CONTENTSCHAPTER XV. ORGANISATION AND PUBLIC POSITION OF THE NEW CHURCHpages3-1081.Luther’s Religious Situation. Was his Reaction a Break with Radicalism?The New Church, with its binding formularies of faith and its constituted authorities, contrasted with Luther’s earlier demands for freedom from all outward bonds. The change which occurred in his mind in 1522. What prompted the reaction? Did Luther, prior to 1522, ever cherish the idea of a “religion minus dogma”? His clear design from the beginning to preserve all the Christian elements deemed by him essential. His assertion of the freedom of the Christian; the negations it logically involved pass unperceived. Greater stress laid on the positive elements after 1522; the subjective counter-current. Ecclesiastical anarchy. Modern Protestants more willing than was Luther to push his principles to their legitimate consequences. Conclusion: The reaction which set in in 1522 implied no real change of view. How Luther contrived to conceal from himself and from others the incompatibility of his leaningspages3-212.From the Congregational to the State Church. Secularisations.Previous to espousing the idea of the Congregational Church Luther invites the secular authorities to interfere; his “An den christlichen Adel”; his hopes shattered; Luther’s new ideal: the Evangel not intended for all; the assembly of true Christians; the Wittenberg congregation and the model one established at Leisnig. The Congregational Church proving impracticable, Luther advocates a popular Church; its evolution into the State Church as it afterwards obtained in Protestant Germany. Secularisation of church property in the Saxon Electorate. Luther’s view as to the use to which church property should be put by the rulers; he complains of princely avarice. Secularisation of the marriage-courts; matrimonial cases dealt with by secular lawyers; Luther’s antipathy for lawyers, how accounted forpages21-433.The Question of the Religious War; Luther’s Vacillating Attitude. The League of Schmalkalden, 1531.Luther casts all reserve to the winds; his resolve to proceedregardless of the consequences. His earlier opposition to armed resistance; his memoranda on the subject clearly evince his hesitation. His change of view in 1530; reasons why he veered round; the change kept secret; difficulties with the Nurembergers; a tell-tale memorandum published by Cochlæus. The League of Schmalkalden; Luther’s hopes and fears; a new memorandum. Luther’s misgivings regarding Philip of Hesse’s invasion of Würtemberg; the expedition turning out successful is blessed by Luther. The religious war in Luther’s private conversations in later years. Later memoranda. A question from Brandenburg. Later attempts to deny the authenticity of the document signed by Luther in 1530pages43-764.The Turks Without and the Turks [Papists] Within the Empire.The danger looming in the East. Luther’s earlier pronouncements (previous to 1524) against any military measures being taken to prevent the Turkish inroads; attitude of the preachers; imminent danger of the Empire after the battle of Mohacz; Luther’s “Vom Kriege widder die Türcken” registers a change of front; his “Heer-Predigt widder den Türcken” and the approval it conveys of warlike measures against the invader; he robs his call to arms of most of its force by insisting on his pet ideas; his later sayings on the subject; the Turk not so dangerous a foe as Poperypages76-935.Luther’s Nationalism and Patriotism.Luther’s sayings about the virtues and vices of his own countrymen; his teaching sunders the Empire and undermines the Imperial authority; his advocacy of resistance; the “Prophet of the Germans”; discouragement of trade and science; Döllinger on Luther as the typical German; the power of the strong man gifted with a facile tonguepages93-108CHAPTER XVI. THE DIVINE MISSION AND ITS MANIFESTATIONSpages109-1681.Growth of Luther’s Idea of his Divine Mission.His conviction of his special call and enlightenment; his determination to brook no doubt; all his actions controlled from on high; finds a confirmation of his opinion in the extent of his success and in his deliverance from his enemies; his untiring labours and disregard for personal advancement; the problem presented by the union in him of the fanatic mystic with the