CONTENTSCHAPTER XXI. PRINCELY MARRIAGESpages3-791.Luther and Henry VIII of England. Bigamy instead of Divorce.The case of Henry VIII; Robert Barnes is despatched to Wittenberg; Luther proposes bigamy as a safer expedient than divorce (1531); Melanchthon’s advice:Tutissimum est regito take a second spouse. The conduct of Pope Clement VII. The Protestant Princes of Germany endeavour to secure the good-will of the King of England; final collapse of the negotiations; Luther’s later allusions to Henry VIIIpages3-132.The Bigamy of Philip of Hesse.The question put by Philip to Luther in 1526; Philip well informed as to Luther’s views. Bucer deputed by the Landgrave to secure the sanction of Wittenberg for his projected bigamy; Bucer’s mission crowned with success; Philip weds Margaret von der Sale; Luther’s kindly offices rewarded by a cask of wine; the bigamy becomes known at the Court of Dresden; the Landgrave is incensed by Bucer’s proposal that he should deny having committed bigamy. Luther endeavours to retire behind the plea that his permission was a “dispensation,” a piece of advice given “in confession,” and, accordingly, not to be alleged in public. Some interesting letters of Luther to his sovereign and to Hesse; his private utterances on the subject recorded in the Table-Talk. “Si queam mutare!” The Eisenach Conference; Luther counsels the Landgrave to tell a good, lusty lie; the Landgrave’s annoyance. Melanchthon’s worries; an expurgated letter of his on Landgrave Philip. Duke Henry of Brunswick enters the field against Luther and the Landgrave; Luther’s stinging reply: “Wider Hans Worst.” Johann Lening’s “Dialogue”; how it was regarded by Luther, Menius and the Swiss theologians. The Hessian bigamy is hushed up. The Bigamy judged by Protestant opinion; Luther’s consent to some extent extorted under pressurepages13-79CHAPTER XXII. LUTHER AND LYINGpages80-1781.A Battery of Assertions.Luther’s conduct in the matter of the Bigamy an excuse for the present chapter. His dishonest assurances in his letters to Leo X, to Bishop Scultetus his Ordinary, and to the Emperor Charles V (1518-1520); his real feelings atthat time as shown in a letter to Spalatin; Luther’s later parody of Tetzel’s teaching; his insinuation that it was the Emperor’s intention to violate the safe-conduct granted; he calls into question the authenticity of the Papal Bull against him, whilst all the time knowing it to be genuine; he advisesordinandito promise celibacy with a mental reservation; his distortion of St. Bernard’s “perdite vixi”; his allusion to the case of Conradin, “slain by Pope Clement IV,” and to the spurious letter of St. Ulrich on the babies’ heads found in a convent pond at Rome. His allegation that his “Artickel” had been subscribed to at Schmalkalden; his unfairness to Erasmus and Duke George; his statement, that, for a monk to leave his cell without his scapular, was accounted a mortal sin, and that, in Catholicism, people expected to be saved simply by works; his advocacy of the “Gospel-proviso”; his advice to the Bishop of Samland to make a show of hesitation in forsaking Catholicismpages80-992.Opinions of Contemporaries in Either Camp.Bucer, Münzer, J. Agricola, Erasmus, Duke George, etc., on Luther’s disregard for truthpages99-1023.The Psychological Problem. Self-Suggestion and Scriptural Grounds of Excuse.The palpable untruth of certain statements which Luther never tires of repeating. How to explain his putting forward as true what was so manifestly false: The large place occupied by the jocular element; his tendency to extravagance of language; he comes, by dint of repetition, to persuade himself of the truth of his charges. The new theology of mendacity: Luther’s earlier views consistent with the Church’s; study of the Old Testament leads him to the theory that only such untruths as injure our neighbour are real lies; influence of his teaching on the theologians of his circle: Melanchthon, Bucer, Bugenhagen, Capito, etc.pages102-1164.Some Leading Slanders on the Mediæval Church Historically Considered.Luther’s distortions of the actual state of things before his coming; admissions of modern scholars. The olden Catholics’ supposed “holiness-by-works”; on the relations between creature and Creator; the Lamb of God; the Eucharistic sacrifice; “personal religion”; Luther’s plea that he revived respect for the secular calling; the olden teaching concerning perfectionpages116-1315.Was Luther the Liberator of Womankind from “Mediæval Degradation”?Luther’s claim to be the saviour of woman and matrimony; what he says of the Pope’s treatment of marriage; marriage “a state of sin”; witnesses to the contrary: Devotional and Liturgical books; Luther’s own attachment in his younger days to St. Anne. Various statements of Luther’s to the advantage or otherwise of woman and the married life; his alteration of outlook during the controversy on the vow of Chastity; the natural impulse, and thehonour of marriage; expressions ill-befitting one who aspired to deliver womankind; practical consequences of the new view of woman: Matrimonial impediments and divorce; Duke George on the saying “If the wife refuse then let the maid come.” Respect