repertory 3, fo. 154b). In 1825 the Court of Common Council decreed (inter alia) that "as tonchyng the goyng of my lord mayre and my masters his brethern the aldermen [to] Syon, yt is sett at large and to be in case as it was before the Restreynt" (Journal 12, fo. 302). It was suppressed 25 Nov., 1539.—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 109.1180.The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534, but the king's new title as Supreme Head of the Church was not incorporated in his style before the 15 Jan., 1535.1181.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. viii, p. 321.1182.-Id., p. 354.1183.Repertory 9, fo. 145.1184.-Id., fo. 199.1185.He had been elected mayor for the second time in October last (1535), much against his own wish, at the king's express desire.—Journal 13, fo. 452b; Wriothesley, i, 31. He presented the City with a collar of SS. to be worn by the mayor for the time being.—Repertory 11, fo. 238.1186.Repertory 9, fos. 199, 199b.1187.Repertory 9, fo. 200.1188.-Id., fo. 200b.1189.Son of Thomas Warren, fuller; grandson of William Warren, of Fering, co. Sussex. He was knighted on the day that his election was confirmed by the king (Wriothesley. i, 59). His daughter Joan (by his second wife Joan, daughter of John Lake, of London) married Sir Henry Williams,aliasCromwell (Repertory 14, fo. 180; Journal 17. fo. 137b), by whom she had issue Robert Cromwell, father of the Protector. Warren died 11 July, 1533, and his widow married Alderman Sir Thomas White.—See notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 330.1190.Repertory 9, fo. 209b.1191.Henry attributed her miscarriage to licentiousness; others to her having received a shock at seeing her royal husband thrown from his horse whilst tilting at the ring.—Wriothesley, i, 33.1192.Chapuys to [Granvelle] 25 Aug., 1536.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. xi., p. 145.1193.Wriothesley, i, 52-53.1194.Letter Book P, fo. 103b.1195.Wriothesley, i, 69.1196.Letter Book P, fo. 135b; Wriothesley, i, 71, 72.1197.Repertory 10, fos. 152b, 153; Wriothesley, i, 109, 111.1198.Repertory 10, fo. 161. The circumstance that Henry carried his new bride to Westminster by water instead of conducting her thither through the streets of the city has been considered a proof of his want of regard for her.1199.Holinshed, iii. 807.1200.Letter Book P, fo. 113; Journal 14, fo. 30b.1201.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 68.1202.The Mercers' Company applied for a grant of the chapel and other property of the hospital; and this was conceded by letters patent, 21 April, 1542, upon payment of the sum of £969 17s.6d., subject to a reserved rent of £7 8s.10d., which was redeemed by the company in 1560.—Livery Comp. Com. (1880), Append. to Report, 1884, vol. ii, p. 9.1203.On the re-establishment of the Dutch or Mother Strangers' Church, at Elizabeth's accession, it was declared by the Privy Council to be under the superintendence of the Bishop of London (Cal. State Papers Dom., Feb., 1560). Hence it was that Dr. Temple, Bishop of London, was memorialised in March, 1888, as superintendent of the French Church in London.—See "Eng. Hist. Review," April, 1891, pp. 388-389.1204.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 67.1205.Nichols' "Progresses of Queen Eliz.," iii. 598. For particulars of Swinnerton see Clode's "Early Hist. of the Merchant Taylors' Company," i, 262, etc.1206.Strype's Stow, bk. ii, pp. 114, 115.1207.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 133, 134.1208.In 1439 Reginald Kentwode, Dean of St. Paul's, having in a recent visitation discovered "many defaults and excesses," drew up a schedule of injunctions for their better regulation.—Printed in London and Middlesex Archæol. Soc. Transactions, ii, 200-203.1209.Journal 12, fo. 75.1210.Repertory 2, fo. 185b.1211.Repertory 5, fos. 15, 15b, 82b.1212.Repertory 2, fo. 185; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 29, 31.1213.Sixteen other registers for city parishes commence in 1538, and four in 1539.—See Paper on St. James Garlickhithe, by W. D. Cooper, F.S.A. (London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Trans., vol. iii, p. 392, note).1214.Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11), i, 77, 78.1215.Descended from a Norfolk family. Apprenticed to John Middleton, mercer, of London, and admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1507. Alderman of Walbrook and Cheap Wards successively. Sheriff 1531-2. Married (1) Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton, (2) Isabella Taverson,néeWorpfall. Was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange and of the college which bears his name.—Ob., 21 Feb., 1549. Buried in the church of St. Laurence Jewry.1216.Cott. MS., Cleop. E., iv, fo. 222.—Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 26-29.1217.Journal 14, fo. 129; Letter Book P, fo. 178.1218.Journal 14, fo. 216b; Letter Book P, fo. 220b.1219.Repertory 10, fo. 200.1220.Journal 14, fo. 269.1221.Wriothesley, i, 129.1222.Son of Thomas Hill, of Hodnet, co. Salop. He devoted large sums of money to building causeways and bridges, and erected a grammar school at Drayton-in-Hales, otherwise Market Drayton, in his native county, which he endowed by will, dated 6 April, 1551 (Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, part ii, p. 651). See also Holinshed, iii, 1021.1223.Holinshed, iii, 824; Wriothesley, i, 135. According to the Grey Friars Chron. (p. 45), it was the sergeant-at-arms himself whom the sheriffs detained.1224.Proclamation dated 13 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 48b.1225.Journal 15, fo. 55; Letter Book Q, fo. 93.1226.Letter Book Q, fo. 92b; Grey Friars Chron., p. 45.1227.Writ to mayor and sheriffs for proclamation of war, dat. 2 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 46b.1228.Repertory 11, fo. 32b.1229.Repertory 11, fo. 65b.1230.Journal 15, fo. 95; Repertory 11, fo. 74; Letter Book Q, fo. 109.1231."Memoranda ... relating to the Royal Hospitals," 1863, pp. 4-7.1232.Repertory 11, fo. 106; Letter Book Q, fo. 116b.1233.Repertory, 11, fo. 118b; Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1234.Journal 15, fo. 123; Letter Book Q, fo. 119.1235.Journal 15, fo. 124; Letter Book Q, fo. 122.1236.Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1237.Wriothesley, i, 151, 153; Grey Friars Chron., p. 48.1238.Holinshed, iii, 346.1239.Wriothesley, i, 151, 152.1240.Journal 15, fo. 239b; Letter Book Q, fo. 167b.1241.Journal 15, fo. 240.; Letter Book Q, fo. 168; Wriothesley, i, 154.1242."A coarse frieze was so called from a small town in the West Riding of Yorkshire. An Act of 5 and 6 Edward VI (1551-2) provided that all "clothes commonly called Pennystones or Forest Whites ... shall conteyne in length beinge wett betwixt twelve and thirtene yardes."1243.Repertory 11, fo. 193b; Letter Book Q, fo. 133; Wriothesley, i, 154.1244.Wriothesley, i, 155.1245.Repertory 11, fos. 203, 212b.1246.30 July.—Repertory 11, fo. 215b. The Midsummer watch had not been kept this year.—Wriothesley, i, 156.1247.Repertory 11, fo. 213.1248.Wriothesley, i, 58.1249.Repertory 11, fo. 216b.1250.Stat. 37, Henry VIII, c. 4.1251.Repertory 11, fo. 299b; Letter Book Q, fo. 181; Journal 15, fo. 270; Wriothesley, i, 165.1252.Holinshed, iii, 856; Grey Friars Chron., p. 50.1253.Holinshed, iii, 847.1254.Letter Book Q, fo. 181.1255.Repertory 11, fo. 247.1256.Journal 15, fo. 213b.1257.Wriothesley, i, 162, 175.1258.Journal 15, fos. 245, 399b,seq.1259."Memoranda ... Royal Hospitals," pp. 20-45.1260.Repertory 11, fo. 349b.1261.In Sept., 1547, the citizens were called upon to contribute half a fifteenth for the maintenance of the poor of St. Bartholomew's.—Journal 15, fo. 325b. In Dec, 1548, an annual sum of 500 marks out of the profits of Blackwell, and in 1557 the whole of the same profits were set aside for the poor.—Journal 15, fos. 398,seq.; Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 512.1262.Royal proclamation, 7 July, 1545, forbidding all pursuit of game in Westminster, Islington, Highgate, Hornsey and elsewhere in the suburbs of London.—Journal 15, fo. 240b.1263.Son of Christopher Huberthorne, of Waddington, co. Lane, Alderman of Farringdon Within. His mansion adjoined the Leadenhall.Ob., Oct., 1556. Buried in the church of St. Peter, Cornhill.—Machyn. 115, 352. It was in Huberthorne's mayoralty that the customary banquet to the aldermen, the "officers lerned" and the commoners of the city, on Monday next after the Feast of Epiphany, known as "Plow Monday," was discontinued.—Letter Book Q, fo. 191b. It was afterwards renewed and continues to this day in the form of a dinner given by the new mayor to the officers of his household and clerks engaged in various departments of the service of the Corporation. An attempt was at the same time made to put down the lord mayor's banquet also.—Wriothesley, i, 176.1264.Journal 15. fos. 303b, 305b; Letter Book Q, os. 192b, 194; Wriothesley. i, 178.1265.Journal 15, fo. 304; Letter Book Q, fo. 195; Repertory 11, fo. 335b.1266."The lord mayor of London, Henry Hobulthorne, was called fourth, who kneeling before the king, his majestie tooke the sworde of the Lord Protector and made him knight, which was the first that eaver he made."—Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11.), i, 181.1267.This mace is still in possession of the Corporation. It is only brought out for use on such occasions as a coronation, when it is carried by the lord mayor as on the occasion narrated above, and at the annual election of the chief magistrate of the city, when it is formally handed by the Chamberlain to the lord mayor elect. The mace consists of a tapering shaft of rock crystal mounted in gold, with a coroneted head also of gold, adorned with pearls and large jewels. Its age is uncertain. Whilst some hazard the conjecture that it may be of Saxon origin, there are others who are of opinion that the head of it at least cannot be earlier than the 15th century.1268.Journal 15, fo. 305; Letter Book Q, fos. 195b-196; Repertory 11, fo. 334b.1269."All these chyldren shall every Chyldermasse day come to Paulis Church and here the chylde bisshoppis sermon, and after be at the hye masse, and eche of them offer a 1d.to the childe bisshop and with theme the maisters and surveyors of the scole."—Statutes of St. Paul's School, printed in Lupton's "Life of Dean Colet," p. 278b.1270.Letter Book P, fo. 172b.1271.Journal 14, fo. 158b; Letter Book P, fo. 197.1272.See Brewer's Introd. to Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom., vol. iv, pp. dcli-dcliii.1273.Letter Book P, fo. 153.1274.Letter Book Q, fo. 102.1275."Also this same tyme [Nov., 1547] was moche spekying agayne the sacrament of the auter, that some callyd it Jacke of the boxe, with divers other shamefulle names... And at this tyme [Easter, 1548] was more prechyng agayne the masse."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1276.Letter Book Q, fo. 250b.1277.Repertory 11, fo. 423.1278."After the redyng of the preposycioun made yesterday in the Sterre Chamber by the lorde chaunceler and yedeclaracioun made by my lorde mayer of suche comunicacioun as his lordshyp had wtthe Bysshop of Caunterburye concernyng the demeanorof certein prechers and other dysobedyent persones yt was ordered and agreyd that my lorde mayer and all my maisters thaldermen shall this afternone att ij of yeclok repayre to my lorde protectors grace and the hole counseill and declare unto theim the seid mysdemeanor and that thei shall mete att Saint Martyns in the Vyntrey att one of the clok."—Repertory 11, fo. 456b.1279.Repertory 11, fo. 465.1280.A proclamation against the evil behaviour of citizens and others against priests, 12 Nov., 1547.—Letter Book Q. fo. 218; Journal 15, fo. 335b.1281.By letters patent dated 14 July, 1550 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box 17).1282.Letter Book R, fo. 166b; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc., N.S., No. 20), ii, 35. See also exemplification of Act of Parl. passed a° 5 Edward VI, in accordance with the terms of this petition (Box 29).1283.Journal 15, fo. 322; Letter Book Q, fo. 210b.1284.Repertory 11. fo. 373; Letter Book Q, fo. 214.1285.Grey Friars Chron., 54, 55; Wriothesley. ii, 1.1286.Grey Friars Chron., p. 58. In May (1548) the duke applied to the City for water to be laid on to Stronde House, afterwards known as Somerset House.—Repertory 11, fos. 462b, 484; Journal 15. fo. 383b; Letter Book Q, fo. 253b.1287.Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1288.Wriothesley, ii, 29. Touching the ceremony of visiting the tomb of the Bishop of London, to whom the citizens were indebted for the charter of William the Conqueror, see chap. i, p. 35.1289.Letter Book Q, fos. 232, 234b; Repertory 11, fos. 356, 415, 431, 444b, 511b.1290."Item, at this same tyme [circ.Sept., 1547] was pullyd up alle the tomes, grett stones, alle the auteres, with stalles and walles of the qweer and auters in the church that was some tyme the Gray freeres, and solde and the qweer made smaller."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 54.1291."At Ester followyng there began the commonion, and confession but of thoys that wolde, as the boke dothe specifythe."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55;Cf.Wriothesley (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 20), ii, 2.1292.The Guildhall college, chapel and library were restored to the City in 1550, by Edward VI, on payment of £456 13s.4d.,—Pat. Roll 4 Edward VI, p. 9m. (32) 20; Letter Book R, fo. 64b.1293.Repertory 11, fo. 493b.1294.-Id., fo. 455. (431 pencil mark); Letter Book Q, fo. 237. "This yeare in the Whitson holidaies my lord maior [Sir John Gresham] caused three notable sermons to be made at Sainct Marie Spittell, according as they are kept at Easter.... And the sensing in Poules cleene put downe."—Wriothesley, ii, 2, 3. The processions were kept up in 1554, "but there was no sensynge."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1295.-Cf.Journal 15, fo. 352b; Letter Book Q, fos. 230-252b. "This yeare [1548] the xxviiithdaie of September, proclamation was made to inhibite all preachers generallie till the kinges further pleasure. After which daie all sermons seasede at Poules Crosse and in all other places."—Wriothesley, ii, 6.1296.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 59, 62. Occasionally the chronicler is overcome by his feelings, and cries out, "Almyghty God helpe it whan hys wylle ys!"Id., p. 67.1297.In some cases the new owners may have experienced some difficulty in fixing a fair rent, as appears to have been the case with the City of London and its recently acquired property of Bethlehem. When the Chamberlain reported that the rents demanded for houses in the precincts of the hospital were far too high, he was at once authorised to reduce them at discretion.—Letter Book R, fo. 10b.1298.Letter Book R, fo. 11b.1299.Grey Friars Chron., p. 60; Wriothesley, ii, 15, 16.1300.Wriothesley, ii, 16, 17; Grey Friars Chron., p. 60.1301.Wriothesley, ii, 19.1302.Wriothesley, ii, 20; Grey Friars Chron., p. 61.1303.Holinshed, iii, 982-984.1304.Letter Book R, fo. 40; Journal 16, fo. 36.1305.Letter Book R, fo. 39b.1306.Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 331-332; Wriothesley, ii, 24-25; Holinshed, iii, 1014; Repertory 12, pt. i, fos. 149-150.1307.Holinshed, iii, 1014-1015; Acts of Privy Council, ii, 333.1308.Acts of Privy Council, ii, fos. 333-336.1309.Repertory 12, pt. i, fo. 150b.1310.Letter Book R, fo. 40b.1311.-Id., fos. 43-43b.1312.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 336, 337.1313.Wriothesley, ii, 26.1314.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 337-342.1315.Letter Book R, fos. 41-42; Journal 16, fos. 37, 37b. According to Holinshed (iii, 1017, 1018), considerable opposition was made by a member of the Common Council named George Stadlow to any force at all being sent by the city. He reminded the court of the evils that had arisen in former times from the city rendering support to the barons against Henry III, and how the city lost its liberties in consequence. The course he recommended was that the city should join the lords in making a humble representation to the king as to the Protector's conduct.1316.Wriothesley, ii, 26, 27.1317.Letter Book R, fo. 37; Journal 16, fo. 34; Wriothesley, ii, 26.1318.Stow's "Summarie of the Chronicles of England" (ed. 1590), p. 545; Wriothesley, ii, 27, 28. The names are given differently in the Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 344.1319.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 63, 64;Cf.Wriothesley, ii, 24.1320.Wriothesley, ii, 28.1321.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 384; Wriothesley, ii, 33.1322.For more than a week he had been compelled to lie on nothing but straw, his bed having been taken away by order of the knight marshal for refusing to pay an extortionate fee.—Grey Friars Chron., p. 65.1323.Thomas Thurlby, the last abbot of Westminster, became the first and only bishop of the see. Upon the union of the see with that of London Thurlby became bishop of Norwich. Among the archives of the city there is a release by him, in his capacity as bishop of Westminster, and the dean and chapter of the same, to the City of London of the parish church of St. Nicholas, Shambles. The document is dated 14 March, 1549, and has the seals of the bishopric and of the dean and chapter, in excellent preservation, appended.1324.For objecting to the prescribed vestments, he was committed to the Fleet by order of the Privy Council, 27 Jan., 1551, and was not consecrated until the following 8th March.—Hooper to Bullinger, 1 Aug., 1551 ("Original Letters relative to the English Reformation." ed. for Parker Society, 1846, p. 91).1325.Their respective boundaries are set out in the Report of Commissioners on Municipal Corporations (1837), p. 3.1326.Charter dated 6 March, 1 Edward III.1327.Charter dated 9 Nov., 2 Edward IV.1328.Letter Book Q, fos. 239b-241b.1329.Letter Book R, fo. 58b.1330.Dated 23 April, 1550. A fee of £6 "and odde money" was paid for the enrolment of this charter in the Exchequer.—Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 458. This fee appears to have been paid, notwithstanding the express terms of the charter that no fee great or small should be paid or made or by any means given to the hanaper to the king's use. According to Wriothesley (ii, 36), the "purchase" of Southwark cost the city 1,000 marks, "so that nowe they shall have all the whole towne of Southwarke by letters patent as free as they have the City of London, the Kinges Place [i.e.Southwark Place or Suffolk House] and the two prison houses of the Kinges Bench and the Marshalsea excepted."1331.Wriothesley, ii, 38.1332.Letter Book R, fo. 80; Journal 16, fo. 82b.1333.The custom in the city was for the inhabitants of a vacant ward to nominate four persons for the Court of Aldermen to select one. As there were no means of enforcing the above ordinance it was repealed by Act of Co. Co., 16 June, 1558.—Letter Book S., fo. 167b.1334.Letter Book R, fo. 71b. The following particulars of Aylyff and his family are drawn from the city's archives. From Bridge Ward Without he removed to Dowgate Ward. At the time of his death, in 1556, he was keeper of the clothmarket at Blackwell Hall. His widow was allowed to take the issues and profits of her late husband's place for one week, and was forgiven a quarter's rent. Aylyff's son Erkenwald succeeded him at Blackwell Hall. The son died in 1561. After his decease he was convicted of having forged a deed. His widow, Dorothy, married Henry Butler, "gentleman."—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 442b, 443, 461; Repertory 14, fos. 446b, 477b, 478; Repertory 16, fo. 6b.1335.Printed Report. Co. Co., 20 May, 1836.1336.See Report Committee of the whole Court for General Purposes, with Appendix, 31 May, 1892 (Printed).1337.Grey Friars Chron., p. 66. The surrender of Boulogne was "sore lamented of all Englishmen."—Wriothesley, ii, 37.1338.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 271b; Letter Book R, fos. 74, 85b; Journal 16, fos. 66b, 91b.1339.Letter Book R, fo. 115; Journal 16, fo. 118.1340.Wriothesley, ii, 48. The price of living became so dear that the town clerk and the under-sheriffs asked for and obtained from the Common Council an increase of emoluments.—Letter Book R, fo. 117b.1341.Wriothesley, ii, 54.1342.Grey Friars Chron., p. 72.1343.Wriothesley, ii, 56; Grey Friars Chron., p. 71.1344.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 72, 73.1345.-Id., pp. 71, 72.1346.Wriothesley, ii, 57.1347.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 426; Letter Book R, fo. 157b.1348.Wriothesley, ii, 63.1349.Holinshed, iii, 1032.1350.Journal 15, fo. 325b; Letter Book Q, fo. 214b.1351.Letter Book Q, fo. 237; Repertory 11, fo. 445b.1352.Journal 15, fo. 384.1353.Letter Book Q, fo. 261b; Journal 15, fos. 398, 401; Appendix vii to "Memoranda of the Royal Hospitals," pp. 46-51.1354.Repertory 12, pt. ii., fos. 311, 312b.1355.Both deeds are printed in Supplement to Memoranda relating to Royal Hospitals, pp. 15-32.1356.Son of Robert Dobbs, of Batley, Yorks. Alderman of Tower Ward. Knighted 8 May, 1552.Ob.1556. Buried in Church of St. Margaret Moses.—Machyn, pp. 105, 269, 349; Wriothesley, ii, 69.1357.Report, Charity Commissioners, No. 32, pt. vi, p. 75; Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1358.Among the names of those forming the deputation appears that of Richard Grafton, whose printing house, from which issued "The Prymer"—one of the earliest books of private devotion printed in English as well as Latin—was situate within the precinct of the Old Grey Friars.—Repertory 12, p. ii., fos. 271b, 272b.1359.Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1360.Wriothesley, 83; Repertory 13, fo. 60.1361.Charter dated 26 June, 1553.1362."Letters Patent for the limitation of the Crown," sometimes called the "counterfeit will" of King Edward VI.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary (Camd. Soc., No. 48), pp. 91-100.1363.Richard Hilles to Henry Bullinger, 9 July, 1553.—"Original letters relative to the English Reformation" (Parker Soc.), pp. 272-274.1364.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 78, 79.1365.Wriothesley, ii, 88-90.1366.Letter Book R, fo. 262b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 68.1367.Wriothesley, ii, 90, 91; Grey Friars Chron., p. 81.1368.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69.1369.-Id., fo. 70b.1370.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69b.1371.Wriothesley, 93-95.1372.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 14; Wriothesley, ii, 95.1373.Grey Friars Chron., p. 83; Wriothesley, ii, 96-98.1374.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 24.1375.Letter Book R, fo. 270; Journal 16, fo. 261b.1376.Wriothesley, ii, 99, 100; Holinshed, iv, 3.1377.Citizen and Merchant Taylor. Son of William White, of Reading, and formerly of Rickmansworth. Founder of St. John's College, Oxford, and principal benefactor of Merchant Taylors' School. Alderman of Cornhill Ward; when first elected alderman he declined to accept office and was committed to Newgate for contumacy (Letter Book Q, fo. 109b; Repertory 11, fo. 80b). Sheriff 1547. Knighted at Whitehall 10 Dec., 1553 (Wriothesley, ii, 105). His first wife, Avice (surname unknown), died 26 Feb., 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary. He afterwards married Joan, daughter of John Lake and widow of Sir Ralph Warren, twice Mayor of London.Ob.11 Feb., 1566, at Oxford, aged 72.—Clode, "Early Hist. Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, chaps. x-xii; Machyn's Diary, pp. 167, 330, 363.1378.Journal 16, fo. 261; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 74b.1379.Grey Friars Chron., p. 84.1380.Met in October, 1553. The names of the city's representatives are not recorded. The Court of Aldermen, according to a custom then prevalent, authorized the city chamberlain to make a gift of £6 13s.4d.to Sir John Pollard, the Speaker, "for his lawfull favor to be borne and shewed in the parlyment howse towardes this cytie and theyre affayres theire."—Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 92.1381.Grey Friars Chron., p. 85; Wriothesley, ii, 104; Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 32. There is preserved in the British Museum a small manual of prayers believed to have been used by Lady Jane Grey on the scaffold. The tiny volume (Harl. MS., 2342) measures only 3-1/2 inches by 2-3/4 inches, and contains on the margin lines addressed to Sir John Gage, lieutenant of the Tower, and to her father, the Duke of Suffolk.1382.Journal 16, fo. 283.1383.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 35.1384.Wriothesley, ii, 106.1385.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 116, 116b, 117, 117b, 119-122b.1386.Wriothesley, ii, 107.1387.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 121.1388.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 414-415; Holinshed, iv, 16.1389.Holinshed, iv, 15.1390.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 124.1391.Wriothesley, iii, 109.1392.Stow.1393.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 415.1394.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1395.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 43; Wriothesley, iii, 107, 108.1396.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1397.Machyn, 45. The gibbets remained standing till the following June, when they were taken down in anticipation of Philip's public entry into London.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 76.1398.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1399.Journal 16, fo. 283; Letter Book R, fo. 288.1400.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 131.1401.Holinshed, iv, 26.1402.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 153; Letter Book R, fo. 293.1403.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 130; Journal 16, fo. 284b.1404.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 138b.1405.-Id., fos. 142b, 146b.1406.-Id., fo. 147.1407.Wriothesley, ii, 115.1408.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 186b.1409.-Id., fo. 190b.1410.Howell's "State Trials," i, 901, 902; Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 75.1411.It sat from 2 April until 5 May.—Wriothesley, ii, 114, 115. The city returned the same members that had served in the last parliament of Edward VI, namely, Martin Bowes, Broke the Recorder, John Marsh and John Blundell.1412.Journal 16, fo. 295b.1413.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 165, 166, 166b, 170.1414.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 77.1415.-Id., p. 78.1416.Journal 16, fo. 263.1417.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 191. A full account of the pageants, etc., will be found in John Elder's letter.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, AppendixX.1418.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, pp. 78-79.1419.Martin Bowes, of the old members, alone continued to sit for the city, the places of the other members being taken by Ralph Cholmeley, who had succeeded Broke as Recorder; Richard Grafton, the printer; and Richard Burnell.1420.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 82; Wriothesley, 122.1421.Repertory 13, part i, fo. 111b.1422.-Id., fo. 193.1423.Journal 16, fo. 300. Bishop Braybroke, nearly two centuries before, had done all he could to put down marketing within the sacred precincts, and to render "Paul's Walk"—as the great nave of the cathedral was called—less a scene of barter and frivolity.1424.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 251b.1425.In 1558, a man convicted of breaking this law was ordered to ride through the public market places of the city, his face towards the horse's tail, with a piece of beef hanging before and behind him, and a paper on his head setting forth his offence.—Repertory 13, fo. 12b.1426.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 193; Letter Book S, fo. 119b.1427.Journal 16, fo. 285b; Letter Book R, fo. 290b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 147; Wriothesley, ii, 114.1428.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1429.-Id., p. 95.1430.-Id.,ibid.1431.-Id., p. 78n.1432.Journal 16, fo. 321b.1433.Wriothesley, ii, 126; Grey Friars Chron., p. 94.1434.Wriothesley, ii, 126n; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 56, 57, 95.1435.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 717, 737, 740, vii, 114, 115.1436."Item the vthday of September [1556], was browte thorrow Cheppesyde teyd in ropes xxiijti tayd together as herreytkes, and soo unto the Lowlers tower."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 98.1437."At this time [Aug., 1554] there was so many Spanyerdes in London that a man shoulde have mett in the stretes for one Inglisheman above iiij Spanyerdes, to the great discomfort of the Inglishe nation. The halles taken up for Spanyerdes."—Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 81.1438.-Id.,ibid.1439.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 205b.1440.By an order in council, dated Greenwich, 13 March, 1555, the merchants of the Steelyard were thenceforth to be allowed to buy cloth in warehouses adjoining the Steelyard, without hindrance from the mayor. The mayor was ordered to give up cloth that had been seized as foreign bought and sold at Blackwell Hall. He was, moreover, not to demandquotam salisof the merchants, who were to be allowed to import into the city fish, corn and other provisions free of import.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 384b; Letter Book S, fo. 76.1441.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 399b, 404, 406; Letter Book S, fos. 70, 93b.1442.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 508b.1443.Wheeler's "Treatise of Commerce" (ed. 1601), p. 100.1444.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 507b, 520b, 540.1445.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 529.1446.-Id., fo. 526b.1447.-Id., fo. 534b.1448.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 420.1449.Stafford had issued a proclamation from Scarborough Castle declaiming against Philip for introducing 12,000 foreigners into the country, and announcing himself as protector and governor of the realm. He was captured by the Earl of Westmoreland and executed on Tower Hill 28 May.—Journal 17, fo. 34b; Letter Book S, fo. 127b; Holinshed. iv, 87; Machyn's Diary, p. 137.1450.Journal 17, fo. 37b; Letter Book S, fo. 131.1451.Journal 17, fos. 37b, 38; Letter Book S, fo. 131b.1452.Machyn, p. 142.1453.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 517.1454."London fond v.c. men all in bluw cassokes, sum by shyppes and sum to Dover by land, the goodlyst men that ever whent, and best be-sene in change (of) apprelle."—Diary, p. 143.1455.Merchant Taylor, son of William Offley, of Chester; alderman of Portsoken and Aldgate Wards. Was one of the signatories to the document nominating Lady Jane Grey successor to Edward VI, and was within a few weeks (1 Aug.) elected sheriff. Knighted with alderman William Chester, 7 Feb., 1557. His mansion-house was in Lime Street, near the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft.Ob.29 Aug, 1582.—Machyn, pp. 125, 353; Index to Remembrancia, p. 37, note. Fuller, who erroneously places his death in 1580, describes him as the "Zaccheus of London" not "on account of his low stature, but his great charity in bestowing half of his estate on the poor."—Fuller's "Worthies," p. 191.1456.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 521b, 522; Letter Book S, fo. 134.1457.Journal 17, fo. 54b.1458.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 530.1459.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 530, 532, 522b, 535; Journal 17, fo. 54.1460.Machyn, p. 147.1461.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 571.1462.Journal 17, fo. 55. See Appendix. They were ordered in the first instance to be forwarded to Dover by the 19th Jan. at the latest, but on the 6th Jan. the Privy Council sent a letter to the mayor to the effect that "albeit he was willed to send the vcmen levied in London to Dover, forasmuch as it is sithence considered here that they may with best speede be brought to the place of service by seas, he is willen to sende them with all speede by hoyes to Queenburgh, where order is given for the receavinge and placing of them in the shippes, to be transported with all speede possible."—Harl. MS. 643, fo. 198; Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 362.1463.Journal 17, fo. 56.1464.Wriothesley, ii, 140.1465.Order of the Court of Aldermen, 10 Jan.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582.1466.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582b; Precept to the Companies.—Journal 17, fo. 56b.1467.Journal 17, fo. 57. So furious was this storm, lasting four or five days, that "some said that the same came to passe through necromancie, and that the diuell was raised vp and become French, the truth whereof is known (saith Master Grafton) to God."—Holinshed, iv, 93.1468.Journal 17, fo. 7.1469.Repertory 14, fo. 1b; Journal 17, fo. 58; Machyn, 164.1470.Journal 17, fos. 59, 59b; Letter Book S, fos. 154b, 155.1471.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 100; Wriothesley, ii, 140, 141.1472.Stat. 5 and 6, Edward VI, c. 20, which repealed Stat.37, Henry VIII, c. 9 (allowing interest to be taken on loans at the rate of ten per cent.) and forbade all usury. This Statute was afterwards repealed (Stat. 13, Eliz., c. 8) and the Statute of Henry VIII re-enacted. The dispensation granted by Mary was confirmed in 1560 by Elizabeth.—Repertory 14, fo. 404b.1473.Repertory 14, fo. 15b; Journal 17, fo. 63. A large portion of this loan was repaid by Elizabeth soon after her accession.—Repertory 14, fos. 236b, 289.1474.Repertory 14, fos. 94b, 96b.1475.The commemoration was eventually put down by the Stuarts as giving rise to tumults and disorders.—Journal 49, fo. 270b; Luttrell's Diary, 17 Nov., 1682.1476.Son of Roger Leigh, of Wellington, co. Salop, an apprentice of Sir Rowland Hill, whose niece, Alice Barker, he married. Buried in the Mercers' Chapel. By his second son, William, he was ancestor of the Lords Leigh, of Stoneleigh, and by his third son William, grandfather of Francis Leigh, Earl of Chichester.—Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 407.1477."The order of the sheryfes at the receyvyng of the quenes highenes in to Myddlesex."—Letter Book S, fo. 183; Repertory 14, fo. 90b.1478.Letter Book S, fo. 182b; Journal 7, fo. 101b.1479.Repertory 14, fos. 97, 98.1480.-Id., fo. 99.1481.-Id., fo. 102b.1482.Repertory 14, fo. 103b.1483.Dated 27 Dec., 1558.—Journal 17, fo. 106b.1484.Wriothesley, ii, 145.1485.-Id.ibid.1486.Repertory 4, fo. 213b.1487.Journal 17, fos. 120b, 168; Repertory 14, fo. 152; Letter Book T, fo. 82b.1488."In some places the coapes, vestments, and aulter clothes, bookes, banners, sepulchers and other ornaments of the churches were burned, which cost above £2,000 renuinge agayne in Queen Maries time" (Wriothesley, ii, 146;Cf.Machyn, p. 298). Among the churchwarden accounts of the parish of St. Mary-at-Hill for the year 1558-1559 there is a payment of one shilling for "bringing down ymages to Romeland (near Billingsgate) to be burnt."1489.Proclamation, dated 19 Sept., 1559.—Journal 17, fo. 267; Letter Book T, fo. 5b.1490.Journal 17, fo. 184b.1491.Proclamation, dated 24 March, 1560.—Journal 17, fo. 223b.1492.In April the city was called upon to furnish 900 soldiers, in May 250 seamen, and in June 200 soldiers.—Repertory 14, fos. 323, 336, 339b, 340, 340b, 344b; Journal 17, fos. 238b, 244. It is noteworthy that the number of able men in the city at this time serviceable for war, although untrained, was estimated to amount to no more than 5,000.—Journal 17, fo. 244b.1493.Journal 18, fos. 57-60b. The livery companies furnished the men according to allotment. The barber-surgeons claimed exemption by statute (32 Henry VIII, c. 42), but subsequently consented to waive their claim. The city also objected to supplying the soldiers with cloaks.—Repertory 15, fos. 110b, 113.1494.Journal 18, fo. 66; Machyn, pp. 292, 293.1495.Journal 18, fo. 71.1496.The queen to the mayor and corporation of London, 30 June, 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 124.1497.Repertory 15, fo. 258.1498.-Id., fo. 259.1499.-Id., fo. 263.1500.The queen to the mayor, 2 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 140. Precept of the mayor.—Id., fo. 136; Repertory 15, fo. 279b; Machyn's Diary, p. 312.1501.Journal 18, fo. 128.1502.-Id., fo. 119b.1503.Repertory 15, fo. 265b.1504.Machyn, 312.1505.Journal 18, fos. 139, 139b, 142, 151b, 152b, 154, 156b, 184, 189b. With the sickness was associated, as was so often the case, a scarcity of food.—Repertory 15, fos. 127, 133b, 138, 168, 178, 179b, etc. The rate of mortality increased to such an extent that a committee was appointed for the purpose of procuring more burial accommodation.—Repertory 15, fos. 311b, 313b, 333.1506.Proclamation dated 1 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 141.1507.Repertory 15, fo. 284b.1508.Journal 18, fo. 249.1509.-Id., fo. 190b.1510.Journal 18, fos. 214, 215, 227, 291b, 354b; Holinshed, iv, 224.1511.Journal 17, fos. 320, 321, 331b; Letter Book T, fos. 42, 42b; Repertory 14, fo. 491b. The fire caused by the lightning threatened the neighbouring shops, and their contents were therefore removed to Christchurch, Newgate and elsewhere for safety.—Journal 17, fo. 319b; Letter Book T, fo. 42.1512.Repertory 15, fos. 474, 478.1513.Repertory 16, fos. 227, 241b, 274; Letter Book V, fo. 108b.1514.Repertory 16, fos. 303b, 448. Among the Chamber Accounts of this period we find an item of a sum exceeding £4 paid for "Cusshens to be occupied at Powles by my L. Maiorand thaldermen, vz:—for cloth for the uttorside lyning of leather feathers and for making of theym as by a bill appearth."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. i, fo. 50b.1515.Journal 13, fos. 417, 420, 435, 442b, 443.1516.Cotton MS., Otho E, x. fo. 45;Cf.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 31-33.1517.Journal 14, fos. 124, 124b.1518.By Sir Richard's first wife Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton. Sir Thomas is supposed to have been born in London in 1519. Having been bound apprentice to his uncle, Sir John Gresham, he was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1543. Married Anne, daughter of William Ferneley, of West Creting, co. Suffolk, widow of William Read, mercer.1519.The queen's business kept him so much abroad that her majesty wrote to the Common Council (7 March, 1563) desiring that he might be discharged from all municipal duties.—Journal 18, fo. 137.1520.Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 409.1521.Repertory 15, fo. 237b.1522.Burgon, ii, 30-40.1523.Repertory 15, fos. 406b, 407.1524.Repertory 15, fos. 410b, 412.1525.-Id., fos. 417b, 431.1526.Repertory 16, fos. 31b, 32b, 43b; Letter Book V, fos. 5, 7b, 8, 17, 21b.1527.The amount of subscriptions and charges is set out in a "booke" and entered on the City's Journal (No. 19, fos. 12-20;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 70b-79); see also Repertory 16, fo. 126.1528.Journal 18. fo. 398.1529.Repertory 16, fo. 316.1530.Repertory 16, fo. 406b.1531.Repertory 15, fo. 268b.1532.Repertory 16, fo. 229.1533."A proclamacioun concernyng the cutting of the crest conyzans and mantell of the arms of SrThomas Gresham."—Journal 19, fo. 150b; Letter Book V, fo. 222.1534.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 341.1535.Repertory 18, fo. 362.1536."Law and Practice of Marine Insurance," by John Duer, LL.D. (New York, 1845), Lecture ii, p. 33.1537.At the present day the form of policy used at Lloyds and commonly called the "Lloyd's policy" contains the following clause:—"and it is agreed by us the insurers, that this writing or policy of assurance shall be of as much force and effect as the surest writing or policy of assurance heretofore made in Lombard Street or in the Royal Exchange or elsewhere in London."—Arnould, "Marine Insurance" (6th ed.), i, 230.1538.Repertory 18, fo. 362b.1539.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 523.1540.Repertory 19, fos. 166b, 168.1541.The reader is here reminded that there is an essential difference between life policies and fire or marine policies of assurance. The latter, being policies of indemnity, recovery can be had at law only to the extent of the actual damage done, whereas in life policies the whole amount of the policy can be recovered.1542.Repertory 17, fo. 300.1543.Repertory 19, fo. 150.1544.Cal. Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 698.1545.Printed Report "Gresham College Trust," 29 Oct., 1885.1546.A return made in 1567 by the livery companies of foreigners residing in the city and liberties gives the number as 3,562.—Repertory 16, fo. 202. Another authority gives the number as 4,851, of which 3,838 were Dutch.—Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 242, citing Haynes, p. 461.1547.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 271-275.1548.Repertory 16, fo. 164.1549.Journal 19, fo. 116.1550.Precept of the mayor to that effect, 19 Oct., 1568.-Id., fo. 132b.1551.Repertory 16, fo. 451.1552.Journal 19, fo. 180; Letter Book V, fo. 245.1553.Letter Book V, fo. 246. Holinshed (iv, 234) and others give the whole credit of providing the cemetery to the liberality of Sir Thomas Rowe, the mayor.1554.Proclamation (15 July, 1568) against suspected persons landing in England or returning "with any furniture for mayntenaunce of ther rebellion or other lyke cryme" against the King of Spain.—Journal 18, fo. 115;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 181, 246b.1555.Green, "Hist. of the English People," ii, 418.1556.Repertory 15, fos. 162, 164, 166b, 241b, 258, 267b, 297, etc.1557.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (ed. 1720), bk. i, p. 283.1558.Journal II, fo. 253.1559.Journal 19, fos. 55-58; Letter Book V, fos. 115b-117b.1560.Price's "London Bankers" (enlarged edition), p. 51.1561.Letter Book V, fo. 139.1562.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 314.1563.Clode, "Early Hist. of the Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, pp. 229-230.1564.Journal 19, fo. 133b.1565.Holinshed, iv, 234.1566."Mesmes j'entendz que de la blanque, qu'on a tirée ces jours passés en ceste ville, ceste Royne retirera pour elle plus de cent mille livres esterlin, qui sont 33,000 escuz; de quoy le monde murumre assés pour la diminution qu'ilz trouvent aulx bénéfices qu'ilz esperoient de leurs billetz"—wrote De la Motlie Fénélon, the French ambassador in London.—Cooper's "Recueil des Dépéches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France (Paris and London, 1838-1840)," i, 155.1567.Proclamation, 6 Jan., 1569.—Journal 19, fo. 139; Letter Book V, fo. 210.1568.See letter from Sir Arthur Champernowne, William Hawkins and others to the lords of the council. 1 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1569.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1570.Cotton MS., Galba C, iii, fo. 151b. This letter was signed by John Gresham, Thomas Offley, John White, Roger Martyn, Leonell Duckett, Thomas Heaton, Richard Wheler, Thomas Aldersey and Francis Beinson.1571.Citizen and Merchant Taylor: Alderman of the Wards of Portsoken and Bishopsgate; Sheriff, 1560-61.Ob.2 Sept., 1570. Buried in Hackney Church. He bestowed the sum of £100 for the relief of members of his company "usinge the brode shire or ell rowinge of the pearch or making of garmentes" during his lifetime, and some landed estate in the city by his will for like purpose.—Letter Book V, fo. 274b; Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, ii, 686.1572.Letter printed (from original among State Papers Dom.) in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 287.1573.Sir Thomas Rowe, mayor, to Secretary Cecil. 23 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 329; Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 295-296.1574.-Id., 25 Jan.1575.Cooper's "Dépêches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France," i, 176-177.1576.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 297.1577.Lansd. MS., No. xii, fo. 16b.1578.-Id., fo. 22.1579.Repertory 17, fo. 36b.1580.Journal 19, fo. 247b; Letter Book V, fo. 301.1581.Journal 19, fo. 257.1582.-Id., fo. 390b.1583.Journal 19, fo. 390b.1584.Add. MS., No. 5, 755, fo. 58.1585.In the following year he was removed to the Charterhouse, but being discovered in correspondence with the deposed Queen of Scots was again placed in the Tower. He was tried and convicted of treason, and after some delay executed on Tower Hill.—Holinshed, iv, 254, 262, 264, 267.1586.The proclamation, which is set out in Journal 19, fo. 202b (Cf.Letter Book V, fo. 267b), gives in detail the rise and progress of the rebellion.1587.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1588.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1589.Letter Book V, fo. 269.1590.Journal 19, fo. 206b; Letter Book V, fo. 270b; Repertory 16, fo. 522b.1591.Holinshed, iv, 254.1592.-Id., 262.1593.From Hertfordshire, alderman of Billingsgate Ward.1594.Dated 8 Nov.—Journal 19, fo. 370b.1595.Holinshed, iv, 263.1596.Repertory 17, fos. 8b, 23, 27b, 29. 243, etc.; Repertory 19, fos. 24b, 154, etc.; City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Analytical Index), pp. 51-55.1597.Stranger denizens, carrying on a handicraft in the city, had recently preferred a Bill in Parliament against several of the livery companies. They were persuaded, however, to drop it, and refer their grievance to the Court of Aldermen.—Repertory 17, fos. 302b, 335, 337. A return made by the mayor (10 Nov., 1571) of the strangers then living in London and Southwark and liberties thereof gives the total number as 4,631.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 427.1598.Repertory 17, fo. 372.1599.Journal 19, fos. 407-408b, 417-417b; Repertory 17, fos. 292, 298b, 307, 308.1600.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 133b, 143b; Repertory 18, fo. 224b.1601.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 156b.1602.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 252;Id., pt. ii, fo. 280b.1603.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 228b, 239.1604.Repertory 19, fo. 98.1605.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 371.1606.He was removed by order of Common Council, 13 Dec.,pre diversis magnis rebus dictam civitatem et negotia ejusdem tangentibus.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 376b.1607.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 388b, 389, 394-395b. The queen to the mayor, etc., of London, 12 March.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 586.1608.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 409b.1609.-Id., fos. 404, 408b, 412.1610.Repertory 19, fo. 346b.1611.This conjecture is made from the fact of a precept having been issued on the 20th Jan. for certain persons to furnish themselves with velvet coats, chains and horses, and a suitable suite, to wait upon the lord mayor on the following Saturday.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 404b.1612.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 451-452.1613.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 464, 480.1614.Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 315.1615.City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Printed Analytical Index), pp. 306, 330, 331, 350-352; Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 373, 379, 407.1616.Remembrancia (Index), pp. 207, 331, 334; Journal 21, fo. 235b.1617.Remembrancia, vol. i, No. 331.1618.A reference to this defeat is to be found in the Dublin Assembly Roll under the year 1581.—"Cal. of Ancient Records of Dublin" (ed. by John T. Gilbert, 1891), ii, 155.1619.Bright, "Hist. of England," ii, 539.1620.Journal 21, fos. 19, 34, 52, 53, 69b-71b, 78b, etc.; Repertory 20, fos. 90, 117, 117b, 119b, etc.; Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 230-236.1621.Journal 21, fo. 329b.1622.Among Chamber Accountscirca1585 we find the following:—"Pd. the x of Dec. by order of Courte to Roger Warffeld Treasurorof Bridewell towards the conveyinge of all the Irishe begging people in and nere London to the Citie of Bristowe v1."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. ii, fo. 17.1623.Repertory 16, fo. 350.1624.Repertory 18, fo. 167.1625.Journal 20, fo. 219b.1626.Journal 21, fo. 81b; Repertory 20, fo. 1b.1627.Journal 21, fo. 90.1628.-Id., fos. 114b, 135, 290, 322.1629.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 364, 365.1630.As early as 1554 students had been supported by the Corporation and the Companies at the Universities.—Repertory 13, fos. 144b, 148, 150b.1631.Rembrancia, i, 250, 256 (Analytical Index, pp. 365, 366). Another difference shortly occurred between the corporation and the Bishop of London in October of this year. A dispute arose between them as to who was responsible for keeping St. Paul's Cathedral in repair, each party endeavouring to throw the burden upon the other (Id., Analytical Index, pp. 323-327); and in the following March (1582) Bishop Aylmer found cause to complain by letter of unbecoming treatment by the mayor, both of the bishop and his clergy, and threatened, unless matters changed for the better, to admonish the mayor publicly at Paul's Cross, "where the lord mayor must sit, not as a judge to control, but as a scholar to learn, and the writer, not as John Aylmer to be thwarted, but as John London, to teach him and all London."—(Id.,ibid., pp. 128-129).1632.Repertory 20, fo. 282.1633.Son of Richard Osborne, of Ashford, co. Kent. The story goes that he was apprenticed to Sir William Hewet, clothworker, and that he married his master's daughter, whom he had rescued from a watery grave in the Thames at London Bridge. His son, Sir Edward Osborne, was created a baronet by Charles I, and his grandson, Sir Thomas, made Duke of Leeds in 1692 by King William III.1634.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 157. The right of holding musters in Southwark was again questioned; and the claim of the city was upheld by Sir Francis Walsingham. For this he received the thanks of the lord mayor by letter dated 15 Feb.—Id., p. 159.1635."A lettre from the quenes maty for yemustringe of 4000 men, and also for the shewes on the evens of St. John Baptist and St. Peter thapostles."—Journal 21, fo. 421b.1636.Contin. of Holinshed, v, 599, 600.1637.Journal 21, fo. 388b.1638.Stow's Annals (ed. 1592), pp. 1198-1201.1639.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, pp. 318-324.1640.For particulars of his life see Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 284, note.1641.Journal 21, fo. 448b.1642."Thaccompte of the saide chamberlyn for the transportacioun and necessary provision ofMMCCCCXXsoldiers into the lowe countryes of Flaunders."—Chamber Accounts, vol. ii, fos. 56-58b.1643.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, 340.1644.Chamber Accounts, ii, 134. The earl's honor of Denbigh, North Wales, was mortgaged to certain citizens of London, and not being redeemed, was afterwards purchased by the queen herself.—Repertory 22, fo. 287.1645.Repertory 21, fos. 308-311.1646.For many years after the passing of the Act (1 Edw. VI, c. 14) confiscating property devoted to "superstitious uses," the corporation and the livery companies were the objects of suspicion of holding "concealed lands,"i.e.lands held charged for superstitious uses, which they had failed to divulge. The appointment of a royal commission to search for such lands was submitted to the law officers of the city for consideration, 9 Sept., 1567.—Repertory 16, fo. 276b. Vexatious proceedings continued to be taken under the Act until the year 1623, when a Statute was passed, entitled "An Act for the General Quiet of the Subjects against all Pretences of Concealment whatsoever."—Stat. 21, James I, c. ii.1647.Journal 22, fo. 1.1648.-Id., fos. 26, 29.1649.Journal 22, fo. 37b; Repertory 21, fo. 288b.1650.Journal 22, fos. 52-53. Both the queen's letter and Dalton's speech are printed in Stow's Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 902-904.1651.Journal 22, fos. 48, 57b, 58; Repertory 21, fo. 327.1652.Proclamation, dated Richmond, 4 Dec., 1586.—Journal 22, fo. 67b.1653.Royal Proclamation against engrossers of corn, 2 Jan., 1587.—Journal 22, fo. 74.1654.Journal 22, fo. 64.1655.Repertory 21, fo. 370b.1656.Journal 21, fo. 136b.1657.Motley, "United Netherlands," ii, 281.1658.Journal 22, fos. 144, 161b, 166-167b, 170b.1659.Journal 22, fo. 190.1660.Only 1,000 men out of the force raised by the city went to Tilbury, and the earl only consented to receive this small contingent on condition they brought their own provisions with them, so scantily was the camp supplied with victuals through the queen's parsimony.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 244. Letter from Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 513.1661.Leicester to Walsingham, 28 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 55.1662.William of Malmesbury bears similar testimony to the courage of Londoners under good leadership:Laudandi prorsus viri et quos Mars ipse collata non sperneret hasta si ducem habuissent.—Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 208.1663.Repertory 22, fo. 148b.1664.A list of "the London shippes" (including pinnaces), dated 19 July, 1588, is preserved among the State Papers (Domestic) at the Public Record Office (vol. ccxii, No. 68), and is set out in the Appendix to this work. Two other lists, dated 24 July, giving the names of the ships (exclusive of pinnaces) are also preserved (State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, Nos. 15, 16). Each of these lists give the number of vessels supplied by the city against the Armada as sixteen ships and four pinnaces, or as twenty ships (inclusive of pinnaces). It is not clear what was the authority of Stow (Howes's Chron., p. 743) for stating that the city, having been requested to furnish fifteen ships of war and 5,000 men, asked for two days to deliberate, and then furnished thirty ships and 10,000 men. At the same time there does exist a list of "shipps set forth and payde upon yecharge of yecity of London, anno 1588" (that is to say, the ships furnished by the city for that whole year), and that list contains the names of thirty ships, with the number of men on board each vessel and the names of the commanders.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxxxii, fos. 16, 16b.1665.Journal 22, fo. 173. The assessment was afterwards (19 April) settled at three shillings in the pound.—Id., fo. 175.1666.Journal 22, fos. 193, 200b.1667.Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1668.Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1669.Howard to the same, 21 July.—Id., p. 507.1670.Sir William Wynter to Walsingham, 1 Aug., 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 521.1671.Journal 22, fo. 196b.1672.-Id., fo. 196.1673.Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 67.1674.Repertory 21, fo. 578.1675.Journal 22, fo. 200b; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 510.1676.Journal 22, fo. 197.1677.-Id., fo. 199b.1678.Journal 22, fo. 200.1679.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 537.1680.Journal 22, fos. 233, 235.1681.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 538, 539.1682.On the 7th Feb., 1583, previously to setting out on his last ill-fated expedition, Gilbert addressed a letter to Walsingham from "his house in Redcross Street."—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 95.1683.See the will of Dame Margaret Hawkins, dated 23 April, 1619.—Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 745. The will contains many bequests of articles which savour of Spanish loot.1684.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 44.1685.Journal 22, fo. 202b.1686.Journal 22, fo. 210; Repertory 21, fos. 590b, 593; Repertory 22, fos. 15, 26b, 27; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 471.1687.Journal 22, fo. 252; Repertory 22, fo. 16b.1688.Journal 22, fos. 227b, 278.1689.Burghley and others to the mayor, 26 July, 1589.—Journal 22, fo. 312.1690.-Id., fo. 316b.1691.Journal 22, fo. 345b; Journal 23, fo. 79.1692.Journal 22, fo. 314.1693.Journal 22, fo. 321b.1694.-Id., fo. 326.1695.-Id., fo. 321.1696.Journal 23, fos. 35, 38.1697.July 24, 1591.—Remembrancia. i, 599 (Analytical Index, p. 408).1698.Journal 23, fos. 31, 43b, 48b; Repertory 22, fo. 284b.1699.Journal 23, fos. 68, 68b;Cf.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 48, where the date of the letter is given as "May."1700.Journal 23, fos. 325b, 383b.1701.Journal 23, fos. 45-46b.1702.Journal 24, fo. 86.1703.Proclamation, dated 16 Sept., 1591.—Journal 23, fo. 47.1704.Journal 23, fo. 73.1705.-Id., fo. 71.1706.Proclamations, dated 8 Jan. and 26 Sept., 1592.—Journal 23, fos. 78b, 136.1707.The queen to the lord mayor, 6 Jan., 1592.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 168. The same to the same, 25 Jan.—Journal 23, fo. 87.1708.Journal 23, fos. 157, 167, 174, 224b; Repertory 23, fo. 29.1709.It was in 1592 that bills of mortality, kept by the parish clerks, were for the first time published.1710.Journal 23, fo. 204b.1711.Journal 23, fo. 266.1712.-Id., fos. 400, 402.1713.-Id., fo. 153.1714.Journal 23, fo. 290b. The number was afterwards reduced to 350 men.—Id., fo. 296b; Remembrancia, ii, 3, 27, 30.1715.Journal 23, fo. 290.1716.-Id., fo. 289.1717.Journal 23, fo. 293. The names, tonnage and crews of the ships are thus given (Remembrancia, ii, 26):—The Assention, 400 tons, 100 mariners; The Consent, 350 tons, 100 mariners; The Susan Bonadventure, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Cherubim, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Minion, 180 tons, 50 mariners; and The Primrose, 180 tons, 50 mariners. Only one pinnace is mentioned, of 50 tons, with 20 mariners.1718.Journal 23, fo. 323b.1719.Chamberlain's Letters,temp., Eliz. (Camd. Soc., No. 79), p. 50. The writer was a son of Richard Chamberlain, a city alderman.1720.Alderman of Tower Ward; Sheriff 1584-5; Mayor 1597.1721.Repertory 24, fo. 410b.1722.Repertory 25, fo. 216b.1723.The letter is printedin extensoin Chambers' "Book of Days," i, 464, and in Goodman's "Court of James I," ii, 127.1724.Journal 24, fos. 79b, 81, 82, 82b.1725.-Id., fo. 85b.1726.Journal 24, fos. 105, 144.1727.-Id., fo. 84b.1728.Macaulay's "Essay on Lord Bacon."1729.Journal 24, fo. 145.1730.-Id., fos. 146b, 149.1731.Journal 24, fos. 110-111, 129b.; Repertory 23, fo. 594b.1732.Journal 24, fos. 124, 154b, 157b.1733.The queen to the mayor, 25 July; the lords of the council to the same, 26 July.—Journal 24, fo. 142.1734.Journal 24, fos. 173, 175.1735.The same dissatisfaction at the result of the Cadiz expedition so far as it affected the citizens of London was displayed in a previous letter from the mayor to the lords of the Privy Council (3 Nov.) in answer to a demand for 3,000 men and three ships to ride at Tilbury Hope and give notice of the approach of the Spanish fleet.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 243, 244.1736.Repertory 24, fo. 60b.1737.Journal 24, fos. 210b-213b, 216, 217.1738.Journal 24, fos. 324b, 325, 329b; Repertory 24, fos. 268, 287, 306;Id.25, fo. 4b. Elizabeth asked for £40,000, but only succeeded in getting half that sum.—Chamberlain's Letters, p. 15.1739.Journal 25, fos. 34, 47b, 48; Repertory 24, fo. 352b. In July, 1600, a deputation was appointed to wait upon the lords of the council touching the repayment of this loan.—Repertory 25, fo. 119b. It still remained unpaid in Feb., 1604.—Journal 26, fo. 163b. By the end of 1606 £20,000 had been paid off.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 188; Repertory 27, fo. 278. And by July, 1607, the whole was repaid.—Howes's Chron., p. 890.1740.Journal 25, fos. 74b, 75, 77b-78b, 81, 81b, 82b-84, etc.1741.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1742.Journal 25, fo. 79b.1743.-Id., fos. 80, 80b.1744.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1745.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 61; Journal 25, fos. 81, 84b.1746.Journal 25, fo. 238.1747.Journal 25. fo. 245; Letter Book BB, fo. 85. He was deprived of his aldermanry of the Ward of Farringdon Without and debarred from ever becoming alderman of any other ward "for causes sufficiently made known" to the Court of Aldermen.1748.Repertory 25, fos. 209b, 213.1749.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 546.1750.Secretary Cecil to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and others, 10 Feb., 1601.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 547.1751.Proclamation, dated 9 Feb., 1601.—Journal 25, fo. 240b.1752.Repertory 25, fos. 213, 246.1753.Journal 25, fos. 242, 243, 243b.1754.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1601-1603), pp. 16, 26, 89, 90.1755.Journal 25, fos. 137, 161b, 166, 179, 189, 190, 218b, 223, 237, 237b, 262b-265b, 293, 295, 301, 302b, 313b, 315; Journal 26, fos. 16b-19.1756.Repertory 25, fo. 296b.1757.Repertory 24, fos. 343, 354; Repertory 25, fos. 165-175. The Steelyard was re-opened in 1606.—Journal 27, fo. 66.1758.Letter from Sir Christopher Hatton to the mayor, 27 Nov., 1583.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 407.1759.Journal 26, fo. 42.