homely, cheerful man enjoying to the full the good things that come his way; his superstitions; his “temptations” promote his progress in wisdom. His consciousness of his Mission intensified at critical junctures, for instance, during his stay at the Wartburg; his letter to Staupitz in 1522; his statement: It is God’s Word. Let what cannot stand fallpages109-1282.His Mission Alleged against the Papists.How Luther describes the Pope and his Court; his call to reform Catholics generally; his caricature of Erasmus; how later Protestants have taken Luther’s claims. Luther’s apocalyptic dreams; his exegesis of Daniel viii.; the Papal Antichrist: A system rather than a man; Luther’s work on Chronology. The Monk-Calf as a Divine sign of the abomination of Popery and monasticism. Luther’s “Amen” to Melanchthon’s Pope-Asspages128-1533.Proofs of the Divine Mission. Miracles and Prophecies.Luther on the proofs required to establish an extraordinary mission. The distinction between ordinary and extraordinary calls. His appeal to the rapid diffusion of his doctrine; the real explanation of this spread not far to seek. His appeal to his doctorate, to his appointment by authority, and, finally, to the “Word of Truth” which was the burden of his preaching. Luther’s account of the “miracle” of Florentina’s escape from her convent. His unwillingness to ask for the grace of working miracles; his demand that the fanatics should work miracles to substantiate their claims; his allusions to the power of his own prayer in restoring the sick to health. The gift of prophecy; Luther loath to predict anything “lest it should come true.” His own so-called predictions. Earlier predictions of mystics and astrologers taken by him as referring to himselfpages153-168CHAPTER XVII. GLIMPSES OF A REFORMER’S MORALSpages169-3181.Luther’s Vocation: His Standard of Life.What may rightly be looked for in a reformer of the Church. Luther’s contemporaries on his shortcomings: Joh. Findling, Erasmus, and Ferreri. The remedy proposed by Luther to drive away depression, viz. self-indulgencepages169-1802.Some of Luther’s Practical Principles of Life.His contradictory views on sin, and on penance; his ideas suited to meet his own case and to relieve his own conscience. His attitude towards human endeavour; predestination and unfreedom; the devil’s dominion; the failings of the Saints. “Be a sinner and sin boldly, but believe more boldly still.” Protestant strictures on Luther’s doctrine of sinpages180-1993.Luther’s Admissions Concerning his own Practice and Virtue.Luther on the weakness of his own faith, his doubts, his utter misery, and the shortcomings of his life. His attitude towards prayer; prayer mingled with imprecation; his threatened prayer against dishonest brewers. Christian joy and peace. Preparation for the sacraments. Mortification and self-conquest. Mediocrity as the aim of ethics. Lack of zeal for the salvation of all men; disregard for missionary work. Luther in his home; minor disappointmentspages200-2174.The Table-Talk and the First Notes of the Same.Luther’s evening conversations at Wittenberg recorded by his friends; utility of the notes they left; Walch, Kroker and others on the authority of these notes. Excerpts from the Table-Talk: The pith of the new religion, viz. confidence in Christ. Catholic practices and institutions described: The Mass, fasting, confession, the religious life. Praises heaped on the Table-Talk by Luther’s early disciples. Luther himself responsible for the foulness of the language. Pommer’s way of dealing with the devil. Filthy references to the Pope; unseemly comparisons; “adorabunt nostra stercora.” Such language by no means confined to the Table-Talk; a few quotations from Luther’s “Wider das Bapstum zu Rom.” An excuse alleged, viz. that such language was then quite usual. Sir Thomas More’s protest. A modern defender of Luther. The real explanation of Luther’s unrestraintpages217-2415.On Marriage and Sexuality.On the imperative necessity of marriage; the irresistibility of the natural impulse; the world full of adulterers? The “miracle” of voluntary and chaste celibacy. Luther’s animus against Popish celibacy. His loosening of the marriage-bond. Cases in which marriage is annulled. Meaning of the words “If the wife refuse, then let the maid