for the female sex in Luther’s conversations. The new matrimonial conditions and the slandered opponents; the actual state of things in Late Mediæval times as vouched for in the records. Two concluding pictures towards the history of woman: A preacher’s matrimonial trials; the letters of Hasenberg and von der Heyden and the “New-Zeittung” and “Newe Fabel” which they called forthpages131-178CHAPTER XXIII. FRESH CONTROVERSIES WITH ERASMUS (1534, 1536) AND DUKE GEORGE († 1539)pages179-1931.Luther and Erasmus again.Their relations since 1525; the “Hyperaspistes”; Luther’s attack in 1534 and Erasmus’s “Purgatio”; Luther on the end of Erasmuspages179-1862.Luther on George of Saxony and George on Luther.Luther exhorts the Duke to turn Protestant; the Duke’s answer; how George had to suffer at Luther’s hands; his true character utterly at variance with Luther’s picture; the Duke repays Luther in his own coinpages187-193CHAPTER XXIV. MORAL CONDITIONS ACCOMPANYING THE REFORMATION. PRINCELY PATRONSpages194-2271.Reports from various Lutheran Districts.The Duchy of Saxony; the Electorate of Brandenburg; the Duchy of Prussia; Würtemberg; Duke Ulrich and Luther; Blaurer and Schnepf; the sad state of things revealed; the Landgraviate of Hesse; results of Landgrave Philip’s bad examplepages194-2022.At the Centre of the New Faith.The Electorate of Saxony; the morals of Elector Johann Frederick; the character of his predecessors; Luther’s relations with them; the records of the Visitations; Luther compares himself to Lot dwelling in Sodompages202-2103.Luther’s Attempts to Explain the Decline in Morals.His candid admissions; his varied explanations of the state of things: The malice of Satan; the apparent increase of evil due to the bright light of the Evangel; his seeming lack of success the best proof of the truth of his mission; Luther on Wittenberg and its doingspages210-2184.A Malady of the Age: Doubts and Melancholy.The habitual depression in which zealous promoters of the Evangel lived; Melanchthon, Spalatin, Jonas, Camerarius, etc.; the increase in the number of suicides; expectation of the end of all; the sad case of Johann Schlaginhaufenpages218-227CHAPTER XXV. IN THE NARROWER CIRCLE OF THE PROFESSION AND FAMILY. LUTHER’S BETTER FEATURESpages228-2831.The University Professor, the Preacher, the Pastor.Relations with the Wittenberg students; esteem in which Luther was held by them; he warns them against consorting with evil women. The Preacher and Catechist; the force and practical bearing of Luther’s sermons; his instructions to others how best to preach; his discourses at home; the notes of his sermons; what he says of Our Lady when preaching on the Magnificat; his staunch fidelity to the great doctrines of Christianity and his attachment to Holy Scripture; the fine qualities of his German as evinced in his translations and elsewhere. The spiritual guide; his concern for discipline; his circular letters; his strictures on certain legends; his efforts to re-introduce a new form of confession and to further the cause of Church-musicpages228-2572.Emotional Character and Intellectual Gifts.The place of feeling in Luther’s life; an interview with Cochlæus; his powerful fancy and still more powerful will; his huge capacity for workpages257-2613.Intercourse with Friends. The Interior of the former Augustinian Monastery.The better side of the Table-Talk; his friends and pupils on his kindly ways; his disinterestedness, love of simplicity, his generosity, his courage when plague threatened; his occasional belittling of his own powers; his prayer and his trust in God; his lack of any real organising talent. Luther’s family life; his allusions to his wife; his care for his childrenpages261-283CHAPTER XXVI. LUTHER’S MODE OF CONTROVERSY A COUNTERPART OF HIS SOULpages284-3501.Luther’s Anger. His Attitude towards the Jews, the Lawyers and the Princes.Sir Thomas More on Luther’s language. Three writings launched against the Jews; the place of the pig and donkey in Luther’s stable of metaphor. Luther’s animus against the Lawyers due to their attachment to the matrimonial legislation as then established. His attack on the Princes in his “Von welltlicher Uberkeytt”; his ire against Albert, Elector of Mayence; his list of the archbishop’s relics; how the Duke of Brunswick faredpages284-2952.Luther’s Excuse: “We MUST Curse the Pope and his Kingdom.”The Pope is the “Beast” and the “Dragon”; Luther’s language in the Table-Talk, and in the Disputation in 1539; on the Papal Bearwolf (Werewolf); the Papal Antichrist; Luther’s wrath against all who dared to stand up for the Pope; how the Pope deserves to be addressedpages295-3053.The Psychology of Luther’s Abusive Language.His ungovernable temper; reality of certain misuses against which he thundered; his vexation with those who, like Carlstadt and Zwingli, seemed to be robbing him of the credit which was his due; his tendency to be carried away by the power of his own tongue; his need for the stimulus and outlet provided by vituperation; his ill-humour at the smallness of the moral results obtained; abuse serves to repress his own troubles of conscience. Connection of Luther’s abusiveness with his