Footnotes1.Strype remarks of Thames water that it "did sooner become fine and clear than the New River water, and was ever a clearer water."—Strype, Stow's Survey, ed. 1720, bk. i, p. 25. Another writer speaks of "that most delicate and serviceable ryver of Thames."—Howes's Chron., p. 938.2.During Edgar's reign (958-975), the foreign trade of the City had increased to such a degree, and notably with a body of German merchants from the Eastern shores of the Baltic, called "Easterlings" (subsequently known as the Hanse Merchants of the Steel-yard), that his son and successor Ethelred drew up a code of laws for the purpose of regulating it.3."Et ipsa (i.e.Lundonia) multorum emporium populorum terrâ marique venientium."—Hist. Eccl., lib. ii, cap. iii.4.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 409.5.See ordinances made by the Earl (32 Eliz.).—Hunter's Hallamshire (1819), p. 119.6.Luttrell, Diary, i, p. 314.7."At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter hostes Londinium perrexit, cognomento quidem coloniæ non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre."—Tacitus, Ann., xiv, 33.8.For the direction of the various routes, see Elton's Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 344 note.9.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i., 60.10.The church of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill claims a Roman origin, but its claim is unsubstantiated by any proof.11.This appeal took the following form:—"The groans of the Britons to Aetius, for the third time Consul [i.e.A.D.446]. The savages drive us to the sea, and the sea casts us back upon the savages; so arise two kinds of death, and we are either drowned or slaughtered."—Elton, Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 360.12."Postea vero explorata insulæ fertilitate et indigenarum inertia, rupto fœdere, in ipsos, a quibus fuerant invitati arma verterunt."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Anglic. (Rolls Series No. 82). Proœmium. p. 13.13.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 12.14."In qua videlicet gente tune temporis Sabertus, nepos Ethelberti ex sorore Ricula, regnabat quamvis sub potestate positus ejusdem Ethelberti, qui omnibus, ut supra dictum est, usque ad terminum Humbræ fluminis, Anglorum gentibus imperabat."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii.15."Quorum [i.e., Orientalium Saxonum] metropolis Lundonia civitas est."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii. So, again, another writer describes London at the time it was devastated by the Danes in 851 as "Sita in aquilonari ripa Tamesis fluminis in confinio East-Sæxum et Middel-Sæxum, sed tamen ad East-Sæxum illa civitas cum veritate pertinet."—Flor. Wigorn., (ed. by Thorpe, for Engl. Hist. Soc.), i, 72.16.Kemble. Saxons in England, ii, 556.17."Mellitum vero Lundonienses episcopum recipere noluerunt, idolatris magis pontificibus servire gaudentes. Bede, Lib. ii, cap. vi.—Cf.Flor. Wigorn., i, 13.18."Ecclesiam ... beati Petri quæ sita est in loco terribili qui ab incolis Thorneye nunenpatur ... quæ olim ... beati Æthelberti hortatu ... a Sabertho prædivite quodam sub-regulo Lundoniæ, nepote videlicet ipsius regis, constructa est."—Kemble, Cod. Dipl., 555.19.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), i, 8, 16, 18.20.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., p. 53, &c.21.Thorpe, 114. The Troy weight was kept in the Husting of London and known as the Husting-weight.—Strype, Stow's Survey (1720), Bk. v., 369.22.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 55.23."And in the same year [i.e.851] came three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the Thames, and landed, and took Canterbury and London by storm."—Id.ii, 56.24.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 64, 65.25.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—the existence of which in its present form has been attributed to Alfred's encouragement of literature—seems to convey this meaning, although it is not quite clear on the point. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 44, pp. 148-149) ascribes the recovery of London by Alfred to the year 886. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, i., 56) does the same, and compares the status of London at the time with that of a German free city, which it more nearly resembled, than an integral portion of a kingdom.26.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 279.27.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 67.Cf."Lundoniam civitatem honorifice restauravit et habitabilem fecit quam etiam. Ætheredo Merciorum comitti servandam commendavit."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 101.28.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 405.29.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 71.30.According to Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74. p. 150) Alfred diverted the waters of the Lea that his enemy's ships were stranded.31.-Id., ii. 71.Cf."Quarum navium Lundonienses quasdam Lundoniam vehunt, quasdam vero penitus confringunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 115.32.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ, Thorpe, 97, 103.33.This is the earliest mention of a guildhall in London; and the ale-making which took place at the meeting of the officers of the frith-guild, accounts in all probability for Giraldus Cambrensis (Vita Galfridi, Rolls Series No. 21 iii., c. 8.) having described the Guildhall of London as "Aula publica quæ a potorum conventu nomen accepit."34."Notwithstanding the butt-filling and feasting, this appears to have been a purely religious and social guild, and, although it may have subsequently become a power in the city, so far, it is only of importance as the first evidence of combination among the inhabitants of London for anything like corporate action."—Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 68.35.Laws of Athelstan.—Thorpe, 93.36.Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Thorpe, 100.37.Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 178-179.38.Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax., p. 59.39."And if a merchant thrived so that he fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means [cɲæƥte, craft] then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy." (Thorpe, 81.) The word cɲæƥte is similarly translated in Wilkins's Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ; (ed. 1721, p. 71.)per facultates suas; but there seems no reason why it should not be taken to mean literally a craft or vessel. The passage occurs in a list of "People's Rank" which "formerly" prevailed, and is probably of Athelstan's time, even if it did not form part of the Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Wilkins,op. cit.p. 70 note.40.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 105.41.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 114.42.-Id.ii, p. 115.43.-Id.ii. pp. 117, 118. Annal. Monast., Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, p. 173.44.The towns of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, Stamford, and Derby, which for many years were occupied by the Danes, were so called.45.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, pp. 118, 119.46.-Id.ii, p. 119. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No 74), p. 180.47.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 120.48.-Id.ii, p. 120.Cf."Ad hæc principes se non amplius Danicum regem admissuros in Angliam unanimiter spoponderunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, p. 169.49.The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the kings of Norway, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson, ii. pp. 8-11.50.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 120.51.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 121.52.-Id.ii., 122.53.Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 215.54.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 308.55.Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes, 127, 128.56.In course of time the natives of Denmark acquired the privilege of sojourning all the year round in London—a privilege accorded to few, if any other, foreigners. They enjoyed moreover the benefits of the 'the law of the city of London' (la lei de la citie de Loundres) in other words, the right of resorting to fair or market in any place throughout England.—Liber Cust. pt. i, p. 63.57.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 418.58.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 122.59."At oppidanis magnanimiter pugnantibus repulsa."—Malmesbury, i, 216.60.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 123.61.-Id.ii, 121, 123. Henry of Huntingdon relates that Eadric caused a panic on the field of battle by crying out that Edmund had been killed. "Flet Engle, flet Engle, ded is Edmund."62.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 437.63.Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 538.64."The 'lithsmen' (ship-owners) of London, who with others raised Harold to the throne, were doubtless such 'burg-thegns.'"—Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 186.Cf.Lingard, i, 318. Norton Commentaries, pp. 23-24.65.Green, Conquest of England, p. 462. Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 73. "The Londoners who attended must have gone by way of the river in their 'liths.'"—Historic Towns, London (Loftie), p. 197.66.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 129.67.At the death of Harold, Harthacnut was invited to accept the crown by an embassy from England, of which the Bishop of London was a member. He accepted the offer and crossed over from the continent with a fleet of sixty ships, manned by Danish soldiers, and his first act was to demand eight marks for each rower; an imposition that was borne with difficulty. Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 132.68.Anglo-Sax Chron., ii, 132.69.Freeman, Norman Conquest, 2nd ed., ii. 5. But according to Kemble (Saxons in England, ii, 259 note), Edward's election took place at a hastily convened meeting at Gillingham.70."London, que caput est regni et legum. semper curia domini regis."—Laws of Edward Confessor, Thorpe, p. 197 note.71.For a list of gemóts held in London fromA.D.790, see Kemble's Saxons in England, ii, 241-261.72.Malmesbury, i, 242-244. Freeman, ii, 148-332.73.Freeman, ii, 324.74.Sed omnis civitas duci obviam et auxilio processit et præsidio acclamantque illi omnes una voce prospere in adventu suo. "Life of Edward Conf." (Rolls Series No. 3.), p. 406.75."Interim quosdam per internuntios, quosdam per se cives Lundonienses, quos variis pollicitationibus prius illexerat, convenit, et ut omnes fere quæ volebat omnino vellent, effecit."—Flor. Wigorn., i., 209.76.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 165-167.77."Aldredus autem Eboracensis archiepiscopus et iidem Comites cum civibus Lundoniensibus et butsecarlis, clitonem Eadgarum, Eadmundi Ferrei Lateris nepotem, in regem levare volueren, et cum eo se pugnam inituros promisere; sed dum ad pugnam descendere multi se paravere, comites suum auxilium ab eis retraxere, et cum suo exercitu domum redierunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.78.Such is the description of William's march, as given by Malmesbury (ii, 307). Another chronicler describes his march as one of slaughter and devastation.—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.79.The bishop was certainly Norman, and so probably was the port-reeve.80.Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 168-169.81.This charter is preserved in the Town Clerk's Office at the Guildhall. A fac-simile of it and of another charter of William, granting lands to Deorman, forms a frontispiece to this volume. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, second edition, revised 1876, iv, 29) wrote of this venerable parchment as bearing William's mark—"the cross traced by the Conqueror's own hand"—but this appears to be a mistake. The same authority, writing of the transcript of the charter made by the late Mr. Riley and printed by him in his edition of theLiber Custumarum(Rolls Series, pt. ii, p. 504), remarks that, "one or two words here look a little suspicious"; and justly so, for the transcript is far from being literally accurate.82.-Cf."Ego volo quod vos sitis omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus Regis." These words appear in the xivth century Latin version of William's Charter, preserved at the Guildhall.83.Liber Albus (Rolls Series i, 26).84.Opinions differ as to the derivation of the term port. Some, like Kemble, refer it to the Lat.portus, in the sense of an enclosed place for sale or purchase, a market. ("Portus est conclusus locus, quo importantur merces et inde exportantur. Est et statio conclusa et munita."—Thorpe, i, 158). Others, like Dr. Stubbs (Const. Hist., i, 404 n.), connect it with Lat.porta, not in its restricted signification of a gate, but as implying a market place, markets being often held at a city's gates. The Latin termsportaandportuswere in fact so closely allied, that they both alike signified a market place or a gate. Thus, in the will of Edmund Harengeye, enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, we find the following: "Ac eciam lego et volo quod illa tenementa cum magno portu vocato le Brodegate ... vendantur per executores meos."—Hust. Roll, 114 (76).85.Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., pp. 258-259.86."London and her election of Stephen," a paper read before the Archæol. Inst. in 1866, by the late Mr. Green (p. 267).87.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, p. 55.88.There appears to be no doubt that the charter preserved at the Guildhall had a seal, but not a fragment remains.89."Et dicunt quod prefatus dominus conquestor ante fundacionem ecclesie predicte et confeccionem carte sue de qua superius fit mencio auctoritate parliament sui et per duas cartes suas quas dicti maior et Cives hic proferunt scilicet per unam earam dimissit tunc civibus London' totam dictam civitatem et vice-comitatum London' cum omnibus appendiciis rebus et consuetudinibus eis qualitercumque pertinentibus.... Et per alteram concessit et auctoritate supradicta confirmavit eisdem civibus et successoribus suis quod haberent predicta ac omnes alias libertates et liberas consuetudines suas illesas quas habuerunt tempore dicti Sancti Regis Edwardi progenitoris sui."—Letter Book K, fo. 120 b.90."Tantaque pax suis regnavit temporibus, quod puella virguncula auro onusta, indempnis et intacta Angliam potuit peragrare."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44), i, 29.91.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.92.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.93.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 121.94.Malmesbury. ii, 375.95.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 189.96.-Id., ii, 202.97."Those of the council who were nigh at hand."—Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 204.98.Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44) i, 176.99.See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (p. 366), where the writer conjectures the date of the charter to have been between 1130 and 1135, and brings evidence in favour of it having been purchased by the payment of a large sum of money.100.Set out under fifteen heads in the City'sLiber Albus. (Rolls Series) i, 128-129.101.Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 404, 405. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville. p. 356.102.The sum of 100 marks of silver recorded (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I) as having been paid for the shrievalty in 1130, appears to have been more of the nature of a fine than afirma.103."Whereas from time immemorial there have been and of right ought to be two sheriffs of this city, which said two sheriffs during all the time aforesaid have constituted and of right ought to constitute one sheriff of the county of Middlesex...."—Preamble to Act of Common Council, 7th April, 1748,reNomination and election of Sheriffs. Journal 59, fo. 130b.104.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 357. Mr. Round's statements (op. cit., Appendix P), that "this onefirma... represents onecorpus comitatus, namely Middlesex, inclusive of London," and that "from this conclusion there is no escape," are more capable of refutation than he is willing to allow.105."It is probable that whilst the Sheriff in his character of Sheriff was competent to direct the customary business of the Court, it was in that ofjustitiathat he transacted business under the King's writ."—Stubbs, Const. History, i, 389, note.106."Post hoc prædictus Justitiarius ... accessit ad Gildhalle Londoniarum, et ibi tenuit placita de die in diem ... et incontinenti ... ilia terminavit nullo juris ordine observato contra leges civitatis et etiam contra leges et consuetudines cujuslibet liberi hominis de regno Anglie. Quod vero cives semper calumpniaverunt, dicentes quod nullus debet placitare in civitate de transgressionibus ibidem factis nisi vicecomites Londoniarium."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 40.107.Round. Geoffrey de Mandeville. pp. 107-113, 373, and Appendix K.108.Mat. Paris (Hist. Angl. i, 251), ascribes the incessant turmoil of the latter part of the reign to the vengeance of the deity for this breach of faith.109."Id quoque sui esse juris, suique specialiter privilegii, ut si rex ipsorum quoquo moclo obiret, alius suo provisu in regno substituendus e vestigio succederet."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 5-6.110."With the solemn independent election of a king, the great part which London was to play in England's history had definitely begun."—Green, London and her Election of Stephen.111.Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82). iii. 17.112.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 18.113."Eodem anno in Pentecoste resedit rex Londoniæ in Turri, episcopo tantum modo Sagiensi præsente: ceteri vel fastidierunt vel timuerunt venire. Aliquanto post, mediante legato, colloquium indictum est inter imperatricem et regem. si forte Deo inspirante pax reformari posset."—Malmesbury, Hist. Nov. (Rolls Series No. 90.), ii, 564.114."Juravit et affidavit imperatrix episcopo quod omnia majora negotia in Anglia præcipueque donationes episcopatuum et abbatiarum ejus nutum spectarent, si eam ipse cum sancta ecclesia in dominam reciperet et perpetuam ei fidelitatem teneret.... Nec dubitavit episcopus imperatricem in dominam Angliæ recipere, et ei cum quibusdam suis affidare, quod, quamdiu ipsa pactem non infringeret ipse quoque fidem ei custodiret."—Id.,ii, 573.115."Ventilata est hesterno die causa secreto coram majori parte cleri Angliæ ad cujus jus potissimum spectat principem eligere, simulque ordinare."—Id., ii, 576.116."Missos se a communione quam vocant Londoniarum."—Malmesbury, (Hist. Nov.), ii, 576. Exception may be taken to translatingcommunioas 'commune'; but even if the municipal organization represented by the French termcommunedid not at this period exist in the City of London in all its fulness, the "communal idea" appears to have been there.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i. 407.117."Omnes barones qui in eorum coramunionem jamdudum recepti fuerant."—Malmesbury,Ibid.118."Proficiscitur inde cum exultatione magna et gaudio, et in monasterio Sancti Albani cum processionali suscipitur honore et jubilo. Adeunt eam ibi cives multi ex Lundonia, tractatur ibi sermo multimodus de reddenda civitate."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 131.119."Erecta est autem in superbiam intolerabilem, quia suis incerta belli prosperavissent."—Hen. of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 275.120."Infinitæ copiæ pecuniam, non simplici cum mansuetudine sed cum ore imperioso ab eis exegit."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 75.121."Interpellata est a civibus, ut leges eis regis Edwardi observari liceret, quia optimæ erant, non patris sui Henrici quia graves erant. Verum illa non bono usa consilio, præ nimia austeritate non acquievit eis, unde et motus magnus factus in urbe; et facta conjuratione adversus eam quam cum honore susceperunt. cum dedecore apprehendere statuerunt."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 132.122.Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 577-578. "Sed tandem a Londoniensibus expulsa est in die Sancti Johannis Baptiste proximo sequenti"—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc), p. 197.123."Anno prædicto [i.e.7 Stephen,A.D.1141], statim in illa estate, obsessa est Turris Lundoniarum a Londoniensibus, quam Willielmus [sic] de Magnaville tenebat et firmaverat."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 197. From this it would appear that the father still held the office of constable. A charter of the empress, however, which Mr. Horace Round prints in his book on Geoffrey de Mandeville (pp. 88,seq.) points to the son as being constable at the time.124.Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 88-95.125.It is not to be supposed that the earl consented to assist the queen without meeting with some return for his services, more especially as the queen was prepared to go all lengths to obtain her husband's liberty. See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 119.126."Gaufrido de Mandevilla, qui jam iterum auxilio eorum cesserat, antea enim post captionem regis imperatrici fidelitatem juraverat, et Londoniensibus maxime annitentibus, nihilque omnino quod possent prætermittentibus quo imperatricem contristarent."—Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 580.127."Magnæ ex Lundoniis copiæ."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82.), i, 42. "Cumque invictâ Londoniensium catervâ."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 80. The Londoners sacked Winchester mercilessly. "Londonienses, cum maxima militum regalium parte, modis horrendis Wintoniensem civitatem expilavere."—Gesta Stephani, iii, 84.128.The precedent thus set by Stephen, of submitting to the ceremony of a second coronation after a period of captivity, was afterwards followed by Richard I, on his return from captivity abroad.129.This is the date assigned to the charter by Mr. Horace Round, (Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 138-144).Cf.Appendix to 31st Report of Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 3.130.The date assigned by Mr. Round to this charter is between Christmas, 1141, and the end of June, 1142.131."Et convenciono eidem Gaufredo Comiti Essex quod dominus meus Comes Andegavie vel ego vel filii nostri nullam pacem aut concordiam cum Burgensibus Lund[oniæ] faciemus, nisi concessu et assensu præ-dicti Comitis Gaufredi quia inimici eius sunt mortales."—Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 168.132.Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82), i. 48. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 278.133.Sometimes called the Treaty of Wallingford.134.The general joy is depicted in glowing colours by Henry of Huntingdon, (p. 289.)Cf.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 235.135.Fitz-Stephen's Stephanides, Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 208.136.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v., 325.137.A cartulary of the Mercers' Company contains a copy of a grant from Thomas Fitz-Theobald to the hospital of St. Thomas of Acon of "all that land, with the appurtenances, which was formerly of Gilbert Becket, father of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, where the said Blessed Thomas the Martyr was born (duxit originem), to build a church (basilicam) in honour of Almighty God and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of the same most glorious martyr."—Watney, Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon (privately printed 1892), pp. 9, 237.138.Liber Albus (Rolls Series), i, pp. 26, 27.139.This charter (with fragment of seal) is preserved at the Guildhall. It bears no date, but appears to have been granted between 1154 and 1161.140.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 138.141."De filiis et parentibus nobilium civitatis" and again "filii et nepotes quorundam nobilium civium Londoniarum."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 155.142.By a strange anomaly, a man who underwent ordeal by water was only adjudged innocent if he sank to the bottom and was drowned. Hence the old man's caution!143.Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 28. According to Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82, iii, 387), Longchamp obtained the chancellorship by bribery.144.Benedict (Rolls Series No. 49). ii, 106.145.-Id.ii, 143.146.-Id.ii, 158.147.Preface to Roger de Hoveden, iii, p. lxxvii. Girald. Cambr. Vita Galfridi (Rolls Series No. 21). iv, 397.148.Richard of Devizes, iii, 414. Benedict, ii, 213.149.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, 99. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi). iv, 397-398. Roger de Hoveden, iii. 140.150.Richard of Devizes. (Rolls Series No. 82), iii. 415. Benedict, 213. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi), iv, 405.151."Johannes comes frater regis et archiepiscopus Rothomagensis, et omnes episcopi, comites et barones regni qui aderant, concesserunt civibus Lundoniarum communam suam, et juraverunt quod ipsi eam et dignitates civitatis Lundoniarum custodirent illibatas, quandiu regi placuerit. Et cives Lundoniarum et epispcopi et comites et barones juraverunt fidelitates regi Ricardo, et Johanni comiti de Meretone fratri ejus salva fidelitate, et quod illum in dominum suum et regem reciperent, si rex sine prole decesserit."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 214.Cf.Roger de Hovedene (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 141; Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 5-6.152.-Suprap. 49.153."In crastino vero convocatis in unum civibus, communione, vel ut Latine minus vulgariter magis loquamur, communa seu communia eis concessa et communiter jurata."—Vita Galfridi, iv, 405.154.Const. Hist., i, 407.155.Referring to the year 1191, he writes, "we have the date of the foundation of the commune."—Id., i, 629.156."Concessa est ipsa die et instituta communia Londoniensium, in quam universi regni magnates et ipsi etiam ipsius provinciæ episcopi jurare coguntur. Nunc primum in indulta sibi conjuratione regno regem deesse cognovit Londonia quam nec rex ipse Ricardus, nec prædecessor et pater ejus Henricus, pro mille millibus marcarum argenti fieri permisisset. Quanta quippe mala ex conjuratione proveniant ex ipsa poterit diffinitione perpendi, quæ talis est—communia tumor plebis, timor regni, tepor sacerdotii."—Chron. Stephen, Hen. II, Ric. I (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 416.157."It is impossible to avoid a suspicion," writes Bishop Stubbs, "that the disappearance of the port-reeve and other changes in the municipal government, signify a civic revolution, the history of which is lost."—Const. Hist., i, 406n.158.Merewether and Stephens, Hist. of Boroughs (1835), i, 384. No authority, however, is given for this statement.159.The entire MS. was published in Latin by the Camden Society in 1846; and a translation of the original portion of the work was afterwards made by the late Mr. H. T. Riley, under the title "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London,A.D.1188 toA.D.1274."160."The correct date of the accession of Richard has never been ascertained. No records appear to be extant to fix the commencement of the reign of any king before the accession of John."—Nicholas, Chronology of Hist., p. 285.161.Fos. 45, 63 and 63b.162.Or simply Thedmar.163.It is thus that Riley reads the word which to me appears to be capable of being read "Grennigge."164.Calendar of Wills. Court of Husting, London, part. I., p. 22. From another Will, that of Margery, relict of Walter de Wynton, and one of Fitz-Thedmar's sisters—she is described as daughter of "Thedmar, the Teutonic"—it appears that other sisters of Fitz-Thedmar married into the well-known city families of Eswy and Gisors.—Id., part i, p. 31.165."Ibi etiam dispositium est, penes quem pecunia collata debeat residere: scilicet sub custodia Huberti Walteri Cantuariensis electi, et domini Ricardi Lundoniensis episcopi, et Willelmi comitis de Arundel et Hamelini comitis de Warenna et majoris Lundoniarum."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 212.166.Preserved at the Guildhall.167.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, p. 114.168."Denique ad ingressum principis ita ornata est facies amplissimæ civitatis ut Alemanni nobiles qui cum ipso venerant et redemptione regia exinanitam bonis Angliam credebant opum magnitudine obstupescerent."—William of Newburgh (Rolls Series No. 82), i, p. 406.169."Cives vero Lundonienses servierunt de pincernaria, et cives Wintonienses de coquina."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 12.170.Brit. Mus., Harl. MS. 3,504, fo. 248.171."Si invenissem emptorem Londoniam vendidissem."—Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 388.172."Frequentius enim solito . . imponebantur eis auxilia non modica et divites, propriis parcentes marsupiis volebant ut pauperes solverent universa."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iv. 5. "Ad omne edictum regium divites, propriis fortunis parcentes, pauperibus per potentiam omne onus imponerent."—Newburgh, (Rolls Series No. 82), ii. 466.173.Newburgh, ii., 466.174.Mat. Paris, ii, 57. A similar character is given him by Roger de Hoveden. Dr. S. R. Gardiner describes him as an alderman of the city, and as advocating the cause of the poor artisan against the exactions of the wealthier traders.—Students' History of England, i, 169.175."Pauperum et veritatis ac pietatis adversarii."—Mat. Paris, ii. 57.176.Newburgh, ii, 470.177."And for the time," adds Dr. Gardiner, "the rich tradesmen had their way against the poorer artisans."—Students' History of England, i, 170.178.Chronicles of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 2.179.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 709.180.Mat. Paris, ii, 143. Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 83-87.181.-Id.ii, 146.182.-Id.ii, 153.183.Ann. of Bermondsey (Rolls Series No. 36), in, 453.184.Mat. Paris, ii, 154-156.185.As to the services and franchises of Fitz-Walter, both in time of peace and war, see Lib. Cust., (Rolls Series), part i, pp. 147-151.186.Introd. to Lib. Cust, p. lxxvii.187.The sword of St. Paul, emblematic possibly of his martyrdom, still remains in the City's coat of arms. It has often been mistaken for the dagger with which Sir William Walworth is said to have killed Wat Tyler.188.The story is told in Mr. Riley's Introduction to the Liber Custamarum (p. lxxix), on the authority of the Chronicle of Dunmow.189.He is said to have made a similar attempt upon the wife of Eustace de Vesci, a leading baron.—(Blackstone, Introd. to Magna Carta, pp. 289, 290).190.Mat. Paris, ii, 156. A different complexion, however, is put on this event by another chronicler. According to Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series, No. 58, ii, 220) the barons made their way into the City by stealth, scaling the walls at a time when most of the inhabitants were engaged in divine service, and having once gained a footing opened all the City gates one after another.191.By charter, date 8th May, 1215, preserved at the Guildhall.192.Mat. Paris, ii, 159, 161, 164, 186.193.Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 117.194.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 298.195."Moram autem faciebant barones in civitate Londoniæ per annum et amplius cum civibus confœderati, permittentes se nullam pacem facturos cum rege nisi assensu utriusque partis."—Annals of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 283.196.Mat. Paris, ii, 161, 165.197.Contin. Flor. Wigorn. ii, 167, 171. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 3.198.Mat. Paris, ii, p. 179.199.Confession of the Vicomte de Melun.—Mat. Paris, ii, 187.200.Mat. Paris, ii, 200.201.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 4.202.Strype, Stow's Survey, 1720, Bk. i, p. 62. They had settled in Holborn soon after their arrival in 1220.203.Mat. Paris, ii, 385.204.-Id., ii, 218, 220.205.Liber de Ant. fol. 38. According to this authority (fol. 38b), the peace was ratified 23rd September, at Merton.206.Mat. Paris, ii, 222.207.Often spoken of as the Treaty of Lambeth (Rymer's Fœdera, i, 148.)208.The sum mentioned by Matthew Paris (ii. 224) is £5,000 sterling, but according to a marginal note in the Liber de Ant. (fol. 39) it would appear to have been only £1,000, which, according to the compiler of that record, Louis repaid the Londoners as soon as he arrived home, out of pure generosity (mera liberalitate sua). On the other hand, Matthew Paris (ii, 292) under the year 1227, narrates that Henry extorted from the citizens of London 5,000 marks of silver, on the ground that that was the sum paid by the Londoners to Louis on his departure, to the king's prejudice.209.Walter of Coventry. (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 239.210.Mat. Paris, ii, 251, 252.211.Roger of Wendover, (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 265, 267.212.Probably Saint Giles in the Fields, a hospital founded by Matilda, wife of Henry I.213."Cives autem Londonienses, qui eundem H[ubertum] propter suspendium Constantini oderant, lætati sunt de tribulalionibus suis, et ilico conquesti sunt de eo, quod concivem suum injuste suspendit, et absque judicio."—Mat. Paris, ii, 345.214.-Id., ii, 346, 347. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 6, 7.215."Dicebabur enim ... quod alienigenæ qui plus regni perturbationem desiderabant quam pacem, præfatum comitem Cestriæ ad domini sui regis infestationem et regni inquietationem inducere conarentur."—Walter of Coventry, ii, 251.216.Mat. Paris, ii, 382, 384, iii, 90.217.Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 469, 470. "Et quia communitas nostra sigillum non habet, præsentes literas signo communitatis civitatis Londoniarum vestræ sanctitati mittimus consignatas."—Mat. Paris, iii, 17.218.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 7, 8.219.French Chronicle (Camden Soc., No. 28), ed. by Aungier (Riley's translation), pp. 241-244.220.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 11.221.-Id., pp. 13, 14, 16.222.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 16, 17, 61. Mat. Paris, iii., 62, 80-81.223.Mat. Paris, ii, 323.224."Quia dominus rex obligabatur de debitis non minimis erga mercatores de vino, de cera, de pannis ultramarinis, a civibus pecuniam multam extorsit et Judæis, nec tamen inde mercatores plenam pacationem receperunt."—Mat. Paris, ii, 496.225."Cives tanien videntes aliud sibi non expedire, omnia benigne remiserunt."—Mat. Paris, iii, 72.226.-Id., iii, 43.227.Ann. of Worcester (Rolls Series No. 36), iv., 407.228."Unde, ne exorta contentione lætitia nuptialis nubilaretur, salvo cujuslibet jure, multa ad horam perpessa sunt, quæ in tempore opportuno fuerant determinanda."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl., ed. 1684, P. 355.Cf.City Records, Liber Ordinationum, fo. 193 b. Brit. Mus. Cotton MS. Vespasian, C. xiv. fos. 113-114.229.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 9, 20, 45, 53.230.-Id., p. 21.231.An early instance of this parliament being so designated is found in theLiber de Antiquisof the City's Records (fol. 75b.) where the wordsinsane parliamentumoccur.232.This agreement between the king and barons is termed a "Charter" by Fitz-Thedmar, who says it bore the seals of the king and of many barons.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 41.233.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 43.234.-Id., pp. 33-39.235.-Id., pp. 45, 46.236.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 47.237.-Id., p. 52.238.The Bull was confirmed by Alexander's successor Pope Urban IV. and the later Bull was read at Paul's Cross, by the king's orders in the following year (1262),Id., p. 53.239.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 56.240.-Id., p. 57.241.-Id., p. 58.242.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 59. "A similar uprising of the middle class of citizens was taking place about this period in other towns. They are spoken of by chroniclers of the same stamp as Fitz-Thedmar as ribald men who proclaimed themselves 'bachelors,' and banded themselves together to the prejudice of the chief men of the towns (majores urbium et burgorum)"—Chron. of Thomas Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 138.243.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 59-60.244.-Id., p. 60.245.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36). iii. 222-223. Chron. of Thos. Wykes (Ibid) iv, 136. Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28, ii, 18), places this event after the Mise of Amiens (23rd Jan., 1264).246.Annales Londonienses.—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76) i, 60.247.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 62.248.-Id., pp. 64, 65.249.Ann. of Dunstaple. iii, 230, 231.250.The number of Londoners who accompanied Leicester to Lewes is not given. Thomas Wykes mentions it to have been very large, for the reason that the number of fools is said to be infinite! "Quo comperto comes Leycestriæ glorians in virtute sua, congregata baronum multitudine copiosa, Londoniensium innumerabili agmine circumcinctus, quia legitur stultorum infinitus est numerus."—(Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 148.251.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 66; Ann. of Dunstaple, iii, 232; Thos. Wykes, iv, 149, 150; Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28), 27.252.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 67.253.-Id., p. 74.254.Fitz-Thedmar gives the number of representatives of each city and borough as four: "De qualitet civitate et burgo iiii homines."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 75.255.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 77. This anecdote is inserted in the margin of Fitz-Thedmar's chronicle, the writer expressing his horror at the "wondrous and unheard of" conduct of "this most wretched mayor."256.The story is told by Thos. Wykes. (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 163.257.Lib. de. Ant. fo. 94b.258.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 119. Circumstantially as the chronicler relates the story, he appears only to have inserted it as an after-thought. Mr. Loftie (Hist, of London, i, 151), suggests that possibly the news of Fitz-Thomas' death might have been the occasion of its insertion.259.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 235.260."His lordship the king had summoned to Wyndleshores all the earls, barons, [and] knights, as many as he could, with horses and arms, intending to lay siege to the City of London [and] calling the citizens his foes."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 81.261.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 82.262.At one time the parish of All Hallows Barking is spoken of as being in the County of Middlesex, at another as being within the City—Hust. Roll. 274, (10), (12).263.In narrating this, Fitz-Thedmar again discloses his aristocratic proclivities by remarking, "Such base exclamations did the fools of the vulgar classes give utterance to" on this occasion, viz., the election of William Fitz-Richard as Sheriff of Middlesex and Warden of London.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 90, 91.264.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 83, 85.265."Regina etiam rogavit pro Londoniensibus de quibus rex plures recepit ad pacem suam."—Ann. of Winchester (Rolls Series, No. 36), ii, 103.266.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 146, 147.267.Ann. of Dunstaple. (Rolls Series, No. 36), iii, 245.268.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 95. The citizens appear to have been divided, as indeed they often were, on the question of admitting the Earl.269.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 95, 97.270.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 96.271.-Id., pp. 97, 100.272.Dated "Est Ratford," 16th June, 1267. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 98-100.273.Dated 26th March, 1268. The original is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 3). A copy of it, inserted in the Lib. de Ant. (fo. 108b), has the following heading:—"Carta domini regis quam fecit civibus Lond',sub spe inveniendi ab eo meliorem gratiam," the words in italics being added by a later hand.274.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 113. Ann. of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 375.275.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 129.276.Lib. de Ant., fo. 120.277.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 129-130.278.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 153.279.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 154, 159.280.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 164.281.The series of Husting Rolls for Pleas of Land, preserved at the Guildhall, commence in the mayoralty of Hervy's successor.282.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 205-208.283.What Fitz-Thedmar means when he says (Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 171), that "only one part of the seal of the Commonalty of London" was appended to Hervy's so-called "charter" is hard to determine. The common seal of the city was at this period in the custody of the mayor for the time being. Under Edward II, it was for the first time entrusted to two aldermen and two commoners for safe keeping.—City Records, Letter Book D, fo. 145b.Cf.Ordinances of Edward II,A.D.1319.284.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 169-171.285.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 173-5.286."Et quod nullus alienigena in libertatem civitatis prædictæ admittatur nisi in Hustengo ... et si non sint de certo mestero, tune in libertatem civitatis ejusdem non admittentur sine assensu communitatis civitatis illius."—Lib. Custumarum (Rolls Series), pt. 1, pp. 269-270.287."The establishment of the corporate character of the city under a mayor marks the victory of the communal principle over the more ancient shire organisation, which seems to have displaced early in the century the complicated system of guild and franchise. It also marks the triumph of the mercantile over the aristocratic element."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 630, 631.288."The guilds continued to elect until 1384, when the right of election was again transferred to the wards." City Records, Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 173.289.Chron. Edward I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 84. Chron. of T. Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36) iv, p. 259.290.Dated from "Caples in the land of Labour" (Caples in terra laboris) or Capua, 19th January, 1273. This letter was publicly read in the Guildhall on the 25th March following.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 163.291.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 161.292.-Id., p. 172.293.-.Id, pp. 132, 140-2.294.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 143-4.295.-Id., pp. 145, 146.296.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 147, 148.297.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 149, 150.298.-Id., p. 165.299.-A.D.1279. "Eodem anno escambia et novæ monetæ extiterunt levata apud turrim Londoniensem; et Gregorius de Roqesle major monetæ per totam Angliam."—Chron. Edw. I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76. i. 88).—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Transl.) p. 239.300.The name of John Horn with the addition. "Flemyng" occurs in the 14th cent.—Hust. Roll. 64 (67), 81 (74).301.For one month after the Feast of St. Botolph the Abbot [17 June], the Court of Husting in London was closed, owing to the absence of citizens attending the fair. The right of appointing their own officers to settle disputes arising at the fair was granted to the citizens of London at the close of the Barons' War.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 176.302.Peace was signed before the end of July.—Rymer's Fœdera, (ed. 1816), vol. i. pt. 2, p. 513.303.A series of MS. books extending froma.d.1275 to 1688, deriving their title from the letters of the alphabet with which they are distinguished,A, B, C,&c,AA, BB, CC,&c. We are further aided by chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and II, edited by Bishop Stubbs for the Master of the Rolls. A portion of these chronicles the editor has fitly called "Annales Londonienses." There is even reason for believing them to have been written by Andrew Horn, citizen and fishmonger, as well as eminent jurist of his day. He died soon after the accession of Edward III. and by his will, dated 9th Oct., 1328, (Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, i, 344) bequeathed to the city many valuable legal and other treatises, only one of which (known to this day as "Liber Horn,") is preserved among the archives of the Corporation.304.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 239.305.Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 447.306.Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series). Introd. vol. i, p. xxxiii.307.-Id., i, 92.308.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 229. 230. Tho. Wykes (Ann. Monast. Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 294. Ann. of Worcester (Ibid), iv, 486. Walter de Heminburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 13.309.They were, in the language of Stow, "hanged by the purse." (Survey, Thoms' ed., p. 96).Cf."He was hanged by the nek and nought by the purs." (Chaucer, Cook's Tale. l. 885). The story is recorded in Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 240; and in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series i, 92-93).310.Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 472-474.311.Letter Book C, fo. 52. Riley's Memorials, p. 21.312.Rolls Series, i, 51-60.Cf.Lib. Ordinationum, fos. 154b,seq.313.The circumstances of Rokesley's visit to the justices at the Tower are set out in the city's "Liber Albus" (i, 16), from a MS. of Andrew Horn, no longer preserved at the Guildhall. The story also appears in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 94.314.In 1293 the king appointed Elias Russell and Henry le Bole his "improvers" (appropriatores) in the city:—Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series No. 76, i, 102). Their duties were practically identical with those of sheriffs, and Bishop Stubbs places a marginal note over against the appointment,—"Sheriffs appointed by the king." Walter Hervy is recorded as having removed certain stones near Bucklersbury when he was "improver" of the city (Letter Book A, fo. 84. Riley's Memorials, p. 25). This was probably done in 1268, when the city was in the king's hand, and Hervy and William de Durham were appointed bailiffs "without election by the citizens."—Chron. Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 112, 113.315.Letter Book A, fo. 132b.316.-Id., fo. 110.317.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 98.318.Letter Book A, fo. 95. Riley's Memorials, p. 26.319."From the very day of his accession, Edward was financially in the hands of the Lombard bankers; hence arose, no doubt, the difficulty which he had in managing the City of London; hence came also the financial mischief which followed the banishment of the Jews; and hence an accumulation of popular discontent, which showed itself in the king's lifetime by opposition to his mercantile policy, and, after his death, supplied one of the most efficient means for the overthrow of his son."—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. vol. i, pp. c, ci.320.Writ to the Sheriff of Middlesex, dated 2nd Jan., 1293. Letter Book B, fo. 25. Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 266.321.Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36), iii, 390. The chronicler acquits the king of complicity in this sacrilege.322.Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 274.323.Letter Book C. fo. 20.324.-Id., fos. 21b, 22. (Riley's Memorials, pp. 31-33). Liber Custum., i, 72-76.325.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii. 108, 109.326.Letter Book C, fo. 22b.327.By the bullClericis Laicos, Boniface VIII had recently forbidden the clergy to pay taxes to any layman.—Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 113-116.328.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 130, 131, 134.329.Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh, ii, 121.330.-Id., ii, 126, 127.331.-Id., ii, 149, 151.332.Letter Book B, fo. xxxvii (101b).333.Preserved among the City Archives (Box 26).Cf.Letter Book C, fo. xxiv, b.334.Letter Book B, fo. 93.335.Letter Book C, fo. 24. (Riley's Memorials, 37).336.Strictly speaking, a talliage could only be charged on the king's demesnes, and these did not include the City of London.337.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 132.338.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247. Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 139.339.Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 146. Hemingburgh ii, 248.340.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247 n.341."Tunc visa est Londonia quasi nova Jerusalem monilibus ornata."—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 152.342."Ad quam coronationem major, aldermanni et cives Londoniarum induti samiteis et sericeis vestimentis et ex armis Angliæ et Franciæ depictis, coram rege et regina Karolantes, et servi civium ad illud festum, ut moris est, de cupa servientes, omnibus intuentibus inauditum proviserunt gaudium."—Id. ibid.343.Letter Book C, fo. 93 (Riley's Memorials, p. 64).344.Letter Book D, fo. 96 (Memorials, pp. 69-71).345.Letter Book C, fo. 97 b (Memorials, p. 69).346.Letter Book D, fo. 104 (Memorials, pp. 72-74).347.Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 224-225.348.Letter Book D, fo. 147b.349.-Id., fo. 125b.350."Eodem anno (i.e.1302), die Lunæ ivtoKalendas Februarii, restitutus est Richerus de Refham in honore aldermanniæ Londoniarum, et factus est aldermannus de Warda de Basseishawe."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 104.351.Among those who were called to account was a woman remarkable for her name—"Sarra la Bredmongesterre." A selection of the cases enquired into is printed in Riley's Memorials, pp. 86-89.352."Sed quia idem Richerus fuerat austerus et celer ad justitiam faciendam nulli parcendo, et quia fecit imprisonare Willelmum de Hakford, mercer, ideo dictus W, et sui complices insurrexerunt in ipsum et ideo depositus fuit ab officio majoris et postea aldermanniæ suæ."—Chron. Edw. I and II, i, 175-176.353.Letter Book D, fo. 142.354.-Id., fos. 142b-143b (Memorials pp. 93-98.)355.-Id., fos. 142b, 143b, 145b.356.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 203.357.Lib. de Antiq., fo. 43b. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 250.358.Letter Book C, fo. 45.359.Letter Book C, fo. 92b (Memorials p. 63).360.The city chose as its representatives, Nicholas de Farendone, John de Wengrave, and Robert de Kelleseye. Letter Book D. fos. 149b, 151, 151b.361.-Id., fos. 151b, 152 (Memorials pp. 102-104.)362.-Id., fo. 168 (Memorials, pp. 105-106).363.Letter Book D, fos. 164, 164b.364.Letter Book E, fo. 18. (Memorials, pp. 108-110).365.Letter Book D, fo. 165.366.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 55, 56.367.Letter Book E, fo. 84. (Memorials, pp. 128-129).368.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 285.369.Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 252.370.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 269.371.Dated York, 8th June, 1319. These letters patent are preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4). Ten days later [18th June] Edward granted an ample inspeximus charter to the city, the original of which does not appear among the archives.SeeLib. Cust. i, pp. 255-273.372.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 253.373.In this year [1318-19] the new charter was confirmed by the king, and cost £1,000.Id., p. 252.374.Chron. Edward I and II, Introd., vol. ii, p. lxxxiv.375.Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 285-432.376.Rolls Series i, 51-60. Copies of the Ordinances are also to be found in the Liber Horn (fos. 209,seq.) and Liber Ordinationum (fos. 154bseq.) of the city's archives.377.Lib. Cust. i, 289, 308.378.Lib. Cust., i, 296.379.-Id., i, 308-322.380.-Id., i, 322-324.381.-Id., i, 324-325.382.-Id., i, 347-362.383."Et fuit illo die post horam vesperarum antequam Justiciarii et duodenæ perfiniebant; sed neminem eodem die indictaverunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 366.384.Lib. Cust., i, 371-374.385.-Id., i, 378. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 253.386."Qui cum quasi leones parati ad prædam ante Pascham extitissent, nunc, versa vice, quasi agni vicissim facti sunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 383-384.387.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 216, 272.388.Lib. Cust., i, 408, 409.389.-Id., i, 425.390.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. The precise date of his election is not known. Bishop Stubbs, in his introduction to the Chronicle cited (i, p. lxxxii), states it to have taken place in January. This can hardly have been the case, inasmuch as the city had not been taken into the king's hands before the middle of February—forty-one days after the commencement of the Iter. See Lib. Cust. i, p. 378.391.Letter Book E, fos. 119b-120 (Memorials, pp. 142-144).392.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 293, 296.393.-Id., i, 297.394.Dated, Boxle, 25 October. Patent Roll 15, Edward II, Part 1, m. ii.395.Chron. Edward I and II, i, p. 298. Re-elected "by the commons at the king's wish."—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 254.396.Chron. Edward I and II, i, pp. 298-299.397.Aungier, Fr. Chron., pp. 254, 255.398.The charter, dated Aldermaston, 12th December, 15 Edward II [A.D.1321], with seal (imperfect) attached, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4.)399.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301.—Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.). p. 255.400."Car c'est le plus perilleux peuple [sc. the English] qui soit au monde et plus outrageux et orgueilleux et de tous ceux d' Angleterre les Londriens sont chefs ... ils sont fors durs et hardis et haux en courage; tant plus voyent de sang respandu et plus sont cruels et moins ebahis."—Froissart's Hist. (ed. Lyon, 1559), pp. 333-334.401.Macaulay, Hist., cap. iii.402.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 257, 264.403.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 303.404.-Id., i. 305. Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 257.405.By the king's writ, dated Ravensdale, 29 Nov., Letter Book E. fo. 148. According to the French Chronicle (Aungier, p. 258) Chigwell recovered the mayoralty on the feast of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.]. On the 7th Dec. he was admitted and sworn into office.406.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301, 305, 318 n.407."Propter insidiantes domini regis et aliorum malorum hominum."—Id., i, 306.408.-Id., i, 307.409.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 259.410.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 308. Easter is given as the date of her departure by the Fr. Chron. (p. 259), Easter Day falling on the 15th April in that year.411.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 260.412.See her proclamation issued at Wallingford, 15th Oct. Rymer's Fœdera, vol. ii, part 1, pp. 645, 646.413.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 314, 315.414.Dated Baldock, 6 Oct., 1326. City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, membr. x (12).415.Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), pp. 262, 263.416.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 315, 316. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 263.417.Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 310. Murimuth, Chron. (Eng. Hist. Soc.), p. 48.418.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 321, ii, 310. Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 264. Murimuth (Eng. Hist. Soc.), pp. 48, 49.419.The proclamation is headed,Proclamacio prima post decessum episcopi Exoniensis et ipsius decollacionem.—City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, membr. 2 dors.420.Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 265.421.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 318.422.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 323. Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, memb. 2.423.Dated 28 February, 1326-7. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325-326.424.Dated 6 March, 1326-7. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5).425.InreIslington Market Bill, 3 Clk, 513. See also Stat. 5 and 6, William IV, cap. cxi, ss. 46et seq.426.-Vide sup., p. 104.427.According to the common law of the land, no market could be erected so as to be a "nuisance" to another market within a less distance than six miles and a half and a third of another half.—Bracton "De Legibus Angliæ" (Rolls Series No. 70), iii, 584.428.Dated 4 March, 1326-7.429.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325.430.The king's letters asking for assistance were dated from Nottingham, 29 April and 2 May.—City's Records, Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. iv dors, and ix.431.The names of the troopers are set out in full, under the several wards, in Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, memb. ix. The compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i. 333), gives the number of the City contingent as 100 men, adding feelingly "sed proh pudor! nil boni ibi facientes sine honore revertuntur."432.Dated Topclyf, 10 July.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. ii (4).433.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. iii.434.Writ dated Lincoln, 23 September.—Id., Roll A 1, membr. v (7) dors.435.-Id., Roll A 1. memb. iii.—In July, 1323, the Exchequer had been transferred from York to Westminster, "and great treasure therewith."—Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 258.436.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. iii, and v (7).437.Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1. membr. xxii.438.-Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxii, dors.—According to the Chronicle of Lanercost (Bannatyne Club, p. 261), it was theLondonerswho refused to give up the stone.439.Rymer's Fœdera (1830), Vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 716. Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey (2nd ed.), pp. 60-64.440.Rymer's Fœdera (1821) Vol. ii, pt. ii, pp. 734, 740. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xx dors. Chron. Edward I and II, i. 339-340.441.The city was represented by Stephen de Abyndon and Robert de Kelseye. The writ was dated Clipston, 28 August, and the return made the 10th October.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxiii-xxiv.442.Letter dated 27 September.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii (27) dors.443.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xxiv (28) dors.444."Quod dictus Hamo fuit pessimus vermis qui venit in civitate jam xx annis elapsis et amplius, et quod nunquam foret bona pax in civitate dum viveret et quod bonum esset valde si capud ejus a corpore truncatur."—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii dors.445.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 29.446.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 29 dors.447.-Id.,ibid.—Notwithstanding this disavowal, it is said that no less than 600 Londoners assisted the Lancastrian cause.—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. Vol. i, p. cxx.448.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 343.—Letter Book E, fo. 179b. (Memorials, pp. 170-171).449.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 31.450.See letter from the mayor, &c., to the king informing him that his wishes had been carried out.—Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).451.At Christmas, both the primate and the city despatched letters to Edward, who was then at Worcester, to that effect.—Id., Roll A 1. memb. xxviii (32).452.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 343-344.453.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).454.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 242-243.455.-Id., i, 245, 346.456.-Id., i. 246-247.457.The will is enrolled in the records of the Court of Husting, Roll 61 (17). His devise to St. Paul's was challenged by John de Pulteney, and execution stayed.458.According to the compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i, 352), Mortimer was taken "in camera Isabelle reginæ."459.She died in 1357. and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, in the city.460."The last days of Queen Isabella."—Archæol., vol. xxxv, p. 464.461.On her first arrival in London she was conducted by a cavalcade of citizens to the Bishop of Ely's house in Holborn, and after her marriage, was made the recipient of a present of gold and silver and a great store of all kinds of provisions. Her coronation, which took place two years later (Feb., 1330), was also made the occasion for a further display of their loyalty and affection.—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 338, 339, 349.462.Green, Hist. of the English People, i, 410. Imposts on wool, writes Bishop Stubbs, became of such importance at this period that "the merchants again seemed likely to furnish the realm with a new estate."—Const. Hist., ii. 379.463.-Supra, pp. 112-115.464."Eodem anno (i.e., 1326) post Pascha dominus rex habuit consilium apud Westmonasterium; et ordinatum fuit ibi quod mercatores emerent lanas. corias et plumbum, in certis locis Angliæ, Walliæ et Hyberniæ, et illa loca vocantur Stapel."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 312.Cf.