come.” A modern secularist’s appeal to Luther’s principles. Polygamy. Luther, after some hesitation, comes to tolerate polygamy, but makes it a matter of theforum internum. The opinions of Catholic theologians. “Secret marriages” and concubinage; what those have to do who are forbidden by law to contract marriage. Denial of the sacramental character of matrimony. Luther’s tone in speaking of things sexual; a letter to Spalatin; regret expressed for offensive manner of speech; odious comparisons contained in his “Vom Schem Hamphoras” (against the Jews) and “Wider Hans Worst” (against the Catholics); improper anecdotes; Luther, like Abraham, “the father of a great people,” viz. of the children of all the monks and nuns who discarded their vowspages241-2736.Contemporary Complaints. Later False Reports.Simon Lemnius; fanatics and Anabaptists; Catholics: Hieronymus Dungersheim, Duke George, Ambrosius Catharinus, Hoyer of Mansfeld; Protestants: Melanchthon, Leo Judae, Zwingli, Bullinger, Joh. Agricola. How far the complaints were grounded. Apocryphal legends to Luther’s discredit: Had Luther three children of his own apart from those born to him by Bora? His jesting letters to his wife not to be taken seriously. Did he indulge in the “worst orgies” with the escaped nuns in the Black Monastery of Wittenberg? The passages “which will not bear repetition.” Whether Luther as a young monk declared he would bring things to such a pass as to be able to marry a girl; Wolfgang Agricola’s authority for this statement and the information he gives concerning Spalatin. Luther’s stay as a boy in Cotta’s house at Eisenach no ground for a charge of immorality.Did Luther describe the lot of the hog as the most enviable goal of happiness? Did he allow the validity of marriage between brother and sister? Whether he counselled people to pray for many wives and few children; variants of an ancient rhyme. Did he include wives in the “daily bread” for which we pray in the Our Father? Was he the inventor of the proverb: “Who loves not woman, wine and song, remains a fool his whole life long”?pages273-2947.The “Good Drink.”Need of examining critically the charges made against Luther; the number of his literary productions scarcely compatible with his having been an habitual drunkard. Testimonies of Musculus, the “Dicta Melanchthoniana,” Ickelsamer, Lemnius, etc. Opinions of Catholics: Catharinus, Hoyer of Mansfeld, Joh. Landau and others. Luther’s own statements about his “Good Drink”; his reasons for such indulgence; his distinction between drinking and drunkenness; his reprobation of habitual drunkenness. Melanchthon and Mathesius, two witnesses to Luther’s temperance. From the cellar and the tap-room; gifts in kind made to Luther; his calls on the cellar of the Wittenberg council; the signature “Doctor plenus” appended to one of his letters to be read as “Doctor Johannes”; the “old wine” of the Coburg and Luther’s indisposition in 1530; beerversuswinepages294-318CHAPTER XVIII. LUTHER AND MELANCHTHONpages319-3781.Melanchthon in the Service of Lutheranism, 1518-30.What Luther owed to his friend. Their earlier relations; Luther’s unstinted praise; Melanchthon’s apprehensions; his work during the Visitation in 1527; is horrified by Luther’s language to Duke George and saddened by the “Protest” of the dissidents at Spires. Melanchthon at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530. The “Augsburg Confession” and its “Apology” characteristic of the writer; his admission regarding the use he had made of the name of St. Augustine; his letter to Cardinal Campeggio; some contemporaries on Melanchthon’s “duplicity”; the Gospel proviso; Melanchthon judged by modern historians; Luther consoles his friend. The “Erasmian” intermediarypages319-3462.Disagreements and Accord between Luther and Melanchthon.Melanchthon first accepts the whole of Luther’s doctrine, but afterwards deviates from it even in essentials; his antipathy to the denial of freedom and to absolute predestination to hell, to faith alone and to the denial of the value of works. Penance and the motive of fear. Differs from Luther on the question of the Supper and gradually approaches the Zwinglian standpoint. Points of accord with Luther; he shares Luther’s superstition and belief in the Papal Antichrist; has unjustly