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 15.465.Dated 23 April, 1327. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. i (3) dors.466.Dated Nottingham, 30 April (1327). Rymer's Fœdera. Vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 705.467.Writ to the collector of dues in the port of London and other places on both sides of the Thames as far as Gravesend. Dated Overton, 2 July, 1 Edward III (a.d.1327). Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors (cedula).468.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.469.Letters patent, dated Lincoln, 23 Sept., 1 Edward III (a.d.1327).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.470.Writ to sheriffs to see the restrictions carried out, dated York, 1 March, 2 Edward III (a.d.1327-8).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 24 dors.471.Dated from Coventry.Id., Roll A 1, membr. 18 dors.472.Return to writ, dated 12 January, 1 Edward III (A.D.1327-8).—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 20.473.Letter from the Mayor, &c., of York, to the City of London, dated 29 January, and reply.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23).474.-Id. ibid.475.-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xvii (20) dors. The letter was sent in reply to one from the City's representatives, Grantham and Priour, asking for instructions.476.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23) dors.477.He had been an intimate favourite of Edward II. and had been removed, with others, from that king's service in 1311. Notwithstanding this, he appears as the king's Chamberlain in 1316. Ten years later, when the city was in the hands of an infuriated mob, and the king confined at Kenilworth, John de Charleton took the Earl of Arundel prisoner and caused him to be beheaded. In 1329 the citizens received peremptory orders from Edward III, not to harbour him in the city.—Chron. Edward I & II. i, 247.478.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.479.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.480.Letter Book E, fo. 183. (Memorials, p. 169.)481."In 1333 they were again established in England, but merchants ignored them, and in the following year they were abolished. From 1344 onwards they are frequently discussed in parliament and assemblies of the merchants; and by the statute of 1353 the system was consolidated."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 412.482.Letter Book G. fos. 35b, 76.483.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 765.484.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 247, 249.485.Chron. Edward I and II. i, 249, 251.486.Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 815.487.Rex Franciæ subtiliavit viis et modis quibus potuit qualiter deturbaret regem Angliæ et repatriare faceret ne tantum destrueret et debellaret regnum Scotiæ.—Knighton (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 476.488.-Id., i, 461.489.Letter Book E, fos. 1-4—(Memorials, pp. 187-190).490.John de Grantham was allowed 60 shillings for a horse which he lost whilst going to this parliament on the city's business. (Letter Book F, fo. 9b.) It is, however, not clear that Grantham attended the parliament as a city member.491.Chron. Edward I and II, ii. 122.492.Letter patent, dated 12 August.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 35.493.-Id. ibid.494.Letter patent, dated Westm., 24 March.—Letter Book F., fo. 6.495.-Id., fo. 6b.496.Chron. Edward I and II, i, 366.497.The king's letter, dated Stamford, 1 June, 1337.—Letter Book F, fo. 6b.498.Letter Book F, fos. 4-5.499.Charter dated Westminster, 26 March, 1337, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5). The king made frequent attempts to annul this charter.—Letter Book F, fo. 197; Letter Book G, fos. 11b, 41b.500.-Id., fo. 9.501.-Id., fo. 9b. (Memorials, p. 197).502.-Id., fo. 10b.503.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380.504.Letter Book F, fo. 42.505.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 3 and 3 dors.506.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380-381.507.Letter Book F, fos. 3, 3b.508.-Id., fo. 14b.Id., fo. 18b.509.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 5, membr. 3 dors.510.-Id., membr. 5 dors.511.-Id., membr. 6. On the 23 October, the Duke of Cornwall, whom the king had nominated regent during his absence abroad, wrote to the Mayor, &c., of London, bidding him put the city into a posture of defence.—Letter Book F, fo. 19.512.-Skumarii: a scummar, a rover. Skeats' Glossary to the Bruce (Early Eng. Text Soc.s. v.)513.Letter Book F, fos. 22b-23.514.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 1.515.Letter Book F, fly leaf. (Memorials, p. 204.)516.Letter Book F, fly-leaf. The passage was printed by the late Mr. Riley, although somewhat inaccurately, in his Memorials (p. 205). The original MS. runs thus: "Item in Camera Gildaule sunt sex Instrumenta de Laton vocata Gonnes cum quinque teleres ad eadem. Item pelete de plumbo pro eidem Instrumentis que ponderant iiijcli et dj. Item xxxij li de pulvere pro dictis instrumentis."517.The late Mr. Riley misread "roleres" for "teleres" (the writing is not very legible), and therefore thought the passage referred to heavy ordnance.518.Richard Hastinges bequeaths by will in 1558 his bows and arrows, with "tyllers" &c.—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 670.519.Congregacio Maioris Aldermannorum et unius hominis cujuslibet warde civitatis pro negociis communitatem tangentibus die veneris proxima post festum Sancte Katerine Virginis (25 Nov.) anno xiijccontra adventum domini regis et regine de partibus transmarinis.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 10.520.Letter Book F, fo. 30b.521.Letter Book F, fo. 32b. (Memorials, pp. 208-210.)522.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 12 dors.523.Letter Book F, fo. 34b.524.Letter Book F, fo. 39.525.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 20-21. Letter Book F, fo. 37b.526.A cedula inserted between membranes 19 and 20 of Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3.527.Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 277.528.Murimuth, Contin. Chron. (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 116. Avesbury (Ibid), p. 323.529.Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 283-285. Murimuth, p. 117.530.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 22.531.Letter Book F, fos. 45b-49. Murimuth, pp. 118, 119.532.Murimuth, p. 119.533.Letter Book F, fo. 49.534.Dated 26 May, 1341. This charter, which was granted with the assent of parliament, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5.)535.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 25 dors.536.-Id., Roll A 5. membr. 17.537.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 392 note. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 290.538.Murimuth, 155.539.Letter Book F, fos. 81-84b.540.Commission, dated Windsor, 20th March, 1345.Id.fo. 98b.541.-Id.fos. 99, 109, 110.542.Letter Book F, fo. 111.543.-Id., fo. 116b.544.Murimuth (Rolls Series, No. 93, p. 198) states that the number of vessels great and small amounted to 750; whilst in another Chronicle the same writer says that they numbered more than 1,500 (Chron. ed. for Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 164.)545.Letter Book F. fo. 119. Murimuth (Rolls Series), p. 198.546.Murimuth (Rolls Series), pp. 205-211.547.Letter Book F, fo. 120b.548.-Id., fos. 121-125b.549.Letter Book F, fos. 127, 127b, 130.550.-Id., fos. 132b-133b.551.-Id., fos. 139, 140.552.-Id., fo. 140 b.553.Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 272.Cf.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64). p. 26.554.It was the first of the three pestilences (the others occurring in 1361 and 1369) which served occasionally as land marks in history for dating conveyances and other records.—See Bond's Handy-book for verifying dates, p. 311.555.Stow extravagantly conjectures that no less than 50,000 perished within a year, all of whom were buried in Walter Manny's cemetery, near the Charterhouse. Another chronicler states that 200 were buried there alone between February and April, 1349.—Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 407.556.Whilst the king forbade the encouragement of beggars by gifts of charity, the municipal authorities fixed the price of labour.—Letter Book F. fos. 163, 168, 169, 181. At the close of the year (1349) a statute—known as the Statute of Labourers—was passed, fixing the scale of wages at the rate prevalent before the Black Death, and ordering punishment to be inflicted on those who demanded more.557.Letter Book F, fo. 168.558.-Id., fo. 191b.559.By writ, dated 1 July. Letter Book F, fo. 185b.560.Letter Book F, fos. 187b, 188b.561.Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 412.562.Letter Book F, fos. 174, 176.563.Rot. Parl., ii, 155.564.Letter Book G, fo. 47.—Their cost, amounting to nearly £500, was assessed on the wards.565.Letter Book G, fo. 53b. (Memorials, pp. 285-289).566.Walshingham (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 283. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), p. 37.567.Letter Book G, fos. 65-67.568.Letter Book G, fo. 60.569.Relief on this point was afforded by the king in February, 1359, by the issue of a writ to the effect that the names of his purveyors should be handed to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and that the purveyors shall not seize any victuals until they had shown and read their commission.—Letter Book G, fo. 74.570.Walsingham, i, 288.571.Letter Book G, fo. 133.572.Stow's Survey (Thom's ed. 1876), pp. 41, 90.—If we include David, King of Denmark (as some do), the number of kings entertained on this occasion was five, and to this day the toast of "Prosperity to the Vintners' Company" is drunk at their banquets with five cheers in memory of the visit of the five crowned heads.—See a pamphlet entitledThe Vintners' Company with Five, by B. Standring, Master of the Company in 1887.573.Letter Book G, fo. 133.—The list of subscribers, as printed in Herbert's Introduction to his History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (p. 32), is very inaccurately transcribed.574.-Id., fo. 158.575.-Id., fos. 225b, 226b, 235b, 236b.576.-Id., fo. 228b.577.Letter Book G, fo. 247b.—The money was advanced on the security of Exchequer bills. The names of the contributors and the several sums contributed, covering three folios of the Letter Book, have been for some reason erased.578.-Id., fos. 263, 270.579.Fasciculi Zizaniorum (Rolls Series No. 5), introd., p. xxviii.580.Letter Book G, fos. 274b-275.581.-Id., fo. 268.582.Letter Book G, fos. 268b, 270.583.The number of parishes is elsewhere given as 110.—Id., fo. 275. A list of London benefices, under date 31 Edward I [1302-3], is given in the City's Liber Custumarum (i, 228-230), the number being 116.584.Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), pref. vol. i, p. lvi.585.Chron. Edward I and II, introd., vol. i., p. xli.586.Letter Book G, fo. 271. (Memorials, pp. 350-352).587.-Id., fo. 289b.588.Walsingham, i, 315.589.Letter Book G, fos. 297, 298, 304b, 306b, 307.590.Letter Book G, fo. 312b. Letter Book H, fos. 17-19b.591.The parliament was originally summoned for the 12th February, but did not meet before the 28 April. The city members were John Pyel and William Walworth, Aldermen, William Essex and Adam Carlile, commoners.—Letter Book H. fos. 28. 29.592.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), 78, 79.593.Walsingham i, 321. Higden's Polychron (Rolls Series No. 41), viii, 385. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), pp. 94, 392.594.Letter Book H, fo. 45b.595.See the king's letter, dated "Haddele" Castle, 29 July, 1376.—Letter Book H, fo. 44.596.The names of the representatives of the guilds forming the first Common Council of the kind are placed on record.—Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 47.597.-Id., fo. 44b.598.Letter Book H, fo. 46.599.-Id., fos. 47, 161; Journal 11, fo. 89.600.Charter, dated 26 May, 15 Edward III,Suprap. 188.601.Letter Book H, fo. 173.—The names of those elected by the wards to the Common Council two years later (9 Ric. II), are inserted on a cedula between membranes, 15 and 16, of Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 27.602.Walsingham, i, 327. Chron. Angliæ, pp. 142, 143. Modern writers, however, have discovered some good qualities in this lady.—See Notes and Queries, 7th Series, vol. vii, pp. 449,et seq.603.Chron. Angliæ, p. 130.604.See Hust., Rolls, 95, (130) (13O); 97, (9); 98, (73) (74) (82); 109, (6) (7) (8); also Will of William Burton—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 301.605.Letter Book H, fo. 77b.606.-Id., fo. 47b.607.Pat. Roll, 3 Ric. II, part 1.608."Ut de cetero non major, antiquo more, sed capitaneus Londoniis haberetur, et quod Marescallus Angliæ in illa civitate, sicut alibi, reos arestare valeret; cum multis petitionibus quæ; manifeste obviabant urbis libertatibus et imminebant civium detrimento."—Chron. Angliæ, p. 120.609.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 123-125, 397; Walsingham, i, 325.610.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 125, 398.611.-Id., pp. 127, 128.612.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.613.Letter Book H, fos. 58, 59.614.Chron. Angliæ, p. 134.615.Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.616.-Id., pp. 136-137, 142-143.617.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 146-149. The chronicler expresses the utmost joy and astonishment at the sudden change in the duke's manner. It was (he says) nothing less than a miracle that one who had so recently demanded a present of precious stones and 100 tuns of wine, as the price of his favour, should now appear so complacent.618.-Id., pp. 150, 151.619."Londonienses præcipue obloquebantur, dicentes jam perpaucorum proceruin corda fore cum Rege, eos solos sibi fideles esse; quorum Rex licet ironice, vocabatur a nonnullis proceribus, eo quod ipsi multum juvissent eum in coronatione sua."—Walsingham i, 370;Cf.Chron. Angliæ, p. 200.620.Chron. Angliæ, p. 153.621.Lib. Cust. ii, 467, 468. It appears from the City Records, that the king's butler in ordinary could claim the office of Coroner of the city.—See Letter Book H, fos. 68, 77b.622.The Isle of Wight had been surprised and taken, Rye had been captured, Hastings had been destroyed by fire, and Winchelsea would have fallen into the hands of the enemy but for the bold defence made by the Abbot of Battle.—Walsingham i, 340-342; Chron. Angliæ, pp. 151, 166, 167.623.Letter Book H, fos. 76-77, 83.624.Et deputati sunt ad hujus pecuniæ custodiam duo cives Londonienses, scilicet Willelmus Walworthe et Johannes Philipot.—Chron. Angliæ, p. 171. Eight other citizens, viz., Adam Lovekyn, William Tonge, Thomas Welford, Robert Lucas, John Hadley, John Northampton, John Organ, and John Sely, were appointed collectors of the two fifteenths.—Letter Book H, fo. 90.625.Dated 4 Dec, 1377. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).626.Letter Book H, fo. 82.627.Chron. Angliæ, p. 194: Walsingham i, 367. It was stated before parliament, in 1378, that Walworth and Philipot had laid out every penny of the subsidy.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 445 note.628.Chron. Angliæ, pp. 199, 200. Philipot again showed his patriotism in 1380, by providing money and arms for an expedition sent to assist the Duke of Brittany.—Id., p. 266. He died in the summer of 1384.—Walsingham, ii, 115.629.Letter Book H, fo. 95.630."Et idcirco locum illum elegerant præmeditato facinori; ne Londonienses, si Londoniis fuisset Parliamentum prædictum, sua auctoritate vel potentia eorum conatus ullatenus impedirent."—Walsingham, i, 380.631.Letter Book H, fo. 101b. (Memorials, p. 427).632.Letter Book H, fos. 109b, 110.633.-Id., fos. 107, 108, 109.634.-Id., fos. 111b, 113.635.Letter Book H, fos. 128, 132.636.The story of the insurrection under Wat Tyler, and of his death at the hands of Walworth, as told in Letter Book H, fo. 133b (Memorials, pp. 449-451), varies in some particulars from that given by Walsingham (i, 454-465), and in the Chronicon Angliæ (pp. 285-297).637.Letter Book H, fo. 134.638.-Id., fo. 134b.639.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 24, membr. 9.640.Walsingham, i, 467-484; ii, 23.641.Walsingham, ii, 13.642.-Id., ii, 9, 10.643.Letter Book H, fos. 149b, 150.644."Homo duri cordis et astutus, elatus propter divitias et superbus, qui nec inferioribus adquiescere, nec superiorum allegationibus sive monitis flecti valeret quin quod inceperat proprio ingenio torvo proposito ad quemcunque finem perducere niteretur."—Walsingham, ii, 65.645.Letter Book H, fo. 144. (Memorials, p. 463).646.Letter Book H, fo. 146b.647.-Id., fos. 153-154.648.Walsingham, ii, 71. From the City's Records it appears that early in 1383, William Baret was alderman of Philipot's ward (Cornhill); but in the following year, when Brembre succeeded to his mayoralty, and the so-called "king's party" was again in the ascendant, Philipot again appears as alderman of his old ward, continuing in office until his death (12 Sept., 1384), when he was succeeded by John Rote.—Letter Book H, fos. 163, 174.649.Letter Book H, fo. 155b.650.Letter Book H, fo. 154.651.Letter Book H, fo. 168. Three years later, "the folk of the Mercerye of London" complained to parliament that Brembre and his "upberers" had on this occasion obtained his election by force—"through debate and strenger partye."—(Rot., Parl. iii, 225). There is no evidence of this in the City's Records, although there appears to have been a disturbance at his re-election in 1384. It may be to this that the Mercers' petition refers. It is noteworthy that at the time of his election in 1383, Brembre was not an alderman, although in the previous year, and again in the year following his election, he is recorded as Alderman of Bread Street Ward.—Letter Book H, fos. 140, 163, 174.652.Breve quod piscenarii libertatis civitatis Londoniæ exerceant artem suam ut consueverunt. Dated 27 Nov., 1383.—Letter Book H, fo. 172.653.-Id., fos. 154-154b, 176-177.654.Dated 26 Nov., 7 Ric. II. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).655.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3 dors.656.Letter Book H, fos. 166, 167.657.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3.658.Writ dated 9 February; Letter Box H, fo. 173b.659.-Id., fos. 173b, 174b.660.-Id., fo. 174.661.Letter Book H, fo. 179.662.Letter Book H, fo. 179b; Walsingham, ii, 116.663.Hidgen, Polychron. (Rolls Series No. 41), ix, 45seq.664."Hæc autem omnia sibi fieri procurarunt æmuli piscarii, ut dicebabur, quia per illos stetit quod ars et curia eorum erant destructæ."—Higden, ix, 49.665.Letter Book H, fo. 92. (Memorials, pp. 415-417).666.Letter Book H, fo. 182. The names of those specially summoned are set out in Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 15.667.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 4, 5 and 6.668.Higden, ix, 50, 51.669.Letter Book H, fo. 182.670.Letter Book H, fo. 198b.671.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 26.672.Letters patent of pardon received the king's sign manual on the 3 June, 1386 (Letter Book H, fo. 216), but the prisoners were not released before April in the following year.—See Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.673.Letter Book H, fo. 214. (Memorials, p. 494).674.Rot. Parl. iii, 227, cited by Riley in his "Memorials," p. 494, note.675.Letter Book H, fo. 176b.676.This letter, which was dated the 27 April, was delivered to Lord Zouche at his house by John Reche, Common Pleader, and Ralph Strode and John Harwell, Sergeants-at-Arms.—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.677."Super quo dominus Rex respondit quod licet in sua potestate fuerat cum ipsis, Johanne, Johanne et Ricardo agere graciose bene tamen sibi provideret priusquam foret eis graciam concessurus."—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.678.Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.679.Letter Book H, fo. 222.680.The oath as set out in the letter to the king differs from another copy of the oath, which immediately precedes the letter in Letter Book H, fos. 220b, 221; a clause having been subsequently added to the latter to the effect that the swearer abjured the opinions of Northampton and his followers, and would oppose their return within the bounds and limits set out in the king's letters patent.681.Letter Book H, fo. 222.682.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.683.Walsingham, ii, 150.684.Higden, Polychron. ix, 104.685.Letter Book H, fo. 223b.686.Higden, Polychron. ix, 106; Walsingham, ii, 166.687.Letter Book H, fo. 223b. (Memorials, p. 449.)688.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108-109.689."Londonienses ... mobiles erant ut arundo, et nunc cum Dominis, nunc cum Rege, sentiebant, nusquam stabiles sed fallaces."—Hist. Angliæ, ii, 161.690.Higden, Polychron. ix, 108; Walsingham, ii, 169.691.Pleas and Mem., Roll A, membr. 7.692.Higden, ix, 111-114; Walsingham, ii, 170, 171; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 5.693.Higden, ix, 117, 118.694.Howell's State Trials, i, 115.695.Higden, Polychron. ix, 168.696.State Trials, i, 118, 119.697.Walsingham, ii, 165-174.698.Higden, ix, 167-169.699.Letter Book H, fo. 228.700.Letter Book H, fo, 161.701.-Id.,fo. 126; Higden ix, 179.702.Letter Book H, fos. 234, 234b.703.Higden ix, 217.704.Higden ix, 238, 239.705.Letters patent, date, 2 Dec, 1390.—Letter Book H, fo. 255; Higden ix, 243.706.Letter Book H, fo. 259. (Memorials, p. 526.).707.-Id., fo. 300.708.-Id., fo. 270.709.Higden, ix, 270. According to Walsingham (Hist. Angl. ii, 208), the Lombard failed to get the money from the citizens, who nearly killed him when they learnt his purpose.710.The names of the citizens chosen for the occasion are given by Higden (Polychron. ix, 269, 270), and in Letter Book H, fo. 270.711.The reason given in the City Records for the dismissals which followed is stated to be "certain defects in a commission under the common seal and other causes."—Letter Book H, fo. 270b.712.Higden, Polychron. ix, 272; Walsingham, ii, 208-209.713.Higden, ix, 273; Letter Book H, fo. 270b.714.Letter Book H, fo. 275b.715.-Id., fo. 273.716.Letter Book H, fo. 269b; Higden, ix, 267. Walsingham (ii, 213) suggests that this was done at the instance of the Archbishop of York, the Chancellor.717."Putabant isti officiarii per hoc non modicum damnificare civitatem Lundoniæ, sed potius hoc multo majora damna intulerunt regi et hominibus regni quam jam dictæ civitati."—Higden, ix, 267-268.718.Walsingham, ii, 210.719.Higden, ix, 273.720.Letters Patent of pardon, dated Woodstock, 19 September, 1392. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 6).721.Higden. ix, 274, 276, 278; Letter Book H, fos. 271b, 272, 274. Notwithstanding these remissions, the city was mulcted, according to Waisingham (ii, 211), in no less a sum than £10,000 before it received its liberties.—Cf.Chron. of London, 1089-1483 (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas, sometimes called "Tyrrell's Chronicle," from a City Remembrancer of that name), p. 80.722.Stat. 17, Ric. II, c. 13; Letter Book H, fos. 290b, 291.; Bohun, "Privilegia Londini" (ed. 1723), p. 57.723.Higden, ix, 274.724.Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 489-490.725.Letter Book H, fo. 314.726.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 12.727."Also this yere (1397-8), by selying of blank chartres, the Citie of London paied to the kyng a mlli."—Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas); p. 83.728.Letters Patent, dat. 9 May, 1399.—Letter Book H, fo. 326. Richard set sail on the 29th.729."Douze cent hommes de Londres, tous armés et montés à cheval."—Froissart (ed. Lyon, 1559), vol. iv, c. 108, p. 328. In Lord Berner's translation of Froissart (iv, 566), the number is wrongly given as 12,000.730.Walsingham, ii, 245, 246.731.Walsingham, ii, 262-264. Serle's Christian name is given elsewhere as John.—Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 30. The writ for his execution is dated 5 August, 1404.—Letter Book I, fo. 31b.732.Letter Book I, fo. 180b. (Memorials, pp. 638-641). Walsingham, ii, 317.733.City Records Journal, I, fo. 83b. We have now a series of MS. Volumes among the City's archives known as "Journals" to assist us. They contain minutes of proceedings of the Court of Common Council, just as the "Repertories" (which we shall have occasion to consult later on), contain a record of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen. The Letter Books may now be regarded as "fair copies" of the more important of the proceedings of both Courts.734.Letter Book H, fo. 307b. The Lollards are said to have derived their name from a low German wordlollen, to sing or chant, from their habit of chanting, but their clerical opponents affected to derive it from the Latinlolium, as if this sect were as tares among the true wheat of the church.735.Letter Book I, fo. 125b-132.736.-Id., fo. 130b.737.-Ibid.738.Letter Book I, fo. 11b.739.He appears, however, to have burnt by a special order of the king, before the passing of the statute.—See Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), Introd. p. lxix.740.A curious story is told of boys in the streets playing at England and Scotland at this time, with the result that what began in play ended in fighting and loss of life.—See Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 332.741.Letter Book I, fo. 16.742.Letter Book I, fo. 27; Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 379.743.Letter Book I, fo. 89b.744.-Id., fo. 113.745.-Id., fo. 108b.746.Letter Book I, fo. 112b.747.Exchequer Roll, Lay Subsidy, 144-20.—See Archæological Journal, vol. xliv, 56-82.748.Letter Book I, fo. 54. (Memorials pp. 563-564.)749.License, dated Westminster, 29 May, 12 Henry IV (A.D.1411).—Letter Book I, fo. 103b. In 1417 the mayor and aldermen ordained that the rector of St. Peter's for the time being should in future take precedence of the rectors of all other city churches, on the ground that Saint Peter's was the first church founded in the city of London, having been built in 199 by King Lucius, and for 400 years or more held the metropolitan chair.—Letter Book I, fo. 203. (Memorials, pp. 651-653.)Cf.Journal 1, fo. 21b.750."Eminentissima turris Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et pugil invictus Dominus Thomas de Arundelia."—Hist. Angl. ii, 300.751.A certain William Fyssher, aparchemyneror parchment-maker of London, was afterwards (1416) convicted of assisting in Oldcastle's escape, and was executed at Tyburn.—Letter Book I, fo. 181b. (Memorials, p. 641.)752.Walsingham, ii, 292-299; Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), 433-449; Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas), p. 97.753.Letter Book I, fos. 286-290.754.2 Hen. V. Stat. i, c. 7.755.It was not, however, the last occasion upon which parliamentary action was attempted. In 1422, and again in 1425, the Lollards were formidable in London, and parliament on both occasions ordered that those who were in prison should be delivered at once to the Ordinary, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 81, 363.756.Letter Book I, fo. 147.757.Walsingham, ii, 306, 307.758.Hist. Angl., ii, 307.759.Letter Book I, fol. 154.760.See letter from the mayor to the king, giving an account of Cleydon's trial, 22nd August, 1415.—Letter Book I, fo. 155. (Memorials, p. 617). Foxe, "Acts and Monuments," iii, 531-534.761.Walsingham, ii, 327, 328.762.Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 46; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 106.763.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii., 363, 364.764.Letter Book I, fo. 150. This "very antient memorandum" of the Lord Mayor's precedence in the City was submitted to Charles II in 1670, when that monarch insisted upon Sir Richard Ford, the Lord Mayor of the day, giving "the hand and the place" to the Prince of Orange (afterwards William III of England), on the occasion of the prince being entertained by the City.—Repertory, 76, fos. 28b, 29.765.Letter Book I, fo. 158b. (Memorials, p. 613).766.-Id., fo. 157.767.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), pp. 108-109. Gregory was an alderman of the City, and an eye-witness of much that he relates.768.Letter dated 2nd August—the day on which Sir Thomas Grey, one of the chief conspiritors was executed.—Letter Book I, fo. 180.769.Letter Book I, fo. 143. (Memorials, p. 619).770.Letter Book I, fo. 177.771.Letter Book I, fo. 159. (Memorials, pp. 620, 622).772."Quali gaudio, quali tripudio, quali denique triumpho, sit acceptus a Londoniensibus, dicere prætermitto. Quia revera curiositas apparatumn, nimietas expensarum, varietates spectaculorum, tractatus exigerent merito speciales."—Walsingham, ii, 314.773.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 103.774.Letter Book I, fo. 178b. Other proclamations on the same subject are recorded in the same place, most of which will be found in "Memorials" (pp. 627-629).775.Letter Book I, fo. 190b.776.-Id., fos. 188, 188b.777.Letter Book I, fo. 191b.778.Letter Book I, fo. 218b. In May, 1419, the sword was surrendered, and the security changed to one on wool, woolfells, &c.—Id., fo. 227b.779.Letter Book I, fo. 229. (Memorials, p. 654.)780.Journal 1, fo. 30b.781.Letter Book I, fo. 200b. (Memorials, p. 657.)782.Letter, dated Caen, 11 September.—Letter Book I, fo. 200b.783.Writ, dated 18th Oct.—Letter Book I, fo. 203.784.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 89.785.Letter Book I, fo. 222.786.Letter Book I, fos. 211b, 212b, 217. Proclamations made by the civic authorities at this time were subscribed "Carpenter"—the name of the Common Clerk or Town Clerk of the City. The custom of the Town Clerk of London for the time being, signing official documents of this kind with his surname alone, continues at the present day.787.Letter Book I, fo. 215b.788.Letter Book I, fo. 216. (Memorials, p. 664).789.Letter Book I, fo. 216. On the 15th September the question of payment to the brewers, wine drawers and turners of the cups was considered.—Journal I, fo. 48. (Memorials, pp. 665, 666).790.Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), 1222.791.Letter Book I, fos. 236, 236b.792.Letter Book I, fo. 237. (Memorials, p. 674).793.-Id., fo. 241b.794.Letter Book I, fo. 252.795.Walsingham, ii, 335.796.Letter Book I, fo. 263.797.Letter Book I, fo. 259. According to Walsingham (ii, 336), the ceremony took place on thefirstSunday in Lent.798.Walsingham, ii, 336, 337.799.Parliament voted a fifteenth and a tenth to assist the king in his necessities; John Gedney, alderman, John Perneys, John Bacon, grocer, and John Patesley, goldsmith, being appointed commissioners to levy the same within the City.—Letter Book I, fo. 277b.800.Letter Book K, fo. 1b.801.Letter Book I, fo. 282b.802.Letter Book I, fo. 282b; Letter Book K, fo. 12.803.Letter Book K, fo. 2.804.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 97.805.Letter Book K, fos. 10, 10b.806.-Id., fo. 15b.807.Letter Book K, fos. 10-18.808.Chron. London (Nicolas), p. 114; Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 17), p. 159; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), pp. 53, 54.809.See two letters from the mayor.—Letter Book K, fos. 18b, 21.810.Gregory's Chron., p. 160.811.-Id., p. 162.812.Journal 2, fos. 22b, 64b (new pagination).813.Letter Book K, fo. 50b.814.Gregory's Chron., p. 161.815.Letter Book K, fo. 55b.816.Letter Book K, fos. 62, 63b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.817.Letter Book K, fo. 66b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.818.Letter Book K, fo. 68b. In 1443 the Common Council agreed to allow the City members their reasonable expenses out of the chamber (Journal 5, fo. 129b), but when parliament met at Coventry in 1459, the City members were allowed 40s.a day, besides any disbursements they might make in the City's honour (Journal 6, fo. 166b), and the same allowance was made in 1464, when parliament sat at York (Journal 7, fos. 52, 54).819.-Id., fo. 69b.820.Gregory's Chron., pp. 164-168.821.City Records, Liber Dunthorn, fo. 61b; Letter Book K, fo. 70.822.Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, London, ii, 509.823.Letter Book K, fo. 84.824.A long account of his entry into the French capital, and of the pageantry in honour of the occasion, is set out in full in the City's Records.—Letter Book K, fos. 101b-103.825.A full descriptive account of Henry's reception on his return from France is set out in the City Records (Letter Book K, fos. 103b-104b). It purports to be an account sent by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk, to a friend, and has been printed at the end of theLiber Albus(Rolls Series);Cf.Gregory's Chron., pp. 173-175.826.He informed the City of his intention by letter, dated from Ghent the 13th April.—Letter Book K, fo. 105.827.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 114-117.828.Letter Book K, fo. 137b.829.Letter Book K, fo. 138.830.Gregory's Chron., p. 177.831.Letter Book K, fo. 148.832."And that same yere (1437), the Mayre of London sende, by the good a-vyse and consent of craftys, sent sowdyers to Calys, for hyt was sayde that the Duke of Burgone lay sege unto Calis."—Gregory's Chron. p. 178.833.Letter Book K, fos. 160-162.834.Gregory's Chron. p. 179.835.Letter Book K. fo. 183b. The tax was found to be so successful that it was subsequently renewed. In 1453 it was renewed for the king's life.—Id., fo. 280b.836.Journal 3, fo. 103b.837.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 129.838.The validity as well as the effect of this charter (which is preserved in the Town Clerk's office) has been made the subject of much controversy, some contending that it is in effect a grant of the soil of the river from Staines to Yantlet, that being the extent of the City's liberties on the Thames, whilst others restrict the grant to the City's territorial limits,i.e., from Temple Bar to the Tower.839.Letter Book K, fo. 220b.840.Chron. of London (Nicholas), p. 134.841.See "Historical Memoranda," by Stow, printed in "Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), pp. 94-99.842."And the Meire of London with the comynes of the city came to the kynge besekynge him that he wolde tarye in the cite, and they wolde lyve and dye with him, and pay for his costes of householde an halff yere; but he wold nott, but toke his journey to Kyllyngworthe."—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chronicles" (Camd. Soc.), p. 67.843.Journal 5, fo. 36b.844.Journal 5, fo. 39.845.He had been admitted alderman of Lime Street ward in 1448, at the king's special request, and had only recently been discharged.—Journal 4, fo. 213b; Journal 5, fo. 38b. In 1461 he left England, but was captured at sea by the French and put to ransom for 4,000 marks.—Fabyan, p. 638.846.Holinshed, iii, 224.847.Gregory's Chron., p. 192.848.Journal 5, fo. 40b.849.Alexander Iden, who appears to have pursued Cade beyond the limits of his own jurisdiction, as Sheriff of Kent, into the neighbouring county of Sussex, where the rebel was apprehended in a garden at Heathfield.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron.," preface, p. vii.850.The exclusion of the Duke and other nobles from the king's council had been made an express ground of complaint by the Kentish insurgents.851.Chron., p. 196.852."And so thei brought (the duke) ungirt thurgh London bitwene ij bisshoppes ridyng unto his place; and after that made hym swere at Paulis after theire entent, and put him frome his good peticions which were for the comoen wele of the realme."—Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 138.853.Journal 5, fos. 131, 132b, 133b.854.Journal 5, fos. 134b, 135b, 136.855.-Id., fo. 148.856.-Id., fo. 152.857.-Id., fo. 152b.858.-Id., fos. 183, 184.859.Journal 5, fo. 206.860.Report of City Chamberlain to the Court of Common Council.—Journal 5, fos. 227-228b.861.News-letter of John Stodeley, 19 Jan., 1454; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 265, 266.862.Journal 5, fos 143, 145b, 152, 152b-160b.863.Journal 5, fo. 150.864.-Id., fos. 162, 162b.865.-Id., fo. 164b.866.Booking to Paston, 15 May; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 387;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139; Gregory's Chron., p. 199.867.William Cantelowe, alderman of Cripplegate and Billingsgate wards, from the latter of which he was discharged in October, 1461, on the score of old age and infirmity (Journal 6, fo. 81b). He appears in his time to have had financial dealings with the crown, on one occasion conveying money over sea for bringing Queen Margaret to England, and on another supplying gunpowder to the castle of Cherbourg, when it was in the hands of the English. He is thought by some to be identical with the William Cantelowe who afterwards (in 1464) captured Henry VI in a wood in the North of England.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 28), Preface, p. viii.868.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 70.869.Letter Book K, fo. 287.870.-Id., fo. 288b.871.Cotton MS., Vitell. A, xvi, fo. 114.872.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 77.873.Fabyan, Chron. (ed. 1811), p. 633;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139.874.Journal 6, fos. 138, 138b, 139.875.Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 78;Cf.Fabyan, p. 633; Holinshed, iii, 249.876.Short Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 71; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 140.877.Journal 6, fo. 166.878.-Id., fo. 145.879.-Id., fo. 163.880.English Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 179.881.Journal 6, fo. 224b.882.William Paston, writing to his brother John, under date 28th January, 1460, remarks, "Item, the kyng cometh to London ward, and, as it is seyd, rereth the pepyll as he come; but it is certayn ther be comyssyons made in to dyvers schyres that every man be redy in his best aray to com when the kyng send for hem."—Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 506.883.Paston Letters (Gairdner), Introd., p. cxl.884.The king's letter, dated 2 Feb., was read before the Common Council on the 5 Feb.—Letter Book K, fo. 313b; Journal 6, fo. 196b.885.Journal 6, fo. 197b.886.-Id., fo. 203b.887.-Id., fo. 158.888.Journal 6, fo. 237.889.It had been destroyed by fire during the Kentish outbreak.—Gregory's Chron., p. 193.890.Journal 6, fo. 237b.891.Journal 6, fo. 238.892.-Id., fo. 238b.893.Journal 6, fos. 239, 239b; Eng. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 94.894.Journal 6, fo. 252b.895.Eo quod nullus alius modus videtur esse tutus pro civitate.—Id., fo. 251.896.Journal 6, fo. 251b.897.-Id., fo. 250b.898.Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 98. The Thames boatmen and sailors were almost as powerful and troublesome a body of men as the London apprentices. The Common Council had recently (11th July) endeavoured to subdue their turbulent spirit by the distribution among them of a large sum of money (£100).—Journal 6, fo. 254.899.On the 4th July the Common Council voted the earls the sum of £1,000 by way of loan.—Journal 6, fo. 253.900.Journal 6, fo. 256. By some inadvertence two copies of the agreement were sealed, one of which was returned to the mayor to be cancelled.901.Journal 6, fo. 257.902.Gregory's Chron., p. 208; Engl. Chron., pp, 99-100; Short Engl. Chron., p. 75.903.The interview with the wardens of the companies took place at a Common Council held on the 13th December, 1460.—Journal 6, fo. 282b.904.Journal 6, fo. 13.905.The governing body in the city was still Lancastrian at heart. On the 13th Feb. the Common Council had voted Henry, at that time in the hands of Warwick, a loan of 1,000 marks, and a further sum of 500 marks (making in all £1,000) for the purpose ofgarnysshyngand safeguarding the city. On the 24th a certain number of aldermen and commoners were deputed to answer for the safe custody of the Tower, and on the following day (25 Feb.) the mayor forbade, by public proclamation, any insult being offered to Sir Edmund Hampden and others, who had been despatched by the king and queen to London for the purpose of ascertaining "the true and faithful disposition" of the city.—Journal 6, fos. 35, 35b, 40.906.Gregory's Chron., p. 215.907.Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 189.908.Journal 6, fo. 37b.909.Letter Book L, fo. 4; Lib. Dunthorn, fo. 62; Journal 7, fo. 98.910.Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 80.911.Journal 7, fos. 97b, 98.912.Charter, dat. Winchecombe, 26 Aug., 1461. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).913.Inspeximus charter, dated Westminster, 25 March, 1462. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 13).914.Journal 7, fo. 8.915.-Id., fo. 15.916.See Inspeximus charter 15 Charles II.917.Journal 7, fo. 21b.918.Journal 7, fo. 175.919.Ancestor of Lord Bacon and others of the nobility.—See Orridge "Citizens and their Rulers," p. 222.920.Fabyan, p. 656. He was deprived of his aldermanry (Broad Street Ward) by the king's orders.—Journal 7, fo. 128.921.Journal 7, fos. 196, 198, 199.922.Journal 7, fos. 215b, 222b.923.-Id., fos. 229b, 230b.924.-Id., fo. 222b.925.A record of what took place in the city between the 1st and 6th October is set out in Journal 7, fo. 223b.926.-Id., fo. 225.927.He had, after Warwick's flight to France in March of this year, put to death and impaled twenty of the earl's followers.—Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 9.928.Journal 7, fo. 225.929.Fabyan Chron., p. 660.930.Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 15.—According to the chronicler, theCommonsof the city were still loyal to Henry, whom Archbishop Nevill had carried through the streets, weak and sickly as he was, in the hope of exciting the sympathy of the burgesses. Had the archbishop been a true man, "as the Commons of London were," Edward would not have gained an entry into the city until after the victory of Barnet-field.931.Journal 5, fos. 152, 175.932.The "bastard's" letter and the reply of the mayor and aldermen are set out in Journal 8, fos. 4b-6b, and Letter Book L, fo. 78.933.Holinshed, iii, 323; Fabyan, p. 662.—According to Warkworth (p. 19), theCommonswould willingly have admitted the rebels had the latter not attempted to fire Aldgate and London Bridge.934.Paston Letters, iii, 17.935.The 21st May is the day usually given as that on which Edward returned. The City's Journal, however, gives the day as the Eve of the Ascension, that festival falling on May the 23rd.—Journal 8, fo. 7.936.Warkworth's Chron., p. 21.937.Namely, Richard Lee, Matthew Philip, Ralph Verney, John Young, William Tailour, George Irlond, William Hampton, Bartholomew James, Thomas Stalbrok, and William Stokker.—Journal 8, fo. 7.938.Journal 7, fo. 246.939.-Id., 8, fo. 98.940.-Id., fo. 101.941.Journal 8, fo. 110b.942.Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).943.Journal 8, fo. 244.944.Fabyan, p. 667.945.Proclamation, dated 21 Nov., 22 Edw. IV.—Letter Book L, fo. 281b; Journal 9, fo. 2.946.Journal 9, fo. 12.947.-Id., fo. 14.948.-Id., fo. 14b.949.-Id., fos. 18, 18b.950.Journal 9, fo. 21b.951.The oath taken by Gloucester to King Edward V, as well as the oath which he was willing to take to the queen, if she consented to quit Westminster, were read before the Common Council on the 23rd March.—Journal 9, fo. 23b.952.Wife of Matthew Shore, a respectable goldsmith of Lombard Street:—"In Lombard-street, I once did dwelle,As London yet can witness welle;Where many gallants did beholdeMy beautye in a shop of golde."(Percy Reliques).She had recently been made to do penance by Gloucester in a white sheet for practising witchcraft upon him; but her unhappy position, as well as her well-known charity in better days, gained for her much sympathy and respect.953.The duke's speech, interesting as it is, as showing the importance attached to gaining the favour of the City, cannot be regarded as historical.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 224 note.954.Journal 9, fo. 27.955.Journal 9, fo. 33b. The names of the citizens selected for that honour are recorded.—Id., fo. 21b. The names also of those who attended coronations in the same capacity down to the time of George IV are, with one exception (the coronation of Charles I), entered in the City's archives.—(See Report on Coronations, presented to Co. Co., 18 Aug., 1831.Printed.)956.-Id., fo. 43.957.-Id., fo. 114b.958.Journal 9, fo. 39.959.Green, Hist. of the English People, ii, 63.960.Stat. 1 Richard III, c. 9.961.-Id., c. 2.962.Journal 9, fo. 43b.963.Journal 9, fo. 56.964.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 140.965.Journal 9, fos. 78b, 81. Richard issued a proclamation against Henry "Tydder" on the 23 June, calling upon his subjects to defend themselves against his proposed attack.—Paston Letters (Gairdner), iii, 316-320.966.Journal 9, fos. 81b-83b.967.Journal 9, fos. 84, 85b, 86b;Cf."Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 4-6.968.Holinshed, iii, 479.969.Hecker's "Epidemics of the Middle Ages," p. 168.970.Journal 9, fo. 87b.971.The day for election of mayor varied; at one time it was the Feast of the Translation of S. Edward (13 Oct.), at another the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude (28 Oct.).972.Journal 9, fo. 88.973.-Id., fo. 78b.974.-Id., fo. 89b.975.Holinshed, iii, 482, 483; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 141b. According to Fabyan (p. 683), the Mercers, Grocers and Drapers subscribed nearly one half of the loan.976.Pol. Verg., 717; "Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 3.977.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh" (Twelve English Statesmen Series), p. 47. No record of this appears in the City's archives.978.Journal 9, fos. 150b, 151.979.-Id., fo. 151.980.He arrived on the 3rd Nov.—Gairdner, p. 57.981.Journal 9, fos. 157b, 158.982.-Id., fo. 161.983.Journal 9, fo. 223b; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 142b; Fabyan, p. 683; Holinshed, iii, 492.984.Henry's second parliament was summoned to meet the 9th Nov., 1487. The names of the City's representatives have not come down to us, but we know that William White, an alderman, was elected one or the members in the place of Thomas Fitz-William, who was chosen member for Lincolnshire, and we have the names of six men chosen to superintend the City's affairs in this parliament (ad prosequendum in parliamento pro negociis civitatis), viz:—William Capell, alderman, Thomas Bullesdon, Nicholas Alwyn, Simon Harrys, William Brogreve, and Thomas Grafton.—Journal 9, fo. 224.985.Holinshed, iii, 492.986.Journal 9, fo. 273b.987.Fabyan, p. 684.988.Journal 10, fos. 80b, 83; Repertory 1, fos. 10b, 13. The "Repertories"—containing minutes of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen, distinct from those of the Common Council—commence in 1495.989.Repertory 1, fo. 19b.990.Two years later, when the post was held by Arnold Babyngton, complaint being made of the noisome smell arising from the burning of bones, horns, shavings of leather, &c., in preparing food for the City's hounds, near Moorgate, the Common Hunt was allowed a sum of 26s.8d.in addition to his customary fees for the purpose of supplying wood for the purpose.—Repertory 1, fo. 70. The office was maintained as late as the year 1807, when it was abolished by order of the Common Council.—Journal 84, fo. 135b.991.Repertory 1, fo. 20b.992.-Id., fos. 20, 20b.993.Journal 10, fo. 104b.994.-Id., fo. 105.995.-Id., fo. 108.996.Fabyan, p. 687.997.Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 176.998.Repertory 1, fo. 41b.999.Repertory 1, fo. 62.1000.Journal 10, fo. 187b.1001.Journal 10, fo. 190b.1002.-Id., fo. 191.1003.This is the date given by Gairdner (p. 198). According to Fabyan (p. 687) she arrived on the 4th Oct.1004.Journal 10, fos. 238, 238b.1005.Repertory 1, fos. 122b-126. The account will be found in Archæol., vol. xxxii, p. 126.1006.Repertory 1, fos. 130, 130b.1007.By Stat. 19 Henry VII, c. 7, annulling Stat. 15 Henry VI, c. 6.1008.Repertory 2, fo. 146.1009.Charter dated 23 July, 1505, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 15).1010.Repertory 1, fo. 175.1011.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 193.1012.Repertory 2, fos. 12, 14; Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 29.1013.The sum mentioned by Holinshed (iii. 539), is £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689.1014.Baker, in his Chronicle (ed. 1674), p. 248, puts Capel's fine at £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689; Holinshed, iii, 530; Journal 11, fo. 94.1015.Fabyan, p. 690.1016.Letter Book M, fo. 138; Journal 11, fo. 28.1017.Journal 11, fos. 37-39.1018.Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh," p. 206.1019.Journal 10, fos. 318, 318b; Repertory 2, fos. 10b-11b. A list of "such places as have charged themself and promysed to kepe the yerely obit" of Henry VII, as well as a copy of indentures made for the assurance of the same obit, with schedule of sums paid to various religious houses for the observance of the same, are entered in the City's Records.—Repertory 1. fo. 167b; Letter Book P, fo. 186b.1020.The generally accepted day of his death, although the City's Archives in one place record it as having taken place on the 21st.—Journal 2, fo. 67b;Cf.Fabyan, 690.1021.Holinshed, iii, 541.1022.Journal 11, fos. 67b-69.1023."Aldermen barons and presenting barons astate whiche hath been Maires."1024.Journal 2, fo. 69.1025.Repertory 11, fo. 68b.1026.Letters Patent, dated 9 June, 1509, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 29).1027.Letter Book M, fo. 159; Journal 11, fo. 74b.1028.Repertory 2, fo. 68.1029.Journal 11, fos. 80, 81b, 82; Letter Book M, fo. 160.1030.Journal 11, fo. 80.1031.Holinshed, iii, 547.1032.According to Holinshed (iii, 567), Parliament opened on the 25th Jan., 1512. The Parliamentary Returns give the date as the 4th Feb. with "no returns found." The names of the City's members, however, are recorded in the City's Archives. They were Alderman Sir William Capell, who had suffered so much at the close of the last reign, Richard Broke, the City's new Recorder, William Cawle or Calley, draper, and John Kyme, mercer, commoners.—Journal 11, fo. 147b; Repertory 2, fo. 125b.1033.The Act for levying the necessary subsidy ordained that every alien made a denizen should be rated like a native, but that aliens who had not become denizens should be assessed at double the amount at which natives were assessed.—See "Historical Introd. to Cal. of Denizations and Naturalizations of Aliens in England, 1509-1603." (Huguenot Soc.), viii, 7.1034.Journal 11, fo. 1.1035.-Id., fo. 1b.1036.Journal 11, fo. 171; Repertory 2, fos. 150b, 172.1037.Repertory 2, fos. 151b-152.1038.Journal 11, fo. 2.1039.Repertory 2, fo. 153.1040.Letter Book M., fo. 257; Repertory 3, fo. 221. In July, 1517, the Fellowship of Saddlers of London consented, on the recommendation of Archbishop Warham, to refer a matter of dispute between it and the parishioners of St. Vedast to the Recorder and Thomas More, gentleman, for settlement (Repertory 3, fo. 149); and in Aug., 1521, "Thomas More, late of London, gentleman," was bound over, in the sum of £20, to appear before the mayor for the time being, to answer such charges as might be made against him.—Journal 12, fo. 123.1041.Roper's Life of Sir Thomas More, pp. 3, 5, 6.1042.Journal 8, fo. 144; Journal 9, fos. 13, 142b.1043.William Lichfield, rector of All Hallows the Great, Gilbert Worthington, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, John Cote, rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and John Nigel or Neel, master of the hospital of St. Thomas de Acon and parson of St. Mary Colechurch.—Rot. Parl. v, 137.1044.Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 42.1045.Chamber Accounts (Town Clerk's office), i, fos. 202b, 203.1046.Repertory 2, fos. 121b, 123.1047.-Id., fo. 126b; Journal 11, fo. 147b.1048.Journal 11, fo. 163; Repertory 2, fos. 133b, 142.1049.Letter of Erasmus to Justus Jonas quoted in Lupton's Life of Colet, pp. 166, 167.1050.Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 28.1051."The number of grammar schools, in various parts of the country, which owe their foundation and endowment to the piety and liberality of citizens of London ... far exceeds what might be supposed, approaching as it does nearly to a hundred."—Preface to Brewer's Life of Carpenter, p. xi.1052.Repertory 3, fo. 46.1053.-Id., fos. 70b, 71.1054.-Id., fos. 86, 86b, 88.1055.Repertory 3, fos. 116, 116b.1056.Wares bought and sold between strangers—"foreign bought and sold"—were declared forfeited to the City by Letters Patent of Henry VII, 23 July. 1505, confirmed by Henry VIII, 12 July, 1523.1057.In 1500, and again in 1516, orders were issued for all freemen to return with their families to the city on pain of losing their freedom.—Journal 10. fos. 181b, 259.1058.Repertory 3, fos. 141b, 142.1059.Holinshed, iii, 618.1060.Or Munday; the name is said to appear in twenty-seven different forms. He was a goldsmith by trade, and was appointed (among others) by Cardinal Wolsey to report upon the assay of gold and silver coinage in 1526.—Journal 13, fo. 45b; Letter Book O, fo. 71b. He served sheriff, 1514; and was mayor in 1522.1061.In 1462 the Common Council ordered basket-makers, gold wire-drawers, and other foreigners plying a craft within the city, to reside at Blanchappleton—a manor in the vicinity of Mark Lane—and not elsewhere.1062.Repertory 3, fo. 55b.1063.For an account of the riot and subsequent proceedings, see Holinshed, iii, 621-623, and the Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53). p. 30.1064.Repertory 3, fos. 143, 143b.1065.Holinshed, iii, 624.1066.Repertory 3, fo. 144b.1067.-Id., fo. 143b.1068.Holinshed, 624.1069.Repertory 3, fo. 145b.1070.-Id., fo. 145.1071.Repertory 3, fo. 165.1072.-Id., fo. 166.1073."Thys yere was much a doo in the yelde-halle for the mayer for the comyns wold not have had Semer, for be cause of yell May-day."—Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 33.1074.Repertory 11, fo. 351b.1075.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii, pt. i, Pref., p. ccxxi.1076.-Id., vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1276.1077.Repertory 3, fos. 184b, 189b, 191, 192.1078.Letter Book N, fo. 95b.1079.Repertory 3, fos. 192, 194; Letter Book N, fos. 63b, 74.1080.Repertory 3, fo. 197.1081.Hall's Chron., pp. 593, 594.1082.Holinshed, iii, 632.1083.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii. pt. i, Pref., pp. clx, clxi.1084."An order devysed by the Mayer and hys brethrern the aldremen by the Kynges commandment for a Tryumphe to be done in the Citie of London at the Request of the Right honorable ambassadors of the Kynge of Romayns."—10 July, Journal 12, fo. 9.1085.Hall, pp. 592, 593.1086.Holinshed, iii, 639.1087.Journal 12, fos. 125, 172b, 173b; Letter Book N, fo. 194b.1088.Knighted the next day at Greenwich.—Repertory 5, fo. 295.1089.Repertory 5, fo. 294.1090.-Id.4, fo. 134b.1091.-Id.5, fo. 293.1092.Journal 12, fos. 75b-76; Letter Book N, fos. 142-143.1093.Grey Friars Chron., p. 30; Repertory 4, fo. 71b.1094.Repertory 4, fos. 1b, 12, 13.1095.Journal 12, fo. 136.1096.-Id., fo. 144.1097.Journal 12, fos. 158, 161, 163b; Letter Book N, fos. 187b, 190b.1098.Holinshed, iii, 675.1099.Shakespere mentions the Duke's manor thus:—"Not long before your highness sped to France,The duke being at the Rose, within the parishSt. Laurence Poultney, did of me demandWhat was the speech among the LondonersConcerning the French journey."—Henry VIII, act 1, sc. 2.1100.Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. i, Pref., pp. cxxv, cxxvi, cxxxv, cxxxvi.1101.On the 5th July steps were taken by the Court of Aldermen for putting a stop to the mutinous and seditious words that were current in the city "concerning the lamenting and sorrowing of the death of the duke"—men saying that he was guiltless—and special precautions were taken for the safe custody of weapons and harness for fear of an outbreak. The scribe evinced his loyalty by heading the page of the record withLex domini immaculata: Vivat Rex Currat L.—Repertory 5, fo. 204.1102.Repertory 5, fo. 288.1103.Journal 12, fos. 187b, 188b, 195; Letter Book N, fos. 203b, 204, 208.1104.Repertory 5, fo. 292.1105.Journal 12, fo. 187b.1106.Repertory 5, fos. 289, 290.1107.-Id., fo. 291.1108.Repertory 5, fos. 296b, 297.1109.-Id., fo. 294.1110.A portion remained unpaid on 16 August.—Journal 12, fo. 195.1111.Letter dated 3 Sept.—Journal 12, fo. 196b. On 28 Sept. Wolsey asked for more time to repay the loan.—Repertory 5, fo. 326.1112.Journal 12, fo. 200.1113.Journal 12, fo. 210.1114.See Green's "Hist. of the English People," ii, 121. 122.1115.Grey Friars Chron., p. 31.1116.Repertory 4, fo. 144;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 20b; Letter Book N, fo. 222.1117.Repertory 4, fo. 145b.1118.Roper's "Life of More," pp. 17-20.1119.Repertory 4, fos. 152, 168;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 38.1120.Repertory 4, fos. 144b, 145, 146, 150;Cf.Repertory 6, fos. 22b, 29, 32b.1121.Grey Friars Chron. pp. 30, 31.1122.Repertory 4, fos. 153b-154;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 42.1123.Repertory 6, fo. 61b.1124.Holinshed, iii, 692, 693.1125.Journal 12, fos. 249-250.1126.Journal 12, fos. 287-288.1127.-Id., fo. 276.1128.-Id., fo. 284.1129.Letter Book N, fo. 280; Journal 12, fo. 329.1130.Grey Friars Chron., p. 32.1131.Hall's Chron., p. 695.1132.Journal 12, fo. 331; Letter Book N. fo. 278.1133.Journal 12, fo. 331b.1134.Hall's Chron., p. 701.1135.The truce was to last from 14 August to 1 December.—Letter Book N, fos. 291, 293; Journal 12, fos. 300, 305.1136."Item in lyke wyse the Chamberleyn shall have allowance of and for suche gyftes and presentes as were geven presentyd on Sonday laste passyd at the Bysshoppes palace at Paules to the Ambassadours of Fraunce devysed and appoynted by my lorde Cardynalles Grace and most specyally at his contemplacioun geven for asmoch as lyke precedent in so ample maner hath not afore tyme be seen; the presents ensue etc."—Repertory 7, fo. 225.1137.He had been one of the commoners sent to confer with Wolsey touching the amicable loan (Journal 12, fo. 331b). He attended the coronation banquet of Anne Boleyn in 1533 (Repertory 9, fo. 2), and was M.P. for the city from 1529-1536 (Letter Book O, fo. 157). His daughter Elizabeth married Emanuel Lucar, also a merchant-tailor.—Repertory 9, fos. 139. 140.1138.Repertory 7, fos. 171b, 172, 174b, 179.1139.Repertory 7, fos. 179b, 180.1140.To the effect that he was not worth £1,000.—Journal 7, fo. 198.1141.Repertory 7, fos. 238b, 240, 240b.1142.-Id., fo. 243b.1143.Repertory 7, fo. 206. The Common Council assessed the fine at £100.—Journal 13, fo. 61b; Letter Book O, fo. 80b.1144.Repertory 7, fo. 264.1145.Journal 13, fo. 184b.1146.Letter Book O, fos. 88b, 89b.1147.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., p. cccclxv.1148.Letter Book O, fos. 174b-175; Journal 13, fo. 180b.1149.Letter Book O, fo. 157.1150.About the year 1522 Cromwell was living in the city, near Fenchurch, combining the business of a merchant with that of a money-lender. He sat in the parliament of 1523, and towards the close of that year served on a wardmote inquest for Bread Street Ward. In 1524 he entered Wolsey's service.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII.), vol. iii, pt. i, Introd., pp. cclvi, cclvii.1151.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., pp. dliii-dlvi.1152.Stat. 21, Henry VIII, caps. 5, 6 and 13.1153.Proclamation, 12 Sept., 1530.—Letter Book O, fo. 199b.1154.Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., pp. 1, 2.1155.Letter Book O, fos. 47,seq.1156.A list of these, comprising seven churches, was submitted to the Court of Aldermen, 23 Feb., 1528.—Repertory 8, fo. 21.1157.Letter Book O, fos. 140b, 141b.1158.Repertory 8, fo. 27b.1159.Letter Book O, fos. 145, 145b; Journal 13, fo. 125b.1160.Letter book P, fos. 31, 34, 41b; Journal 13, fo. 417b.1161.This order was confirmed by stat. 27, Henry VIII, cap. 21. Ten years later a decree was made pursuant to stat. 37, Henry VIII, cap. 12, regulating the whole subject of tithes, but owing to the decree not having been enrolled in accordance with the terms of the statute, much litigation has in recent times arisen.—Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., p. 3.1162.The well-known and somewhat romantic account of the origin of the priory and of its connection with the city cnihten-guild is given in Letter Book C, fos. 134b,seq.;Cf.Liber Dunthorn, fo. 79.1163.Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 35. Three years later (30 March, 1534) the Court of Aldermen resolved to wait upon the chancellor "to know his mind for the office concerning the lands" belonging to the late priory.—Repertory 9, fo. 53b.1164.By letters patent dated 13 April, 1531 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box No. 16).1165.Henry Lumnore, Lumnar or Lomner, a grocer by guild as well as calling (see Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 879), was associated with Sidney in holding the beam. The City offered to buy him out either by bestowing on him an annuity of £10 during the joint lives of himself and Sidney, or else by paying him a lump sum of £100.—Repertory 8, fo. 218b.1166.Anne Boleyn.1167.Repertory 8, fo. 131.1168.-Id., fos. 142b. 202b.1169.Chapuys to the emperor.—Cal. State Papers (Spanish), vol. iv., pt. ii, p. 646.1170.Repertory 9, fo. 1b. There is a fine drawing at Berlin by Holbein which is thought to be the original design for the triumphal arch erected by the merchants of the Steelyard on this occasion.1171.Journal 13, fo. 371b. According to Wriothesley (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 11, p. 19) the present to the queen was made to her in a purse of cloth of gold on the occasion of her passing through the city on the 31st May, the day before her coronation.1172.Repertory 2, fo. 70b; Repertory 9, fo. 2.1173.Letter Book P, fos. 37-37b; Journal 13, fo. 408b.1174.Letter to Lord Lisle.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 208.1175.Repertory 9, fo. 57b. "Allso the same day [20 April] all the craftes in London were called to their halls, and there were sworne on a booke to be true to Queene Anne and to believe and take her for lawfull wife of the Kinge and rightfull Queene of Englande, and utterlie to thincke the Lady Marie, daughter to the Kinge by Queene Katherin, but as a bastarde, and thus to doe without any scrupulositie of conscience."—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 24.1176.Grey Friars Chron., p. 37. In November of the last year they had been made to do penance at Paul's Cross and afterwards at Canterbury.1177."Historia aliquot nostri sæculi martyrum," 1583. Much of it is quoted by Father Gasquet in his work on "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries" (cap. vi), and also by Mr. Froude ("Hist. of England," vol. ii, cap. ix).1178.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 283.1179.This convent—the most virtuous house of religion in England—was of the Order of St. Bridget, and received an annual visit from the mayor and aldermen of the City of London at what was known as "the pardon time of Sion," in the month of August. In return for the hospitality bestowed by the lady abbess on these occasions the Court of Aldermen occasionally made her presents of wine (Repertories 3, fo. 94b; 7, fo. 275). In 1517 the court instructed the chamberlain to avoid excess of diet on the customary visit. There was to be no breakfast on the barge and no swans at dinner (Repertory 3, fo. 154b). In 1825 the Court of Common Council decreed (inter alia) that "as tonchyng the goyng of my lord mayre and my masters his brethern the aldermen [to] Syon, yt is sett at large and to be in case as it was before the Restreynt" (Journal 12, fo. 302). It was suppressed 25 Nov., 1539.—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 109.1180.The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534, but the king's new title as Supreme Head of the Church was not incorporated in his style before the 15 Jan., 1535.1181.Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. viii, p. 321.1182.-Id., p. 354.1183.Repertory 9, fo. 145.1184.-Id., fo. 199.1185.He had been elected mayor for the second time in October last (1535), much against his own wish, at the king's express desire.—Journal 13, fo. 452b; Wriothesley, i, 31. He presented the City with a collar of SS. to be worn by the mayor for the time being.—Repertory 11, fo. 238.1186.Repertory 9, fos. 199, 199b.1187.Repertory 9, fo. 200.1188.-Id., fo. 200b.1189.Son of Thomas Warren, fuller; grandson of William Warren, of Fering, co. Sussex. He was knighted on the day that his election was confirmed by the king (Wriothesley. i, 59). His daughter Joan (by his second wife Joan, daughter of John Lake, of London) married Sir Henry Williams,aliasCromwell (Repertory 14, fo. 180; Journal 17. fo. 137b), by whom she had issue Robert Cromwell, father of the Protector. Warren died 11 July, 1533, and his widow married Alderman Sir Thomas White.—See notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 330.1190.Repertory 9, fo. 209b.1191.Henry attributed her miscarriage to licentiousness; others to her having received a shock at seeing her royal husband thrown from his horse whilst tilting at the ring.—Wriothesley, i, 33.1192.Chapuys to [Granvelle] 25 Aug., 1536.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. xi., p. 145.1193.Wriothesley, i, 52-53.1194.Letter Book P, fo. 103b.1195.Wriothesley, i, 69.1196.Letter Book P, fo. 135b; Wriothesley, i, 71, 72.1197.Repertory 10, fos. 152b, 153; Wriothesley, i, 109, 111.1198.Repertory 10, fo. 161. The circumstance that Henry carried his new bride to Westminster by water instead of conducting her thither through the streets of the city has been considered a proof of his want of regard for her.1199.Holinshed, iii. 807.1200.Letter Book P, fo. 113; Journal 14, fo. 30b.1201.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 68.1202.The Mercers' Company applied for a grant of the chapel and other property of the hospital; and this was conceded by letters patent, 21 April, 1542, upon payment of the sum of £969 17s.6d., subject to a reserved rent of £7 8s.10d., which was redeemed by the company in 1560.—Livery Comp. Com. (1880), Append. to Report, 1884, vol. ii, p. 9.1203.On the re-establishment of the Dutch or Mother Strangers' Church, at Elizabeth's accession, it was declared by the Privy Council to be under the superintendence of the Bishop of London (Cal. State Papers Dom., Feb., 1560). Hence it was that Dr. Temple, Bishop of London, was memorialised in March, 1888, as superintendent of the French Church in London.—See "Eng. Hist. Review," April, 1891, pp. 388-389.1204.Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 67.1205.Nichols' "Progresses of Queen Eliz.," iii. 598. For particulars of Swinnerton see Clode's "Early Hist. of the Merchant Taylors' Company," i, 262, etc.1206.Strype's Stow, bk. ii, pp. 114, 115.1207.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 133, 134.1208.In 1439 Reginald Kentwode, Dean of St. Paul's, having in a recent visitation discovered "many defaults and excesses," drew up a schedule of injunctions for their better regulation.—Printed in London and Middlesex Archæol. Soc. Transactions, ii, 200-203.1209.Journal 12, fo. 75.1210.Repertory 2, fo. 185b.1211.Repertory 5, fos. 15, 15b, 82b.1212.Repertory 2, fo. 185; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 29, 31.1213.Sixteen other registers for city parishes commence in 1538, and four in 1539.—See Paper on St. James Garlickhithe, by W. D. Cooper, F.S.A. (London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Trans., vol. iii, p. 392, note).1214.Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11), i, 77, 78.1215.Descended from a Norfolk family. Apprenticed to John Middleton, mercer, of London, and admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1507. Alderman of Walbrook and Cheap Wards successively. Sheriff 1531-2. Married (1) Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton, (2) Isabella Taverson,néeWorpfall. Was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange and of the college which bears his name.—Ob., 21 Feb., 1549. Buried in the church of St. Laurence Jewry.1216.Cott. MS., Cleop. E., iv, fo. 222.—Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 26-29.1217.Journal 14, fo. 129; Letter Book P, fo. 178.1218.Journal 14, fo. 216b; Letter Book P, fo. 220b.1219.Repertory 10, fo. 200.1220.Journal 14, fo. 269.1221.Wriothesley, i, 129.1222.Son of Thomas Hill, of Hodnet, co. Salop. He devoted large sums of money to building causeways and bridges, and erected a grammar school at Drayton-in-Hales, otherwise Market Drayton, in his native county, which he endowed by will, dated 6 April, 1551 (Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, part ii, p. 651). See also Holinshed, iii, 1021.1223.Holinshed, iii, 824; Wriothesley, i, 135. According to the Grey Friars Chron. (p. 45), it was the sergeant-at-arms himself whom the sheriffs detained.1224.Proclamation dated 13 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 48b.1225.Journal 15, fo. 55; Letter Book Q, fo. 93.1226.Letter Book Q, fo. 92b; Grey Friars Chron., p. 45.1227.Writ to mayor and sheriffs for proclamation of war, dat. 2 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 46b.1228.Repertory 11, fo. 32b.1229.Repertory 11, fo. 65b.1230.Journal 15, fo. 95; Repertory 11, fo. 74; Letter Book Q, fo. 109.1231."Memoranda ... relating to the Royal Hospitals," 1863, pp. 4-7.1232.Repertory 11, fo. 106; Letter Book Q, fo. 116b.1233.Repertory, 11, fo. 118b; Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1234.Journal 15, fo. 123; Letter Book Q, fo. 119.1235.Journal 15, fo. 124; Letter Book Q, fo. 122.1236.Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.1237.Wriothesley, i, 151, 153; Grey Friars Chron., p. 48.1238.Holinshed, iii, 346.1239.Wriothesley, i, 151, 152.1240.Journal 15, fo. 239b; Letter Book Q, fo. 167b.1241.Journal 15, fo. 240.; Letter Book Q, fo. 168; Wriothesley, i, 154.1242."A coarse frieze was so called from a small town in the West Riding of Yorkshire. An Act of 5 and 6 Edward VI (1551-2) provided that all "clothes commonly called Pennystones or Forest Whites ... shall conteyne in length beinge wett betwixt twelve and thirtene yardes."1243.Repertory 11, fo. 193b; Letter Book Q, fo. 133; Wriothesley, i, 154.1244.Wriothesley, i, 155.1245.Repertory 11, fos. 203, 212b.1246.30 July.—Repertory 11, fo. 215b. The Midsummer watch had not been kept this year.—Wriothesley, i, 156.1247.Repertory 11, fo. 213.1248.Wriothesley, i, 58.1249.Repertory 11, fo. 216b.1250.Stat. 37, Henry VIII, c. 4.1251.Repertory 11, fo. 299b; Letter Book Q, fo. 181; Journal 15, fo. 270; Wriothesley, i, 165.1252.Holinshed, iii, 856; Grey Friars Chron., p. 50.1253.Holinshed, iii, 847.1254.Letter Book Q, fo. 181.1255.Repertory 11, fo. 247.1256.Journal 15, fo. 213b.1257.Wriothesley, i, 162, 175.1258.Journal 15, fos. 245, 399b,seq.1259."Memoranda ... Royal Hospitals," pp. 20-45.1260.Repertory 11, fo. 349b.1261.In Sept., 1547, the citizens were called upon to contribute half a fifteenth for the maintenance of the poor of St. Bartholomew's.—Journal 15, fo. 325b. In Dec, 1548, an annual sum of 500 marks out of the profits of Blackwell, and in 1557 the whole of the same profits were set aside for the poor.—Journal 15, fos. 398,seq.; Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 512.1262.Royal proclamation, 7 July, 1545, forbidding all pursuit of game in Westminster, Islington, Highgate, Hornsey and elsewhere in the suburbs of London.—Journal 15, fo. 240b.1263.Son of Christopher Huberthorne, of Waddington, co. Lane, Alderman of Farringdon Within. His mansion adjoined the Leadenhall.Ob., Oct., 1556. Buried in the church of St. Peter, Cornhill.—Machyn. 115, 352. It was in Huberthorne's mayoralty that the customary banquet to the aldermen, the "officers lerned" and the commoners of the city, on Monday next after the Feast of Epiphany, known as "Plow Monday," was discontinued.—Letter Book Q, fo. 191b. It was afterwards renewed and continues to this day in the form of a dinner given by the new mayor to the officers of his household and clerks engaged in various departments of the service of the Corporation. An attempt was at the same time made to put down the lord mayor's banquet also.—Wriothesley, i, 176.1264.Journal 15. fos. 303b, 305b; Letter Book Q, os. 192b, 194; Wriothesley. i, 178.1265.Journal 15, fo. 304; Letter Book Q, fo. 195; Repertory 11, fo. 335b.1266."The lord mayor of London, Henry Hobulthorne, was called fourth, who kneeling before the king, his majestie tooke the sworde of the Lord Protector and made him knight, which was the first that eaver he made."—Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11.), i, 181.1267.This mace is still in possession of the Corporation. It is only brought out for use on such occasions as a coronation, when it is carried by the lord mayor as on the occasion narrated above, and at the annual election of the chief magistrate of the city, when it is formally handed by the Chamberlain to the lord mayor elect. The mace consists of a tapering shaft of rock crystal mounted in gold, with a coroneted head also of gold, adorned with pearls and large jewels. Its age is uncertain. Whilst some hazard the conjecture that it may be of Saxon origin, there are others who are of opinion that the head of it at least cannot be earlier than the 15th century.1268.Journal 15, fo. 305; Letter Book Q, fos. 195b-196; Repertory 11, fo. 334b.1269."All these chyldren shall every Chyldermasse day come to Paulis Church and here the chylde bisshoppis sermon, and after be at the hye masse, and eche of them offer a 1d.to the childe bisshop and with theme the maisters and surveyors of the scole."—Statutes of St. Paul's School, printed in Lupton's "Life of Dean Colet," p. 278b.1270.Letter Book P, fo. 172b.1271.Journal 14, fo. 158b; Letter Book P, fo. 197.1272.See Brewer's Introd. to Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom., vol. iv, pp. dcli-dcliii.1273.Letter Book P, fo. 153.1274.Letter Book Q, fo. 102.1275."Also this same tyme [Nov., 1547] was moche spekying agayne the sacrament of the auter, that some callyd it Jacke of the boxe, with divers other shamefulle names... And at this tyme [Easter, 1548] was more prechyng agayne the masse."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1276.Letter Book Q, fo. 250b.1277.Repertory 11, fo. 423.1278."After the redyng of the preposycioun made yesterday in the Sterre Chamber by the lorde chaunceler and yedeclaracioun made by my lorde mayer of suche comunicacioun as his lordshyp had wtthe Bysshop of Caunterburye concernyng the demeanorof certein prechers and other dysobedyent persones yt was ordered and agreyd that my lorde mayer and all my maisters thaldermen shall this afternone att ij of yeclok repayre to my lorde protectors grace and the hole counseill and declare unto theim the seid mysdemeanor and that thei shall mete att Saint Martyns in the Vyntrey att one of the clok."—Repertory 11, fo. 456b.1279.Repertory 11, fo. 465.1280.A proclamation against the evil behaviour of citizens and others against priests, 12 Nov., 1547.—Letter Book Q. fo. 218; Journal 15, fo. 335b.1281.By letters patent dated 14 July, 1550 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box 17).1282.Letter Book R, fo. 166b; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc., N.S., No. 20), ii, 35. See also exemplification of Act of Parl. passed a° 5 Edward VI, in accordance with the terms of this petition (Box 29).1283.Journal 15, fo. 322; Letter Book Q, fo. 210b.1284.Repertory 11. fo. 373; Letter Book Q, fo. 214.1285.Grey Friars Chron., 54, 55; Wriothesley. ii, 1.1286.Grey Friars Chron., p. 58. In May (1548) the duke applied to the City for water to be laid on to Stronde House, afterwards known as Somerset House.—Repertory 11, fos. 462b, 484; Journal 15. fo. 383b; Letter Book Q, fo. 253b.1287.Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.1288.Wriothesley, ii, 29. Touching the ceremony of visiting the tomb of the Bishop of London, to whom the citizens were indebted for the charter of William the Conqueror, see chap. i, p. 35.1289.Letter Book Q, fos. 232, 234b; Repertory 11, fos. 356, 415, 431, 444b, 511b.1290."Item, at this same tyme [circ.Sept., 1547] was pullyd up alle the tomes, grett stones, alle the auteres, with stalles and walles of the qweer and auters in the church that was some tyme the Gray freeres, and solde and the qweer made smaller."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 54.1291."At Ester followyng there began the commonion, and confession but of thoys that wolde, as the boke dothe specifythe."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55;Cf.Wriothesley (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 20), ii, 2.1292.The Guildhall college, chapel and library were restored to the City in 1550, by Edward VI, on payment of £456 13s.4d.,—Pat. Roll 4 Edward VI, p. 9m. (32) 20; Letter Book R, fo. 64b.1293.Repertory 11, fo. 493b.1294.-Id., fo. 455. (431 pencil mark); Letter Book Q, fo. 237. "This yeare in the Whitson holidaies my lord maior [Sir John Gresham] caused three notable sermons to be made at Sainct Marie Spittell, according as they are kept at Easter.... And the sensing in Poules cleene put downe."—Wriothesley, ii, 2, 3. The processions were kept up in 1554, "but there was no sensynge."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1295.-Cf.Journal 15, fo. 352b; Letter Book Q, fos. 230-252b. "This yeare [1548] the xxviiithdaie of September, proclamation was made to inhibite all preachers generallie till the kinges further pleasure. After which daie all sermons seasede at Poules Crosse and in all other places."—Wriothesley, ii, 6.1296.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 59, 62. Occasionally the chronicler is overcome by his feelings, and cries out, "Almyghty God helpe it whan hys wylle ys!"Id., p. 67.1297.In some cases the new owners may have experienced some difficulty in fixing a fair rent, as appears to have been the case with the City of London and its recently acquired property of Bethlehem. When the Chamberlain reported that the rents demanded for houses in the precincts of the hospital were far too high, he was at once authorised to reduce them at discretion.—Letter Book R, fo. 10b.1298.Letter Book R, fo. 11b.1299.Grey Friars Chron., p. 60; Wriothesley, ii, 15, 16.1300.Wriothesley, ii, 16, 17; Grey Friars Chron., p. 60.1301.Wriothesley, ii, 19.1302.Wriothesley, ii, 20; Grey Friars Chron., p. 61.1303.Holinshed, iii, 982-984.1304.Letter Book R, fo. 40; Journal 16, fo. 36.1305.Letter Book R, fo. 39b.1306.Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 331-332; Wriothesley, ii, 24-25; Holinshed, iii, 1014; Repertory 12, pt. i, fos. 149-150.1307.Holinshed, iii, 1014-1015; Acts of Privy Council, ii, 333.1308.Acts of Privy Council, ii, fos. 333-336.1309.Repertory 12, pt. i, fo. 150b.1310.Letter Book R, fo. 40b.1311.-Id., fos. 43-43b.1312.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 336, 337.1313.Wriothesley, ii, 26.1314.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 337-342.1315.Letter Book R, fos. 41-42; Journal 16, fos. 37, 37b. According to Holinshed (iii, 1017, 1018), considerable opposition was made by a member of the Common Council named George Stadlow to any force at all being sent by the city. He reminded the court of the evils that had arisen in former times from the city rendering support to the barons against Henry III, and how the city lost its liberties in consequence. The course he recommended was that the city should join the lords in making a humble representation to the king as to the Protector's conduct.1316.Wriothesley, ii, 26, 27.1317.Letter Book R, fo. 37; Journal 16, fo. 34; Wriothesley, ii, 26.1318.Stow's "Summarie of the Chronicles of England" (ed. 1590), p. 545; Wriothesley, ii, 27, 28. The names are given differently in the Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 344.1319.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 63, 64;Cf.Wriothesley, ii, 24.1320.Wriothesley, ii, 28.1321.Acts of Privy Council, ii, 384; Wriothesley, ii, 33.1322.For more than a week he had been compelled to lie on nothing but straw, his bed having been taken away by order of the knight marshal for refusing to pay an extortionate fee.—Grey Friars Chron., p. 65.1323.Thomas Thurlby, the last abbot of Westminster, became the first and only bishop of the see. Upon the union of the see with that of London Thurlby became bishop of Norwich. Among the archives of the city there is a release by him, in his capacity as bishop of Westminster, and the dean and chapter of the same, to the City of London of the parish church of St. Nicholas, Shambles. The document is dated 14 March, 1549, and has the seals of the bishopric and of the dean and chapter, in excellent preservation, appended.1324.For objecting to the prescribed vestments, he was committed to the Fleet by order of the Privy Council, 27 Jan., 1551, and was not consecrated until the following 8th March.—Hooper to Bullinger, 1 Aug., 1551 ("Original Letters relative to the English Reformation." ed. for Parker Society, 1846, p. 91).1325.Their respective boundaries are set out in the Report of Commissioners on Municipal Corporations (1837), p. 3.1326.Charter dated 6 March, 1 Edward III.1327.Charter dated 9 Nov., 2 Edward IV.1328.Letter Book Q, fos. 239b-241b.1329.Letter Book R, fo. 58b.1330.Dated 23 April, 1550. A fee of £6 "and odde money" was paid for the enrolment of this charter in the Exchequer.—Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 458. This fee appears to have been paid, notwithstanding the express terms of the charter that no fee great or small should be paid or made or by any means given to the hanaper to the king's use. According to Wriothesley (ii, 36), the "purchase" of Southwark cost the city 1,000 marks, "so that nowe they shall have all the whole towne of Southwarke by letters patent as free as they have the City of London, the Kinges Place [i.e.Southwark Place or Suffolk House] and the two prison houses of the Kinges Bench and the Marshalsea excepted."1331.Wriothesley, ii, 38.1332.Letter Book R, fo. 80; Journal 16, fo. 82b.1333.The custom in the city was for the inhabitants of a vacant ward to nominate four persons for the Court of Aldermen to select one. As there were no means of enforcing the above ordinance it was repealed by Act of Co. Co., 16 June, 1558.—Letter Book S., fo. 167b.1334.Letter Book R, fo. 71b. The following particulars of Aylyff and his family are drawn from the city's archives. From Bridge Ward Without he removed to Dowgate Ward. At the time of his death, in 1556, he was keeper of the clothmarket at Blackwell Hall. His widow was allowed to take the issues and profits of her late husband's place for one week, and was forgiven a quarter's rent. Aylyff's son Erkenwald succeeded him at Blackwell Hall. The son died in 1561. After his decease he was convicted of having forged a deed. His widow, Dorothy, married Henry Butler, "gentleman."—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 442b, 443, 461; Repertory 14, fos. 446b, 477b, 478; Repertory 16, fo. 6b.1335.Printed Report. Co. Co., 20 May, 1836.1336.See Report Committee of the whole Court for General Purposes, with Appendix, 31 May, 1892 (Printed).1337.Grey Friars Chron., p. 66. The surrender of Boulogne was "sore lamented of all Englishmen."—Wriothesley, ii, 37.1338.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 271b; Letter Book R, fos. 74, 85b; Journal 16, fos. 66b, 91b.1339.Letter Book R, fo. 115; Journal 16, fo. 118.1340.Wriothesley, ii, 48. The price of living became so dear that the town clerk and the under-sheriffs asked for and obtained from the Common Council an increase of emoluments.—Letter Book R, fo. 117b.1341.Wriothesley, ii, 54.1342.Grey Friars Chron., p. 72.1343.Wriothesley, ii, 56; Grey Friars Chron., p. 71.1344.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 72, 73.1345.-Id., pp. 71, 72.1346.Wriothesley, ii, 57.1347.Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 426; Letter Book R, fo. 157b.1348.Wriothesley, ii, 63.1349.Holinshed, iii, 1032.1350.Journal 15, fo. 325b; Letter Book Q, fo. 214b.1351.Letter Book Q, fo. 237; Repertory 11, fo. 445b.1352.Journal 15, fo. 384.1353.Letter Book Q, fo. 261b; Journal 15, fos. 398, 401; Appendix vii to "Memoranda of the Royal Hospitals," pp. 46-51.1354.Repertory 12, pt. ii., fos. 311, 312b.1355.Both deeds are printed in Supplement to Memoranda relating to Royal Hospitals, pp. 15-32.1356.Son of Robert Dobbs, of Batley, Yorks. Alderman of Tower Ward. Knighted 8 May, 1552.Ob.1556. Buried in Church of St. Margaret Moses.—Machyn, pp. 105, 269, 349; Wriothesley, ii, 69.1357.Report, Charity Commissioners, No. 32, pt. vi, p. 75; Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1358.Among the names of those forming the deputation appears that of Richard Grafton, whose printing house, from which issued "The Prymer"—one of the earliest books of private devotion printed in English as well as Latin—was situate within the precinct of the Old Grey Friars.—Repertory 12, p. ii., fos. 271b, 272b.1359.Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.1360.Wriothesley, 83; Repertory 13, fo. 60.1361.Charter dated 26 June, 1553.1362."Letters Patent for the limitation of the Crown," sometimes called the "counterfeit will" of King Edward VI.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary (Camd. Soc., No. 48), pp. 91-100.1363.Richard Hilles to Henry Bullinger, 9 July, 1553.—"Original letters relative to the English Reformation" (Parker Soc.), pp. 272-274.1364.Grey Friars Chron., pp. 78, 79.1365.Wriothesley, ii, 88-90.1366.Letter Book R, fo. 262b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 68.1367.Wriothesley, ii, 90, 91; Grey Friars Chron., p. 81.1368.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69.1369.-Id., fo. 70b.1370.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69b.1371.Wriothesley, 93-95.1372.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 14; Wriothesley, ii, 95.1373.Grey Friars Chron., p. 83; Wriothesley, ii, 96-98.1374.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 24.1375.Letter Book R, fo. 270; Journal 16, fo. 261b.1376.Wriothesley, ii, 99, 100; Holinshed, iv, 3.1377.Citizen and Merchant Taylor. Son of William White, of Reading, and formerly of Rickmansworth. Founder of St. John's College, Oxford, and principal benefactor of Merchant Taylors' School. Alderman of Cornhill Ward; when first elected alderman he declined to accept office and was committed to Newgate for contumacy (Letter Book Q, fo. 109b; Repertory 11, fo. 80b). Sheriff 1547. Knighted at Whitehall 10 Dec., 1553 (Wriothesley, ii, 105). His first wife, Avice (surname unknown), died 26 Feb., 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary. He afterwards married Joan, daughter of John Lake and widow of Sir Ralph Warren, twice Mayor of London.Ob.11 Feb., 1566, at Oxford, aged 72.—Clode, "Early Hist. Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, chaps. x-xii; Machyn's Diary, pp. 167, 330, 363.1378.Journal 16, fo. 261; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 74b.1379.Grey Friars Chron., p. 84.1380.Met in October, 1553. The names of the city's representatives are not recorded. The Court of Aldermen, according to a custom then prevalent, authorized the city chamberlain to make a gift of £6 13s.4d.to Sir John Pollard, the Speaker, "for his lawfull favor to be borne and shewed in the parlyment howse towardes this cytie and theyre affayres theire."—Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 92.1381.Grey Friars Chron., p. 85; Wriothesley, ii, 104; Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 32. There is preserved in the British Museum a small manual of prayers believed to have been used by Lady Jane Grey on the scaffold. The tiny volume (Harl. MS., 2342) measures only 3-1/2 inches by 2-3/4 inches, and contains on the margin lines addressed to Sir John Gage, lieutenant of the Tower, and to her father, the Duke of Suffolk.1382.Journal 16, fo. 283.1383.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 35.1384.Wriothesley, ii, 106.1385.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 116, 116b, 117, 117b, 119-122b.1386.Wriothesley, ii, 107.1387.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 121.1388.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 414-415; Holinshed, iv, 16.1389.Holinshed, iv, 15.1390.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 124.1391.Wriothesley, iii, 109.1392.Stow.1393.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 415.1394.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1395.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 43; Wriothesley, iii, 107, 108.1396.Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.1397.Machyn, 45. The gibbets remained standing till the following June, when they were taken down in anticipation of Philip's public entry into London.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 76.1398.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1399.Journal 16, fo. 283; Letter Book R, fo. 288.1400.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 131.1401.Holinshed, iv, 26.1402.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 153; Letter Book R, fo. 293.1403.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 130; Journal 16, fo. 284b.1404.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 138b.1405.-Id., fos. 142b, 146b.1406.-Id., fo. 147.1407.Wriothesley, ii, 115.1408.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 186b.1409.-Id., fo. 190b.1410.Howell's "State Trials," i, 901, 902; Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 75.1411.It sat from 2 April until 5 May.—Wriothesley, ii, 114, 115. The city returned the same members that had served in the last parliament of Edward VI, namely, Martin Bowes, Broke the Recorder, John Marsh and John Blundell.1412.Journal 16, fo. 295b.1413.Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 165, 166, 166b, 170.1414.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 77.1415.-Id., p. 78.1416.Journal 16, fo. 263.1417.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 191. A full account of the pageants, etc., will be found in John Elder's letter.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, AppendixX.1418.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, pp. 78-79.1419.Martin Bowes, of the old members, alone continued to sit for the city, the places of the other members being taken by Ralph Cholmeley, who had succeeded Broke as Recorder; Richard Grafton, the printer; and Richard Burnell.1420.Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 82; Wriothesley, 122.1421.Repertory 13, part i, fo. 111b.1422.-Id., fo. 193.1423.Journal 16, fo. 300. Bishop Braybroke, nearly two centuries before, had done all he could to put down marketing within the sacred precincts, and to render "Paul's Walk"—as the great nave of the cathedral was called—less a scene of barter and frivolity.1424.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 251b.1425.In 1558, a man convicted of breaking this law was ordered to ride through the public market places of the city, his face towards the horse's tail, with a piece of beef hanging before and behind him, and a paper on his head setting forth his offence.—Repertory 13, fo. 12b.1426.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 193; Letter Book S, fo. 119b.1427.Journal 16, fo. 285b; Letter Book R, fo. 290b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 147; Wriothesley, ii, 114.1428.Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.1429.-Id., p. 95.1430.-Id.,ibid.1431.-Id., p. 78n.1432.Journal 16, fo. 321b.1433.Wriothesley, ii, 126; Grey Friars Chron., p. 94.1434.Wriothesley, ii, 126n; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 56, 57, 95.1435.Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 717, 737, 740, vii, 114, 115.1436."Item the vthday of September [1556], was browte thorrow Cheppesyde teyd in ropes xxiijti tayd together as herreytkes, and soo unto the Lowlers tower."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 98.1437."At this time [Aug., 1554] there was so many Spanyerdes in London that a man shoulde have mett in the stretes for one Inglisheman above iiij Spanyerdes, to the great discomfort of the Inglishe nation. The halles taken up for Spanyerdes."—Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 81.1438.-Id.,ibid.1439.Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 205b.1440.By an order in council, dated Greenwich, 13 March, 1555, the merchants of the Steelyard were thenceforth to be allowed to buy cloth in warehouses adjoining the Steelyard, without hindrance from the mayor. The mayor was ordered to give up cloth that had been seized as foreign bought and sold at Blackwell Hall. He was, moreover, not to demandquotam salisof the merchants, who were to be allowed to import into the city fish, corn and other provisions free of import.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 384b; Letter Book S, fo. 76.1441.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 399b, 404, 406; Letter Book S, fos. 70, 93b.1442.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 508b.1443.Wheeler's "Treatise of Commerce" (ed. 1601), p. 100.1444.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 507b, 520b, 540.1445.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 529.1446.-Id., fo. 526b.1447.-Id., fo. 534b.1448.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 420.1449.Stafford had issued a proclamation from Scarborough Castle declaiming against Philip for introducing 12,000 foreigners into the country, and announcing himself as protector and governor of the realm. He was captured by the Earl of Westmoreland and executed on Tower Hill 28 May.—Journal 17, fo. 34b; Letter Book S, fo. 127b; Holinshed. iv, 87; Machyn's Diary, p. 137.1450.Journal 17, fo. 37b; Letter Book S, fo. 131.1451.Journal 17, fos. 37b, 38; Letter Book S, fo. 131b.1452.Machyn, p. 142.1453.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 517.1454."London fond v.c. men all in bluw cassokes, sum by shyppes and sum to Dover by land, the goodlyst men that ever whent, and best be-sene in change (of) apprelle."—Diary, p. 143.1455.Merchant Taylor, son of William Offley, of Chester; alderman of Portsoken and Aldgate Wards. Was one of the signatories to the document nominating Lady Jane Grey successor to Edward VI, and was within a few weeks (1 Aug.) elected sheriff. Knighted with alderman William Chester, 7 Feb., 1557. His mansion-house was in Lime Street, near the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft.Ob.29 Aug, 1582.—Machyn, pp. 125, 353; Index to Remembrancia, p. 37, note. Fuller, who erroneously places his death in 1580, describes him as the "Zaccheus of London" not "on account of his low stature, but his great charity in bestowing half of his estate on the poor."—Fuller's "Worthies," p. 191.1456.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 521b, 522; Letter Book S, fo. 134.1457.Journal 17, fo. 54b.1458.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 530.1459.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 530, 532, 522b, 535; Journal 17, fo. 54.1460.Machyn, p. 147.1461.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 571.1462.Journal 17, fo. 55. See Appendix. They were ordered in the first instance to be forwarded to Dover by the 19th Jan. at the latest, but on the 6th Jan. the Privy Council sent a letter to the mayor to the effect that "albeit he was willed to send the vcmen levied in London to Dover, forasmuch as it is sithence considered here that they may with best speede be brought to the place of service by seas, he is willen to sende them with all speede by hoyes to Queenburgh, where order is given for the receavinge and placing of them in the shippes, to be transported with all speede possible."—Harl. MS. 643, fo. 198; Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 362.1463.Journal 17, fo. 56.1464.Wriothesley, ii, 140.1465.Order of the Court of Aldermen, 10 Jan.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582.1466.Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582b; Precept to the Companies.—Journal 17, fo. 56b.1467.Journal 17, fo. 57. So furious was this storm, lasting four or five days, that "some said that the same came to passe through necromancie, and that the diuell was raised vp and become French, the truth whereof is known (saith Master Grafton) to God."—Holinshed, iv, 93.1468.Journal 17, fo. 7.1469.Repertory 14, fo. 1b; Journal 17, fo. 58; Machyn, 164.1470.Journal 17, fos. 59, 59b; Letter Book S, fos. 154b, 155.1471.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 100; Wriothesley, ii, 140, 141.1472.Stat. 5 and 6, Edward VI, c. 20, which repealed Stat.37, Henry VIII, c. 9 (allowing interest to be taken on loans at the rate of ten per cent.) and forbade all usury. This Statute was afterwards repealed (Stat. 13, Eliz., c. 8) and the Statute of Henry VIII re-enacted. The dispensation granted by Mary was confirmed in 1560 by Elizabeth.—Repertory 14, fo. 404b.1473.Repertory 14, fo. 15b; Journal 17, fo. 63. A large portion of this loan was repaid by Elizabeth soon after her accession.—Repertory 14, fos. 236b, 289.1474.Repertory 14, fos. 94b, 96b.1475.The commemoration was eventually put down by the Stuarts as giving rise to tumults and disorders.—Journal 49, fo. 270b; Luttrell's Diary, 17 Nov., 1682.1476.Son of Roger Leigh, of Wellington, co. Salop, an apprentice of Sir Rowland Hill, whose niece, Alice Barker, he married. Buried in the Mercers' Chapel. By his second son, William, he was ancestor of the Lords Leigh, of Stoneleigh, and by his third son William, grandfather of Francis Leigh, Earl of Chichester.—Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 407.1477."The order of the sheryfes at the receyvyng of the quenes highenes in to Myddlesex."—Letter Book S, fo. 183; Repertory 14, fo. 90b.1478.Letter Book S, fo. 182b; Journal 7, fo. 101b.1479.Repertory 14, fos. 97, 98.1480.-Id., fo. 99.1481.-Id., fo. 102b.1482.Repertory 14, fo. 103b.1483.Dated 27 Dec., 1558.—Journal 17, fo. 106b.1484.Wriothesley, ii, 145.1485.-Id.ibid.1486.Repertory 4, fo. 213b.1487.Journal 17, fos. 120b, 168; Repertory 14, fo. 152; Letter Book T, fo. 82b.1488."In some places the coapes, vestments, and aulter clothes, bookes, banners, sepulchers and other ornaments of the churches were burned, which cost above £2,000 renuinge agayne in Queen Maries time" (Wriothesley, ii, 146;Cf.Machyn, p. 298). Among the churchwarden accounts of the parish of St. Mary-at-Hill for the year 1558-1559 there is a payment of one shilling for "bringing down ymages to Romeland (near Billingsgate) to be burnt."1489.Proclamation, dated 19 Sept., 1559.—Journal 17, fo. 267; Letter Book T, fo. 5b.1490.Journal 17, fo. 184b.1491.Proclamation, dated 24 March, 1560.—Journal 17, fo. 223b.1492.In April the city was called upon to furnish 900 soldiers, in May 250 seamen, and in June 200 soldiers.—Repertory 14, fos. 323, 336, 339b, 340, 340b, 344b; Journal 17, fos. 238b, 244. It is noteworthy that the number of able men in the city at this time serviceable for war, although untrained, was estimated to amount to no more than 5,000.—Journal 17, fo. 244b.1493.Journal 18, fos. 57-60b. The livery companies furnished the men according to allotment. The barber-surgeons claimed exemption by statute (32 Henry VIII, c. 42), but subsequently consented to waive their claim. The city also objected to supplying the soldiers with cloaks.—Repertory 15, fos. 110b, 113.1494.Journal 18, fo. 66; Machyn, pp. 292, 293.1495.Journal 18, fo. 71.1496.The queen to the mayor and corporation of London, 30 June, 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 124.1497.Repertory 15, fo. 258.1498.-Id., fo. 259.1499.-Id., fo. 263.1500.The queen to the mayor, 2 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 140. Precept of the mayor.—Id., fo. 136; Repertory 15, fo. 279b; Machyn's Diary, p. 312.1501.Journal 18, fo. 128.1502.-Id., fo. 119b.1503.Repertory 15, fo. 265b.1504.Machyn, 312.1505.Journal 18, fos. 139, 139b, 142, 151b, 152b, 154, 156b, 184, 189b. With the sickness was associated, as was so often the case, a scarcity of food.—Repertory 15, fos. 127, 133b, 138, 168, 178, 179b, etc. The rate of mortality increased to such an extent that a committee was appointed for the purpose of procuring more burial accommodation.—Repertory 15, fos. 311b, 313b, 333.1506.Proclamation dated 1 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 141.1507.Repertory 15, fo. 284b.1508.Journal 18, fo. 249.1509.-Id., fo. 190b.1510.Journal 18, fos. 214, 215, 227, 291b, 354b; Holinshed, iv, 224.1511.Journal 17, fos. 320, 321, 331b; Letter Book T, fos. 42, 42b; Repertory 14, fo. 491b. The fire caused by the lightning threatened the neighbouring shops, and their contents were therefore removed to Christchurch, Newgate and elsewhere for safety.—Journal 17, fo. 319b; Letter Book T, fo. 42.1512.Repertory 15, fos. 474, 478.1513.Repertory 16, fos. 227, 241b, 274; Letter Book V, fo. 108b.1514.Repertory 16, fos. 303b, 448. Among the Chamber Accounts of this period we find an item of a sum exceeding £4 paid for "Cusshens to be occupied at Powles by my L. Maiorand thaldermen, vz:—for cloth for the uttorside lyning of leather feathers and for making of theym as by a bill appearth."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. i, fo. 50b.1515.Journal 13, fos. 417, 420, 435, 442b, 443.1516.Cotton MS., Otho E, x. fo. 45;Cf.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 31-33.1517.Journal 14, fos. 124, 124b.1518.By Sir Richard's first wife Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton. Sir Thomas is supposed to have been born in London in 1519. Having been bound apprentice to his uncle, Sir John Gresham, he was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1543. Married Anne, daughter of William Ferneley, of West Creting, co. Suffolk, widow of William Read, mercer.1519.The queen's business kept him so much abroad that her majesty wrote to the Common Council (7 March, 1563) desiring that he might be discharged from all municipal duties.—Journal 18, fo. 137.1520.Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 409.1521.Repertory 15, fo. 237b.1522.Burgon, ii, 30-40.1523.Repertory 15, fos. 406b, 407.1524.Repertory 15, fos. 410b, 412.1525.-Id., fos. 417b, 431.1526.Repertory 16, fos. 31b, 32b, 43b; Letter Book V, fos. 5, 7b, 8, 17, 21b.1527.The amount of subscriptions and charges is set out in a "booke" and entered on the City's Journal (No. 19, fos. 12-20;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 70b-79); see also Repertory 16, fo. 126.1528.Journal 18. fo. 398.1529.Repertory 16, fo. 316.1530.Repertory 16, fo. 406b.1531.Repertory 15, fo. 268b.1532.Repertory 16, fo. 229.1533."A proclamacioun concernyng the cutting of the crest conyzans and mantell of the arms of SrThomas Gresham."—Journal 19, fo. 150b; Letter Book V, fo. 222.1534.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 341.1535.Repertory 18, fo. 362.1536."Law and Practice of Marine Insurance," by John Duer, LL.D. (New York, 1845), Lecture ii, p. 33.1537.At the present day the form of policy used at Lloyds and commonly called the "Lloyd's policy" contains the following clause:—"and it is agreed by us the insurers, that this writing or policy of assurance shall be of as much force and effect as the surest writing or policy of assurance heretofore made in Lombard Street or in the Royal Exchange or elsewhere in London."—Arnould, "Marine Insurance" (6th ed.), i, 230.1538.Repertory 18, fo. 362b.1539.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 523.1540.Repertory 19, fos. 166b, 168.1541.The reader is here reminded that there is an essential difference between life policies and fire or marine policies of assurance. The latter, being policies of indemnity, recovery can be had at law only to the extent of the actual damage done, whereas in life policies the whole amount of the policy can be recovered.1542.Repertory 17, fo. 300.1543.Repertory 19, fo. 150.1544.Cal. Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 698.1545.Printed Report "Gresham College Trust," 29 Oct., 1885.1546.A return made in 1567 by the livery companies of foreigners residing in the city and liberties gives the number as 3,562.—Repertory 16, fo. 202. Another authority gives the number as 4,851, of which 3,838 were Dutch.—Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 242, citing Haynes, p. 461.1547.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 271-275.1548.Repertory 16, fo. 164.1549.Journal 19, fo. 116.1550.Precept of the mayor to that effect, 19 Oct., 1568.-Id., fo. 132b.1551.Repertory 16, fo. 451.1552.Journal 19, fo. 180; Letter Book V, fo. 245.1553.Letter Book V, fo. 246. Holinshed (iv, 234) and others give the whole credit of providing the cemetery to the liberality of Sir Thomas Rowe, the mayor.1554.Proclamation (15 July, 1568) against suspected persons landing in England or returning "with any furniture for mayntenaunce of ther rebellion or other lyke cryme" against the King of Spain.—Journal 18, fo. 115;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 181, 246b.1555.Green, "Hist. of the English People," ii, 418.1556.Repertory 15, fos. 162, 164, 166b, 241b, 258, 267b, 297, etc.1557.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (ed. 1720), bk. i, p. 283.1558.Journal II, fo. 253.1559.Journal 19, fos. 55-58; Letter Book V, fos. 115b-117b.1560.Price's "London Bankers" (enlarged edition), p. 51.1561.Letter Book V, fo. 139.1562.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 314.1563.Clode, "Early Hist. of the Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, pp. 229-230.1564.Journal 19, fo. 133b.1565.Holinshed, iv, 234.1566."Mesmes j'entendz que de la blanque, qu'on a tirée ces jours passés en ceste ville, ceste Royne retirera pour elle plus de cent mille livres esterlin, qui sont 33,000 escuz; de quoy le monde murumre assés pour la diminution qu'ilz trouvent aulx bénéfices qu'ilz esperoient de leurs billetz"—wrote De la Motlie Fénélon, the French ambassador in London.—Cooper's "Recueil des Dépéches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France (Paris and London, 1838-1840)," i, 155.1567.Proclamation, 6 Jan., 1569.—Journal 19, fo. 139; Letter Book V, fo. 210.1568.See letter from Sir Arthur Champernowne, William Hawkins and others to the lords of the council. 1 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1569.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.1570.Cotton MS., Galba C, iii, fo. 151b. This letter was signed by John Gresham, Thomas Offley, John White, Roger Martyn, Leonell Duckett, Thomas Heaton, Richard Wheler, Thomas Aldersey and Francis Beinson.1571.Citizen and Merchant Taylor: Alderman of the Wards of Portsoken and Bishopsgate; Sheriff, 1560-61.Ob.2 Sept., 1570. Buried in Hackney Church. He bestowed the sum of £100 for the relief of members of his company "usinge the brode shire or ell rowinge of the pearch or making of garmentes" during his lifetime, and some landed estate in the city by his will for like purpose.—Letter Book V, fo. 274b; Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, ii, 686.1572.Letter printed (from original among State Papers Dom.) in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 287.1573.Sir Thomas Rowe, mayor, to Secretary Cecil. 23 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 329; Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 295-296.1574.-Id., 25 Jan.1575.Cooper's "Dépêches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France," i, 176-177.1576.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 297.1577.Lansd. MS., No. xii, fo. 16b.1578.-Id., fo. 22.1579.Repertory 17, fo. 36b.1580.Journal 19, fo. 247b; Letter Book V, fo. 301.1581.Journal 19, fo. 257.1582.-Id., fo. 390b.1583.Journal 19, fo. 390b.1584.Add. MS., No. 5, 755, fo. 58.1585.In the following year he was removed to the Charterhouse, but being discovered in correspondence with the deposed Queen of Scots was again placed in the Tower. He was tried and convicted of treason, and after some delay executed on Tower Hill.—Holinshed, iv, 254, 262, 264, 267.1586.The proclamation, which is set out in Journal 19, fo. 202b (Cf.Letter Book V, fo. 267b), gives in detail the rise and progress of the rebellion.1587.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1588.Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.1589.Letter Book V, fo. 269.1590.Journal 19, fo. 206b; Letter Book V, fo. 270b; Repertory 16, fo. 522b.1591.Holinshed, iv, 254.1592.-Id., 262.1593.From Hertfordshire, alderman of Billingsgate Ward.1594.Dated 8 Nov.—Journal 19, fo. 370b.1595.Holinshed, iv, 263.1596.Repertory 17, fos. 8b, 23, 27b, 29. 243, etc.; Repertory 19, fos. 24b, 154, etc.; City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Analytical Index), pp. 51-55.1597.Stranger denizens, carrying on a handicraft in the city, had recently preferred a Bill in Parliament against several of the livery companies. They were persuaded, however, to drop it, and refer their grievance to the Court of Aldermen.—Repertory 17, fos. 302b, 335, 337. A return made by the mayor (10 Nov., 1571) of the strangers then living in London and Southwark and liberties thereof gives the total number as 4,631.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 427.1598.Repertory 17, fo. 372.1599.Journal 19, fos. 407-408b, 417-417b; Repertory 17, fos. 292, 298b, 307, 308.1600.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 133b, 143b; Repertory 18, fo. 224b.1601.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 156b.1602.Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 252;Id., pt. ii, fo. 280b.1603.Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 228b, 239.1604.Repertory 19, fo. 98.1605.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 371.1606.He was removed by order of Common Council, 13 Dec.,pre diversis magnis rebus dictam civitatem et negotia ejusdem tangentibus.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 376b.1607.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 388b, 389, 394-395b. The queen to the mayor, etc., of London, 12 March.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 586.1608.Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 409b.1609.-Id., fos. 404, 408b, 412.1610.Repertory 19, fo. 346b.1611.This conjecture is made from the fact of a precept having been issued on the 20th Jan. for certain persons to furnish themselves with velvet coats, chains and horses, and a suitable suite, to wait upon the lord mayor on the following Saturday.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 404b.1612.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 451-452.1613.Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 464, 480.1614.Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 315.1615.City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Printed Analytical Index), pp. 306, 330, 331, 350-352; Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 373, 379, 407.1616.Remembrancia (Index), pp. 207, 331, 334; Journal 21, fo. 235b.1617.Remembrancia, vol. i, No. 331.1618.A reference to this defeat is to be found in the Dublin Assembly Roll under the year 1581.—"Cal. of Ancient Records of Dublin" (ed. by John T. Gilbert, 1891), ii, 155.1619.Bright, "Hist. of England," ii, 539.1620.Journal 21, fos. 19, 34, 52, 53, 69b-71b, 78b, etc.; Repertory 20, fos. 90, 117, 117b, 119b, etc.; Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 230-236.1621.Journal 21, fo. 329b.1622.Among Chamber Accountscirca1585 we find the following:—"Pd. the x of Dec. by order of Courte to Roger Warffeld Treasurorof Bridewell towards the conveyinge of all the Irishe begging people in and nere London to the Citie of Bristowe v1."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. ii, fo. 17.1623.Repertory 16, fo. 350.1624.Repertory 18, fo. 167.1625.Journal 20, fo. 219b.1626.Journal 21, fo. 81b; Repertory 20, fo. 1b.1627.Journal 21, fo. 90.1628.-Id., fos. 114b, 135, 290, 322.1629.Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 364, 365.1630.As early as 1554 students had been supported by the Corporation and the Companies at the Universities.—Repertory 13, fos. 144b, 148, 150b.1631.Rembrancia, i, 250, 256 (Analytical Index, pp. 365, 366). Another difference shortly occurred between the corporation and the Bishop of London in October of this year. A dispute arose between them as to who was responsible for keeping St. Paul's Cathedral in repair, each party endeavouring to throw the burden upon the other (Id., Analytical Index, pp. 323-327); and in the following March (1582) Bishop Aylmer found cause to complain by letter of unbecoming treatment by the mayor, both of the bishop and his clergy, and threatened, unless matters changed for the better, to admonish the mayor publicly at Paul's Cross, "where the lord mayor must sit, not as a judge to control, but as a scholar to learn, and the writer, not as John Aylmer to be thwarted, but as John London, to teach him and all London."—(Id.,ibid., pp. 128-129).1632.Repertory 20, fo. 282.1633.Son of Richard Osborne, of Ashford, co. Kent. The story goes that he was apprenticed to Sir William Hewet, clothworker, and that he married his master's daughter, whom he had rescued from a watery grave in the Thames at London Bridge. His son, Sir Edward Osborne, was created a baronet by Charles I, and his grandson, Sir Thomas, made Duke of Leeds in 1692 by King William III.1634.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 157. The right of holding musters in Southwark was again questioned; and the claim of the city was upheld by Sir Francis Walsingham. For this he received the thanks of the lord mayor by letter dated 15 Feb.—Id., p. 159.1635."A lettre from the quenes maty for yemustringe of 4000 men, and also for the shewes on the evens of St. John Baptist and St. Peter thapostles."—Journal 21, fo. 421b.1636.Contin. of Holinshed, v, 599, 600.1637.Journal 21, fo. 388b.1638.Stow's Annals (ed. 1592), pp. 1198-1201.1639.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, pp. 318-324.1640.For particulars of his life see Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 284, note.1641.Journal 21, fo. 448b.1642."Thaccompte of the saide chamberlyn for the transportacioun and necessary provision ofMMCCCCXXsoldiers into the lowe countryes of Flaunders."—Chamber Accounts, vol. ii, fos. 56-58b.1643.Motley, "United Netherlands," i, 340.1644.Chamber Accounts, ii, 134. The earl's honor of Denbigh, North Wales, was mortgaged to certain citizens of London, and not being redeemed, was afterwards purchased by the queen herself.—Repertory 22, fo. 287.1645.Repertory 21, fos. 308-311.1646.For many years after the passing of the Act (1 Edw. VI, c. 14) confiscating property devoted to "superstitious uses," the corporation and the livery companies were the objects of suspicion of holding "concealed lands,"i.e.lands held charged for superstitious uses, which they had failed to divulge. The appointment of a royal commission to search for such lands was submitted to the law officers of the city for consideration, 9 Sept., 1567.—Repertory 16, fo. 276b. Vexatious proceedings continued to be taken under the Act until the year 1623, when a Statute was passed, entitled "An Act for the General Quiet of the Subjects against all Pretences of Concealment whatsoever."—Stat. 21, James I, c. ii.1647.Journal 22, fo. 1.1648.-Id., fos. 26, 29.1649.Journal 22, fo. 37b; Repertory 21, fo. 288b.1650.Journal 22, fos. 52-53. Both the queen's letter and Dalton's speech are printed in Stow's Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 902-904.1651.Journal 22, fos. 48, 57b, 58; Repertory 21, fo. 327.1652.Proclamation, dated Richmond, 4 Dec., 1586.—Journal 22, fo. 67b.1653.Royal Proclamation against engrossers of corn, 2 Jan., 1587.—Journal 22, fo. 74.1654.Journal 22, fo. 64.1655.Repertory 21, fo. 370b.1656.Journal 21, fo. 136b.1657.Motley, "United Netherlands," ii, 281.1658.Journal 22, fos. 144, 161b, 166-167b, 170b.1659.Journal 22, fo. 190.1660.Only 1,000 men out of the force raised by the city went to Tilbury, and the earl only consented to receive this small contingent on condition they brought their own provisions with them, so scantily was the camp supplied with victuals through the queen's parsimony.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 244. Letter from Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 513.1661.Leicester to Walsingham, 28 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 55.1662.William of Malmesbury bears similar testimony to the courage of Londoners under good leadership:Laudandi prorsus viri et quos Mars ipse collata non sperneret hasta si ducem habuissent.—Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 208.1663.Repertory 22, fo. 148b.1664.A list of "the London shippes" (including pinnaces), dated 19 July, 1588, is preserved among the State Papers (Domestic) at the Public Record Office (vol. ccxii, No. 68), and is set out in the Appendix to this work. Two other lists, dated 24 July, giving the names of the ships (exclusive of pinnaces) are also preserved (State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, Nos. 15, 16). Each of these lists give the number of vessels supplied by the city against the Armada as sixteen ships and four pinnaces, or as twenty ships (inclusive of pinnaces). It is not clear what was the authority of Stow (Howes's Chron., p. 743) for stating that the city, having been requested to furnish fifteen ships of war and 5,000 men, asked for two days to deliberate, and then furnished thirty ships and 10,000 men. At the same time there does exist a list of "shipps set forth and payde upon yecharge of yecity of London, anno 1588" (that is to say, the ships furnished by the city for that whole year), and that list contains the names of thirty ships, with the number of men on board each vessel and the names of the commanders.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxxxii, fos. 16, 16b.1665.Journal 22, fo. 173. The assessment was afterwards (19 April) settled at three shillings in the pound.—Id., fo. 175.1666.Journal 22, fos. 193, 200b.1667.Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1668.Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.1669.Howard to the same, 21 July.—Id., p. 507.1670.Sir William Wynter to Walsingham, 1 Aug., 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 521.1671.Journal 22, fo. 196b.1672.-Id., fo. 196.1673.Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 67.1674.Repertory 21, fo. 578.1675.Journal 22, fo. 200b; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 510.1676.Journal 22, fo. 197.1677.-Id., fo. 199b.1678.Journal 22, fo. 200.1679.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 537.1680.Journal 22, fos. 233, 235.1681.Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 538, 539.1682.On the 7th Feb., 1583, previously to setting out on his last ill-fated expedition, Gilbert addressed a letter to Walsingham from "his house in Redcross Street."—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 95.1683.See the will of Dame Margaret Hawkins, dated 23 April, 1619.—Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 745. The will contains many bequests of articles which savour of Spanish loot.1684.Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 44.1685.Journal 22, fo. 202b.1686.Journal 22, fo. 210; Repertory 21, fos. 590b, 593; Repertory 22, fos. 15, 26b, 27; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 471.1687.Journal 22, fo. 252; Repertory 22, fo. 16b.1688.Journal 22, fos. 227b, 278.1689.Burghley and others to the mayor, 26 July, 1589.—Journal 22, fo. 312.1690.-Id., fo. 316b.1691.Journal 22, fo. 345b; Journal 23, fo. 79.1692.Journal 22, fo. 314.1693.Journal 22, fo. 321b.1694.-Id., fo. 326.1695.-Id., fo. 321.1696.Journal 23, fos. 35, 38.1697.July 24, 1591.—Remembrancia. i, 599 (Analytical Index, p. 408).1698.Journal 23, fos. 31, 43b, 48b; Repertory 22, fo. 284b.1699.Journal 23, fos. 68, 68b;Cf.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 48, where the date of the letter is given as "May."1700.Journal 23, fos. 325b, 383b.1701.Journal 23, fos. 45-46b.1702.Journal 24, fo. 86.1703.Proclamation, dated 16 Sept., 1591.—Journal 23, fo. 47.1704.Journal 23, fo. 73.1705.-Id., fo. 71.1706.Proclamations, dated 8 Jan. and 26 Sept., 1592.—Journal 23, fos. 78b, 136.1707.The queen to the lord mayor, 6 Jan., 1592.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 168. The same to the same, 25 Jan.—Journal 23, fo. 87.1708.Journal 23, fos. 157, 167, 174, 224b; Repertory 23, fo. 29.1709.It was in 1592 that bills of mortality, kept by the parish clerks, were for the first time published.1710.Journal 23, fo. 204b.1711.Journal 23, fo. 266.1712.-Id., fos. 400, 402.1713.-Id., fo. 153.1714.Journal 23, fo. 290b. The number was afterwards reduced to 350 men.—Id., fo. 296b; Remembrancia, ii, 3, 27, 30.1715.Journal 23, fo. 290.1716.-Id., fo. 289.1717.Journal 23, fo. 293. The names, tonnage and crews of the ships are thus given (Remembrancia, ii, 26):—The Assention, 400 tons, 100 mariners; The Consent, 350 tons, 100 mariners; The Susan Bonadventure, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Cherubim, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Minion, 180 tons, 50 mariners; and The Primrose, 180 tons, 50 mariners. Only one pinnace is mentioned, of 50 tons, with 20 mariners.1718.Journal 23, fo. 323b.1719.Chamberlain's Letters,temp., Eliz. (Camd. Soc., No. 79), p. 50. The writer was a son of Richard Chamberlain, a city alderman.1720.Alderman of Tower Ward; Sheriff 1584-5; Mayor 1597.1721.Repertory 24, fo. 410b.1722.Repertory 25, fo. 216b.1723.The letter is printedin extensoin Chambers' "Book of Days," i, 464, and in Goodman's "Court of James I," ii, 127.1724.Journal 24, fos. 79b, 81, 82, 82b.1725.-Id., fo. 85b.1726.Journal 24, fos. 105, 144.1727.-Id., fo. 84b.1728.Macaulay's "Essay on Lord Bacon."1729.Journal 24, fo. 145.1730.-Id., fos. 146b, 149.1731.Journal 24, fos. 110-111, 129b.; Repertory 23, fo. 594b.1732.Journal 24, fos. 124, 154b, 157b.1733.The queen to the mayor, 25 July; the lords of the council to the same, 26 July.—Journal 24, fo. 142.1734.Journal 24, fos. 173, 175.1735.The same dissatisfaction at the result of the Cadiz expedition so far as it affected the citizens of London was displayed in a previous letter from the mayor to the lords of the Privy Council (3 Nov.) in answer to a demand for 3,000 men and three ships to ride at Tilbury Hope and give notice of the approach of the Spanish fleet.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 243, 244.1736.Repertory 24, fo. 60b.1737.Journal 24, fos. 210b-213b, 216, 217.1738.Journal 24, fos. 324b, 325, 329b; Repertory 24, fos. 268, 287, 306;Id.25, fo. 4b. Elizabeth asked for £40,000, but only succeeded in getting half that sum.—Chamberlain's Letters, p. 15.1739.Journal 25, fos. 34, 47b, 48; Repertory 24, fo. 352b. In July, 1600, a deputation was appointed to wait upon the lords of the council touching the repayment of this loan.—Repertory 25, fo. 119b. It still remained unpaid in Feb., 1604.—Journal 26, fo. 163b. By the end of 1606 £20,000 had been paid off.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 188; Repertory 27, fo. 278. And by July, 1607, the whole was repaid.—Howes's Chron., p. 890.1740.Journal 25, fos. 74b, 75, 77b-78b, 81, 81b, 82b-84, etc.1741.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1742.Journal 25, fo. 79b.1743.-Id., fos. 80, 80b.1744.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.1745.Chamberlain's Letters, p. 61; Journal 25, fos. 81, 84b.1746.Journal 25, fo. 238.1747.Journal 25. fo. 245; Letter Book BB, fo. 85. He was deprived of his aldermanry of the Ward of Farringdon Without and debarred from ever becoming alderman of any other ward "for causes sufficiently made known" to the Court of Aldermen.1748.Repertory 25, fos. 209b, 213.1749.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 546.1750.Secretary Cecil to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and others, 10 Feb., 1601.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 547.1751.Proclamation, dated 9 Feb., 1601.—Journal 25, fo. 240b.1752.Repertory 25, fos. 213, 246.1753.Journal 25, fos. 242, 243, 243b.1754.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1601-1603), pp. 16, 26, 89, 90.1755.Journal 25, fos. 137, 161b, 166, 179, 189, 190, 218b, 223, 237, 237b, 262b-265b, 293, 295, 301, 302b, 313b, 315; Journal 26, fos. 16b-19.1756.Repertory 25, fo. 296b.1757.Repertory 24, fos. 343, 354; Repertory 25, fos. 165-175. The Steelyard was re-opened in 1606.—Journal 27, fo. 66.1758.Letter from Sir Christopher Hatton to the mayor, 27 Nov., 1583.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 407.1759.Journal 26, fo. 42.