been accused of being more tolerant than his master; his ideal a pedagogic onepages346-3603.Melanchthon at the Zenith of his Career. His Mental Sufferings.His interest in the promotion of studies; his correspondence; his intimacy with Luther; his disappointment; what he disliked in Luther; he meets with little sympathy in Luther’s circle, though Luther’s personal esteem never fails him; the rumour that he was disposed to return to the Catholic fold; his willingness to find congenial employment away from Wittenberg; his tendency to leave religious affairs in the hands of the Statepages360-378CHAPTER XIX. LUTHER’S RELATIONS WITH ZWINGLI, CARLSTADT, BUGENHAGEN AND OTHERSpages379-4161.Zwingli and the Controversy on the Supper.Earlier relationship between Zwingli and Luther; their divergent opinions on the Eucharist; the Marburg Conference between the two; the power behind this Conference; Luther on Zwingli’s untimely endpages379-3852.Carlstadt.Finding Wittenberg too warm, Carlstadt removes to Orlamünde; his meeting with Luther in the Black Bear Inn at Jena; he goes to Strasburg, and thence to Rothenburg; he is driven by want to accept Luther’s conditions; he breaks his promise, escapes to Switzerland and receives an appointment at Basle. What Luther says of him in the Table-Talk and in his “Widder die hymelischen Propheten”: The defects of Carlstadt’s mission, his violent behaviour, his attachment to the Decalogue, his wrong interpretation of the Supper, his stress on the inward rather than on the outward Word, his unacquaintance with “temptations”pages385-4003.Johann Agricola, Jacob Schenk, and Johann Egranus.Luther on Agricola. Schenk and the question of the Law; an encounter between Schenk and Luther. Egranus’s dissatisfaction with Luther; Luther’s references to the “brood of Erasmus”; the burden of Egranus’s complaintspages400-4044.Bugenhagen, Jonas and Others.Luther’s admiration for Amsdorf and Brenz. Bugenhagen, a legate “a facie et a corde”; his antecedents; becomes pastor of Wittenberg; his missionary labours; his intimacy with Luther; his letters from Denmark; a female demoniac. Friendship between Luther and Jonas as attested by the Table-Talk; chief events of Jonas’s lifepages404-416CHAPTER XX. ATTEMPTS AT UNION IN VIEW OF THE PROPOSED COUNCILpages417-4491.Zürich, Münster, the Wittenberg Concord, 1536.The Swiss theologians on Luther and his doctrine. TheAnabaptists and Luther’s opinion of their doings at Münster. Pope Paul III. Efforts of the Protestants to reach an understanding among themselves; Martin Bucer; the Wittenberg Concord; attempts to secure the adhesion of the Swiss; Luther pockets his scruples; collapse of the negotiations; Luther’s “Kurtz Bekentnis”pages417-4242.Efforts in View of a Council. Vergerio visits Luther.Pope Paul III. determines to hold a Council at Mantua in 1537. Vergerio dispatched by the Pope to Germany to smooth the way; the Legate invites Luther to breakfast with him at the Castle of Wittenberg; his description of his guest; his own subsequent apostasypages424-4303.The Schmalkalden Assembly of 1537. Luther’s Illness.The Schmalkalden League. The league of the Catholic Princes. Luther’s “Artickel” for the Schmalkalden convention. Melanchthon’s endeavour to arrange matters. Luther’s willingness to promote the Council. The discussions at Schmalkalden; Melanchthon’s backhanded proceedings. Luther, prostrated by an attack of stone, desires to be removed so as not to die in a town defiled by the presence of a Papal envoy. His parting benediction: “Deus vos impleat odio Papæ.” The agreement subsequently reached at Schmalkalden. Luther makes his “First Will”; his recovery; his imprecatory Paternosterpages430-4384.Luther’s Spirit in Melanchthon.Melanchthon’s sudden change of attitude whilst at Schmalkalden; he emulates Luther; reason of the change; Melanchthon’s preference for the “needle,” Luther’s for the “hog-spear.” Melanchthon’s work for Luther in the Antinomian and Osiander controversies; his “Confessio Augustana variata” tacitly sanctioned by Luther; Bucer and Melanchthon and the “Cologne Book of Reform”; Bucer is violently taken to task by Luther, but Melanchthon is spared. The last joint work of Luther and Melanchthon, viz. the “Wittenberg Reformation” (1545)pages438-449VOL. IIITHE REFORMER (I)
CONTENTSCHAPTER XV. ORGANISATION AND PUBLIC POSITION OF THE NEW CHURCHpages3-1081.Luther’s Religious Situation. Was his Reaction a Break with Radicalism?The New Church, with its binding formularies of faith and its constituted authorities, contrasted with Luther’s earlier demands for freedom from all outward bonds. The change which occurred in his mind in 1522. What prompted the reaction? Did Luther, prior to 1522, ever cherish the idea of a “religion minus dogma”? His clear design from the beginning to preserve all the Christian elements deemed by him essential. His assertion of the freedom of the Christian; the negations it logically involved pass unperceived. Greater stress laid on the positive elements after 1522; the subjective counter-current. Ecclesiastical anarchy. Modern Protestants more willing than was Luther to push his principles to their legitimate consequences. Conclusion: The reaction which set in in 1522 implied no real change of view. How Luther contrived to conceal from himself and from others the incompatibility of his leaningspages3-212.From the Congregational to the State Church. Secularisations.Previous to espousing the idea of the Congregational Church Luther invites the secular authorities to interfere; his “An den christlichen Adel”; his hopes shattered; Luther’s new ideal: the Evangel not intended for all; the assembly of true Christians; the Wittenberg congregation and the model one established at Leisnig. The Congregational Church proving impracticable, Luther advocates a popular Church; its evolution into the State Church as it afterwards obtained in Protestant Germany. Secularisation of church property in the Saxon Electorate. Luther’s view as to the use to which church property should be put by the rulers; he complains of princely avarice. Secularisation of the marriage-courts; matrimonial cases dealt with by secular lawyers; Luther’s antipathy for lawyers, how accounted forpages21-433.The Question of the Religious War; Luther’s Vacillating Attitude. The League of Schmalkalden, 1531.Luther casts all reserve to the winds; his resolve to proceedregardless of the consequences. His earlier opposition to armed resistance; his memoranda on the subject clearly evince his hesitation. His change of view in 1530; reasons why he veered round; the change kept secret; difficulties with the Nurembergers; a tell-tale memorandum published by Cochlæus. The League of Schmalkalden; Luther’s hopes and fears; a new memorandum. Luther’s misgivings regarding Philip of Hesse’s invasion of Würtemberg; the expedition turning out successful is blessed by Luther. The religious war in Luther’s private conversations in later years. Later memoranda. A question from Brandenburg. Later attempts to deny the authenticity of the document signed by Luther in 1530pages43-764.The Turks Without and the Turks [Papists] Within the Empire.The danger looming in the East. Luther’s earlier pronouncements (previous to 1524) against any military measures being taken to prevent the Turkish inroads; attitude of the preachers; imminent danger of the Empire after the battle of Mohacz; Luther’s “Vom Kriege widder die Türcken” registers a change of front; his “Heer-Predigt widder den Türcken” and the approval it conveys of warlike measures against the invader; he robs his call to arms of most of its force by insisting on his pet ideas; his later sayings on the subject; the Turk not so dangerous a foe as Poperypages76-935.Luther’s Nationalism and Patriotism.Luther’s sayings about the virtues and vices of his own countrymen; his teaching sunders the Empire and undermines the Imperial authority; his advocacy of resistance; the “Prophet of the Germans”; discouragement of trade and science; Döllinger on Luther as the typical German; the power of the strong man gifted with a facile tonguepages93-108CHAPTER XVI. THE DIVINE MISSION AND ITS MANIFESTATIONSpages109-1681.Growth of Luther’s Idea of his Divine Mission.His conviction of his special call and enlightenment; his determination to brook no doubt; all his actions controlled from on high; finds a confirmation of his opinion in the extent of his success and in his deliverance from his enemies; his untiring labours and disregard for personal advancement; the problem presented by the union in him of the fanatic mystic with the homely, cheerful