Strype remarks of Thames water that it "did sooner become fine and clear than the New River water, and was ever a clearer water."—Strype, Stow's Survey, ed. 1720, bk. i, p. 25. Another writer speaks of "that most delicate and serviceable ryver of Thames."—Howes's Chron., p. 938.

During Edgar's reign (958-975), the foreign trade of the City had increased to such a degree, and notably with a body of German merchants from the Eastern shores of the Baltic, called "Easterlings" (subsequently known as the Hanse Merchants of the Steel-yard), that his son and successor Ethelred drew up a code of laws for the purpose of regulating it.

"Et ipsa (i.e.Lundonia) multorum emporium populorum terrâ marique venientium."—Hist. Eccl., lib. ii, cap. iii.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 409.

See ordinances made by the Earl (32 Eliz.).—Hunter's Hallamshire (1819), p. 119.

Luttrell, Diary, i, p. 314.

"At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter hostes Londinium perrexit, cognomento quidem coloniæ non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre."—Tacitus, Ann., xiv, 33.

For the direction of the various routes, see Elton's Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 344 note.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., i., 60.

The church of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill claims a Roman origin, but its claim is unsubstantiated by any proof.

This appeal took the following form:—"The groans of the Britons to Aetius, for the third time Consul [i.e.A.D.446]. The savages drive us to the sea, and the sea casts us back upon the savages; so arise two kinds of death, and we are either drowned or slaughtered."—Elton, Origins of Engl. Hist., p. 360.

"Postea vero explorata insulæ fertilitate et indigenarum inertia, rupto fœdere, in ipsos, a quibus fuerant invitati arma verterunt."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Anglic. (Rolls Series No. 82). Proœmium. p. 13.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 12.

"In qua videlicet gente tune temporis Sabertus, nepos Ethelberti ex sorore Ricula, regnabat quamvis sub potestate positus ejusdem Ethelberti, qui omnibus, ut supra dictum est, usque ad terminum Humbræ fluminis, Anglorum gentibus imperabat."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii.

"Quorum [i.e., Orientalium Saxonum] metropolis Lundonia civitas est."—Bede, Lib. ii, c. iii. So, again, another writer describes London at the time it was devastated by the Danes in 851 as "Sita in aquilonari ripa Tamesis fluminis in confinio East-Sæxum et Middel-Sæxum, sed tamen ad East-Sæxum illa civitas cum veritate pertinet."—Flor. Wigorn., (ed. by Thorpe, for Engl. Hist. Soc.), i, 72.

Kemble. Saxons in England, ii, 556.

"Mellitum vero Lundonienses episcopum recipere noluerunt, idolatris magis pontificibus servire gaudentes. Bede, Lib. ii, cap. vi.—Cf.Flor. Wigorn., i, 13.

"Ecclesiam ... beati Petri quæ sita est in loco terribili qui ab incolis Thorneye nunenpatur ... quæ olim ... beati Æthelberti hortatu ... a Sabertho prædivite quodam sub-regulo Lundoniæ, nepote videlicet ipsius regis, constructa est."—Kemble, Cod. Dipl., 555.

Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), i, 8, 16, 18.

Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., p. 53, &c.

Thorpe, 114. The Troy weight was kept in the Husting of London and known as the Husting-weight.—Strype, Stow's Survey (1720), Bk. v., 369.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 55.

"And in the same year [i.e.851] came three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the Thames, and landed, and took Canterbury and London by storm."—Id.ii, 56.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 64, 65.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—the existence of which in its present form has been attributed to Alfred's encouragement of literature—seems to convey this meaning, although it is not quite clear on the point. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 44, pp. 148-149) ascribes the recovery of London by Alfred to the year 886. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, i., 56) does the same, and compares the status of London at the time with that of a German free city, which it more nearly resembled, than an integral portion of a kingdom.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 279.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 67.Cf."Lundoniam civitatem honorifice restauravit et habitabilem fecit quam etiam. Ætheredo Merciorum comitti servandam commendavit."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 101.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 405.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 71.

According to Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74. p. 150) Alfred diverted the waters of the Lea that his enemy's ships were stranded.

-Id., ii. 71.Cf."Quarum navium Lundonienses quasdam Lundoniam vehunt, quasdam vero penitus confringunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 115.

Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ, Thorpe, 97, 103.

This is the earliest mention of a guildhall in London; and the ale-making which took place at the meeting of the officers of the frith-guild, accounts in all probability for Giraldus Cambrensis (Vita Galfridi, Rolls Series No. 21 iii., c. 8.) having described the Guildhall of London as "Aula publica quæ a potorum conventu nomen accepit."

"Notwithstanding the butt-filling and feasting, this appears to have been a purely religious and social guild, and, although it may have subsequently become a power in the city, so far, it is only of importance as the first evidence of combination among the inhabitants of London for anything like corporate action."—Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 68.

Laws of Athelstan.—Thorpe, 93.

Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Thorpe, 100.

Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 178-179.

Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax., p. 59.

"And if a merchant thrived so that he fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means [cɲæƥte, craft] then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy." (Thorpe, 81.) The word cɲæƥte is similarly translated in Wilkins's Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ; (ed. 1721, p. 71.)per facultates suas; but there seems no reason why it should not be taken to mean literally a craft or vessel. The passage occurs in a list of "People's Rank" which "formerly" prevailed, and is probably of Athelstan's time, even if it did not form part of the Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ.—Wilkins,op. cit.p. 70 note.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 105.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 114.

-Id.ii, p. 115.

-Id.ii. pp. 117, 118. Annal. Monast., Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, p. 173.

The towns of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, Stamford, and Derby, which for many years were occupied by the Danes, were so called.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, pp. 118, 119.

-Id.ii, p. 119. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No 74), p. 180.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 120.

-Id.ii, p. 120.Cf."Ad hæc principes se non amplius Danicum regem admissuros in Angliam unanimiter spoponderunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, p. 169.

The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the kings of Norway, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson, ii. pp. 8-11.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 120.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 121.

-Id.ii., 122.

Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 215.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 308.

Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes, 127, 128.

In course of time the natives of Denmark acquired the privilege of sojourning all the year round in London—a privilege accorded to few, if any other, foreigners. They enjoyed moreover the benefits of the 'the law of the city of London' (la lei de la citie de Loundres) in other words, the right of resorting to fair or market in any place throughout England.—Liber Cust. pt. i, p. 63.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 418.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 122.

"At oppidanis magnanimiter pugnantibus repulsa."—Malmesbury, i, 216.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 123.

-Id.ii, 121, 123. Henry of Huntingdon relates that Eadric caused a panic on the field of battle by crying out that Edmund had been killed. "Flet Engle, flet Engle, ded is Edmund."

Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 437.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, i, 538.

"The 'lithsmen' (ship-owners) of London, who with others raised Harold to the throne, were doubtless such 'burg-thegns.'"—Gross, The Gild Merchant, i, 186.Cf.Lingard, i, 318. Norton Commentaries, pp. 23-24.

Green, Conquest of England, p. 462. Loftie, Hist. of London, i, 73. "The Londoners who attended must have gone by way of the river in their 'liths.'"—Historic Towns, London (Loftie), p. 197.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 129.

At the death of Harold, Harthacnut was invited to accept the crown by an embassy from England, of which the Bishop of London was a member. He accepted the offer and crossed over from the continent with a fleet of sixty ships, manned by Danish soldiers, and his first act was to demand eight marks for each rower; an imposition that was borne with difficulty. Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 132.

Anglo-Sax Chron., ii, 132.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, 2nd ed., ii. 5. But according to Kemble (Saxons in England, ii, 259 note), Edward's election took place at a hastily convened meeting at Gillingham.

"London, que caput est regni et legum. semper curia domini regis."—Laws of Edward Confessor, Thorpe, p. 197 note.

For a list of gemóts held in London fromA.D.790, see Kemble's Saxons in England, ii, 241-261.

Malmesbury, i, 242-244. Freeman, ii, 148-332.

Freeman, ii, 324.

Sed omnis civitas duci obviam et auxilio processit et præsidio acclamantque illi omnes una voce prospere in adventu suo. "Life of Edward Conf." (Rolls Series No. 3.), p. 406.

"Interim quosdam per internuntios, quosdam per se cives Lundonienses, quos variis pollicitationibus prius illexerat, convenit, et ut omnes fere quæ volebat omnino vellent, effecit."—Flor. Wigorn., i., 209.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 165-167.

"Aldredus autem Eboracensis archiepiscopus et iidem Comites cum civibus Lundoniensibus et butsecarlis, clitonem Eadgarum, Eadmundi Ferrei Lateris nepotem, in regem levare volueren, et cum eo se pugnam inituros promisere; sed dum ad pugnam descendere multi se paravere, comites suum auxilium ab eis retraxere, et cum suo exercitu domum redierunt."—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.

Such is the description of William's march, as given by Malmesbury (ii, 307). Another chronicler describes his march as one of slaughter and devastation.—Flor. Wigorn., i, 228.

The bishop was certainly Norman, and so probably was the port-reeve.

Anglo-Sax. Chron. ii, 168-169.

This charter is preserved in the Town Clerk's Office at the Guildhall. A fac-simile of it and of another charter of William, granting lands to Deorman, forms a frontispiece to this volume. The late Professor Freeman (Norman Conquest, second edition, revised 1876, iv, 29) wrote of this venerable parchment as bearing William's mark—"the cross traced by the Conqueror's own hand"—but this appears to be a mistake. The same authority, writing of the transcript of the charter made by the late Mr. Riley and printed by him in his edition of theLiber Custumarum(Rolls Series, pt. ii, p. 504), remarks that, "one or two words here look a little suspicious"; and justly so, for the transcript is far from being literally accurate.

-Cf."Ego volo quod vos sitis omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus Regis." These words appear in the xivth century Latin version of William's Charter, preserved at the Guildhall.

Liber Albus (Rolls Series i, 26).

Opinions differ as to the derivation of the term port. Some, like Kemble, refer it to the Lat.portus, in the sense of an enclosed place for sale or purchase, a market. ("Portus est conclusus locus, quo importantur merces et inde exportantur. Est et statio conclusa et munita."—Thorpe, i, 158). Others, like Dr. Stubbs (Const. Hist., i, 404 n.), connect it with Lat.porta, not in its restricted signification of a gate, but as implying a market place, markets being often held at a city's gates. The Latin termsportaandportuswere in fact so closely allied, that they both alike signified a market place or a gate. Thus, in the will of Edmund Harengeye, enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, we find the following: "Ac eciam lego et volo quod illa tenementa cum magno portu vocato le Brodegate ... vendantur per executores meos."—Hust. Roll, 114 (76).

Norton, Commentaries on the City of London, 3rd ed., pp. 258-259.

"London and her election of Stephen," a paper read before the Archæol. Inst. in 1866, by the late Mr. Green (p. 267).

Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, p. 55.

There appears to be no doubt that the charter preserved at the Guildhall had a seal, but not a fragment remains.

"Et dicunt quod prefatus dominus conquestor ante fundacionem ecclesie predicte et confeccionem carte sue de qua superius fit mencio auctoritate parliament sui et per duas cartes suas quas dicti maior et Cives hic proferunt scilicet per unam earam dimissit tunc civibus London' totam dictam civitatem et vice-comitatum London' cum omnibus appendiciis rebus et consuetudinibus eis qualitercumque pertinentibus.... Et per alteram concessit et auctoritate supradicta confirmavit eisdem civibus et successoribus suis quod haberent predicta ac omnes alias libertates et liberas consuetudines suas illesas quas habuerunt tempore dicti Sancti Regis Edwardi progenitoris sui."—Letter Book K, fo. 120 b.

"Tantaque pax suis regnavit temporibus, quod puella virguncula auro onusta, indempnis et intacta Angliam potuit peragrare."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44), i, 29.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, p. 187. Flor. Wigorn., ii, p. 19.

Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 121.

Malmesbury. ii, 375.

Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 189.

-Id., ii, 202.

"Those of the council who were nigh at hand."—Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii, 204.

Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 44) i, 176.

See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (p. 366), where the writer conjectures the date of the charter to have been between 1130 and 1135, and brings evidence in favour of it having been purchased by the payment of a large sum of money.

Set out under fifteen heads in the City'sLiber Albus. (Rolls Series) i, 128-129.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 404, 405. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville. p. 356.

The sum of 100 marks of silver recorded (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I) as having been paid for the shrievalty in 1130, appears to have been more of the nature of a fine than afirma.

"Whereas from time immemorial there have been and of right ought to be two sheriffs of this city, which said two sheriffs during all the time aforesaid have constituted and of right ought to constitute one sheriff of the county of Middlesex...."—Preamble to Act of Common Council, 7th April, 1748,reNomination and election of Sheriffs. Journal 59, fo. 130b.

Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 357. Mr. Round's statements (op. cit., Appendix P), that "this onefirma... represents onecorpus comitatus, namely Middlesex, inclusive of London," and that "from this conclusion there is no escape," are more capable of refutation than he is willing to allow.

"It is probable that whilst the Sheriff in his character of Sheriff was competent to direct the customary business of the Court, it was in that ofjustitiathat he transacted business under the King's writ."—Stubbs, Const. History, i, 389, note.

"Post hoc prædictus Justitiarius ... accessit ad Gildhalle Londoniarum, et ibi tenuit placita de die in diem ... et incontinenti ... ilia terminavit nullo juris ordine observato contra leges civitatis et etiam contra leges et consuetudines cujuslibet liberi hominis de regno Anglie. Quod vero cives semper calumpniaverunt, dicentes quod nullus debet placitare in civitate de transgressionibus ibidem factis nisi vicecomites Londoniarium."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 40.

Round. Geoffrey de Mandeville. pp. 107-113, 373, and Appendix K.

Mat. Paris (Hist. Angl. i, 251), ascribes the incessant turmoil of the latter part of the reign to the vengeance of the deity for this breach of faith.

"Id quoque sui esse juris, suique specialiter privilegii, ut si rex ipsorum quoquo moclo obiret, alius suo provisu in regno substituendus e vestigio succederet."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 5-6.

"With the solemn independent election of a king, the great part which London was to play in England's history had definitely begun."—Green, London and her Election of Stephen.

Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82). iii. 17.

Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 18.

"Eodem anno in Pentecoste resedit rex Londoniæ in Turri, episcopo tantum modo Sagiensi præsente: ceteri vel fastidierunt vel timuerunt venire. Aliquanto post, mediante legato, colloquium indictum est inter imperatricem et regem. si forte Deo inspirante pax reformari posset."—Malmesbury, Hist. Nov. (Rolls Series No. 90.), ii, 564.

"Juravit et affidavit imperatrix episcopo quod omnia majora negotia in Anglia præcipueque donationes episcopatuum et abbatiarum ejus nutum spectarent, si eam ipse cum sancta ecclesia in dominam reciperet et perpetuam ei fidelitatem teneret.... Nec dubitavit episcopus imperatricem in dominam Angliæ recipere, et ei cum quibusdam suis affidare, quod, quamdiu ipsa pactem non infringeret ipse quoque fidem ei custodiret."—Id.,ii, 573.

"Ventilata est hesterno die causa secreto coram majori parte cleri Angliæ ad cujus jus potissimum spectat principem eligere, simulque ordinare."—Id., ii, 576.

"Missos se a communione quam vocant Londoniarum."—Malmesbury, (Hist. Nov.), ii, 576. Exception may be taken to translatingcommunioas 'commune'; but even if the municipal organization represented by the French termcommunedid not at this period exist in the City of London in all its fulness, the "communal idea" appears to have been there.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i. 407.

"Omnes barones qui in eorum coramunionem jamdudum recepti fuerant."—Malmesbury,Ibid.

"Proficiscitur inde cum exultatione magna et gaudio, et in monasterio Sancti Albani cum processionali suscipitur honore et jubilo. Adeunt eam ibi cives multi ex Lundonia, tractatur ibi sermo multimodus de reddenda civitate."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 131.

"Erecta est autem in superbiam intolerabilem, quia suis incerta belli prosperavissent."—Hen. of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 275.

"Infinitæ copiæ pecuniam, non simplici cum mansuetudine sed cum ore imperioso ab eis exegit."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 75.

"Interpellata est a civibus, ut leges eis regis Edwardi observari liceret, quia optimæ erant, non patris sui Henrici quia graves erant. Verum illa non bono usa consilio, præ nimia austeritate non acquievit eis, unde et motus magnus factus in urbe; et facta conjuratione adversus eam quam cum honore susceperunt. cum dedecore apprehendere statuerunt."—Contin. Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), ii, 132.

Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 577-578. "Sed tandem a Londoniensibus expulsa est in die Sancti Johannis Baptiste proximo sequenti"—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc), p. 197.

"Anno prædicto [i.e.7 Stephen,A.D.1141], statim in illa estate, obsessa est Turris Lundoniarum a Londoniensibus, quam Willielmus [sic] de Magnaville tenebat et firmaverat."—Lib. de Ant. (Camd. Soc.), p. 197. From this it would appear that the father still held the office of constable. A charter of the empress, however, which Mr. Horace Round prints in his book on Geoffrey de Mandeville (pp. 88,seq.) points to the son as being constable at the time.

Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 88-95.

It is not to be supposed that the earl consented to assist the queen without meeting with some return for his services, more especially as the queen was prepared to go all lengths to obtain her husband's liberty. See Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 119.

"Gaufrido de Mandevilla, qui jam iterum auxilio eorum cesserat, antea enim post captionem regis imperatrici fidelitatem juraverat, et Londoniensibus maxime annitentibus, nihilque omnino quod possent prætermittentibus quo imperatricem contristarent."—Malmesbury (Hist. Nov.), ii, 580.

"Magnæ ex Lundoniis copiæ."—Newburgh, Hist. Rerum. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82.), i, 42. "Cumque invictâ Londoniensium catervâ."—Gesta Stephani (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 80. The Londoners sacked Winchester mercilessly. "Londonienses, cum maxima militum regalium parte, modis horrendis Wintoniensem civitatem expilavere."—Gesta Stephani, iii, 84.

The precedent thus set by Stephen, of submitting to the ceremony of a second coronation after a period of captivity, was afterwards followed by Richard I, on his return from captivity abroad.

This is the date assigned to the charter by Mr. Horace Round, (Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 138-144).Cf.Appendix to 31st Report of Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, p. 3.

The date assigned by Mr. Round to this charter is between Christmas, 1141, and the end of June, 1142.

"Et convenciono eidem Gaufredo Comiti Essex quod dominus meus Comes Andegavie vel ego vel filii nostri nullam pacem aut concordiam cum Burgensibus Lund[oniæ] faciemus, nisi concessu et assensu præ-dicti Comitis Gaufredi quia inimici eius sunt mortales."—Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 168.

Newburgh, Hist. Rerum Angl. (Rolls Series No. 82), i. 48. Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls Series No. 74), p. 278.

Sometimes called the Treaty of Wallingford.

The general joy is depicted in glowing colours by Henry of Huntingdon, (p. 289.)Cf.Anglo-Sax. Chron., ii., 235.

Fitz-Stephen's Stephanides, Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed.), p. 208.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, v., 325.

A cartulary of the Mercers' Company contains a copy of a grant from Thomas Fitz-Theobald to the hospital of St. Thomas of Acon of "all that land, with the appurtenances, which was formerly of Gilbert Becket, father of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, where the said Blessed Thomas the Martyr was born (duxit originem), to build a church (basilicam) in honour of Almighty God and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of the same most glorious martyr."—Watney, Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon (privately printed 1892), pp. 9, 237.

Liber Albus (Rolls Series), i, pp. 26, 27.

This charter (with fragment of seal) is preserved at the Guildhall. It bears no date, but appears to have been granted between 1154 and 1161.

Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 138.

"De filiis et parentibus nobilium civitatis" and again "filii et nepotes quorundam nobilium civium Londoniarum."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 155.

By a strange anomaly, a man who underwent ordeal by water was only adjudged innocent if he sank to the bottom and was drowned. Hence the old man's caution!

Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 28. According to Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82, iii, 387), Longchamp obtained the chancellorship by bribery.

Benedict (Rolls Series No. 49). ii, 106.

-Id.ii, 143.

-Id.ii, 158.

Preface to Roger de Hoveden, iii, p. lxxvii. Girald. Cambr. Vita Galfridi (Rolls Series No. 21). iv, 397.

Richard of Devizes, iii, 414. Benedict, ii, 213.

Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, 99. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi). iv, 397-398. Roger de Hoveden, iii. 140.

Richard of Devizes. (Rolls Series No. 82), iii. 415. Benedict, 213. Girald. Cambr. (Vita Galfridi), iv, 405.