man enjoying to the full the good things that come his way; his superstitions; his “temptations” promote his progress in wisdom. His consciousness of his Mission intensified at critical junctures, for instance, during his stay at the Wartburg; his letter to Staupitz in 1522; his statement: It is God’s Word. Let what cannot stand fallpages109-1282.His Mission Alleged against the Papists.How Luther describes the Pope and his Court; his call to reform Catholics generally; his caricature of Erasmus; how later Protestants have taken Luther’s claims. Luther’s apocalyptic dreams; his exegesis of Daniel viii.; the Papal Antichrist: A system rather than a man; Luther’s work on Chronology. The Monk-Calf as a Divine sign of the abomination of Popery and monasticism. Luther’s “Amen” to Melanchthon’s Pope-Asspages128-1533.Proofs of the Divine Mission. Miracles and Prophecies.Luther on the proofs required to establish an extraordinary mission. The distinction between ordinary and extraordinary calls. His appeal to the rapid diffusion of his doctrine; the real explanation of this spread not far to seek. His appeal to his doctorate, to his appointment by authority, and, finally, to the “Word of Truth” which was the burden of his preaching. Luther’s account of the “miracle” of Florentina’s escape from her convent. His unwillingness to ask for the grace of working miracles; his demand that the fanatics should work miracles to substantiate their claims; his allusions to the power of his own prayer in restoring the sick to health. The gift of prophecy; Luther loath to predict anything “lest it should come true.” His own so-called predictions. Earlier predictions of mystics and astrologers taken by him as referring to himselfpages153-168CHAPTER XVII. GLIMPSES OF A REFORMER’S MORALSpages169-3181.Luther’s Vocation: His Standard of Life.What may rightly be looked for in a reformer of the Church. Luther’s contemporaries on his shortcomings: Joh. Findling, Erasmus, and Ferreri. The remedy proposed by Luther to drive away depression, viz. self-indulgencepages169-1802.Some of Luther’s Practical Principles of Life.His contradictory views on sin, and on penance; his ideas suited to meet his own case and to relieve his own conscience. His attitude towards human endeavour; predestination and unfreedom; the devil’s dominion; the failings of the Saints. “Be a sinner and sin boldly, but believe more boldly still.” Protestant strictures on Luther’s doctrine of sinpages180-1993.Luther’s Admissions Concerning his own Practice and Virtue.Luther on the weakness of his own faith, his doubts, his utter misery, and the shortcomings of his life. His attitude towards prayer; prayer mingled with imprecation; his threatened prayer against dishonest brewers. Christian joy and peace. Preparation for the sacraments. Mortification and self-conquest. Mediocrity as the aim of ethics. Lack of zeal for the salvation of all men; disregard for missionary work. Luther in his home; minor disappointmentspages200-2174.The Table-Talk and the First Notes of the Same.Luther’s evening conversations at Wittenberg recorded by his friends; utility of the notes they left; Walch, Kroker and others on the authority of these notes. Excerpts from the Table-Talk: The pith of the new religion, viz. confidence in Christ. Catholic practices and institutions described: The Mass, fasting, confession, the religious life. Praises heaped on the Table-Talk by Luther’s early disciples. Luther himself responsible for the foulness of the language. Pommer’s way of dealing with the devil. Filthy references to the Pope; unseemly comparisons; “adorabunt nostra stercora.” Such language by no means confined to the Table-Talk; a few quotations from Luther’s “Wider das Bapstum zu Rom.” An excuse alleged, viz. that such language was then quite usual. Sir Thomas More’s protest. A modern defender of Luther. The real explanation of Luther’s unrestraintpages217-2415.On Marriage and Sexuality.On the imperative necessity of marriage; the irresistibility of the natural impulse; the world full of adulterers? The “miracle” of voluntary and chaste celibacy. Luther’s animus against Popish celibacy. His loosening of the marriage-bond. Cases in which marriage is annulled. Meaning of the words “If the wife refuse, then let the maid come.” A modern