"Johannes comes frater regis et archiepiscopus Rothomagensis, et omnes episcopi, comites et barones regni qui aderant, concesserunt civibus Lundoniarum communam suam, et juraverunt quod ipsi eam et dignitates civitatis Lundoniarum custodirent illibatas, quandiu regi placuerit. Et cives Lundoniarum et epispcopi et comites et barones juraverunt fidelitates regi Ricardo, et Johanni comiti de Meretone fratri ejus salva fidelitate, et quod illum in dominum suum et regem reciperent, si rex sine prole decesserit."—Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series No. 49), ii, 214.Cf.Roger de Hovedene (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 141; Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 5-6.

-Suprap. 49.

"In crastino vero convocatis in unum civibus, communione, vel ut Latine minus vulgariter magis loquamur, communa seu communia eis concessa et communiter jurata."—Vita Galfridi, iv, 405.

Const. Hist., i, 407.

Referring to the year 1191, he writes, "we have the date of the foundation of the commune."—Id., i, 629.

"Concessa est ipsa die et instituta communia Londoniensium, in quam universi regni magnates et ipsi etiam ipsius provinciæ episcopi jurare coguntur. Nunc primum in indulta sibi conjuratione regno regem deesse cognovit Londonia quam nec rex ipse Ricardus, nec prædecessor et pater ejus Henricus, pro mille millibus marcarum argenti fieri permisisset. Quanta quippe mala ex conjuratione proveniant ex ipsa poterit diffinitione perpendi, quæ talis est—communia tumor plebis, timor regni, tepor sacerdotii."—Chron. Stephen, Hen. II, Ric. I (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 416.

"It is impossible to avoid a suspicion," writes Bishop Stubbs, "that the disappearance of the port-reeve and other changes in the municipal government, signify a civic revolution, the history of which is lost."—Const. Hist., i, 406n.

Merewether and Stephens, Hist. of Boroughs (1835), i, 384. No authority, however, is given for this statement.

The entire MS. was published in Latin by the Camden Society in 1846; and a translation of the original portion of the work was afterwards made by the late Mr. H. T. Riley, under the title "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London,A.D.1188 toA.D.1274."

"The correct date of the accession of Richard has never been ascertained. No records appear to be extant to fix the commencement of the reign of any king before the accession of John."—Nicholas, Chronology of Hist., p. 285.

Fos. 45, 63 and 63b.

Or simply Thedmar.

It is thus that Riley reads the word which to me appears to be capable of being read "Grennigge."

Calendar of Wills. Court of Husting, London, part. I., p. 22. From another Will, that of Margery, relict of Walter de Wynton, and one of Fitz-Thedmar's sisters—she is described as daughter of "Thedmar, the Teutonic"—it appears that other sisters of Fitz-Thedmar married into the well-known city families of Eswy and Gisors.—Id., part i, p. 31.

"Ibi etiam dispositium est, penes quem pecunia collata debeat residere: scilicet sub custodia Huberti Walteri Cantuariensis electi, et domini Ricardi Lundoniensis episcopi, et Willelmi comitis de Arundel et Hamelini comitis de Warenna et majoris Lundoniarum."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 212.

Preserved at the Guildhall.

Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), ii, p. 114.

"Denique ad ingressum principis ita ornata est facies amplissimæ civitatis ut Alemanni nobiles qui cum ipso venerant et redemptione regia exinanitam bonis Angliam credebant opum magnitudine obstupescerent."—William of Newburgh (Rolls Series No. 82), i, p. 406.

"Cives vero Lundonienses servierunt de pincernaria, et cives Wintonienses de coquina."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iii, 12.

Brit. Mus., Harl. MS. 3,504, fo. 248.

"Si invenissem emptorem Londoniam vendidissem."—Richard of Devizes (Rolls Series No. 82), iii, 388.

"Frequentius enim solito . . imponebantur eis auxilia non modica et divites, propriis parcentes marsupiis volebant ut pauperes solverent universa."—Roger de Hoveden (Rolls Series No. 51), iv. 5. "Ad omne edictum regium divites, propriis fortunis parcentes, pauperibus per potentiam omne onus imponerent."—Newburgh, (Rolls Series No. 82), ii. 466.

Newburgh, ii., 466.

Mat. Paris, ii, 57. A similar character is given him by Roger de Hoveden. Dr. S. R. Gardiner describes him as an alderman of the city, and as advocating the cause of the poor artisan against the exactions of the wealthier traders.—Students' History of England, i, 169.

"Pauperum et veritatis ac pietatis adversarii."—Mat. Paris, ii. 57.

Newburgh, ii, 470.

"And for the time," adds Dr. Gardiner, "the rich tradesmen had their way against the poorer artisans."—Students' History of England, i, 170.

Chronicles of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 2.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 709.

Mat. Paris, ii, 143. Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 83-87.

-Id.ii, 146.

-Id.ii, 153.

Ann. of Bermondsey (Rolls Series No. 36), in, 453.

Mat. Paris, ii, 154-156.

As to the services and franchises of Fitz-Walter, both in time of peace and war, see Lib. Cust., (Rolls Series), part i, pp. 147-151.

Introd. to Lib. Cust, p. lxxvii.

The sword of St. Paul, emblematic possibly of his martyrdom, still remains in the City's coat of arms. It has often been mistaken for the dagger with which Sir William Walworth is said to have killed Wat Tyler.

The story is told in Mr. Riley's Introduction to the Liber Custamarum (p. lxxix), on the authority of the Chronicle of Dunmow.

He is said to have made a similar attempt upon the wife of Eustace de Vesci, a leading baron.—(Blackstone, Introd. to Magna Carta, pp. 289, 290).

Mat. Paris, ii, 156. A different complexion, however, is put on this event by another chronicler. According to Walter de Coventry (Rolls Series, No. 58, ii, 220) the barons made their way into the City by stealth, scaling the walls at a time when most of the inhabitants were engaged in divine service, and having once gained a footing opened all the City gates one after another.

By charter, date 8th May, 1215, preserved at the Guildhall.

Mat. Paris, ii, 159, 161, 164, 186.

Roger of Wendover (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 117.

Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 298.

"Moram autem faciebant barones in civitate Londoniæ per annum et amplius cum civibus confœderati, permittentes se nullam pacem facturos cum rege nisi assensu utriusque partis."—Annals of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 283.

Mat. Paris, ii, 161, 165.

Contin. Flor. Wigorn. ii, 167, 171. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 3.

Mat. Paris, ii, p. 179.

Confession of the Vicomte de Melun.—Mat. Paris, ii, 187.

Mat. Paris, ii, 200.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 4.

Strype, Stow's Survey, 1720, Bk. i, p. 62. They had settled in Holborn soon after their arrival in 1220.

Mat. Paris, ii, 385.

-Id., ii, 218, 220.

Liber de Ant. fol. 38. According to this authority (fol. 38b), the peace was ratified 23rd September, at Merton.

Mat. Paris, ii, 222.

Often spoken of as the Treaty of Lambeth (Rymer's Fœdera, i, 148.)

The sum mentioned by Matthew Paris (ii. 224) is £5,000 sterling, but according to a marginal note in the Liber de Ant. (fol. 39) it would appear to have been only £1,000, which, according to the compiler of that record, Louis repaid the Londoners as soon as he arrived home, out of pure generosity (mera liberalitate sua). On the other hand, Matthew Paris (ii, 292) under the year 1227, narrates that Henry extorted from the citizens of London 5,000 marks of silver, on the ground that that was the sum paid by the Londoners to Louis on his departure, to the king's prejudice.

Walter of Coventry. (Rolls Series No. 58), ii, 239.

Mat. Paris, ii, 251, 252.

Roger of Wendover, (Rolls Series No. 84), ii, 265, 267.

Probably Saint Giles in the Fields, a hospital founded by Matilda, wife of Henry I.

"Cives autem Londonienses, qui eundem H[ubertum] propter suspendium Constantini oderant, lætati sunt de tribulalionibus suis, et ilico conquesti sunt de eo, quod concivem suum injuste suspendit, et absque judicio."—Mat. Paris, ii, 345.

-Id., ii, 346, 347. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 6, 7.

"Dicebabur enim ... quod alienigenæ qui plus regni perturbationem desiderabant quam pacem, præfatum comitem Cestriæ ad domini sui regis infestationem et regni inquietationem inducere conarentur."—Walter of Coventry, ii, 251.

Mat. Paris, ii, 382, 384, iii, 90.

Freeman, Norman Conquest, v, 469, 470. "Et quia communitas nostra sigillum non habet, præsentes literas signo communitatis civitatis Londoniarum vestræ sanctitati mittimus consignatas."—Mat. Paris, iii, 17.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 7, 8.

French Chronicle (Camden Soc., No. 28), ed. by Aungier (Riley's translation), pp. 241-244.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 11.

-Id., pp. 13, 14, 16.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 16, 17, 61. Mat. Paris, iii., 62, 80-81.

Mat. Paris, ii, 323.

"Quia dominus rex obligabatur de debitis non minimis erga mercatores de vino, de cera, de pannis ultramarinis, a civibus pecuniam multam extorsit et Judæis, nec tamen inde mercatores plenam pacationem receperunt."—Mat. Paris, ii, 496.

"Cives tanien videntes aliud sibi non expedire, omnia benigne remiserunt."—Mat. Paris, iii, 72.

-Id., iii, 43.

Ann. of Worcester (Rolls Series No. 36), iv., 407.

"Unde, ne exorta contentione lætitia nuptialis nubilaretur, salvo cujuslibet jure, multa ad horam perpessa sunt, quæ in tempore opportuno fuerant determinanda."—Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl., ed. 1684, P. 355.Cf.City Records, Liber Ordinationum, fo. 193 b. Brit. Mus. Cotton MS. Vespasian, C. xiv. fos. 113-114.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 9, 20, 45, 53.

-Id., p. 21.

An early instance of this parliament being so designated is found in theLiber de Antiquisof the City's Records (fol. 75b.) where the wordsinsane parliamentumoccur.

This agreement between the king and barons is termed a "Charter" by Fitz-Thedmar, who says it bore the seals of the king and of many barons.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 41.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 43.

-Id., pp. 33-39.

-Id., pp. 45, 46.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 47.

-Id., p. 52.

The Bull was confirmed by Alexander's successor Pope Urban IV. and the later Bull was read at Paul's Cross, by the king's orders in the following year (1262),Id., p. 53.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 56.

-Id., p. 57.

-Id., p. 58.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 59. "A similar uprising of the middle class of citizens was taking place about this period in other towns. They are spoken of by chroniclers of the same stamp as Fitz-Thedmar as ribald men who proclaimed themselves 'bachelors,' and banded themselves together to the prejudice of the chief men of the towns (majores urbium et burgorum)"—Chron. of Thomas Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 138.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 59-60.

-Id., p. 60.

Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36). iii. 222-223. Chron. of Thos. Wykes (Ibid) iv, 136. Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28, ii, 18), places this event after the Mise of Amiens (23rd Jan., 1264).

Annales Londonienses.—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76) i, 60.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 62.

-Id., pp. 64, 65.

Ann. of Dunstaple. iii, 230, 231.

The number of Londoners who accompanied Leicester to Lewes is not given. Thomas Wykes mentions it to have been very large, for the reason that the number of fools is said to be infinite! "Quo comperto comes Leycestriæ glorians in virtute sua, congregata baronum multitudine copiosa, Londoniensium innumerabili agmine circumcinctus, quia legitur stultorum infinitus est numerus."—(Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 148.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 66; Ann. of Dunstaple, iii, 232; Thos. Wykes, iv, 149, 150; Rishanger (Rolls Series No. 28), 27.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 67.

-Id., p. 74.

Fitz-Thedmar gives the number of representatives of each city and borough as four: "De qualitet civitate et burgo iiii homines."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 75.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 77. This anecdote is inserted in the margin of Fitz-Thedmar's chronicle, the writer expressing his horror at the "wondrous and unheard of" conduct of "this most wretched mayor."

The story is told by Thos. Wykes. (Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 163.

Lib. de. Ant. fo. 94b.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 119. Circumstantially as the chronicler relates the story, he appears only to have inserted it as an after-thought. Mr. Loftie (Hist, of London, i, 151), suggests that possibly the news of Fitz-Thomas' death might have been the occasion of its insertion.

Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 235.

"His lordship the king had summoned to Wyndleshores all the earls, barons, [and] knights, as many as he could, with horses and arms, intending to lay siege to the City of London [and] calling the citizens his foes."—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 81.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 82.

At one time the parish of All Hallows Barking is spoken of as being in the County of Middlesex, at another as being within the City—Hust. Roll. 274, (10), (12).

In narrating this, Fitz-Thedmar again discloses his aristocratic proclivities by remarking, "Such base exclamations did the fools of the vulgar classes give utterance to" on this occasion, viz., the election of William Fitz-Richard as Sheriff of Middlesex and Warden of London.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 90, 91.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 83, 85.

"Regina etiam rogavit pro Londoniensibus de quibus rex plures recepit ad pacem suam."—Ann. of Winchester (Rolls Series, No. 36), ii, 103.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 146, 147.

Ann. of Dunstaple. (Rolls Series, No. 36), iii, 245.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 95. The citizens appear to have been divided, as indeed they often were, on the question of admitting the Earl.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 95, 97.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 96.

-Id., pp. 97, 100.

Dated "Est Ratford," 16th June, 1267. Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 98-100.

Dated 26th March, 1268. The original is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 3). A copy of it, inserted in the Lib. de Ant. (fo. 108b), has the following heading:—"Carta domini regis quam fecit civibus Lond',sub spe inveniendi ab eo meliorem gratiam," the words in italics being added by a later hand.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 113. Ann. of Waverley (Rolls Series No. 36), ii, 375.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 129.

Lib. de Ant., fo. 120.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 129-130.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 153.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 154, 159.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 164.

The series of Husting Rolls for Pleas of Land, preserved at the Guildhall, commence in the mayoralty of Hervy's successor.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 205-208.

What Fitz-Thedmar means when he says (Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 171), that "only one part of the seal of the Commonalty of London" was appended to Hervy's so-called "charter" is hard to determine. The common seal of the city was at this period in the custody of the mayor for the time being. Under Edward II, it was for the first time entrusted to two aldermen and two commoners for safe keeping.—City Records, Letter Book D, fo. 145b.Cf.Ordinances of Edward II,A.D.1319.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 169-171.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 173-5.

"Et quod nullus alienigena in libertatem civitatis prædictæ admittatur nisi in Hustengo ... et si non sint de certo mestero, tune in libertatem civitatis ejusdem non admittentur sine assensu communitatis civitatis illius."—Lib. Custumarum (Rolls Series), pt. 1, pp. 269-270.

"The establishment of the corporate character of the city under a mayor marks the victory of the communal principle over the more ancient shire organisation, which seems to have displaced early in the century the complicated system of guild and franchise. It also marks the triumph of the mercantile over the aristocratic element."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., i, 630, 631.

"The guilds continued to elect until 1384, when the right of election was again transferred to the wards." City Records, Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 173.

Chron. Edward I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 84. Chron. of T. Wykes (Rolls Series No. 36) iv, p. 259.

Dated from "Caples in the land of Labour" (Caples in terra laboris) or Capua, 19th January, 1273. This letter was publicly read in the Guildhall on the 25th March following.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 163.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 161.

-Id., p. 172.

-.Id, pp. 132, 140-2.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 143-4.

-Id., pp. 145, 146.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 147, 148.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 149, 150.

-Id., p. 165.

-A.D.1279. "Eodem anno escambia et novæ monetæ extiterunt levata apud turrim Londoniensem; et Gregorius de Roqesle major monetæ per totam Angliam."—Chron. Edw. I and II. (Rolls Series No. 76. i. 88).—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Transl.) p. 239.

The name of John Horn with the addition. "Flemyng" occurs in the 14th cent.—Hust. Roll. 64 (67), 81 (74).

For one month after the Feast of St. Botolph the Abbot [17 June], the Court of Husting in London was closed, owing to the absence of citizens attending the fair. The right of appointing their own officers to settle disputes arising at the fair was granted to the citizens of London at the close of the Barons' War.—Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 176.

Peace was signed before the end of July.—Rymer's Fœdera, (ed. 1816), vol. i. pt. 2, p. 513.

A series of MS. books extending froma.d.1275 to 1688, deriving their title from the letters of the alphabet with which they are distinguished,A, B, C,&c,AA, BB, CC,&c. We are further aided by chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and II, edited by Bishop Stubbs for the Master of the Rolls. A portion of these chronicles the editor has fitly called "Annales Londonienses." There is even reason for believing them to have been written by Andrew Horn, citizen and fishmonger, as well as eminent jurist of his day. He died soon after the accession of Edward III. and by his will, dated 9th Oct., 1328, (Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, i, 344) bequeathed to the city many valuable legal and other treatises, only one of which (known to this day as "Liber Horn,") is preserved among the archives of the Corporation.

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, p. 239.

Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 447.

Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series). Introd. vol. i, p. xxxiii.

-Id., i, 92.

Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 229. 230. Tho. Wykes (Ann. Monast. Rolls Series No. 36), iv, 294. Ann. of Worcester (Ibid), iv, 486. Walter de Heminburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 13.

They were, in the language of Stow, "hanged by the purse." (Survey, Thoms' ed., p. 96).Cf."He was hanged by the nek and nought by the purs." (Chaucer, Cook's Tale. l. 885). The story is recorded in Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 240; and in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series i, 92-93).

Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 472-474.

Letter Book C, fo. 52. Riley's Memorials, p. 21.

Rolls Series, i, 51-60.Cf.Lib. Ordinationum, fos. 154b,seq.

The circumstances of Rokesley's visit to the justices at the Tower are set out in the city's "Liber Albus" (i, 16), from a MS. of Andrew Horn, no longer preserved at the Guildhall. The story also appears in Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 94.

In 1293 the king appointed Elias Russell and Henry le Bole his "improvers" (appropriatores) in the city:—Chron. Edward I and II, (Rolls Series No. 76, i, 102). Their duties were practically identical with those of sheriffs, and Bishop Stubbs places a marginal note over against the appointment,—"Sheriffs appointed by the king." Walter Hervy is recorded as having removed certain stones near Bucklersbury when he was "improver" of the city (Letter Book A, fo. 84. Riley's Memorials, p. 25). This was probably done in 1268, when the city was in the king's hand, and Hervy and William de Durham were appointed bailiffs "without election by the citizens."—Chron. Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 112, 113.

Letter Book A, fo. 132b.

-Id., fo. 110.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 98.

Letter Book A, fo. 95. Riley's Memorials, p. 26.

"From the very day of his accession, Edward was financially in the hands of the Lombard bankers; hence arose, no doubt, the difficulty which he had in managing the City of London; hence came also the financial mischief which followed the banishment of the Jews; and hence an accumulation of popular discontent, which showed itself in the king's lifetime by opposition to his mercantile policy, and, after his death, supplied one of the most efficient means for the overthrow of his son."—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. vol. i, pp. c, ci.

Writ to the Sheriff of Middlesex, dated 2nd Jan., 1293. Letter Book B, fo. 25. Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 266.

Ann. of Dunstaple (Rolls Series No. 36), iii, 390. The chronicler acquits the king of complicity in this sacrilege.

Contin. Flor. Wigorn., ii, 274.

Letter Book C. fo. 20.

-Id., fos. 21b, 22. (Riley's Memorials, pp. 31-33). Liber Custum., i, 72-76.

Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii. 108, 109.

Letter Book C, fo. 22b.

By the bullClericis Laicos, Boniface VIII had recently forbidden the clergy to pay taxes to any layman.—Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ii, 113-116.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 130, 131, 134.

Chron. of Walter de Hemingburgh, ii, 121.

-Id., ii, 126, 127.

-Id., ii, 149, 151.

Letter Book B, fo. xxxvii (101b).

Preserved among the City Archives (Box 26).Cf.Letter Book C, fo. xxiv, b.

Letter Book B, fo. 93.

Letter Book C, fo. 24. (Riley's Memorials, 37).

Strictly speaking, a talliage could only be charged on the king's demesnes, and these did not include the City of London.

Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 132.

Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247. Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 139.

Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series), i, 146. Hemingburgh ii, 248.

Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), 247 n.

"Tunc visa est Londonia quasi nova Jerusalem monilibus ornata."—Chron. Edward I and II (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 152.

"Ad quam coronationem major, aldermanni et cives Londoniarum induti samiteis et sericeis vestimentis et ex armis Angliæ et Franciæ depictis, coram rege et regina Karolantes, et servi civium ad illud festum, ut moris est, de cupa servientes, omnibus intuentibus inauditum proviserunt gaudium."—Id. ibid.

Letter Book C, fo. 93 (Riley's Memorials, p. 64).

Letter Book D, fo. 96 (Memorials, pp. 69-71).

Letter Book C, fo. 97 b (Memorials, p. 69).

Letter Book D, fo. 104 (Memorials, pp. 72-74).

Chron. of Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 224-225.

Letter Book D, fo. 147b.

-Id., fo. 125b.

"Eodem anno (i.e.1302), die Lunæ ivtoKalendas Februarii, restitutus est Richerus de Refham in honore aldermanniæ Londoniarum, et factus est aldermannus de Warda de Basseishawe."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 104.

Among those who were called to account was a woman remarkable for her name—"Sarra la Bredmongesterre." A selection of the cases enquired into is printed in Riley's Memorials, pp. 86-89.

"Sed quia idem Richerus fuerat austerus et celer ad justitiam faciendam nulli parcendo, et quia fecit imprisonare Willelmum de Hakford, mercer, ideo dictus W, et sui complices insurrexerunt in ipsum et ideo depositus fuit ab officio majoris et postea aldermanniæ suæ."—Chron. Edw. I and II, i, 175-176.

Letter Book D, fo. 142.

-Id., fos. 142b-143b (Memorials pp. 93-98.)

-Id., fos. 142b, 143b, 145b.

Chron. Edward I and II. i, 203.

Lib. de Antiq., fo. 43b. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's Transl.), p. 250.

Letter Book C, fo. 45.

Letter Book C, fo. 92b (Memorials p. 63).

The city chose as its representatives, Nicholas de Farendone, John de Wengrave, and Robert de Kelleseye. Letter Book D. fos. 149b, 151, 151b.

-Id., fos. 151b, 152 (Memorials pp. 102-104.)

-Id., fo. 168 (Memorials, pp. 105-106).

Letter Book D, fos. 164, 164b.

Letter Book E, fo. 18. (Memorials, pp. 108-110).

Letter Book D, fo. 165.

Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 55, 56.

Letter Book E, fo. 84. (Memorials, pp. 128-129).

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 285.

Aungier's French Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 252.

Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 269.

Dated York, 8th June, 1319. These letters patent are preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4). Ten days later [18th June] Edward granted an ample inspeximus charter to the city, the original of which does not appear among the archives.SeeLib. Cust. i, pp. 255-273.

Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 253.

In this year [1318-19] the new charter was confirmed by the king, and cost £1,000.Id., p. 252.

Chron. Edward I and II, Introd., vol. ii, p. lxxxiv.

Lib. Cust. (Rolls Series) i, 285-432.

Rolls Series i, 51-60. Copies of the Ordinances are also to be found in the Liber Horn (fos. 209,seq.) and Liber Ordinationum (fos. 154bseq.) of the city's archives.

Lib. Cust. i, 289, 308.

Lib. Cust., i, 296.

-Id., i, 308-322.

-Id., i, 322-324.

-Id., i, 324-325.

-Id., i, 347-362.

"Et fuit illo die post horam vesperarum antequam Justiciarii et duodenæ perfiniebant; sed neminem eodem die indictaverunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 366.

Lib. Cust., i, 371-374.

-Id., i, 378. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 253.

"Qui cum quasi leones parati ad prædam ante Pascham extitissent, nunc, versa vice, quasi agni vicissim facti sunt."—Lib. Cust., i, 383-384.

Chron. Edward I and II. i, 216, 272.

Lib. Cust., i, 408, 409.

-Id., i, 425.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 291. The precise date of his election is not known. Bishop Stubbs, in his introduction to the Chronicle cited (i, p. lxxxii), states it to have taken place in January. This can hardly have been the case, inasmuch as the city had not been taken into the king's hands before the middle of February—forty-one days after the commencement of the Iter. See Lib. Cust. i, p. 378.

Letter Book E, fos. 119b-120 (Memorials, pp. 142-144).

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 293, 296.

-Id., i, 297.

Dated, Boxle, 25 October. Patent Roll 15, Edward II, Part 1, m. ii.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, p. 298. Re-elected "by the commons at the king's wish."—Aungier Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 254.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, pp. 298-299.

Aungier, Fr. Chron., pp. 254, 255.

The charter, dated Aldermaston, 12th December, 15 Edward II [A.D.1321], with seal (imperfect) attached, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 4.)

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301.—Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.). p. 255.

"Car c'est le plus perilleux peuple [sc. the English] qui soit au monde et plus outrageux et orgueilleux et de tous ceux d' Angleterre les Londriens sont chefs ... ils sont fors durs et hardis et haux en courage; tant plus voyent de sang respandu et plus sont cruels et moins ebahis."—Froissart's Hist. (ed. Lyon, 1559), pp. 333-334.

Macaulay, Hist., cap. iii.

Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 257, 264.

Chron. Edward I and II. i, 303.

-Id., i. 305. Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 257.

By the king's writ, dated Ravensdale, 29 Nov., Letter Book E. fo. 148. According to the French Chronicle (Aungier, p. 258) Chigwell recovered the mayoralty on the feast of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.]. On the 7th Dec. he was admitted and sworn into office.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 301, 305, 318 n.

"Propter insidiantes domini regis et aliorum malorum hominum."—Id., i, 306.

-Id., i, 307.

Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 259.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 308. Easter is given as the date of her departure by the Fr. Chron. (p. 259), Easter Day falling on the 15th April in that year.

Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 260.

See her proclamation issued at Wallingford, 15th Oct. Rymer's Fœdera, vol. ii, part 1, pp. 645, 646.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 314, 315.

Dated Baldock, 6 Oct., 1326. City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, membr. x (12).

Aungier. Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), pp. 262, 263.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 315, 316. Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 263.

Chron. Edward I and II, ii, 310. Murimuth, Chron. (Eng. Hist. Soc.), p. 48.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 321, ii, 310. Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's translation), p. 264. Murimuth (Eng. Hist. Soc.), pp. 48, 49.

The proclamation is headed,Proclamacio prima post decessum episcopi Exoniensis et ipsius decollacionem.—City's Records, Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, membr. 2 dors.

Aungier, Fr. Chron., p. 265.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 318.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 323. Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1, memb. 2.

Dated 28 February, 1326-7. Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325-326.

Dated 6 March, 1326-7. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5).

InreIslington Market Bill, 3 Clk, 513. See also Stat. 5 and 6, William IV, cap. cxi, ss. 46et seq.

-Vide sup., p. 104.

According to the common law of the land, no market could be erected so as to be a "nuisance" to another market within a less distance than six miles and a half and a third of another half.—Bracton "De Legibus Angliæ" (Rolls Series No. 70), iii, 584.

Dated 4 March, 1326-7.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 325.

The king's letters asking for assistance were dated from Nottingham, 29 April and 2 May.—City's Records, Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. iv dors, and ix.

The names of the troopers are set out in full, under the several wards, in Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A I, memb. ix. The compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i. 333), gives the number of the City contingent as 100 men, adding feelingly "sed proh pudor! nil boni ibi facientes sine honore revertuntur."

Dated Topclyf, 10 July.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. ii (4).

-Id., Roll A 1, membr. iii.

Writ dated Lincoln, 23 September.—Id., Roll A 1, membr. v (7) dors.

-Id., Roll A 1. memb. iii.—In July, 1323, the Exchequer had been transferred from York to Westminster, "and great treasure therewith."—Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), p. 258.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. iii, and v (7).

Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 1. membr. xxii.

-Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxii, dors.—According to the Chronicle of Lanercost (Bannatyne Club, p. 261), it was theLondonerswho refused to give up the stone.

Rymer's Fœdera (1830), Vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 716. Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey (2nd ed.), pp. 60-64.

Rymer's Fœdera (1821) Vol. ii, pt. ii, pp. 734, 740. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xx dors. Chron. Edward I and II, i. 339-340.

The city was represented by Stephen de Abyndon and Robert de Kelseye. The writ was dated Clipston, 28 August, and the return made the 10th October.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxiii-xxiv.

Letter dated 27 September.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii (27) dors.

-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xxiv (28) dors.

"Quod dictus Hamo fuit pessimus vermis qui venit in civitate jam xx annis elapsis et amplius, et quod nunquam foret bona pax in civitate dum viveret et quod bonum esset valde si capud ejus a corpore truncatur."—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xxiii dors.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 29.

-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 29 dors.

-Id.,ibid.—Notwithstanding this disavowal, it is said that no less than 600 Londoners assisted the Lancastrian cause.—Chron. Edward I and II. Introd. Vol. i, p. cxx.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 343.—Letter Book E, fo. 179b. (Memorials, pp. 170-171).

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 31.

See letter from the mayor, &c., to the king informing him that his wishes had been carried out.—Id., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).

At Christmas, both the primate and the city despatched letters to Edward, who was then at Worcester, to that effect.—Id., Roll A 1. memb. xxviii (32).

Chron. Edward I and II. i, 343-344.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1. membr. xxviii (32).

Chron. Edward I and II. i, 242-243.

-Id., i, 245, 346.

-Id., i. 246-247.

The will is enrolled in the records of the Court of Husting, Roll 61 (17). His devise to St. Paul's was challenged by John de Pulteney, and execution stayed.

According to the compiler of the "Annales Paulini" (Chron. Edward I and II, i, 352), Mortimer was taken "in camera Isabelle reginæ."

She died in 1357. and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, in the city.

"The last days of Queen Isabella."—Archæol., vol. xxxv, p. 464.

On her first arrival in London she was conducted by a cavalcade of citizens to the Bishop of Ely's house in Holborn, and after her marriage, was made the recipient of a present of gold and silver and a great store of all kinds of provisions. Her coronation, which took place two years later (Feb., 1330), was also made the occasion for a further display of their loyalty and affection.—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 338, 339, 349.

Green, Hist. of the English People, i, 410. Imposts on wool, writes Bishop Stubbs, became of such importance at this period that "the merchants again seemed likely to furnish the realm with a new estate."—Const. Hist., ii. 379.

-Supra, pp. 112-115.

"Eodem anno (i.e., 1326) post Pascha dominus rex habuit consilium apud Westmonasterium; et ordinatum fuit ibi quod mercatores emerent lanas. corias et plumbum, in certis locis Angliæ, Walliæ et Hyberniæ, et illa loca vocantur Stapel."—Chron. Edward I and II, i, 312.Cf.Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 15.

Dated 23 April, 1327. Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. i (3) dors.

Dated Nottingham, 30 April (1327). Rymer's Fœdera. Vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 705.

Writ to the collector of dues in the port of London and other places on both sides of the Thames as far as Gravesend. Dated Overton, 2 July, 1 Edward III (a.d.1327). Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors (cedula).

-Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.

Letters patent, dated Lincoln, 23 Sept., 1 Edward III (a.d.1327).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 7 dors.

Writ to sheriffs to see the restrictions carried out, dated York, 1 March, 2 Edward III (a.d.1327-8).Id., Roll A 1, membr. 24 dors.

Dated from Coventry.Id., Roll A 1, membr. 18 dors.

Return to writ, dated 12 January, 1 Edward III (A.D.1327-8).—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 20.

Letter from the Mayor, &c., of York, to the City of London, dated 29 January, and reply.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23).

-Id. ibid.

-Id., Roll A 1, membr. xvii (20) dors. The letter was sent in reply to one from the City's representatives, Grantham and Priour, asking for instructions.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. xix (23) dors.

He had been an intimate favourite of Edward II. and had been removed, with others, from that king's service in 1311. Notwithstanding this, he appears as the king's Chamberlain in 1316. Ten years later, when the city was in the hands of an infuriated mob, and the king confined at Kenilworth, John de Charleton took the Earl of Arundel prisoner and caused him to be beheaded. In 1329 the citizens received peremptory orders from Edward III, not to harbour him in the city.—Chron. Edward I & II. i, 247.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 24.

Letter Book E, fo. 183. (Memorials, p. 169.)

"In 1333 they were again established in England, but merchants ignored them, and in the following year they were abolished. From 1344 onwards they are frequently discussed in parliament and assemblies of the merchants; and by the statute of 1353 the system was consolidated."—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 412.

Letter Book G. fos. 35b, 76.

Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii. p. 765.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 247, 249.

Chron. Edward I and II. i, 249, 251.

Rymer's Fœdera (1821), vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 815.

Rex Franciæ subtiliavit viis et modis quibus potuit qualiter deturbaret regem Angliæ et repatriare faceret ne tantum destrueret et debellaret regnum Scotiæ.—Knighton (Rolls Series No. 76), i, 476.

-Id., i, 461.

Letter Book E, fos. 1-4—(Memorials, pp. 187-190).

John de Grantham was allowed 60 shillings for a horse which he lost whilst going to this parliament on the city's business. (Letter Book F, fo. 9b.) It is, however, not clear that Grantham attended the parliament as a city member.

Chron. Edward I and II, ii. 122.

Letter patent, dated 12 August.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 1, membr. 35.

-Id. ibid.

Letter patent, dated Westm., 24 March.—Letter Book F., fo. 6.

-Id., fo. 6b.

Chron. Edward I and II, i, 366.

The king's letter, dated Stamford, 1 June, 1337.—Letter Book F, fo. 6b.

Letter Book F, fos. 4-5.

Charter dated Westminster, 26 March, 1337, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5). The king made frequent attempts to annul this charter.—Letter Book F, fo. 197; Letter Book G, fos. 11b, 41b.

-Id., fo. 9.

-Id., fo. 9b. (Memorials, p. 197).

-Id., fo. 10b.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380.

Letter Book F, fo. 42.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 3 and 3 dors.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 380-381.

Letter Book F, fos. 3, 3b.

-Id., fo. 14b.Id., fo. 18b.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 5, membr. 3 dors.

-Id., membr. 5 dors.

-Id., membr. 6. On the 23 October, the Duke of Cornwall, whom the king had nominated regent during his absence abroad, wrote to the Mayor, &c., of London, bidding him put the city into a posture of defence.—Letter Book F, fo. 19.

-Skumarii: a scummar, a rover. Skeats' Glossary to the Bruce (Early Eng. Text Soc.s. v.)

Letter Book F, fos. 22b-23.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 1.

Letter Book F, fly leaf. (Memorials, p. 204.)

Letter Book F, fly-leaf. The passage was printed by the late Mr. Riley, although somewhat inaccurately, in his Memorials (p. 205). The original MS. runs thus: "Item in Camera Gildaule sunt sex Instrumenta de Laton vocata Gonnes cum quinque teleres ad eadem. Item pelete de plumbo pro eidem Instrumentis que ponderant iiijcli et dj. Item xxxij li de pulvere pro dictis instrumentis."

The late Mr. Riley misread "roleres" for "teleres" (the writing is not very legible), and therefore thought the passage referred to heavy ordnance.

Richard Hastinges bequeaths by will in 1558 his bows and arrows, with "tyllers" &c.—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 670.

Congregacio Maioris Aldermannorum et unius hominis cujuslibet warde civitatis pro negociis communitatem tangentibus die veneris proxima post festum Sancte Katerine Virginis (25 Nov.) anno xiijccontra adventum domini regis et regine de partibus transmarinis.—Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 10.

Letter Book F, fo. 30b.

Letter Book F, fo. 32b. (Memorials, pp. 208-210.)

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 12 dors.

Letter Book F, fo. 34b.

Letter Book F, fo. 39.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 20-21. Letter Book F, fo. 37b.

A cedula inserted between membranes 19 and 20 of Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3.

Aungier, Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 277.

Murimuth, Contin. Chron. (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 116. Avesbury (Ibid), p. 323.

Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), pp. 283-285. Murimuth, p. 117.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 22.

Letter Book F, fos. 45b-49. Murimuth, pp. 118, 119.

Murimuth, p. 119.

Letter Book F, fo. 49.

Dated 26 May, 1341. This charter, which was granted with the assent of parliament, is preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 5.)

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 3, membr. 25 dors.

-Id., Roll A 5. membr. 17.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 392 note. Aungier's Fr. Chron. (Riley's transl.), 290.

Murimuth, 155.

Letter Book F, fos. 81-84b.

Commission, dated Windsor, 20th March, 1345.Id.fo. 98b.

-Id.fos. 99, 109, 110.

Letter Book F, fo. 111.

-Id., fo. 116b.

Murimuth (Rolls Series, No. 93, p. 198) states that the number of vessels great and small amounted to 750; whilst in another Chronicle the same writer says that they numbered more than 1,500 (Chron. ed. for Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 164.)

Letter Book F. fo. 119. Murimuth (Rolls Series), p. 198.

Murimuth (Rolls Series), pp. 205-211.

Letter Book F, fo. 120b.

-Id., fos. 121-125b.

Letter Book F, fos. 127, 127b, 130.

-Id., fos. 132b-133b.

-Id., fos. 139, 140.

-Id., fo. 140 b.

Hist. Angl. (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 272.Cf.Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64). p. 26.

It was the first of the three pestilences (the others occurring in 1361 and 1369) which served occasionally as land marks in history for dating conveyances and other records.—See Bond's Handy-book for verifying dates, p. 311.

Stow extravagantly conjectures that no less than 50,000 perished within a year, all of whom were buried in Walter Manny's cemetery, near the Charterhouse. Another chronicler states that 200 were buried there alone between February and April, 1349.—Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 407.

Whilst the king forbade the encouragement of beggars by gifts of charity, the municipal authorities fixed the price of labour.—Letter Book F. fos. 163, 168, 169, 181. At the close of the year (1349) a statute—known as the Statute of Labourers—was passed, fixing the scale of wages at the rate prevalent before the Black Death, and ordering punishment to be inflicted on those who demanded more.

Letter Book F, fo. 168.

-Id., fo. 191b.

By writ, dated 1 July. Letter Book F, fo. 185b.

Letter Book F, fos. 187b, 188b.

Avesbury (Rolls Series No. 93), p. 412.

Letter Book F, fos. 174, 176.

Rot. Parl., ii, 155.

Letter Book G, fo. 47.—Their cost, amounting to nearly £500, was assessed on the wards.

Letter Book G, fo. 53b. (Memorials, pp. 285-289).

Walshingham (Rolls Series No. 28), i, 283. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), p. 37.

Letter Book G, fos. 65-67.

Letter Book G, fo. 60.

Relief on this point was afforded by the king in February, 1359, by the issue of a writ to the effect that the names of his purveyors should be handed to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and that the purveyors shall not seize any victuals until they had shown and read their commission.—Letter Book G, fo. 74.

Walsingham, i, 288.

Letter Book G, fo. 133.

Stow's Survey (Thom's ed. 1876), pp. 41, 90.—If we include David, King of Denmark (as some do), the number of kings entertained on this occasion was five, and to this day the toast of "Prosperity to the Vintners' Company" is drunk at their banquets with five cheers in memory of the visit of the five crowned heads.—See a pamphlet entitledThe Vintners' Company with Five, by B. Standring, Master of the Company in 1887.

Letter Book G, fo. 133.—The list of subscribers, as printed in Herbert's Introduction to his History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (p. 32), is very inaccurately transcribed.

-Id., fo. 158.

-Id., fos. 225b, 226b, 235b, 236b.

-Id., fo. 228b.

Letter Book G, fo. 247b.—The money was advanced on the security of Exchequer bills. The names of the contributors and the several sums contributed, covering three folios of the Letter Book, have been for some reason erased.

-Id., fos. 263, 270.

Fasciculi Zizaniorum (Rolls Series No. 5), introd., p. xxviii.

Letter Book G, fos. 274b-275.

-Id., fo. 268.

Letter Book G, fos. 268b, 270.

The number of parishes is elsewhere given as 110.—Id., fo. 275. A list of London benefices, under date 31 Edward I [1302-3], is given in the City's Liber Custumarum (i, 228-230), the number being 116.

Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series No. 68), pref. vol. i, p. lvi.

Chron. Edward I and II, introd., vol. i., p. xli.

Letter Book G, fo. 271. (Memorials, pp. 350-352).

-Id., fo. 289b.

Walsingham, i, 315.

Letter Book G, fos. 297, 298, 304b, 306b, 307.

Letter Book G, fo. 312b. Letter Book H, fos. 17-19b.

The parliament was originally summoned for the 12th February, but did not meet before the 28 April. The city members were John Pyel and William Walworth, Aldermen, William Essex and Adam Carlile, commoners.—Letter Book H. fos. 28. 29.

Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), 78, 79.

Walsingham i, 321. Higden's Polychron (Rolls Series No. 41), viii, 385. Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Series No. 64), pp. 94, 392.

Letter Book H, fo. 45b.

See the king's letter, dated "Haddele" Castle, 29 July, 1376.—Letter Book H, fo. 44.

The names of the representatives of the guilds forming the first Common Council of the kind are placed on record.—Letter Book H, fos. 46b, 47.

-Id., fo. 44b.

Letter Book H, fo. 46.

-Id., fos. 47, 161; Journal 11, fo. 89.

Charter, dated 26 May, 15 Edward III,Suprap. 188.

Letter Book H, fo. 173.—The names of those elected by the wards to the Common Council two years later (9 Ric. II), are inserted on a cedula between membranes, 15 and 16, of Pleas and Memoranda, Roll A 27.

Walsingham, i, 327. Chron. Angliæ, pp. 142, 143. Modern writers, however, have discovered some good qualities in this lady.—See Notes and Queries, 7th Series, vol. vii, pp. 449,et seq.

Chron. Angliæ, p. 130.

See Hust., Rolls, 95, (130) (13O); 97, (9); 98, (73) (74) (82); 109, (6) (7) (8); also Will of William Burton—Calendar of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 301.

Letter Book H, fo. 77b.

-Id., fo. 47b.

Pat. Roll, 3 Ric. II, part 1.

"Ut de cetero non major, antiquo more, sed capitaneus Londoniis haberetur, et quod Marescallus Angliæ in illa civitate, sicut alibi, reos arestare valeret; cum multis petitionibus quæ; manifeste obviabant urbis libertatibus et imminebant civium detrimento."—Chron. Angliæ, p. 120.

Chron. Angliæ, pp. 123-125, 397; Walsingham, i, 325.

Chron. Angliæ, pp. 125, 398.

-Id., pp. 127, 128.

Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.

Letter Book H, fos. 58, 59.

Chron. Angliæ, p. 134.

Chron. Angliæ, p. 129.

-Id., pp. 136-137, 142-143.

Chron. Angliæ, pp. 146-149. The chronicler expresses the utmost joy and astonishment at the sudden change in the duke's manner. It was (he says) nothing less than a miracle that one who had so recently demanded a present of precious stones and 100 tuns of wine, as the price of his favour, should now appear so complacent.

-Id., pp. 150, 151.

"Londonienses præcipue obloquebantur, dicentes jam perpaucorum proceruin corda fore cum Rege, eos solos sibi fideles esse; quorum Rex licet ironice, vocabatur a nonnullis proceribus, eo quod ipsi multum juvissent eum in coronatione sua."—Walsingham i, 370;Cf.Chron. Angliæ, p. 200.

Chron. Angliæ, p. 153.

Lib. Cust. ii, 467, 468. It appears from the City Records, that the king's butler in ordinary could claim the office of Coroner of the city.—See Letter Book H, fos. 68, 77b.

The Isle of Wight had been surprised and taken, Rye had been captured, Hastings had been destroyed by fire, and Winchelsea would have fallen into the hands of the enemy but for the bold defence made by the Abbot of Battle.—Walsingham i, 340-342; Chron. Angliæ, pp. 151, 166, 167.

Letter Book H, fos. 76-77, 83.

Et deputati sunt ad hujus pecuniæ custodiam duo cives Londonienses, scilicet Willelmus Walworthe et Johannes Philipot.—Chron. Angliæ, p. 171. Eight other citizens, viz., Adam Lovekyn, William Tonge, Thomas Welford, Robert Lucas, John Hadley, John Northampton, John Organ, and John Sely, were appointed collectors of the two fifteenths.—Letter Book H, fo. 90.

Dated 4 Dec, 1377. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).

Letter Book H, fo. 82.

Chron. Angliæ, p. 194: Walsingham i, 367. It was stated before parliament, in 1378, that Walworth and Philipot had laid out every penny of the subsidy.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 445 note.

Chron. Angliæ, pp. 199, 200. Philipot again showed his patriotism in 1380, by providing money and arms for an expedition sent to assist the Duke of Brittany.—Id., p. 266. He died in the summer of 1384.—Walsingham, ii, 115.

Letter Book H, fo. 95.

"Et idcirco locum illum elegerant præmeditato facinori; ne Londonienses, si Londoniis fuisset Parliamentum prædictum, sua auctoritate vel potentia eorum conatus ullatenus impedirent."—Walsingham, i, 380.

Letter Book H, fo. 101b. (Memorials, p. 427).

Letter Book H, fos. 109b, 110.

-Id., fos. 107, 108, 109.

-Id., fos. 111b, 113.

Letter Book H, fos. 128, 132.

The story of the insurrection under Wat Tyler, and of his death at the hands of Walworth, as told in Letter Book H, fo. 133b (Memorials, pp. 449-451), varies in some particulars from that given by Walsingham (i, 454-465), and in the Chronicon Angliæ (pp. 285-297).

Letter Book H, fo. 134.

-Id., fo. 134b.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 24, membr. 9.

Walsingham, i, 467-484; ii, 23.

Walsingham, ii, 13.

-Id., ii, 9, 10.

Letter Book H, fos. 149b, 150.

"Homo duri cordis et astutus, elatus propter divitias et superbus, qui nec inferioribus adquiescere, nec superiorum allegationibus sive monitis flecti valeret quin quod inceperat proprio ingenio torvo proposito ad quemcunque finem perducere niteretur."—Walsingham, ii, 65.

Letter Book H, fo. 144. (Memorials, p. 463).

Letter Book H, fo. 146b.

-Id., fos. 153-154.

Walsingham, ii, 71. From the City's Records it appears that early in 1383, William Baret was alderman of Philipot's ward (Cornhill); but in the following year, when Brembre succeeded to his mayoralty, and the so-called "king's party" was again in the ascendant, Philipot again appears as alderman of his old ward, continuing in office until his death (12 Sept., 1384), when he was succeeded by John Rote.—Letter Book H, fos. 163, 174.

Letter Book H, fo. 155b.

Letter Book H, fo. 154.

Letter Book H, fo. 168. Three years later, "the folk of the Mercerye of London" complained to parliament that Brembre and his "upberers" had on this occasion obtained his election by force—"through debate and strenger partye."—(Rot., Parl. iii, 225). There is no evidence of this in the City's Records, although there appears to have been a disturbance at his re-election in 1384. It may be to this that the Mercers' petition refers. It is noteworthy that at the time of his election in 1383, Brembre was not an alderman, although in the previous year, and again in the year following his election, he is recorded as Alderman of Bread Street Ward.—Letter Book H, fos. 140, 163, 174.

Breve quod piscenarii libertatis civitatis Londoniæ exerceant artem suam ut consueverunt. Dated 27 Nov., 1383.—Letter Book H, fo. 172.

-Id., fos. 154-154b, 176-177.

Dated 26 Nov., 7 Ric. II. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 9).

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3 dors.

Letter Book H, fos. 166, 167.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 3.

Writ dated 9 February; Letter Box H, fo. 173b.

-Id., fos. 173b, 174b.

-Id., fo. 174.

Letter Book H, fo. 179.

Letter Book H, fo. 179b; Walsingham, ii, 116.

Hidgen, Polychron. (Rolls Series No. 41), ix, 45seq.

"Hæc autem omnia sibi fieri procurarunt æmuli piscarii, ut dicebabur, quia per illos stetit quod ars et curia eorum erant destructæ."—Higden, ix, 49.

Letter Book H, fo. 92. (Memorials, pp. 415-417).

Letter Book H, fo. 182. The names of those specially summoned are set out in Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 15.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 4, 5 and 6.

Higden, ix, 50, 51.

Letter Book H, fo. 182.

Letter Book H, fo. 198b.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A 27, membr. 26.

Letters patent of pardon received the king's sign manual on the 3 June, 1386 (Letter Book H, fo. 216), but the prisoners were not released before April in the following year.—See Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.

Letter Book H, fo. 214. (Memorials, p. 494).

Rot. Parl. iii, 227, cited by Riley in his "Memorials," p. 494, note.

Letter Book H, fo. 176b.

This letter, which was dated the 27 April, was delivered to Lord Zouche at his house by John Reche, Common Pleader, and Ralph Strode and John Harwell, Sergeants-at-Arms.—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.

"Super quo dominus Rex respondit quod licet in sua potestate fuerat cum ipsis, Johanne, Johanne et Ricardo agere graciose bene tamen sibi provideret priusquam foret eis graciam concessurus."—Letter Book H, fo. 215b.

Higden, Polychron. ix, 93.

Letter Book H, fo. 222.

The oath as set out in the letter to the king differs from another copy of the oath, which immediately precedes the letter in Letter Book H, fos. 220b, 221; a clause having been subsequently added to the latter to the effect that the swearer abjured the opinions of Northampton and his followers, and would oppose their return within the bounds and limits set out in the king's letters patent.

Letter Book H, fo. 222.

Letter Book H, fo. 223b.

Walsingham, ii, 150.

Higden, Polychron. ix, 104.

Letter Book H, fo. 223b.

Higden, Polychron. ix, 106; Walsingham, ii, 166.

Letter Book H, fo. 223b. (Memorials, p. 449.)

Higden, Polychron. ix, 108-109.