secularist’s appeal to Luther’s principles. Polygamy. Luther, after some hesitation, comes to tolerate polygamy, but makes it a matter of theforum internum. The opinions of Catholic theologians. “Secret marriages” and concubinage; what those have to do who are forbidden by law to contract marriage. Denial of the sacramental character of matrimony. Luther’s tone in speaking of things sexual; a letter to Spalatin; regret expressed for offensive manner of speech; odious comparisons contained in his “Vom Schem Hamphoras” (against the Jews) and “Wider Hans Worst” (against the Catholics); improper anecdotes; Luther, like Abraham, “the father of a great people,” viz. of the children of all the monks and nuns who discarded their vowspages241-2736.Contemporary Complaints. Later False Reports.Simon Lemnius; fanatics and Anabaptists; Catholics: Hieronymus Dungersheim, Duke George, Ambrosius Catharinus, Hoyer of Mansfeld; Protestants: Melanchthon, Leo Judae, Zwingli, Bullinger, Joh. Agricola. How far the complaints were grounded. Apocryphal legends to Luther’s discredit: Had Luther three children of his own apart from those born to him by Bora? His jesting letters to his wife not to be taken seriously. Did he indulge in the “worst orgies” with the escaped nuns in the Black Monastery of Wittenberg? The passages “which will not bear repetition.” Whether Luther as a young monk declared he would bring things to such a pass as to be able to marry a girl; Wolfgang Agricola’s authority for this statement and the information he gives concerning Spalatin. Luther’s stay as a boy in Cotta’s house at Eisenach no ground for a charge of immorality.Did Luther describe the lot of the hog as the most enviable goal of happiness? Did he allow the validity of marriage between brother and sister? Whether he counselled people to pray for many wives and few children; variants of an ancient rhyme. Did he include wives in the “daily bread” for which we pray in the Our Father? Was he the inventor of the proverb: “Who loves not woman, wine and song, remains a fool his whole life long”?pages273-2947.The “Good Drink.”Need of examining critically the charges made against Luther; the number of his literary productions scarcely compatible with his having been an habitual drunkard. Testimonies of Musculus, the “Dicta Melanchthoniana,” Ickelsamer, Lemnius, etc. Opinions of Catholics: Catharinus, Hoyer of Mansfeld, Joh. Landau and others. Luther’s own statements about his “Good Drink”; his reasons for such indulgence; his distinction between drinking and drunkenness; his reprobation of habitual drunkenness. Melanchthon and Mathesius, two witnesses to Luther’s temperance. From the cellar and the tap-room; gifts in kind made to Luther; his calls on the cellar of the Wittenberg council; the signature “Doctor plenus” appended to one of his letters to be read as “Doctor Johannes”; the “old wine” of the Coburg and Luther’s indisposition in 1530; beerversuswinepages294-318CHAPTER XVIII. LUTHER AND MELANCHTHONpages319-3781.Melanchthon in the Service of Lutheranism, 1518-30.What Luther owed to his friend. Their earlier relations; Luther’s unstinted praise; Melanchthon’s apprehensions; his work during the Visitation in 1527; is horrified by Luther’s language to Duke George and saddened by the “Protest” of the dissidents at Spires. Melanchthon at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530. The “Augsburg Confession” and its “Apology” characteristic of the writer; his admission regarding the use he had made of the name of St. Augustine; his letter to Cardinal Campeggio; some contemporaries on Melanchthon’s “duplicity”; the Gospel proviso; Melanchthon judged by modern historians; Luther consoles his friend. The “Erasmian” intermediarypages319-3462.Disagreements and Accord between Luther and Melanchthon.Melanchthon first accepts the whole of Luther’s doctrine, but afterwards deviates from it even in essentials; his antipathy to the denial of freedom and to absolute predestination to hell, to faith alone and to the denial of the value of works. Penance and the motive of fear. Differs from Luther on the question of the Supper and gradually approaches the Zwinglian standpoint. Points of accord with Luther; he shares Luther’s superstition and belief in the Papal Antichrist; has unjustly been accused of being more tolerant than his master; his ideal a pedagogic onepages346-3603.Melanchthon at the Zenith of his Career. His Mental Sufferings.His interest in the promotion of studies; his correspondence; his intimacy with Luther; his disappointment; what he disliked in Luther; he meets with little sympathy in Luther’s circle, though Luther’s personal esteem never fails him; the rumour that he was disposed to return to the Catholic fold; his willingness to find congenial employment away from Wittenberg; his tendency to leave religious affairs in the hands of the Statepages360-378CHAPTER XIX. LUTHER’S RELATIONS WITH ZWINGLI, CARLSTADT, BUGENHAGEN AND OTHERSpages379-4161.Zwingli and the Controversy on the Supper.Earlier relationship between Zwingli and Luther; their divergent opinions on the Eucharist; the Marburg Conference between the two; the power behind this Conference; Luther on Zwingli’s untimely endpages379-3852.Carlstadt.Finding Wittenberg too warm, Carlstadt removes to Orlamünde; his meeting with Luther in the Black Bear Inn at Jena; he goes to Strasburg, and thence to Rothenburg; he is driven by want to accept Luther’s conditions; he breaks his promise, escapes to Switzerland and receives an appointment at Basle. What Luther says of him in the Table-Talk and in his “Widder die hymelischen Propheten”: The defects of Carlstadt’s mission, his violent behaviour, his attachment to the Decalogue, his wrong interpretation of the Supper, his stress on the inward rather than on the outward Word, his unacquaintance with “temptations”pages385-4003.Johann Agricola, Jacob Schenk, and Johann Egranus.Luther on Agricola. Schenk and the question of the Law; an encounter between Schenk and Luther. Egranus’s dissatisfaction with Luther; Luther’s references to the “brood of Erasmus”; the burden of Egranus’s complaintspages400-4044.Bugenhagen, Jonas and Others.Luther’s admiration for Amsdorf and Brenz. Bugenhagen, a legate “a facie et a corde”; his antecedents; becomes pastor of Wittenberg; his missionary labours; his intimacy with Luther; his letters from Denmark; a female demoniac. Friendship between Luther and Jonas as attested by the Table-Talk; chief events of Jonas’s lifepages404-416CHAPTER XX. ATTEMPTS AT UNION IN VIEW OF THE PROPOSED COUNCILpages417-4491.Zürich, Münster, the Wittenberg Concord, 1536.The Swiss theologians on Luther and his doctrine. TheAnabaptists and Luther’s opinion of their doings at Münster. Pope Paul III. Efforts of the Protestants to reach an understanding among themselves; Martin Bucer; the Wittenberg Concord; attempts to secure the adhesion of the Swiss; Luther pockets his scruples; collapse of the negotiations; Luther’s “Kurtz Bekentnis”pages417-4242.Efforts in View of a Council. Vergerio visits Luther.Pope Paul III. determines to hold a Council at Mantua in 1537. Vergerio dispatched by the Pope to Germany to smooth the way; the Legate invites Luther to breakfast with him at the Castle of Wittenberg; his description of his guest; his own subsequent apostasypages424-4303.The Schmalkalden Assembly of 1537. Luther’s Illness.The Schmalkalden League. The league of the Catholic Princes. Luther’s “Artickel” for the Schmalkalden convention. Melanchthon’s endeavour to arrange matters. Luther’s willingness to promote the Council. The discussions at Schmalkalden; Melanchthon’s backhanded proceedings. Luther, prostrated by an attack of stone, desires to be removed so as not to die in a town defiled by the presence of a Papal envoy. His parting benediction: “Deus vos impleat odio Papæ.” The agreement subsequently reached at Schmalkalden. Luther makes his “First Will”; his recovery; his imprecatory Paternosterpages430-4384.Luther’s Spirit in Melanchthon.Melanchthon’s sudden change of attitude whilst at Schmalkalden; he emulates Luther; reason of the change; Melanchthon’s preference for the “needle,” Luther’s for the “hog-spear.” Melanchthon’s work for Luther in the Antinomian and Osiander controversies; his “Confessio Augustana variata” tacitly sanctioned by Luther; Bucer and Melanchthon and the “Cologne Book of Reform”; Bucer is violently taken to task by Luther, but Melanchthon is spared. The last joint work of Luther and Melanchthon, viz. the “Wittenberg Reformation” (1545)pages438-449VOL. IIITHE REFORMER (I)
VOL. III
THE REFORMER (I)