"Londonienses ... mobiles erant ut arundo, et nunc cum Dominis, nunc cum Rege, sentiebant, nusquam stabiles sed fallaces."—Hist. Angliæ, ii, 161.

Higden, Polychron. ix, 108; Walsingham, ii, 169.

Pleas and Mem., Roll A, membr. 7.

Higden, ix, 111-114; Walsingham, ii, 170, 171; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 5.

Higden, ix, 117, 118.

Howell's State Trials, i, 115.

Higden, Polychron. ix, 168.

State Trials, i, 118, 119.

Walsingham, ii, 165-174.

Higden, ix, 167-169.

Letter Book H, fo. 228.

Letter Book H, fo, 161.

-Id.,fo. 126; Higden ix, 179.

Letter Book H, fos. 234, 234b.

Higden ix, 217.

Higden ix, 238, 239.

Letters patent, date, 2 Dec, 1390.—Letter Book H, fo. 255; Higden ix, 243.

Letter Book H, fo. 259. (Memorials, p. 526.).

-Id., fo. 300.

-Id., fo. 270.

Higden, ix, 270. According to Walsingham (Hist. Angl. ii, 208), the Lombard failed to get the money from the citizens, who nearly killed him when they learnt his purpose.

The names of the citizens chosen for the occasion are given by Higden (Polychron. ix, 269, 270), and in Letter Book H, fo. 270.

The reason given in the City Records for the dismissals which followed is stated to be "certain defects in a commission under the common seal and other causes."—Letter Book H, fo. 270b.

Higden, Polychron. ix, 272; Walsingham, ii, 208-209.

Higden, ix, 273; Letter Book H, fo. 270b.

Letter Book H, fo. 275b.

-Id., fo. 273.

Letter Book H, fo. 269b; Higden, ix, 267. Walsingham (ii, 213) suggests that this was done at the instance of the Archbishop of York, the Chancellor.

"Putabant isti officiarii per hoc non modicum damnificare civitatem Lundoniæ, sed potius hoc multo majora damna intulerunt regi et hominibus regni quam jam dictæ civitati."—Higden, ix, 267-268.

Walsingham, ii, 210.

Higden, ix, 273.

Letters Patent of pardon, dated Woodstock, 19 September, 1392. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 6).

Higden. ix, 274, 276, 278; Letter Book H, fos. 271b, 272, 274. Notwithstanding these remissions, the city was mulcted, according to Waisingham (ii, 211), in no less a sum than £10,000 before it received its liberties.—Cf.Chron. of London, 1089-1483 (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas, sometimes called "Tyrrell's Chronicle," from a City Remembrancer of that name), p. 80.

Stat. 17, Ric. II, c. 13; Letter Book H, fos. 290b, 291.; Bohun, "Privilegia Londini" (ed. 1723), p. 57.

Higden, ix, 274.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., ii, 489-490.

Letter Book H, fo. 314.

Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 12.

"Also this yere (1397-8), by selying of blank chartres, the Citie of London paied to the kyng a mlli."—Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas); p. 83.

Letters Patent, dat. 9 May, 1399.—Letter Book H, fo. 326. Richard set sail on the 29th.

"Douze cent hommes de Londres, tous armés et montés à cheval."—Froissart (ed. Lyon, 1559), vol. iv, c. 108, p. 328. In Lord Berner's translation of Froissart (iv, 566), the number is wrongly given as 12,000.

Walsingham, ii, 245, 246.

Walsingham, ii, 262-264. Serle's Christian name is given elsewhere as John.—Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 30. The writ for his execution is dated 5 August, 1404.—Letter Book I, fo. 31b.

Letter Book I, fo. 180b. (Memorials, pp. 638-641). Walsingham, ii, 317.

City Records Journal, I, fo. 83b. We have now a series of MS. Volumes among the City's archives known as "Journals" to assist us. They contain minutes of proceedings of the Court of Common Council, just as the "Repertories" (which we shall have occasion to consult later on), contain a record of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen. The Letter Books may now be regarded as "fair copies" of the more important of the proceedings of both Courts.

Letter Book H, fo. 307b. The Lollards are said to have derived their name from a low German wordlollen, to sing or chant, from their habit of chanting, but their clerical opponents affected to derive it from the Latinlolium, as if this sect were as tares among the true wheat of the church.

Letter Book I, fo. 125b-132.

-Id., fo. 130b.

-Ibid.

Letter Book I, fo. 11b.

He appears, however, to have burnt by a special order of the king, before the passing of the statute.—See Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), Introd. p. lxix.

A curious story is told of boys in the streets playing at England and Scotland at this time, with the result that what began in play ended in fighting and loss of life.—See Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 332.

Letter Book I, fo. 16.

Letter Book I, fo. 27; Chron. Mon. S. Albani (Rolls Series No. 28, 3), p. 379.

Letter Book I, fo. 89b.

-Id., fo. 113.

-Id., fo. 108b.

Letter Book I, fo. 112b.

Exchequer Roll, Lay Subsidy, 144-20.—See Archæological Journal, vol. xliv, 56-82.

Letter Book I, fo. 54. (Memorials pp. 563-564.)

License, dated Westminster, 29 May, 12 Henry IV (A.D.1411).—Letter Book I, fo. 103b. In 1417 the mayor and aldermen ordained that the rector of St. Peter's for the time being should in future take precedence of the rectors of all other city churches, on the ground that Saint Peter's was the first church founded in the city of London, having been built in 199 by King Lucius, and for 400 years or more held the metropolitan chair.—Letter Book I, fo. 203. (Memorials, pp. 651-653.)Cf.Journal 1, fo. 21b.

"Eminentissima turris Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ et pugil invictus Dominus Thomas de Arundelia."—Hist. Angl. ii, 300.

A certain William Fyssher, aparchemyneror parchment-maker of London, was afterwards (1416) convicted of assisting in Oldcastle's escape, and was executed at Tyburn.—Letter Book I, fo. 181b. (Memorials, p. 641.)

Walsingham, ii, 292-299; Fasc. Zizan. (Rolls Series No. 5), 433-449; Chron. of London (ed. by Sir H. Nicolas), p. 97.

Letter Book I, fos. 286-290.

2 Hen. V. Stat. i, c. 7.

It was not, however, the last occasion upon which parliamentary action was attempted. In 1422, and again in 1425, the Lollards were formidable in London, and parliament on both occasions ordered that those who were in prison should be delivered at once to the Ordinary, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 81, 363.

Letter Book I, fo. 147.

Walsingham, ii, 306, 307.

Hist. Angl., ii, 307.

Letter Book I, fol. 154.

See letter from the mayor to the king, giving an account of Cleydon's trial, 22nd August, 1415.—Letter Book I, fo. 155. (Memorials, p. 617). Foxe, "Acts and Monuments," iii, 531-534.

Walsingham, ii, 327, 328.

Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 46; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 106.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii., 363, 364.

Letter Book I, fo. 150. This "very antient memorandum" of the Lord Mayor's precedence in the City was submitted to Charles II in 1670, when that monarch insisted upon Sir Richard Ford, the Lord Mayor of the day, giving "the hand and the place" to the Prince of Orange (afterwards William III of England), on the occasion of the prince being entertained by the City.—Repertory, 76, fos. 28b, 29.

Letter Book I, fo. 158b. (Memorials, p. 613).

-Id., fo. 157.

Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), pp. 108-109. Gregory was an alderman of the City, and an eye-witness of much that he relates.

Letter dated 2nd August—the day on which Sir Thomas Grey, one of the chief conspiritors was executed.—Letter Book I, fo. 180.

Letter Book I, fo. 143. (Memorials, p. 619).

Letter Book I, fo. 177.

Letter Book I, fo. 159. (Memorials, pp. 620, 622).

"Quali gaudio, quali tripudio, quali denique triumpho, sit acceptus a Londoniensibus, dicere prætermitto. Quia revera curiositas apparatumn, nimietas expensarum, varietates spectaculorum, tractatus exigerent merito speciales."—Walsingham, ii, 314.

Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 103.

Letter Book I, fo. 178b. Other proclamations on the same subject are recorded in the same place, most of which will be found in "Memorials" (pp. 627-629).

Letter Book I, fo. 190b.

-Id., fos. 188, 188b.

Letter Book I, fo. 191b.

Letter Book I, fo. 218b. In May, 1419, the sword was surrendered, and the security changed to one on wool, woolfells, &c.—Id., fo. 227b.

Letter Book I, fo. 229. (Memorials, p. 654.)

Journal 1, fo. 30b.

Letter Book I, fo. 200b. (Memorials, p. 657.)

Letter, dated Caen, 11 September.—Letter Book I, fo. 200b.

Writ, dated 18th Oct.—Letter Book I, fo. 203.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 89.

Letter Book I, fo. 222.

Letter Book I, fos. 211b, 212b, 217. Proclamations made by the civic authorities at this time were subscribed "Carpenter"—the name of the Common Clerk or Town Clerk of the City. The custom of the Town Clerk of London for the time being, signing official documents of this kind with his surname alone, continues at the present day.

Letter Book I, fo. 215b.

Letter Book I, fo. 216. (Memorials, p. 664).

Letter Book I, fo. 216. On the 15th September the question of payment to the brewers, wine drawers and turners of the cups was considered.—Journal I, fo. 48. (Memorials, pp. 665, 666).

Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 17), 1222.

Letter Book I, fos. 236, 236b.

Letter Book I, fo. 237. (Memorials, p. 674).

-Id., fo. 241b.

Letter Book I, fo. 252.

Walsingham, ii, 335.

Letter Book I, fo. 263.

Letter Book I, fo. 259. According to Walsingham (ii, 336), the ceremony took place on thefirstSunday in Lent.

Walsingham, ii, 336, 337.

Parliament voted a fifteenth and a tenth to assist the king in his necessities; John Gedney, alderman, John Perneys, John Bacon, grocer, and John Patesley, goldsmith, being appointed commissioners to levy the same within the City.—Letter Book I, fo. 277b.

Letter Book K, fo. 1b.

Letter Book I, fo. 282b.

Letter Book I, fo. 282b; Letter Book K, fo. 12.

Letter Book K, fo. 2.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 97.

Letter Book K, fos. 10, 10b.

-Id., fo. 15b.

Letter Book K, fos. 10-18.

Chron. London (Nicolas), p. 114; Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 17), p. 159; Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), pp. 53, 54.

See two letters from the mayor.—Letter Book K, fos. 18b, 21.

Gregory's Chron., p. 160.

-Id., p. 162.

Journal 2, fos. 22b, 64b (new pagination).

Letter Book K, fo. 50b.

Gregory's Chron., p. 161.

Letter Book K, fo. 55b.

Letter Book K, fos. 62, 63b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.

Letter Book K, fo. 66b; Gregory's Chron., p. 164.

Letter Book K, fo. 68b. In 1443 the Common Council agreed to allow the City members their reasonable expenses out of the chamber (Journal 5, fo. 129b), but when parliament met at Coventry in 1459, the City members were allowed 40s.a day, besides any disbursements they might make in the City's honour (Journal 6, fo. 166b), and the same allowance was made in 1464, when parliament sat at York (Journal 7, fos. 52, 54).

-Id., fo. 69b.

Gregory's Chron., pp. 164-168.

City Records, Liber Dunthorn, fo. 61b; Letter Book K, fo. 70.

Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, London, ii, 509.

Letter Book K, fo. 84.

A long account of his entry into the French capital, and of the pageantry in honour of the occasion, is set out in full in the City's Records.—Letter Book K, fos. 101b-103.

A full descriptive account of Henry's reception on his return from France is set out in the City Records (Letter Book K, fos. 103b-104b). It purports to be an account sent by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk, to a friend, and has been printed at the end of theLiber Albus(Rolls Series);Cf.Gregory's Chron., pp. 173-175.

He informed the City of his intention by letter, dated from Ghent the 13th April.—Letter Book K, fo. 105.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 114-117.

Letter Book K, fo. 137b.

Letter Book K, fo. 138.

Gregory's Chron., p. 177.

Letter Book K, fo. 148.

"And that same yere (1437), the Mayre of London sende, by the good a-vyse and consent of craftys, sent sowdyers to Calys, for hyt was sayde that the Duke of Burgone lay sege unto Calis."—Gregory's Chron. p. 178.

Letter Book K, fos. 160-162.

Gregory's Chron. p. 179.

Letter Book K. fo. 183b. The tax was found to be so successful that it was subsequently renewed. In 1453 it was renewed for the king's life.—Id., fo. 280b.

Journal 3, fo. 103b.

Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 129.

The validity as well as the effect of this charter (which is preserved in the Town Clerk's office) has been made the subject of much controversy, some contending that it is in effect a grant of the soil of the river from Staines to Yantlet, that being the extent of the City's liberties on the Thames, whilst others restrict the grant to the City's territorial limits,i.e., from Temple Bar to the Tower.

Letter Book K, fo. 220b.

Chron. of London (Nicholas), p. 134.

See "Historical Memoranda," by Stow, printed in "Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), pp. 94-99.

"And the Meire of London with the comynes of the city came to the kynge besekynge him that he wolde tarye in the cite, and they wolde lyve and dye with him, and pay for his costes of householde an halff yere; but he wold nott, but toke his journey to Kyllyngworthe."—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chronicles" (Camd. Soc.), p. 67.

Journal 5, fo. 36b.

Journal 5, fo. 39.

He had been admitted alderman of Lime Street ward in 1448, at the king's special request, and had only recently been discharged.—Journal 4, fo. 213b; Journal 5, fo. 38b. In 1461 he left England, but was captured at sea by the French and put to ransom for 4,000 marks.—Fabyan, p. 638.

Holinshed, iii, 224.

Gregory's Chron., p. 192.

Journal 5, fo. 40b.

Alexander Iden, who appears to have pursued Cade beyond the limits of his own jurisdiction, as Sheriff of Kent, into the neighbouring county of Sussex, where the rebel was apprehended in a garden at Heathfield.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron.," preface, p. vii.

The exclusion of the Duke and other nobles from the king's council had been made an express ground of complaint by the Kentish insurgents.

Chron., p. 196.

"And so thei brought (the duke) ungirt thurgh London bitwene ij bisshoppes ridyng unto his place; and after that made hym swere at Paulis after theire entent, and put him frome his good peticions which were for the comoen wele of the realme."—Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 138.

Journal 5, fos. 131, 132b, 133b.

Journal 5, fos. 134b, 135b, 136.

-Id., fo. 148.

-Id., fo. 152.

-Id., fo. 152b.

-Id., fos. 183, 184.

Journal 5, fo. 206.

Report of City Chamberlain to the Court of Common Council.—Journal 5, fos. 227-228b.

News-letter of John Stodeley, 19 Jan., 1454; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 265, 266.

Journal 5, fos 143, 145b, 152, 152b-160b.

Journal 5, fo. 150.

-Id., fos. 162, 162b.

-Id., fo. 164b.

Booking to Paston, 15 May; Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 387;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139; Gregory's Chron., p. 199.

William Cantelowe, alderman of Cripplegate and Billingsgate wards, from the latter of which he was discharged in October, 1461, on the score of old age and infirmity (Journal 6, fo. 81b). He appears in his time to have had financial dealings with the crown, on one occasion conveying money over sea for bringing Queen Margaret to England, and on another supplying gunpowder to the castle of Cherbourg, when it was in the hands of the English. He is thought by some to be identical with the William Cantelowe who afterwards (in 1464) captured Henry VI in a wood in the North of England.—"Three Fifteenth Cent. Chron." (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 28), Preface, p. viii.

Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 70.

Letter Book K, fo. 287.

-Id., fo. 288b.

Cotton MS., Vitell. A, xvi, fo. 114.

Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 77.

Fabyan, Chron. (ed. 1811), p. 633;Cf.Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 139.

Journal 6, fos. 138, 138b, 139.

Engl. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 78;Cf.Fabyan, p. 633; Holinshed, iii, 249.

Short Engl. Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 71; Chron. of London (Nicolas), p. 140.

Journal 6, fo. 166.

-Id., fo. 145.

-Id., fo. 163.

English Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 179.

Journal 6, fo. 224b.

William Paston, writing to his brother John, under date 28th January, 1460, remarks, "Item, the kyng cometh to London ward, and, as it is seyd, rereth the pepyll as he come; but it is certayn ther be comyssyons made in to dyvers schyres that every man be redy in his best aray to com when the kyng send for hem."—Paston Letters (Gairdner), i, 506.

Paston Letters (Gairdner), Introd., p. cxl.

The king's letter, dated 2 Feb., was read before the Common Council on the 5 Feb.—Letter Book K, fo. 313b; Journal 6, fo. 196b.

Journal 6, fo. 197b.

-Id., fo. 203b.

-Id., fo. 158.

Journal 6, fo. 237.

It had been destroyed by fire during the Kentish outbreak.—Gregory's Chron., p. 193.

Journal 6, fo. 237b.

Journal 6, fo. 238.

-Id., fo. 238b.

Journal 6, fos. 239, 239b; Eng. Chron., 1377-1461 (Camd. Soc. No. 64), p. 94.

Journal 6, fo. 252b.

Eo quod nullus alius modus videtur esse tutus pro civitate.—Id., fo. 251.

Journal 6, fo. 251b.

-Id., fo. 250b.

Eng. Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 64), p. 98. The Thames boatmen and sailors were almost as powerful and troublesome a body of men as the London apprentices. The Common Council had recently (11th July) endeavoured to subdue their turbulent spirit by the distribution among them of a large sum of money (£100).—Journal 6, fo. 254.

On the 4th July the Common Council voted the earls the sum of £1,000 by way of loan.—Journal 6, fo. 253.

Journal 6, fo. 256. By some inadvertence two copies of the agreement were sealed, one of which was returned to the mayor to be cancelled.

Journal 6, fo. 257.

Gregory's Chron., p. 208; Engl. Chron., pp, 99-100; Short Engl. Chron., p. 75.

The interview with the wardens of the companies took place at a Common Council held on the 13th December, 1460.—Journal 6, fo. 282b.

Journal 6, fo. 13.

The governing body in the city was still Lancastrian at heart. On the 13th Feb. the Common Council had voted Henry, at that time in the hands of Warwick, a loan of 1,000 marks, and a further sum of 500 marks (making in all £1,000) for the purpose ofgarnysshyngand safeguarding the city. On the 24th a certain number of aldermen and commoners were deputed to answer for the safe custody of the Tower, and on the following day (25 Feb.) the mayor forbade, by public proclamation, any insult being offered to Sir Edmund Hampden and others, who had been despatched by the king and queen to London for the purpose of ascertaining "the true and faithful disposition" of the city.—Journal 6, fos. 35, 35b, 40.

Gregory's Chron., p. 215.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 189.

Journal 6, fo. 37b.

Letter Book L, fo. 4; Lib. Dunthorn, fo. 62; Journal 7, fo. 98.

Short English Chron. (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 28), p. 80.

Journal 7, fos. 97b, 98.

Charter, dat. Winchecombe, 26 Aug., 1461. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).

Inspeximus charter, dated Westminster, 25 March, 1462. Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 13).

Journal 7, fo. 8.

-Id., fo. 15.

See Inspeximus charter 15 Charles II.

Journal 7, fo. 21b.

Journal 7, fo. 175.

Ancestor of Lord Bacon and others of the nobility.—See Orridge "Citizens and their Rulers," p. 222.

Fabyan, p. 656. He was deprived of his aldermanry (Broad Street Ward) by the king's orders.—Journal 7, fo. 128.

Journal 7, fos. 196, 198, 199.

Journal 7, fos. 215b, 222b.

-Id., fos. 229b, 230b.

-Id., fo. 222b.

A record of what took place in the city between the 1st and 6th October is set out in Journal 7, fo. 223b.

-Id., fo. 225.

He had, after Warwick's flight to France in March of this year, put to death and impaled twenty of the earl's followers.—Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 9.

Journal 7, fo. 225.

Fabyan Chron., p. 660.

Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 10), p. 15.—According to the chronicler, theCommonsof the city were still loyal to Henry, whom Archbishop Nevill had carried through the streets, weak and sickly as he was, in the hope of exciting the sympathy of the burgesses. Had the archbishop been a true man, "as the Commons of London were," Edward would not have gained an entry into the city until after the victory of Barnet-field.

Journal 5, fos. 152, 175.

The "bastard's" letter and the reply of the mayor and aldermen are set out in Journal 8, fos. 4b-6b, and Letter Book L, fo. 78.

Holinshed, iii, 323; Fabyan, p. 662.—According to Warkworth (p. 19), theCommonswould willingly have admitted the rebels had the latter not attempted to fire Aldgate and London Bridge.

Paston Letters, iii, 17.

The 21st May is the day usually given as that on which Edward returned. The City's Journal, however, gives the day as the Eve of the Ascension, that festival falling on May the 23rd.—Journal 8, fo. 7.

Warkworth's Chron., p. 21.

Namely, Richard Lee, Matthew Philip, Ralph Verney, John Young, William Tailour, George Irlond, William Hampton, Bartholomew James, Thomas Stalbrok, and William Stokker.—Journal 8, fo. 7.

Journal 7, fo. 246.

-Id., 8, fo. 98.

-Id., fo. 101.

Journal 8, fo. 110b.

Preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 28).

Journal 8, fo. 244.

Fabyan, p. 667.

Proclamation, dated 21 Nov., 22 Edw. IV.—Letter Book L, fo. 281b; Journal 9, fo. 2.

Journal 9, fo. 12.

-Id., fo. 14.

-Id., fo. 14b.

-Id., fos. 18, 18b.

Journal 9, fo. 21b.

The oath taken by Gloucester to King Edward V, as well as the oath which he was willing to take to the queen, if she consented to quit Westminster, were read before the Common Council on the 23rd March.—Journal 9, fo. 23b.

Wife of Matthew Shore, a respectable goldsmith of Lombard Street:—

"In Lombard-street, I once did dwelle,As London yet can witness welle;Where many gallants did beholdeMy beautye in a shop of golde."

"In Lombard-street, I once did dwelle,

As London yet can witness welle;

Where many gallants did beholde

My beautye in a shop of golde."

(Percy Reliques).

She had recently been made to do penance by Gloucester in a white sheet for practising witchcraft upon him; but her unhappy position, as well as her well-known charity in better days, gained for her much sympathy and respect.

The duke's speech, interesting as it is, as showing the importance attached to gaining the favour of the City, cannot be regarded as historical.—Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii, 224 note.

Journal 9, fo. 27.

Journal 9, fo. 33b. The names of the citizens selected for that honour are recorded.—Id., fo. 21b. The names also of those who attended coronations in the same capacity down to the time of George IV are, with one exception (the coronation of Charles I), entered in the City's archives.—(See Report on Coronations, presented to Co. Co., 18 Aug., 1831.Printed.)

-Id., fo. 43.

-Id., fo. 114b.

Journal 9, fo. 39.

Green, Hist. of the English People, ii, 63.

Stat. 1 Richard III, c. 9.

-Id., c. 2.

Journal 9, fo. 43b.

Journal 9, fo. 56.

Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 140.

Journal 9, fos. 78b, 81. Richard issued a proclamation against Henry "Tydder" on the 23 June, calling upon his subjects to defend themselves against his proposed attack.—Paston Letters (Gairdner), iii, 316-320.

Journal 9, fos. 81b-83b.

Journal 9, fos. 84, 85b, 86b;Cf."Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 4-6.

Holinshed, iii, 479.

Hecker's "Epidemics of the Middle Ages," p. 168.

Journal 9, fo. 87b.

The day for election of mayor varied; at one time it was the Feast of the Translation of S. Edward (13 Oct.), at another the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude (28 Oct.).

Journal 9, fo. 88.

-Id., fo. 78b.

-Id., fo. 89b.

Holinshed, iii, 482, 483; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 141b. According to Fabyan (p. 683), the Mercers, Grocers and Drapers subscribed nearly one half of the loan.

Pol. Verg., 717; "Materials illustrative of the reign of Henry VII" (Rolls Series, No. 60), i, 3.

Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh" (Twelve English Statesmen Series), p. 47. No record of this appears in the City's archives.

Journal 9, fos. 150b, 151.

-Id., fo. 151.

He arrived on the 3rd Nov.—Gairdner, p. 57.

Journal 9, fos. 157b, 158.

-Id., fo. 161.

Journal 9, fo. 223b; Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 142b; Fabyan, p. 683; Holinshed, iii, 492.

Henry's second parliament was summoned to meet the 9th Nov., 1487. The names of the City's representatives have not come down to us, but we know that William White, an alderman, was elected one or the members in the place of Thomas Fitz-William, who was chosen member for Lincolnshire, and we have the names of six men chosen to superintend the City's affairs in this parliament (ad prosequendum in parliamento pro negociis civitatis), viz:—William Capell, alderman, Thomas Bullesdon, Nicholas Alwyn, Simon Harrys, William Brogreve, and Thomas Grafton.—Journal 9, fo. 224.

Holinshed, iii, 492.

Journal 9, fo. 273b.

Fabyan, p. 684.

Journal 10, fos. 80b, 83; Repertory 1, fos. 10b, 13. The "Repertories"—containing minutes of the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen, distinct from those of the Common Council—commence in 1495.

Repertory 1, fo. 19b.

Two years later, when the post was held by Arnold Babyngton, complaint being made of the noisome smell arising from the burning of bones, horns, shavings of leather, &c., in preparing food for the City's hounds, near Moorgate, the Common Hunt was allowed a sum of 26s.8d.in addition to his customary fees for the purpose of supplying wood for the purpose.—Repertory 1, fo. 70. The office was maintained as late as the year 1807, when it was abolished by order of the Common Council.—Journal 84, fo. 135b.

Repertory 1, fo. 20b.

-Id., fos. 20, 20b.

Journal 10, fo. 104b.

-Id., fo. 105.

-Id., fo. 108.

Fabyan, p. 687.

Cotton MS. Vitellius A, xvi, fo. 176.

Repertory 1, fo. 41b.

Repertory 1, fo. 62.

Journal 10, fo. 187b.

Journal 10, fo. 190b.

-Id., fo. 191.

This is the date given by Gairdner (p. 198). According to Fabyan (p. 687) she arrived on the 4th Oct.

Journal 10, fos. 238, 238b.

Repertory 1, fos. 122b-126. The account will be found in Archæol., vol. xxxii, p. 126.

Repertory 1, fos. 130, 130b.

By Stat. 19 Henry VII, c. 7, annulling Stat. 15 Henry VI, c. 6.

Repertory 2, fo. 146.

Charter dated 23 July, 1505, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 15).

Repertory 1, fo. 175.

Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 193.

Repertory 2, fos. 12, 14; Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 29.

The sum mentioned by Holinshed (iii. 539), is £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689.

Baker, in his Chronicle (ed. 1674), p. 248, puts Capel's fine at £1,400;Cf.Fabyan, p. 689; Holinshed, iii, 530; Journal 11, fo. 94.

Fabyan, p. 690.

Letter Book M, fo. 138; Journal 11, fo. 28.

Journal 11, fos. 37-39.

Gairdner's "Henry the Seventh," p. 206.

Journal 10, fos. 318, 318b; Repertory 2, fos. 10b-11b. A list of "such places as have charged themself and promysed to kepe the yerely obit" of Henry VII, as well as a copy of indentures made for the assurance of the same obit, with schedule of sums paid to various religious houses for the observance of the same, are entered in the City's Records.—Repertory 1. fo. 167b; Letter Book P, fo. 186b.

The generally accepted day of his death, although the City's Archives in one place record it as having taken place on the 21st.—Journal 2, fo. 67b;Cf.Fabyan, 690.

Holinshed, iii, 541.

Journal 11, fos. 67b-69.

"Aldermen barons and presenting barons astate whiche hath been Maires."

Journal 2, fo. 69.

Repertory 11, fo. 68b.

Letters Patent, dated 9 June, 1509, preserved at the Guildhall (Box No. 29).

Letter Book M, fo. 159; Journal 11, fo. 74b.

Repertory 2, fo. 68.

Journal 11, fos. 80, 81b, 82; Letter Book M, fo. 160.

Journal 11, fo. 80.

Holinshed, iii, 547.

According to Holinshed (iii, 567), Parliament opened on the 25th Jan., 1512. The Parliamentary Returns give the date as the 4th Feb. with "no returns found." The names of the City's members, however, are recorded in the City's Archives. They were Alderman Sir William Capell, who had suffered so much at the close of the last reign, Richard Broke, the City's new Recorder, William Cawle or Calley, draper, and John Kyme, mercer, commoners.—Journal 11, fo. 147b; Repertory 2, fo. 125b.

The Act for levying the necessary subsidy ordained that every alien made a denizen should be rated like a native, but that aliens who had not become denizens should be assessed at double the amount at which natives were assessed.—See "Historical Introd. to Cal. of Denizations and Naturalizations of Aliens in England, 1509-1603." (Huguenot Soc.), viii, 7.

Journal 11, fo. 1.

-Id., fo. 1b.

Journal 11, fo. 171; Repertory 2, fos. 150b, 172.

Repertory 2, fos. 151b-152.

Journal 11, fo. 2.

Repertory 2, fo. 153.

Letter Book M., fo. 257; Repertory 3, fo. 221. In July, 1517, the Fellowship of Saddlers of London consented, on the recommendation of Archbishop Warham, to refer a matter of dispute between it and the parishioners of St. Vedast to the Recorder and Thomas More, gentleman, for settlement (Repertory 3, fo. 149); and in Aug., 1521, "Thomas More, late of London, gentleman," was bound over, in the sum of £20, to appear before the mayor for the time being, to answer such charges as might be made against him.—Journal 12, fo. 123.

Roper's Life of Sir Thomas More, pp. 3, 5, 6.

Journal 8, fo. 144; Journal 9, fos. 13, 142b.

William Lichfield, rector of All Hallows the Great, Gilbert Worthington, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, John Cote, rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and John Nigel or Neel, master of the hospital of St. Thomas de Acon and parson of St. Mary Colechurch.—Rot. Parl. v, 137.

Stow's Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 42.

Chamber Accounts (Town Clerk's office), i, fos. 202b, 203.

Repertory 2, fos. 121b, 123.

-Id., fo. 126b; Journal 11, fo. 147b.

Journal 11, fo. 163; Repertory 2, fos. 133b, 142.

Letter of Erasmus to Justus Jonas quoted in Lupton's Life of Colet, pp. 166, 167.

Survey (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 28.

"The number of grammar schools, in various parts of the country, which owe their foundation and endowment to the piety and liberality of citizens of London ... far exceeds what might be supposed, approaching as it does nearly to a hundred."—Preface to Brewer's Life of Carpenter, p. xi.

Repertory 3, fo. 46.

-Id., fos. 70b, 71.

-Id., fos. 86, 86b, 88.

Repertory 3, fos. 116, 116b.

Wares bought and sold between strangers—"foreign bought and sold"—were declared forfeited to the City by Letters Patent of Henry VII, 23 July. 1505, confirmed by Henry VIII, 12 July, 1523.

In 1500, and again in 1516, orders were issued for all freemen to return with their families to the city on pain of losing their freedom.—Journal 10. fos. 181b, 259.

Repertory 3, fos. 141b, 142.

Holinshed, iii, 618.

Or Munday; the name is said to appear in twenty-seven different forms. He was a goldsmith by trade, and was appointed (among others) by Cardinal Wolsey to report upon the assay of gold and silver coinage in 1526.—Journal 13, fo. 45b; Letter Book O, fo. 71b. He served sheriff, 1514; and was mayor in 1522.

In 1462 the Common Council ordered basket-makers, gold wire-drawers, and other foreigners plying a craft within the city, to reside at Blanchappleton—a manor in the vicinity of Mark Lane—and not elsewhere.

Repertory 3, fo. 55b.

For an account of the riot and subsequent proceedings, see Holinshed, iii, 621-623, and the Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53). p. 30.

Repertory 3, fos. 143, 143b.

Holinshed, iii, 624.

Repertory 3, fo. 144b.

-Id., fo. 143b.

Holinshed, 624.

Repertory 3, fo. 145b.

-Id., fo. 145.

Repertory 3, fo. 165.

-Id., fo. 166.

"Thys yere was much a doo in the yelde-halle for the mayer for the comyns wold not have had Semer, for be cause of yell May-day."—Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 33.

Repertory 11, fo. 351b.

Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii, pt. i, Pref., p. ccxxi.

-Id., vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1276.

Repertory 3, fos. 184b, 189b, 191, 192.

Letter Book N, fo. 95b.

Repertory 3, fos. 192, 194; Letter Book N, fos. 63b, 74.

Repertory 3, fo. 197.

Hall's Chron., pp. 593, 594.

Holinshed, iii, 632.

Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. ii. pt. i, Pref., pp. clx, clxi.

"An order devysed by the Mayer and hys brethrern the aldremen by the Kynges commandment for a Tryumphe to be done in the Citie of London at the Request of the Right honorable ambassadors of the Kynge of Romayns."—10 July, Journal 12, fo. 9.

Hall, pp. 592, 593.

Holinshed, iii, 639.

Journal 12, fos. 125, 172b, 173b; Letter Book N, fo. 194b.

Knighted the next day at Greenwich.—Repertory 5, fo. 295.

Repertory 5, fo. 294.

-Id.4, fo. 134b.

-Id.5, fo. 293.

Journal 12, fos. 75b-76; Letter Book N, fos. 142-143.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 30; Repertory 4, fo. 71b.

Repertory 4, fos. 1b, 12, 13.

Journal 12, fo. 136.

-Id., fo. 144.

Journal 12, fos. 158, 161, 163b; Letter Book N, fos. 187b, 190b.

Holinshed, iii, 675.

Shakespere mentions the Duke's manor thus:—

"Not long before your highness sped to France,The duke being at the Rose, within the parishSt. Laurence Poultney, did of me demandWhat was the speech among the LondonersConcerning the French journey."

"Not long before your highness sped to France,

The duke being at the Rose, within the parish

St. Laurence Poultney, did of me demand

What was the speech among the Londoners

Concerning the French journey."

—Henry VIII, act 1, sc. 2.

Cal. Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. i, Pref., pp. cxxv, cxxvi, cxxxv, cxxxvi.

On the 5th July steps were taken by the Court of Aldermen for putting a stop to the mutinous and seditious words that were current in the city "concerning the lamenting and sorrowing of the death of the duke"—men saying that he was guiltless—and special precautions were taken for the safe custody of weapons and harness for fear of an outbreak. The scribe evinced his loyalty by heading the page of the record withLex domini immaculata: Vivat Rex Currat L.—Repertory 5, fo. 204.

Repertory 5, fo. 288.

Journal 12, fos. 187b, 188b, 195; Letter Book N, fos. 203b, 204, 208.

Repertory 5, fo. 292.

Journal 12, fo. 187b.

Repertory 5, fos. 289, 290.

-Id., fo. 291.

Repertory 5, fos. 296b, 297.

-Id., fo. 294.

A portion remained unpaid on 16 August.—Journal 12, fo. 195.

Letter dated 3 Sept.—Journal 12, fo. 196b. On 28 Sept. Wolsey asked for more time to repay the loan.—Repertory 5, fo. 326.

Journal 12, fo. 200.

Journal 12, fo. 210.

See Green's "Hist. of the English People," ii, 121. 122.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 31.

Repertory 4, fo. 144;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 20b; Letter Book N, fo. 222.

Repertory 4, fo. 145b.

Roper's "Life of More," pp. 17-20.

Repertory 4, fos. 152, 168;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 38.

Repertory 4, fos. 144b, 145, 146, 150;Cf.Repertory 6, fos. 22b, 29, 32b.

Grey Friars Chron. pp. 30, 31.

Repertory 4, fos. 153b-154;Cf.Repertory 6, fo. 42.

Repertory 6, fo. 61b.

Holinshed, iii, 692, 693.

Journal 12, fos. 249-250.

Journal 12, fos. 287-288.

-Id., fo. 276.

-Id., fo. 284.

Letter Book N, fo. 280; Journal 12, fo. 329.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 32.

Hall's Chron., p. 695.

Journal 12, fo. 331; Letter Book N. fo. 278.

Journal 12, fo. 331b.

Hall's Chron., p. 701.

The truce was to last from 14 August to 1 December.—Letter Book N, fos. 291, 293; Journal 12, fos. 300, 305.

"Item in lyke wyse the Chamberleyn shall have allowance of and for suche gyftes and presentes as were geven presentyd on Sonday laste passyd at the Bysshoppes palace at Paules to the Ambassadours of Fraunce devysed and appoynted by my lorde Cardynalles Grace and most specyally at his contemplacioun geven for asmoch as lyke precedent in so ample maner hath not afore tyme be seen; the presents ensue etc."—Repertory 7, fo. 225.

He had been one of the commoners sent to confer with Wolsey touching the amicable loan (Journal 12, fo. 331b). He attended the coronation banquet of Anne Boleyn in 1533 (Repertory 9, fo. 2), and was M.P. for the city from 1529-1536 (Letter Book O, fo. 157). His daughter Elizabeth married Emanuel Lucar, also a merchant-tailor.—Repertory 9, fos. 139. 140.

Repertory 7, fos. 171b, 172, 174b, 179.

Repertory 7, fos. 179b, 180.

To the effect that he was not worth £1,000.—Journal 7, fo. 198.

Repertory 7, fos. 238b, 240, 240b.

-Id., fo. 243b.

Repertory 7, fo. 206. The Common Council assessed the fine at £100.—Journal 13, fo. 61b; Letter Book O, fo. 80b.

Repertory 7, fo. 264.

Journal 13, fo. 184b.

Letter Book O, fos. 88b, 89b.

Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., p. cccclxv.

Letter Book O, fos. 174b-175; Journal 13, fo. 180b.

Letter Book O, fo. 157.

About the year 1522 Cromwell was living in the city, near Fenchurch, combining the business of a merchant with that of a money-lender. He sat in the parliament of 1523, and towards the close of that year served on a wardmote inquest for Bread Street Ward. In 1524 he entered Wolsey's service.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII.), vol. iii, pt. i, Introd., pp. cclvi, cclvii.

Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iv, Introd., pp. dliii-dlvi.

Stat. 21, Henry VIII, caps. 5, 6 and 13.

Proclamation, 12 Sept., 1530.—Letter Book O, fo. 199b.

Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., pp. 1, 2.

Letter Book O, fos. 47,seq.

A list of these, comprising seven churches, was submitted to the Court of Aldermen, 23 Feb., 1528.—Repertory 8, fo. 21.

Letter Book O, fos. 140b, 141b.

Repertory 8, fo. 27b.

Letter Book O, fos. 145, 145b; Journal 13, fo. 125b.

Letter book P, fos. 31, 34, 41b; Journal 13, fo. 417b.

This order was confirmed by stat. 27, Henry VIII, cap. 21. Ten years later a decree was made pursuant to stat. 37, Henry VIII, cap. 12, regulating the whole subject of tithes, but owing to the decree not having been enrolled in accordance with the terms of the statute, much litigation has in recent times arisen.—Burnell, "London (City) Tithes Act, 1879," Introd., p. 3.

The well-known and somewhat romantic account of the origin of the priory and of its connection with the city cnihten-guild is given in Letter Book C, fos. 134b,seq.;Cf.Liber Dunthorn, fo. 79.

Grey Friars Chron. (Camd. Soc., No. 53), p. 35. Three years later (30 March, 1534) the Court of Aldermen resolved to wait upon the chancellor "to know his mind for the office concerning the lands" belonging to the late priory.—Repertory 9, fo. 53b.

By letters patent dated 13 April, 1531 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box No. 16).

Henry Lumnore, Lumnar or Lomner, a grocer by guild as well as calling (see Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 879), was associated with Sidney in holding the beam. The City offered to buy him out either by bestowing on him an annuity of £10 during the joint lives of himself and Sidney, or else by paying him a lump sum of £100.—Repertory 8, fo. 218b.

Anne Boleyn.

Repertory 8, fo. 131.

-Id., fos. 142b. 202b.

Chapuys to the emperor.—Cal. State Papers (Spanish), vol. iv., pt. ii, p. 646.

Repertory 9, fo. 1b. There is a fine drawing at Berlin by Holbein which is thought to be the original design for the triumphal arch erected by the merchants of the Steelyard on this occasion.

Journal 13, fo. 371b. According to Wriothesley (Camd. Soc., N.S., No. 11, p. 19) the present to the queen was made to her in a purse of cloth of gold on the occasion of her passing through the city on the 31st May, the day before her coronation.

Repertory 2, fo. 70b; Repertory 9, fo. 2.

Letter Book P, fos. 37-37b; Journal 13, fo. 408b.

Letter to Lord Lisle.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 208.

Repertory 9, fo. 57b. "Allso the same day [20 April] all the craftes in London were called to their halls, and there were sworne on a booke to be true to Queene Anne and to believe and take her for lawfull wife of the Kinge and rightfull Queene of Englande, and utterlie to thincke the Lady Marie, daughter to the Kinge by Queene Katherin, but as a bastarde, and thus to doe without any scrupulositie of conscience."—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 24.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 37. In November of the last year they had been made to do penance at Paul's Cross and afterwards at Canterbury.

"Historia aliquot nostri sæculi martyrum," 1583. Much of it is quoted by Father Gasquet in his work on "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries" (cap. vi), and also by Mr. Froude ("Hist. of England," vol. ii, cap. ix).

Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. vii, p. 283.

This convent—the most virtuous house of religion in England—was of the Order of St. Bridget, and received an annual visit from the mayor and aldermen of the City of London at what was known as "the pardon time of Sion," in the month of August. In return for the hospitality bestowed by the lady abbess on these occasions the Court of Aldermen occasionally made her presents of wine (Repertories 3, fo. 94b; 7, fo. 275). In 1517 the court instructed the chamberlain to avoid excess of diet on the customary visit. There was to be no breakfast on the barge and no swans at dinner (Repertory 3, fo. 154b). In 1825 the Court of Common Council decreed (inter alia) that "as tonchyng the goyng of my lord mayre and my masters his brethern the aldermen [to] Syon, yt is sett at large and to be in case as it was before the Restreynt" (Journal 12, fo. 302). It was suppressed 25 Nov., 1539.—Wriothesley's Chron., i, 109.

The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534, but the king's new title as Supreme Head of the Church was not incorporated in his style before the 15 Jan., 1535.

Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. viii, p. 321.

-Id., p. 354.

Repertory 9, fo. 145.

-Id., fo. 199.

He had been elected mayor for the second time in October last (1535), much against his own wish, at the king's express desire.—Journal 13, fo. 452b; Wriothesley, i, 31. He presented the City with a collar of SS. to be worn by the mayor for the time being.—Repertory 11, fo. 238.

Repertory 9, fos. 199, 199b.

Repertory 9, fo. 200.

-Id., fo. 200b.

Son of Thomas Warren, fuller; grandson of William Warren, of Fering, co. Sussex. He was knighted on the day that his election was confirmed by the king (Wriothesley. i, 59). His daughter Joan (by his second wife Joan, daughter of John Lake, of London) married Sir Henry Williams,aliasCromwell (Repertory 14, fo. 180; Journal 17. fo. 137b), by whom she had issue Robert Cromwell, father of the Protector. Warren died 11 July, 1533, and his widow married Alderman Sir Thomas White.—See notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 330.

Repertory 9, fo. 209b.

Henry attributed her miscarriage to licentiousness; others to her having received a shock at seeing her royal husband thrown from his horse whilst tilting at the ring.—Wriothesley, i, 33.

Chapuys to [Granvelle] 25 Aug., 1536.—Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom. (Henry VIII), vol. xi., p. 145.

Wriothesley, i, 52-53.

Letter Book P, fo. 103b.

Wriothesley, i, 69.

Letter Book P, fo. 135b; Wriothesley, i, 71, 72.

Repertory 10, fos. 152b, 153; Wriothesley, i, 109, 111.

Repertory 10, fo. 161. The circumstance that Henry carried his new bride to Westminster by water instead of conducting her thither through the streets of the city has been considered a proof of his want of regard for her.

Holinshed, iii. 807.

Letter Book P, fo. 113; Journal 14, fo. 30b.

Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 68.

The Mercers' Company applied for a grant of the chapel and other property of the hospital; and this was conceded by letters patent, 21 April, 1542, upon payment of the sum of £969 17s.6d., subject to a reserved rent of £7 8s.10d., which was redeemed by the company in 1560.—Livery Comp. Com. (1880), Append. to Report, 1884, vol. ii, p. 9.

On the re-establishment of the Dutch or Mother Strangers' Church, at Elizabeth's accession, it was declared by the Privy Council to be under the superintendence of the Bishop of London (Cal. State Papers Dom., Feb., 1560). Hence it was that Dr. Temple, Bishop of London, was memorialised in March, 1888, as superintendent of the French Church in London.—See "Eng. Hist. Review," April, 1891, pp. 388-389.

Stow's "Survey" (Thoms's ed., 1876), p. 67.

Nichols' "Progresses of Queen Eliz.," iii. 598. For particulars of Swinnerton see Clode's "Early Hist. of the Merchant Taylors' Company," i, 262, etc.

Strype's Stow, bk. ii, pp. 114, 115.

Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 133, 134.

In 1439 Reginald Kentwode, Dean of St. Paul's, having in a recent visitation discovered "many defaults and excesses," drew up a schedule of injunctions for their better regulation.—Printed in London and Middlesex Archæol. Soc. Transactions, ii, 200-203.

Journal 12, fo. 75.

Repertory 2, fo. 185b.

Repertory 5, fos. 15, 15b, 82b.

Repertory 2, fo. 185; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 29, 31.

Sixteen other registers for city parishes commence in 1538, and four in 1539.—See Paper on St. James Garlickhithe, by W. D. Cooper, F.S.A. (London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Trans., vol. iii, p. 392, note).

Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11), i, 77, 78.

Descended from a Norfolk family. Apprenticed to John Middleton, mercer, of London, and admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1507. Alderman of Walbrook and Cheap Wards successively. Sheriff 1531-2. Married (1) Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton, (2) Isabella Taverson,néeWorpfall. Was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange and of the college which bears his name.—Ob., 21 Feb., 1549. Buried in the church of St. Laurence Jewry.

Cott. MS., Cleop. E., iv, fo. 222.—Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 26-29.

Journal 14, fo. 129; Letter Book P, fo. 178.

Journal 14, fo. 216b; Letter Book P, fo. 220b.

Repertory 10, fo. 200.

Journal 14, fo. 269.

Wriothesley, i, 129.

Son of Thomas Hill, of Hodnet, co. Salop. He devoted large sums of money to building causeways and bridges, and erected a grammar school at Drayton-in-Hales, otherwise Market Drayton, in his native county, which he endowed by will, dated 6 April, 1551 (Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, part ii, p. 651). See also Holinshed, iii, 1021.

Holinshed, iii, 824; Wriothesley, i, 135. According to the Grey Friars Chron. (p. 45), it was the sergeant-at-arms himself whom the sheriffs detained.

Proclamation dated 13 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 48b.

Journal 15, fo. 55; Letter Book Q, fo. 93.

Letter Book Q, fo. 92b; Grey Friars Chron., p. 45.

Writ to mayor and sheriffs for proclamation of war, dat. 2 Aug., 1543.—Journal 15, fo. 46b.

Repertory 11, fo. 32b.

Repertory 11, fo. 65b.

Journal 15, fo. 95; Repertory 11, fo. 74; Letter Book Q, fo. 109.

"Memoranda ... relating to the Royal Hospitals," 1863, pp. 4-7.

Repertory 11, fo. 106; Letter Book Q, fo. 116b.

Repertory, 11, fo. 118b; Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.

Journal 15, fo. 123; Letter Book Q, fo. 119.

Journal 15, fo. 124; Letter Book Q, fo. 122.

Letter Book Q, fo. 120b.

Wriothesley, i, 151, 153; Grey Friars Chron., p. 48.

Holinshed, iii, 346.

Wriothesley, i, 151, 152.

Journal 15, fo. 239b; Letter Book Q, fo. 167b.

Journal 15, fo. 240.; Letter Book Q, fo. 168; Wriothesley, i, 154.

"A coarse frieze was so called from a small town in the West Riding of Yorkshire. An Act of 5 and 6 Edward VI (1551-2) provided that all "clothes commonly called Pennystones or Forest Whites ... shall conteyne in length beinge wett betwixt twelve and thirtene yardes."

Repertory 11, fo. 193b; Letter Book Q, fo. 133; Wriothesley, i, 154.

Wriothesley, i, 155.

Repertory 11, fos. 203, 212b.

30 July.—Repertory 11, fo. 215b. The Midsummer watch had not been kept this year.—Wriothesley, i, 156.

Repertory 11, fo. 213.

Wriothesley, i, 58.

Repertory 11, fo. 216b.

Stat. 37, Henry VIII, c. 4.

Repertory 11, fo. 299b; Letter Book Q, fo. 181; Journal 15, fo. 270; Wriothesley, i, 165.

Holinshed, iii, 856; Grey Friars Chron., p. 50.

Holinshed, iii, 847.

Letter Book Q, fo. 181.

Repertory 11, fo. 247.

Journal 15, fo. 213b.

Wriothesley, i, 162, 175.

Journal 15, fos. 245, 399b,seq.

"Memoranda ... Royal Hospitals," pp. 20-45.

Repertory 11, fo. 349b.

In Sept., 1547, the citizens were called upon to contribute half a fifteenth for the maintenance of the poor of St. Bartholomew's.—Journal 15, fo. 325b. In Dec, 1548, an annual sum of 500 marks out of the profits of Blackwell, and in 1557 the whole of the same profits were set aside for the poor.—Journal 15, fos. 398,seq.; Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 512.

Royal proclamation, 7 July, 1545, forbidding all pursuit of game in Westminster, Islington, Highgate, Hornsey and elsewhere in the suburbs of London.—Journal 15, fo. 240b.

Son of Christopher Huberthorne, of Waddington, co. Lane, Alderman of Farringdon Within. His mansion adjoined the Leadenhall.Ob., Oct., 1556. Buried in the church of St. Peter, Cornhill.—Machyn. 115, 352. It was in Huberthorne's mayoralty that the customary banquet to the aldermen, the "officers lerned" and the commoners of the city, on Monday next after the Feast of Epiphany, known as "Plow Monday," was discontinued.—Letter Book Q, fo. 191b. It was afterwards renewed and continues to this day in the form of a dinner given by the new mayor to the officers of his household and clerks engaged in various departments of the service of the Corporation. An attempt was at the same time made to put down the lord mayor's banquet also.—Wriothesley, i, 176.

Journal 15. fos. 303b, 305b; Letter Book Q, os. 192b, 194; Wriothesley. i, 178.

Journal 15, fo. 304; Letter Book Q, fo. 195; Repertory 11, fo. 335b.

"The lord mayor of London, Henry Hobulthorne, was called fourth, who kneeling before the king, his majestie tooke the sworde of the Lord Protector and made him knight, which was the first that eaver he made."—Wriothesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 11.), i, 181.

This mace is still in possession of the Corporation. It is only brought out for use on such occasions as a coronation, when it is carried by the lord mayor as on the occasion narrated above, and at the annual election of the chief magistrate of the city, when it is formally handed by the Chamberlain to the lord mayor elect. The mace consists of a tapering shaft of rock crystal mounted in gold, with a coroneted head also of gold, adorned with pearls and large jewels. Its age is uncertain. Whilst some hazard the conjecture that it may be of Saxon origin, there are others who are of opinion that the head of it at least cannot be earlier than the 15th century.

Journal 15, fo. 305; Letter Book Q, fos. 195b-196; Repertory 11, fo. 334b.

"All these chyldren shall every Chyldermasse day come to Paulis Church and here the chylde bisshoppis sermon, and after be at the hye masse, and eche of them offer a 1d.to the childe bisshop and with theme the maisters and surveyors of the scole."—Statutes of St. Paul's School, printed in Lupton's "Life of Dean Colet," p. 278b.

Letter Book P, fo. 172b.

Journal 14, fo. 158b; Letter Book P, fo. 197.

See Brewer's Introd. to Cal. Letters and Papers For. and Dom., vol. iv, pp. dcli-dcliii.

Letter Book P, fo. 153.

Letter Book Q, fo. 102.

"Also this same tyme [Nov., 1547] was moche spekying agayne the sacrament of the auter, that some callyd it Jacke of the boxe, with divers other shamefulle names... And at this tyme [Easter, 1548] was more prechyng agayne the masse."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.

Letter Book Q, fo. 250b.

Repertory 11, fo. 423.

"After the redyng of the preposycioun made yesterday in the Sterre Chamber by the lorde chaunceler and yedeclaracioun made by my lorde mayer of suche comunicacioun as his lordshyp had wtthe Bysshop of Caunterburye concernyng the demeanorof certein prechers and other dysobedyent persones yt was ordered and agreyd that my lorde mayer and all my maisters thaldermen shall this afternone att ij of yeclok repayre to my lorde protectors grace and the hole counseill and declare unto theim the seid mysdemeanor and that thei shall mete att Saint Martyns in the Vyntrey att one of the clok."—Repertory 11, fo. 456b.

Repertory 11, fo. 465.

A proclamation against the evil behaviour of citizens and others against priests, 12 Nov., 1547.—Letter Book Q. fo. 218; Journal 15, fo. 335b.

By letters patent dated 14 July, 1550 (preserved at the Guildhall, Box 17).

Letter Book R, fo. 166b; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc., N.S., No. 20), ii, 35. See also exemplification of Act of Parl. passed a° 5 Edward VI, in accordance with the terms of this petition (Box 29).

Journal 15, fo. 322; Letter Book Q, fo. 210b.

Repertory 11. fo. 373; Letter Book Q, fo. 214.

Grey Friars Chron., 54, 55; Wriothesley. ii, 1.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 58. In May (1548) the duke applied to the City for water to be laid on to Stronde House, afterwards known as Somerset House.—Repertory 11, fos. 462b, 484; Journal 15. fo. 383b; Letter Book Q, fo. 253b.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 55.

Wriothesley, ii, 29. Touching the ceremony of visiting the tomb of the Bishop of London, to whom the citizens were indebted for the charter of William the Conqueror, see chap. i, p. 35.

Letter Book Q, fos. 232, 234b; Repertory 11, fos. 356, 415, 431, 444b, 511b.

"Item, at this same tyme [circ.Sept., 1547] was pullyd up alle the tomes, grett stones, alle the auteres, with stalles and walles of the qweer and auters in the church that was some tyme the Gray freeres, and solde and the qweer made smaller."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 54.

"At Ester followyng there began the commonion, and confession but of thoys that wolde, as the boke dothe specifythe."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 55;Cf.Wriothesley (Camd. Soc, N.S., No. 20), ii, 2.

The Guildhall college, chapel and library were restored to the City in 1550, by Edward VI, on payment of £456 13s.4d.,—Pat. Roll 4 Edward VI, p. 9m. (32) 20; Letter Book R, fo. 64b.

Repertory 11, fo. 493b.

-Id., fo. 455. (431 pencil mark); Letter Book Q, fo. 237. "This yeare in the Whitson holidaies my lord maior [Sir John Gresham] caused three notable sermons to be made at Sainct Marie Spittell, according as they are kept at Easter.... And the sensing in Poules cleene put downe."—Wriothesley, ii, 2, 3. The processions were kept up in 1554, "but there was no sensynge."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.

-Cf.Journal 15, fo. 352b; Letter Book Q, fos. 230-252b. "This yeare [1548] the xxviiithdaie of September, proclamation was made to inhibite all preachers generallie till the kinges further pleasure. After which daie all sermons seasede at Poules Crosse and in all other places."—Wriothesley, ii, 6.

Grey Friars Chron., pp. 59, 62. Occasionally the chronicler is overcome by his feelings, and cries out, "Almyghty God helpe it whan hys wylle ys!"Id., p. 67.

In some cases the new owners may have experienced some difficulty in fixing a fair rent, as appears to have been the case with the City of London and its recently acquired property of Bethlehem. When the Chamberlain reported that the rents demanded for houses in the precincts of the hospital were far too high, he was at once authorised to reduce them at discretion.—Letter Book R, fo. 10b.

Letter Book R, fo. 11b.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 60; Wriothesley, ii, 15, 16.

Wriothesley, ii, 16, 17; Grey Friars Chron., p. 60.

Wriothesley, ii, 19.

Wriothesley, ii, 20; Grey Friars Chron., p. 61.

Holinshed, iii, 982-984.

Letter Book R, fo. 40; Journal 16, fo. 36.

Letter Book R, fo. 39b.

Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 331-332; Wriothesley, ii, 24-25; Holinshed, iii, 1014; Repertory 12, pt. i, fos. 149-150.

Holinshed, iii, 1014-1015; Acts of Privy Council, ii, 333.

Acts of Privy Council, ii, fos. 333-336.

Repertory 12, pt. i, fo. 150b.

Letter Book R, fo. 40b.

-Id., fos. 43-43b.

Acts of Privy Council, ii, 336, 337.

Wriothesley, ii, 26.

Acts of Privy Council, ii, 337-342.

Letter Book R, fos. 41-42; Journal 16, fos. 37, 37b. According to Holinshed (iii, 1017, 1018), considerable opposition was made by a member of the Common Council named George Stadlow to any force at all being sent by the city. He reminded the court of the evils that had arisen in former times from the city rendering support to the barons against Henry III, and how the city lost its liberties in consequence. The course he recommended was that the city should join the lords in making a humble representation to the king as to the Protector's conduct.

Wriothesley, ii, 26, 27.

Letter Book R, fo. 37; Journal 16, fo. 34; Wriothesley, ii, 26.

Stow's "Summarie of the Chronicles of England" (ed. 1590), p. 545; Wriothesley, ii, 27, 28. The names are given differently in the Acts of the Privy Council, ii, 344.

Grey Friars Chron., pp. 63, 64;Cf.Wriothesley, ii, 24.

Wriothesley, ii, 28.

Acts of Privy Council, ii, 384; Wriothesley, ii, 33.

For more than a week he had been compelled to lie on nothing but straw, his bed having been taken away by order of the knight marshal for refusing to pay an extortionate fee.—Grey Friars Chron., p. 65.

Thomas Thurlby, the last abbot of Westminster, became the first and only bishop of the see. Upon the union of the see with that of London Thurlby became bishop of Norwich. Among the archives of the city there is a release by him, in his capacity as bishop of Westminster, and the dean and chapter of the same, to the City of London of the parish church of St. Nicholas, Shambles. The document is dated 14 March, 1549, and has the seals of the bishopric and of the dean and chapter, in excellent preservation, appended.

For objecting to the prescribed vestments, he was committed to the Fleet by order of the Privy Council, 27 Jan., 1551, and was not consecrated until the following 8th March.—Hooper to Bullinger, 1 Aug., 1551 ("Original Letters relative to the English Reformation." ed. for Parker Society, 1846, p. 91).

Their respective boundaries are set out in the Report of Commissioners on Municipal Corporations (1837), p. 3.

Charter dated 6 March, 1 Edward III.

Charter dated 9 Nov., 2 Edward IV.

Letter Book Q, fos. 239b-241b.

Letter Book R, fo. 58b.

Dated 23 April, 1550. A fee of £6 "and odde money" was paid for the enrolment of this charter in the Exchequer.—Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 458. This fee appears to have been paid, notwithstanding the express terms of the charter that no fee great or small should be paid or made or by any means given to the hanaper to the king's use. According to Wriothesley (ii, 36), the "purchase" of Southwark cost the city 1,000 marks, "so that nowe they shall have all the whole towne of Southwarke by letters patent as free as they have the City of London, the Kinges Place [i.e.Southwark Place or Suffolk House] and the two prison houses of the Kinges Bench and the Marshalsea excepted."

Wriothesley, ii, 38.

Letter Book R, fo. 80; Journal 16, fo. 82b.

The custom in the city was for the inhabitants of a vacant ward to nominate four persons for the Court of Aldermen to select one. As there were no means of enforcing the above ordinance it was repealed by Act of Co. Co., 16 June, 1558.—Letter Book S., fo. 167b.

Letter Book R, fo. 71b. The following particulars of Aylyff and his family are drawn from the city's archives. From Bridge Ward Without he removed to Dowgate Ward. At the time of his death, in 1556, he was keeper of the clothmarket at Blackwell Hall. His widow was allowed to take the issues and profits of her late husband's place for one week, and was forgiven a quarter's rent. Aylyff's son Erkenwald succeeded him at Blackwell Hall. The son died in 1561. After his decease he was convicted of having forged a deed. His widow, Dorothy, married Henry Butler, "gentleman."—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 442b, 443, 461; Repertory 14, fos. 446b, 477b, 478; Repertory 16, fo. 6b.

Printed Report. Co. Co., 20 May, 1836.

See Report Committee of the whole Court for General Purposes, with Appendix, 31 May, 1892 (Printed).

Grey Friars Chron., p. 66. The surrender of Boulogne was "sore lamented of all Englishmen."—Wriothesley, ii, 37.

Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 271b; Letter Book R, fos. 74, 85b; Journal 16, fos. 66b, 91b.

Letter Book R, fo. 115; Journal 16, fo. 118.

Wriothesley, ii, 48. The price of living became so dear that the town clerk and the under-sheriffs asked for and obtained from the Common Council an increase of emoluments.—Letter Book R, fo. 117b.

Wriothesley, ii, 54.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 72.

Wriothesley, ii, 56; Grey Friars Chron., p. 71.

Grey Friars Chron., pp. 72, 73.

-Id., pp. 71, 72.

Wriothesley, ii, 57.

Repertory 12, pt. ii, fo. 426; Letter Book R, fo. 157b.

Wriothesley, ii, 63.

Holinshed, iii, 1032.

Journal 15, fo. 325b; Letter Book Q, fo. 214b.

Letter Book Q, fo. 237; Repertory 11, fo. 445b.

Journal 15, fo. 384.

Letter Book Q, fo. 261b; Journal 15, fos. 398, 401; Appendix vii to "Memoranda of the Royal Hospitals," pp. 46-51.

Repertory 12, pt. ii., fos. 311, 312b.

Both deeds are printed in Supplement to Memoranda relating to Royal Hospitals, pp. 15-32.

Son of Robert Dobbs, of Batley, Yorks. Alderman of Tower Ward. Knighted 8 May, 1552.Ob.1556. Buried in Church of St. Margaret Moses.—Machyn, pp. 105, 269, 349; Wriothesley, ii, 69.

Report, Charity Commissioners, No. 32, pt. vi, p. 75; Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.

Among the names of those forming the deputation appears that of Richard Grafton, whose printing house, from which issued "The Prymer"—one of the earliest books of private devotion printed in English as well as Latin—was situate within the precinct of the Old Grey Friars.—Repertory 12, p. ii., fos. 271b, 272b.

Strype, Stow's "Survey," bk. i, p. 176.

Wriothesley, 83; Repertory 13, fo. 60.

Charter dated 26 June, 1553.

"Letters Patent for the limitation of the Crown," sometimes called the "counterfeit will" of King Edward VI.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary (Camd. Soc., No. 48), pp. 91-100.

Richard Hilles to Henry Bullinger, 9 July, 1553.—"Original letters relative to the English Reformation" (Parker Soc.), pp. 272-274.

Grey Friars Chron., pp. 78, 79.

Wriothesley, ii, 88-90.

Letter Book R, fo. 262b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 68.

Wriothesley, ii, 90, 91; Grey Friars Chron., p. 81.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69.

-Id., fo. 70b.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 69b.

Wriothesley, 93-95.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 14; Wriothesley, ii, 95.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 83; Wriothesley, ii, 96-98.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 24.

Letter Book R, fo. 270; Journal 16, fo. 261b.

Wriothesley, ii, 99, 100; Holinshed, iv, 3.

Citizen and Merchant Taylor. Son of William White, of Reading, and formerly of Rickmansworth. Founder of St. John's College, Oxford, and principal benefactor of Merchant Taylors' School. Alderman of Cornhill Ward; when first elected alderman he declined to accept office and was committed to Newgate for contumacy (Letter Book Q, fo. 109b; Repertory 11, fo. 80b). Sheriff 1547. Knighted at Whitehall 10 Dec., 1553 (Wriothesley, ii, 105). His first wife, Avice (surname unknown), died 26 Feb., 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary. He afterwards married Joan, daughter of John Lake and widow of Sir Ralph Warren, twice Mayor of London.Ob.11 Feb., 1566, at Oxford, aged 72.—Clode, "Early Hist. Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, chaps. x-xii; Machyn's Diary, pp. 167, 330, 363.

Journal 16, fo. 261; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 74b.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 84.

Met in October, 1553. The names of the city's representatives are not recorded. The Court of Aldermen, according to a custom then prevalent, authorized the city chamberlain to make a gift of £6 13s.4d.to Sir John Pollard, the Speaker, "for his lawfull favor to be borne and shewed in the parlyment howse towardes this cytie and theyre affayres theire."—Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 92.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 85; Wriothesley, ii, 104; Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 32. There is preserved in the British Museum a small manual of prayers believed to have been used by Lady Jane Grey on the scaffold. The tiny volume (Harl. MS., 2342) measures only 3-1/2 inches by 2-3/4 inches, and contains on the margin lines addressed to Sir John Gage, lieutenant of the Tower, and to her father, the Duke of Suffolk.

Journal 16, fo. 283.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 35.

Wriothesley, ii, 106.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 116, 116b, 117, 117b, 119-122b.

Wriothesley, ii, 107.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 121.

Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 414-415; Holinshed, iv, 16.

Holinshed, iv, 15.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 124.

Wriothesley, iii, 109.

Stow.

Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 415.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 43; Wriothesley, iii, 107, 108.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 87.

Machyn, 45. The gibbets remained standing till the following June, when they were taken down in anticipation of Philip's public entry into London.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 76.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.

Journal 16, fo. 283; Letter Book R, fo. 288.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 131.

Holinshed, iv, 26.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 153; Letter Book R, fo. 293.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 130; Journal 16, fo. 284b.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 138b.

-Id., fos. 142b, 146b.

-Id., fo. 147.

Wriothesley, ii, 115.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 186b.

-Id., fo. 190b.

Howell's "State Trials," i, 901, 902; Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 75.

It sat from 2 April until 5 May.—Wriothesley, ii, 114, 115. The city returned the same members that had served in the last parliament of Edward VI, namely, Martin Bowes, Broke the Recorder, John Marsh and John Blundell.

Journal 16, fo. 295b.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fos. 165, 166, 166b, 170.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 77.

-Id., p. 78.

Journal 16, fo. 263.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 191. A full account of the pageants, etc., will be found in John Elder's letter.—Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, AppendixX.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, pp. 78-79.

Martin Bowes, of the old members, alone continued to sit for the city, the places of the other members being taken by Ralph Cholmeley, who had succeeded Broke as Recorder; Richard Grafton, the printer; and Richard Burnell.

Chron. of Q. Jane and Q. Mary, 82; Wriothesley, 122.

Repertory 13, part i, fo. 111b.

-Id., fo. 193.

Journal 16, fo. 300. Bishop Braybroke, nearly two centuries before, had done all he could to put down marketing within the sacred precincts, and to render "Paul's Walk"—as the great nave of the cathedral was called—less a scene of barter and frivolity.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 251b.

In 1558, a man convicted of breaking this law was ordered to ride through the public market places of the city, his face towards the horse's tail, with a piece of beef hanging before and behind him, and a paper on his head setting forth his offence.—Repertory 13, fo. 12b.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 193; Letter Book S, fo. 119b.

Journal 16, fo. 285b; Letter Book R, fo. 290b; Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 147; Wriothesley, ii, 114.

Grey Friars Chron., p. 89.

-Id., p. 95.

-Id.,ibid.

-Id., p. 78n.

Journal 16, fo. 321b.

Wriothesley, ii, 126; Grey Friars Chron., p. 94.

Wriothesley, ii, 126n; Grey Friars Chron., pp. 56, 57, 95.

Foxe's "Acts and Monuments," vi, 717, 737, 740, vii, 114, 115.

"Item the vthday of September [1556], was browte thorrow Cheppesyde teyd in ropes xxiijti tayd together as herreytkes, and soo unto the Lowlers tower."—Grey Friars Chron., p. 98.

"At this time [Aug., 1554] there was so many Spanyerdes in London that a man shoulde have mett in the stretes for one Inglisheman above iiij Spanyerdes, to the great discomfort of the Inglishe nation. The halles taken up for Spanyerdes."—Chron. Q. Jane and Q. Mary, p. 81.

-Id.,ibid.

Repertory 13, pt. i, fo. 205b.

By an order in council, dated Greenwich, 13 March, 1555, the merchants of the Steelyard were thenceforth to be allowed to buy cloth in warehouses adjoining the Steelyard, without hindrance from the mayor. The mayor was ordered to give up cloth that had been seized as foreign bought and sold at Blackwell Hall. He was, moreover, not to demandquotam salisof the merchants, who were to be allowed to import into the city fish, corn and other provisions free of import.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 384b; Letter Book S, fo. 76.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 399b, 404, 406; Letter Book S, fos. 70, 93b.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 508b.

Wheeler's "Treatise of Commerce" (ed. 1601), p. 100.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 507b, 520b, 540.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 529.

-Id., fo. 526b.

-Id., fo. 534b.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 420.

Stafford had issued a proclamation from Scarborough Castle declaiming against Philip for introducing 12,000 foreigners into the country, and announcing himself as protector and governor of the realm. He was captured by the Earl of Westmoreland and executed on Tower Hill 28 May.—Journal 17, fo. 34b; Letter Book S, fo. 127b; Holinshed. iv, 87; Machyn's Diary, p. 137.

Journal 17, fo. 37b; Letter Book S, fo. 131.

Journal 17, fos. 37b, 38; Letter Book S, fo. 131b.

Machyn, p. 142.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 517.

"London fond v.c. men all in bluw cassokes, sum by shyppes and sum to Dover by land, the goodlyst men that ever whent, and best be-sene in change (of) apprelle."—Diary, p. 143.

Merchant Taylor, son of William Offley, of Chester; alderman of Portsoken and Aldgate Wards. Was one of the signatories to the document nominating Lady Jane Grey successor to Edward VI, and was within a few weeks (1 Aug.) elected sheriff. Knighted with alderman William Chester, 7 Feb., 1557. His mansion-house was in Lime Street, near the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft.Ob.29 Aug, 1582.—Machyn, pp. 125, 353; Index to Remembrancia, p. 37, note. Fuller, who erroneously places his death in 1580, describes him as the "Zaccheus of London" not "on account of his low stature, but his great charity in bestowing half of his estate on the poor."—Fuller's "Worthies," p. 191.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 521b, 522; Letter Book S, fo. 134.

Journal 17, fo. 54b.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 530.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fos. 530, 532, 522b, 535; Journal 17, fo. 54.

Machyn, p. 147.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 571.

Journal 17, fo. 55. See Appendix. They were ordered in the first instance to be forwarded to Dover by the 19th Jan. at the latest, but on the 6th Jan. the Privy Council sent a letter to the mayor to the effect that "albeit he was willed to send the vcmen levied in London to Dover, forasmuch as it is sithence considered here that they may with best speede be brought to the place of service by seas, he is willen to sende them with all speede by hoyes to Queenburgh, where order is given for the receavinge and placing of them in the shippes, to be transported with all speede possible."—Harl. MS. 643, fo. 198; Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 362.

Journal 17, fo. 56.

Wriothesley, ii, 140.

Order of the Court of Aldermen, 10 Jan.—Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582.

Repertory 13, pt. ii, fo. 582b; Precept to the Companies.—Journal 17, fo. 56b.

Journal 17, fo. 57. So furious was this storm, lasting four or five days, that "some said that the same came to passe through necromancie, and that the diuell was raised vp and become French, the truth whereof is known (saith Master Grafton) to God."—Holinshed, iv, 93.

Journal 17, fo. 7.

Repertory 14, fo. 1b; Journal 17, fo. 58; Machyn, 164.

Journal 17, fos. 59, 59b; Letter Book S, fos. 154b, 155.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 100; Wriothesley, ii, 140, 141.

Stat. 5 and 6, Edward VI, c. 20, which repealed Stat.37, Henry VIII, c. 9 (allowing interest to be taken on loans at the rate of ten per cent.) and forbade all usury. This Statute was afterwards repealed (Stat. 13, Eliz., c. 8) and the Statute of Henry VIII re-enacted. The dispensation granted by Mary was confirmed in 1560 by Elizabeth.—Repertory 14, fo. 404b.

Repertory 14, fo. 15b; Journal 17, fo. 63. A large portion of this loan was repaid by Elizabeth soon after her accession.—Repertory 14, fos. 236b, 289.

Repertory 14, fos. 94b, 96b.

The commemoration was eventually put down by the Stuarts as giving rise to tumults and disorders.—Journal 49, fo. 270b; Luttrell's Diary, 17 Nov., 1682.

Son of Roger Leigh, of Wellington, co. Salop, an apprentice of Sir Rowland Hill, whose niece, Alice Barker, he married. Buried in the Mercers' Chapel. By his second son, William, he was ancestor of the Lords Leigh, of Stoneleigh, and by his third son William, grandfather of Francis Leigh, Earl of Chichester.—Notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 407.

"The order of the sheryfes at the receyvyng of the quenes highenes in to Myddlesex."—Letter Book S, fo. 183; Repertory 14, fo. 90b.

Letter Book S, fo. 182b; Journal 7, fo. 101b.

Repertory 14, fos. 97, 98.

-Id., fo. 99.

-Id., fo. 102b.

Repertory 14, fo. 103b.

Dated 27 Dec., 1558.—Journal 17, fo. 106b.

Wriothesley, ii, 145.

-Id.ibid.

Repertory 4, fo. 213b.

Journal 17, fos. 120b, 168; Repertory 14, fo. 152; Letter Book T, fo. 82b.

"In some places the coapes, vestments, and aulter clothes, bookes, banners, sepulchers and other ornaments of the churches were burned, which cost above £2,000 renuinge agayne in Queen Maries time" (Wriothesley, ii, 146;Cf.Machyn, p. 298). Among the churchwarden accounts of the parish of St. Mary-at-Hill for the year 1558-1559 there is a payment of one shilling for "bringing down ymages to Romeland (near Billingsgate) to be burnt."

Proclamation, dated 19 Sept., 1559.—Journal 17, fo. 267; Letter Book T, fo. 5b.

Journal 17, fo. 184b.

Proclamation, dated 24 March, 1560.—Journal 17, fo. 223b.

In April the city was called upon to furnish 900 soldiers, in May 250 seamen, and in June 200 soldiers.—Repertory 14, fos. 323, 336, 339b, 340, 340b, 344b; Journal 17, fos. 238b, 244. It is noteworthy that the number of able men in the city at this time serviceable for war, although untrained, was estimated to amount to no more than 5,000.—Journal 17, fo. 244b.

Journal 18, fos. 57-60b. The livery companies furnished the men according to allotment. The barber-surgeons claimed exemption by statute (32 Henry VIII, c. 42), but subsequently consented to waive their claim. The city also objected to supplying the soldiers with cloaks.—Repertory 15, fos. 110b, 113.

Journal 18, fo. 66; Machyn, pp. 292, 293.

Journal 18, fo. 71.

The queen to the mayor and corporation of London, 30 June, 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 124.

Repertory 15, fo. 258.

-Id., fo. 259.

-Id., fo. 263.

The queen to the mayor, 2 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 140. Precept of the mayor.—Id., fo. 136; Repertory 15, fo. 279b; Machyn's Diary, p. 312.

Journal 18, fo. 128.

-Id., fo. 119b.

Repertory 15, fo. 265b.

Machyn, 312.

Journal 18, fos. 139, 139b, 142, 151b, 152b, 154, 156b, 184, 189b. With the sickness was associated, as was so often the case, a scarcity of food.—Repertory 15, fos. 127, 133b, 138, 168, 178, 179b, etc. The rate of mortality increased to such an extent that a committee was appointed for the purpose of procuring more burial accommodation.—Repertory 15, fos. 311b, 313b, 333.

Proclamation dated 1 Aug., 1563.—Journal 18, fo. 141.

Repertory 15, fo. 284b.

Journal 18, fo. 249.

-Id., fo. 190b.

Journal 18, fos. 214, 215, 227, 291b, 354b; Holinshed, iv, 224.

Journal 17, fos. 320, 321, 331b; Letter Book T, fos. 42, 42b; Repertory 14, fo. 491b. The fire caused by the lightning threatened the neighbouring shops, and their contents were therefore removed to Christchurch, Newgate and elsewhere for safety.—Journal 17, fo. 319b; Letter Book T, fo. 42.

Repertory 15, fos. 474, 478.

Repertory 16, fos. 227, 241b, 274; Letter Book V, fo. 108b.

Repertory 16, fos. 303b, 448. Among the Chamber Accounts of this period we find an item of a sum exceeding £4 paid for "Cusshens to be occupied at Powles by my L. Maiorand thaldermen, vz:—for cloth for the uttorside lyning of leather feathers and for making of theym as by a bill appearth."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. i, fo. 50b.

Journal 13, fos. 417, 420, 435, 442b, 443.

Cotton MS., Otho E, x. fo. 45;Cf.Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 31-33.

Journal 14, fos. 124, 124b.

By Sir Richard's first wife Audrey, daughter of William Lynne, of Southwick, co. Northampton. Sir Thomas is supposed to have been born in London in 1519. Having been bound apprentice to his uncle, Sir John Gresham, he was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1543. Married Anne, daughter of William Ferneley, of West Creting, co. Suffolk, widow of William Read, mercer.

The queen's business kept him so much abroad that her majesty wrote to the Common Council (7 March, 1563) desiring that he might be discharged from all municipal duties.—Journal 18, fo. 137.

Printed in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," i, 409.

Repertory 15, fo. 237b.

Burgon, ii, 30-40.

Repertory 15, fos. 406b, 407.

Repertory 15, fos. 410b, 412.

-Id., fos. 417b, 431.

Repertory 16, fos. 31b, 32b, 43b; Letter Book V, fos. 5, 7b, 8, 17, 21b.

The amount of subscriptions and charges is set out in a "booke" and entered on the City's Journal (No. 19, fos. 12-20;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 70b-79); see also Repertory 16, fo. 126.

Journal 18. fo. 398.

Repertory 16, fo. 316.

Repertory 16, fo. 406b.

Repertory 15, fo. 268b.

Repertory 16, fo. 229.

"A proclamacioun concernyng the cutting of the crest conyzans and mantell of the arms of SrThomas Gresham."—Journal 19, fo. 150b; Letter Book V, fo. 222.

Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 341.

Repertory 18, fo. 362.

"Law and Practice of Marine Insurance," by John Duer, LL.D. (New York, 1845), Lecture ii, p. 33.

At the present day the form of policy used at Lloyds and commonly called the "Lloyd's policy" contains the following clause:—"and it is agreed by us the insurers, that this writing or policy of assurance shall be of as much force and effect as the surest writing or policy of assurance heretofore made in Lombard Street or in the Royal Exchange or elsewhere in London."—Arnould, "Marine Insurance" (6th ed.), i, 230.

Repertory 18, fo. 362b.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 523.

Repertory 19, fos. 166b, 168.

The reader is here reminded that there is an essential difference between life policies and fire or marine policies of assurance. The latter, being policies of indemnity, recovery can be had at law only to the extent of the actual damage done, whereas in life policies the whole amount of the policy can be recovered.

Repertory 17, fo. 300.

Repertory 19, fo. 150.

Cal. Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 698.

Printed Report "Gresham College Trust," 29 Oct., 1885.

A return made in 1567 by the livery companies of foreigners residing in the city and liberties gives the number as 3,562.—Repertory 16, fo. 202. Another authority gives the number as 4,851, of which 3,838 were Dutch.—Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 242, citing Haynes, p. 461.

Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 271-275.

Repertory 16, fo. 164.

Journal 19, fo. 116.

Precept of the mayor to that effect, 19 Oct., 1568.-Id., fo. 132b.

Repertory 16, fo. 451.

Journal 19, fo. 180; Letter Book V, fo. 245.

Letter Book V, fo. 246. Holinshed (iv, 234) and others give the whole credit of providing the cemetery to the liberality of Sir Thomas Rowe, the mayor.

Proclamation (15 July, 1568) against suspected persons landing in England or returning "with any furniture for mayntenaunce of ther rebellion or other lyke cryme" against the King of Spain.—Journal 18, fo. 115;Cf.Letter Book V, fos. 181, 246b.

Green, "Hist. of the English People," ii, 418.

Repertory 15, fos. 162, 164, 166b, 241b, 258, 267b, 297, etc.

Strype, Stow's "Survey" (ed. 1720), bk. i, p. 283.

Journal II, fo. 253.

Journal 19, fos. 55-58; Letter Book V, fos. 115b-117b.

Price's "London Bankers" (enlarged edition), p. 51.

Letter Book V, fo. 139.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 314.

Clode, "Early Hist. of the Guild of Merchant Taylors," pt. ii, pp. 229-230.

Journal 19, fo. 133b.

Holinshed, iv, 234.

"Mesmes j'entendz que de la blanque, qu'on a tirée ces jours passés en ceste ville, ceste Royne retirera pour elle plus de cent mille livres esterlin, qui sont 33,000 escuz; de quoy le monde murumre assés pour la diminution qu'ilz trouvent aulx bénéfices qu'ilz esperoient de leurs billetz"—wrote De la Motlie Fénélon, the French ambassador in London.—Cooper's "Recueil des Dépéches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France (Paris and London, 1838-1840)," i, 155.

Proclamation, 6 Jan., 1569.—Journal 19, fo. 139; Letter Book V, fo. 210.

See letter from Sir Arthur Champernowne, William Hawkins and others to the lords of the council. 1 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 326.

Cotton MS., Galba C, iii, fo. 151b. This letter was signed by John Gresham, Thomas Offley, John White, Roger Martyn, Leonell Duckett, Thomas Heaton, Richard Wheler, Thomas Aldersey and Francis Beinson.

Citizen and Merchant Taylor: Alderman of the Wards of Portsoken and Bishopsgate; Sheriff, 1560-61.Ob.2 Sept., 1570. Buried in Hackney Church. He bestowed the sum of £100 for the relief of members of his company "usinge the brode shire or ell rowinge of the pearch or making of garmentes" during his lifetime, and some landed estate in the city by his will for like purpose.—Letter Book V, fo. 274b; Cal. of Wills, Court of Husting, ii, 686.

Letter printed (from original among State Papers Dom.) in Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 287.

Sir Thomas Rowe, mayor, to Secretary Cecil. 23 Jan., 1569.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 329; Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 295-296.

-Id., 25 Jan.

Cooper's "Dépêches, etc., des Ambassadeurs de France," i, 176-177.

Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 297.

Lansd. MS., No. xii, fo. 16b.

-Id., fo. 22.

Repertory 17, fo. 36b.

Journal 19, fo. 247b; Letter Book V, fo. 301.

Journal 19, fo. 257.

-Id., fo. 390b.

Journal 19, fo. 390b.

Add. MS., No. 5, 755, fo. 58.

In the following year he was removed to the Charterhouse, but being discovered in correspondence with the deposed Queen of Scots was again placed in the Tower. He was tried and convicted of treason, and after some delay executed on Tower Hill.—Holinshed, iv, 254, 262, 264, 267.

The proclamation, which is set out in Journal 19, fo. 202b (Cf.Letter Book V, fo. 267b), gives in detail the rise and progress of the rebellion.

Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.

Journal 19, fo. 202; Letter Book V, fo. 267.

Letter Book V, fo. 269.

Journal 19, fo. 206b; Letter Book V, fo. 270b; Repertory 16, fo. 522b.

Holinshed, iv, 254.

-Id., 262.

From Hertfordshire, alderman of Billingsgate Ward.

Dated 8 Nov.—Journal 19, fo. 370b.

Holinshed, iv, 263.

Repertory 17, fos. 8b, 23, 27b, 29. 243, etc.; Repertory 19, fos. 24b, 154, etc.; City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Analytical Index), pp. 51-55.

Stranger denizens, carrying on a handicraft in the city, had recently preferred a Bill in Parliament against several of the livery companies. They were persuaded, however, to drop it, and refer their grievance to the Court of Aldermen.—Repertory 17, fos. 302b, 335, 337. A return made by the mayor (10 Nov., 1571) of the strangers then living in London and Southwark and liberties thereof gives the total number as 4,631.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 427.

Repertory 17, fo. 372.

Journal 19, fos. 407-408b, 417-417b; Repertory 17, fos. 292, 298b, 307, 308.

Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 133b, 143b; Repertory 18, fo. 224b.

Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 156b.

Journal 20, pt. i, fo. 252;Id., pt. ii, fo. 280b.

Journal 20, pt. i, fos. 228b, 239.

Repertory 19, fo. 98.

Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 371.

He was removed by order of Common Council, 13 Dec.,pre diversis magnis rebus dictam civitatem et negotia ejusdem tangentibus.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 376b.

Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 388b, 389, 394-395b. The queen to the mayor, etc., of London, 12 March.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1547-1580), p. 586.

Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 409b.

-Id., fos. 404, 408b, 412.

Repertory 19, fo. 346b.

This conjecture is made from the fact of a precept having been issued on the 20th Jan. for certain persons to furnish themselves with velvet coats, chains and horses, and a suitable suite, to wait upon the lord mayor on the following Saturday.—Journal 20, pt. ii, fo. 404b.

Burgon's "Life of Gresham," ii, 451-452.

Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 464, 480.

Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 315.

City Records known as "Remembrancia" (Printed Analytical Index), pp. 306, 330, 331, 350-352; Journal 20, pt. ii, fos. 373, 379, 407.

Remembrancia (Index), pp. 207, 331, 334; Journal 21, fo. 235b.

Remembrancia, vol. i, No. 331.

A reference to this defeat is to be found in the Dublin Assembly Roll under the year 1581.—"Cal. of Ancient Records of Dublin" (ed. by John T. Gilbert, 1891), ii, 155.

Bright, "Hist. of England," ii, 539.

Journal 21, fos. 19, 34, 52, 53, 69b-71b, 78b, etc.; Repertory 20, fos. 90, 117, 117b, 119b, etc.; Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 230-236.

Journal 21, fo. 329b.

Among Chamber Accountscirca1585 we find the following:—"Pd. the x of Dec. by order of Courte to Roger Warffeld Treasurorof Bridewell towards the conveyinge of all the Irishe begging people in and nere London to the Citie of Bristowe v1."—Chamber Accounts, Town Clerk's Office, vol. ii, fo. 17.

Repertory 16, fo. 350.

Repertory 18, fo. 167.

Journal 20, fo. 219b.

Journal 21, fo. 81b; Repertory 20, fo. 1b.

Journal 21, fo. 90.

-Id., fos. 114b, 135, 290, 322.

Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 364, 365.

As early as 1554 students had been supported by the Corporation and the Companies at the Universities.—Repertory 13, fos. 144b, 148, 150b.

Rembrancia, i, 250, 256 (Analytical Index, pp. 365, 366). Another difference shortly occurred between the corporation and the Bishop of London in October of this year. A dispute arose between them as to who was responsible for keeping St. Paul's Cathedral in repair, each party endeavouring to throw the burden upon the other (Id., Analytical Index, pp. 323-327); and in the following March (1582) Bishop Aylmer found cause to complain by letter of unbecoming treatment by the mayor, both of the bishop and his clergy, and threatened, unless matters changed for the better, to admonish the mayor publicly at Paul's Cross, "where the lord mayor must sit, not as a judge to control, but as a scholar to learn, and the writer, not as John Aylmer to be thwarted, but as John London, to teach him and all London."—(Id.,ibid., pp. 128-129).

Repertory 20, fo. 282.

Son of Richard Osborne, of Ashford, co. Kent. The story goes that he was apprenticed to Sir William Hewet, clothworker, and that he married his master's daughter, whom he had rescued from a watery grave in the Thames at London Bridge. His son, Sir Edward Osborne, was created a baronet by Charles I, and his grandson, Sir Thomas, made Duke of Leeds in 1692 by King William III.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 157. The right of holding musters in Southwark was again questioned; and the claim of the city was upheld by Sir Francis Walsingham. For this he received the thanks of the lord mayor by letter dated 15 Feb.—Id., p. 159.

"A lettre from the quenes maty for yemustringe of 4000 men, and also for the shewes on the evens of St. John Baptist and St. Peter thapostles."—Journal 21, fo. 421b.

Contin. of Holinshed, v, 599, 600.

Journal 21, fo. 388b.

Stow's Annals (ed. 1592), pp. 1198-1201.

Motley, "United Netherlands," i, pp. 318-324.

For particulars of his life see Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 284, note.

Journal 21, fo. 448b.

"Thaccompte of the saide chamberlyn for the transportacioun and necessary provision ofMMCCCCXXsoldiers into the lowe countryes of Flaunders."—Chamber Accounts, vol. ii, fos. 56-58b.

Motley, "United Netherlands," i, 340.

Chamber Accounts, ii, 134. The earl's honor of Denbigh, North Wales, was mortgaged to certain citizens of London, and not being redeemed, was afterwards purchased by the queen herself.—Repertory 22, fo. 287.

Repertory 21, fos. 308-311.

For many years after the passing of the Act (1 Edw. VI, c. 14) confiscating property devoted to "superstitious uses," the corporation and the livery companies were the objects of suspicion of holding "concealed lands,"i.e.lands held charged for superstitious uses, which they had failed to divulge. The appointment of a royal commission to search for such lands was submitted to the law officers of the city for consideration, 9 Sept., 1567.—Repertory 16, fo. 276b. Vexatious proceedings continued to be taken under the Act until the year 1623, when a Statute was passed, entitled "An Act for the General Quiet of the Subjects against all Pretences of Concealment whatsoever."—Stat. 21, James I, c. ii.

Journal 22, fo. 1.

-Id., fos. 26, 29.

Journal 22, fo. 37b; Repertory 21, fo. 288b.

Journal 22, fos. 52-53. Both the queen's letter and Dalton's speech are printed in Stow's Continuation of Holinshed, iv, 902-904.

Journal 22, fos. 48, 57b, 58; Repertory 21, fo. 327.

Proclamation, dated Richmond, 4 Dec., 1586.—Journal 22, fo. 67b.

Royal Proclamation against engrossers of corn, 2 Jan., 1587.—Journal 22, fo. 74.

Journal 22, fo. 64.

Repertory 21, fo. 370b.

Journal 21, fo. 136b.

Motley, "United Netherlands," ii, 281.

Journal 22, fos. 144, 161b, 166-167b, 170b.

Journal 22, fo. 190.

Only 1,000 men out of the force raised by the city went to Tilbury, and the earl only consented to receive this small contingent on condition they brought their own provisions with them, so scantily was the camp supplied with victuals through the queen's parsimony.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 244. Letter from Leicester to Walsingham, 26 July.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 513.

Leicester to Walsingham, 28 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 55.

William of Malmesbury bears similar testimony to the courage of Londoners under good leadership:Laudandi prorsus viri et quos Mars ipse collata non sperneret hasta si ducem habuissent.—Gesta Regum (Rolls Series, No. 90), i, 208.

Repertory 22, fo. 148b.

A list of "the London shippes" (including pinnaces), dated 19 July, 1588, is preserved among the State Papers (Domestic) at the Public Record Office (vol. ccxii, No. 68), and is set out in the Appendix to this work. Two other lists, dated 24 July, giving the names of the ships (exclusive of pinnaces) are also preserved (State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, Nos. 15, 16). Each of these lists give the number of vessels supplied by the city against the Armada as sixteen ships and four pinnaces, or as twenty ships (inclusive of pinnaces). It is not clear what was the authority of Stow (Howes's Chron., p. 743) for stating that the city, having been requested to furnish fifteen ships of war and 5,000 men, asked for two days to deliberate, and then furnished thirty ships and 10,000 men. At the same time there does exist a list of "shipps set forth and payde upon yecharge of yecity of London, anno 1588" (that is to say, the ships furnished by the city for that whole year), and that list contains the names of thirty ships, with the number of men on board each vessel and the names of the commanders.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxxxii, fos. 16, 16b.

Journal 22, fo. 173. The assessment was afterwards (19 April) settled at three shillings in the pound.—Id., fo. 175.

Journal 22, fos. 193, 200b.

Richard Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.

Hawkins to Walsingham, 31 July, 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 517.

Howard to the same, 21 July.—Id., p. 507.

Sir William Wynter to Walsingham, 1 Aug., 1588.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 521.

Journal 22, fo. 196b.

-Id., fo. 196.

Tomson to Walsingham, 30 July, 1588.—State Papers Dom., vol. ccxiii, No. 67.

Repertory 21, fo. 578.

Journal 22, fo. 200b; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 510.

Journal 22, fo. 197.

-Id., fo. 199b.

Journal 22, fo. 200.

Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 537.

Journal 22, fos. 233, 235.

Nichols' "Progresses of Q. Elizabeth," ii, 538, 539.

On the 7th Feb., 1583, previously to setting out on his last ill-fated expedition, Gilbert addressed a letter to Walsingham from "his house in Redcross Street."—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 95.

See the will of Dame Margaret Hawkins, dated 23 April, 1619.—Cal. of Wills, Court of Hust., London, ii, 745. The will contains many bequests of articles which savour of Spanish loot.

Strype, Stow's "Survey" (1720), bk. ii, p. 44.

Journal 22, fo. 202b.

Journal 22, fo. 210; Repertory 21, fos. 590b, 593; Repertory 22, fos. 15, 26b, 27; Cal. State Papers Dom. (1581-1590), p. 471.

Journal 22, fo. 252; Repertory 22, fo. 16b.

Journal 22, fos. 227b, 278.

Burghley and others to the mayor, 26 July, 1589.—Journal 22, fo. 312.

-Id., fo. 316b.

Journal 22, fo. 345b; Journal 23, fo. 79.

Journal 22, fo. 314.

Journal 22, fo. 321b.

-Id., fo. 326.

-Id., fo. 321.

Journal 23, fos. 35, 38.

July 24, 1591.—Remembrancia. i, 599 (Analytical Index, p. 408).

Journal 23, fos. 31, 43b, 48b; Repertory 22, fo. 284b.

Journal 23, fos. 68, 68b;Cf.Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 48, where the date of the letter is given as "May."

Journal 23, fos. 325b, 383b.

Journal 23, fos. 45-46b.

Journal 24, fo. 86.

Proclamation, dated 16 Sept., 1591.—Journal 23, fo. 47.

Journal 23, fo. 73.

-Id., fo. 71.

Proclamations, dated 8 Jan. and 26 Sept., 1592.—Journal 23, fos. 78b, 136.

The queen to the lord mayor, 6 Jan., 1592.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1591-1594), p. 168. The same to the same, 25 Jan.—Journal 23, fo. 87.

Journal 23, fos. 157, 167, 174, 224b; Repertory 23, fo. 29.

It was in 1592 that bills of mortality, kept by the parish clerks, were for the first time published.

Journal 23, fo. 204b.

Journal 23, fo. 266.

-Id., fos. 400, 402.

-Id., fo. 153.

Journal 23, fo. 290b. The number was afterwards reduced to 350 men.—Id., fo. 296b; Remembrancia, ii, 3, 27, 30.

Journal 23, fo. 290.

-Id., fo. 289.

Journal 23, fo. 293. The names, tonnage and crews of the ships are thus given (Remembrancia, ii, 26):—The Assention, 400 tons, 100 mariners; The Consent, 350 tons, 100 mariners; The Susan Bonadventure, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Cherubim, 300 tons, 70 mariners; The Minion, 180 tons, 50 mariners; and The Primrose, 180 tons, 50 mariners. Only one pinnace is mentioned, of 50 tons, with 20 mariners.

Journal 23, fo. 323b.

Chamberlain's Letters,temp., Eliz. (Camd. Soc., No. 79), p. 50. The writer was a son of Richard Chamberlain, a city alderman.

Alderman of Tower Ward; Sheriff 1584-5; Mayor 1597.

Repertory 24, fo. 410b.

Repertory 25, fo. 216b.

The letter is printedin extensoin Chambers' "Book of Days," i, 464, and in Goodman's "Court of James I," ii, 127.

Journal 24, fos. 79b, 81, 82, 82b.

-Id., fo. 85b.

Journal 24, fos. 105, 144.

-Id., fo. 84b.

Macaulay's "Essay on Lord Bacon."

Journal 24, fo. 145.

-Id., fos. 146b, 149.

Journal 24, fos. 110-111, 129b.; Repertory 23, fo. 594b.

Journal 24, fos. 124, 154b, 157b.

The queen to the mayor, 25 July; the lords of the council to the same, 26 July.—Journal 24, fo. 142.

Journal 24, fos. 173, 175.

The same dissatisfaction at the result of the Cadiz expedition so far as it affected the citizens of London was displayed in a previous letter from the mayor to the lords of the Privy Council (3 Nov.) in answer to a demand for 3,000 men and three ships to ride at Tilbury Hope and give notice of the approach of the Spanish fleet.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), pp. 243, 244.

Repertory 24, fo. 60b.

Journal 24, fos. 210b-213b, 216, 217.

Journal 24, fos. 324b, 325, 329b; Repertory 24, fos. 268, 287, 306;Id.25, fo. 4b. Elizabeth asked for £40,000, but only succeeded in getting half that sum.—Chamberlain's Letters, p. 15.

Journal 25, fos. 34, 47b, 48; Repertory 24, fo. 352b. In July, 1600, a deputation was appointed to wait upon the lords of the council touching the repayment of this loan.—Repertory 25, fo. 119b. It still remained unpaid in Feb., 1604.—Journal 26, fo. 163b. By the end of 1606 £20,000 had been paid off.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 188; Repertory 27, fo. 278. And by July, 1607, the whole was repaid.—Howes's Chron., p. 890.

Journal 25, fos. 74b, 75, 77b-78b, 81, 81b, 82b-84, etc.

Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.

Journal 25, fo. 79b.

-Id., fos. 80, 80b.

Chamberlain's Letters, p. 59.

Chamberlain's Letters, p. 61; Journal 25, fos. 81, 84b.

Journal 25, fo. 238.

Journal 25. fo. 245; Letter Book BB, fo. 85. He was deprived of his aldermanry of the Ward of Farringdon Without and debarred from ever becoming alderman of any other ward "for causes sufficiently made known" to the Court of Aldermen.

Repertory 25, fos. 209b, 213.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 546.

Secretary Cecil to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and others, 10 Feb., 1601.—Cal. State Papers Dom. (1598-1601), p. 547.

Proclamation, dated 9 Feb., 1601.—Journal 25, fo. 240b.

Repertory 25, fos. 213, 246.

Journal 25, fos. 242, 243, 243b.

Cal. State Papers Dom. (1601-1603), pp. 16, 26, 89, 90.

Journal 25, fos. 137, 161b, 166, 179, 189, 190, 218b, 223, 237, 237b, 262b-265b, 293, 295, 301, 302b, 313b, 315; Journal 26, fos. 16b-19.

Repertory 25, fo. 296b.

Repertory 24, fos. 343, 354; Repertory 25, fos. 165-175. The Steelyard was re-opened in 1606.—Journal 27, fo. 66.

Letter from Sir Christopher Hatton to the mayor, 27 Nov., 1583.—Remembrancia (Analytical Index), p. 407.

Journal 26, fo. 42.

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