mystic persuasion of his special call; all his anger really directed against the devil; it is no insult “to call a turnip a turnip.” The unpleasant seasoning of Luther’s abuse; some samples; was language of so coarse a character at all usual at that time? Indignation of the Swisspages306-3264.Luther on his own Greatness and Superiority to Criticism. The Art of “Rhetoric.”His occasional professions of humility; a number of typical sayings of Luther referring to his peculiar standing and his achievements: The predictions fulfilled in him; the poverty of the exegesis of the Fathers; his reforms more far-reaching than those of any Councils; his being alone no better argument against him than against the Old-Testament Prophets, who also stood up against the whole world. Harnack’s dilemma: Was Luther a megalomaniac, or were his achievements commensurate with his claims? His habit of giving free rein to his “rhetoric”; its tendency to extravagance, unseemliness, and, occasionally, to rank blasphemy; “papist and donkey is one and the same,sic volo, sic iubeo”; his rhetoric a true mirror of his inward state; his changeableness; his high opinion of himself to some extent fostered by the adulation of his friendspages327-350CHAPTER XXVII. VOICES FROM THE CAMP OF THE DEFENDERS OF THE CHURCHpages351-3861.Luther’s “Demoniacal” Storming. A Man “Possessed.”Hostile contemporaries ascribe Luther’s ravings to the devil, others actually hold him to be beset by the devil; references to his eyes; the idle tale of his having been begotten of the devilpages351-3592.Voices of Converts.Their opinion of Luther and Luther’s opinion of them; Egranus, Zasius, Wicel and Amerbachpages360-3653.Lamentations over the Wounds of the Church and over Her Persecutions.The Preface of Cochlæus to his “Commentaria de actis. etc., M. L.”; the sermons of Wild, the Mayence Franciscan, and the complaints laid before the Diet, at Ratisbon (1541) and Worms (1545)pages365-3694.The Literary Opposition.Was Luther really dragged into controversy by the tactics of his opponents? A retrospect: The character of the writings of Tetzel and Prierias; Emser; Eck and his “Obelisks”; his “Enchiridion”; Cochlæus’s “Septiceps Lutherus”; other champions of the Churchpages370-386CHAPTER XXVIII. THE NEW DOGMAS IN AN HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIGHTpages387-5271.The Bible Text and the Spirit as the “True Tests of Doctrine.”Liberty for the examination of Scripture and Luther’s autonomy; Luther gradually reaches the standpoint that the Bible is the only judge in matters of faith; those only must be listened to who teach “purum verbum Dei.” Experience given by the Spirit; divergent utterances regarding the perspicuity of Holy Writ; the Bible a “heresy-book.” Luther not in favour of verbal inspiration; mistakes of the sacred writers; which books are canonical, and why? The discord which followed on Luther’s principle of relying on private judgment and the “influxus spiritus”; he reverts to the “outward Word” in his controversy with Zwingli and corroborates it by tradition. What authority, apart from the Church’s, can lay doubts to rest? The object of faith: Many articles, or only one? Protestants on Luther’s self-contradictions; the end of Luther’s “formal principle”pages387-4202.Luther as a Bible Expositor.Some characteristic of Luther’s exegesis; his respect for the literal sense; all his reading of the Bible coloured by his theory of Justification; his exegesis in the light of his early developmentpages420-4313.The Sola Fides. Justification and Assurance of Salvation.Connection between the “material principle” (justification) and the “formal principle” (Scripture as the only rule) of Luther’s theology, and between the “material principle” and the theory of the worthlessness of works and of God’s being the sole real agent; the theory at variance with the teaching of St. Augustine. The need of struggling to feel entirely certain of our personal justification; Luther’s own failure to come up to his standard; present-day Protestants on Luther’s main Article “on which the Church stands or falls”pages431-4494.Good Works in Theory and Practice.The Church’s teaching; origin of Luther’s new ideas to be sought in his early dislike for the “Little Saints” and their doings; the perils of his theory; on the fear of God as a motive for action. Augustine summoned as a witness on Luther’s behalf; the witness discarded by Melanchthon and the Pomeranians; Augustine’s real view; the new doctrine judged by 16th-century Protestants; Luther’s utterances in favour of good works; what charity meant in the Middle Ages; Luther on the hospitals of Florencepages449-4815.Other Innovations in Religious Doctrine.Luther no systematic theologian. Theregula fidei; Harnack on Luther’s inconsequence; Paulsen on “Pope Luther.” Luther’s teaching on the sacraments; on infant-baptismand the faith it requires; liberal Protestants appeal to his principles against the “magical” theory of Baptism; penance an extension of baptism. Luther’s teaching on the Supper; Communion merely a means of fortifying faith; Impanation versus Transubstantiation; theory of the omnipresence of Christ’s body; Luther’s stead-fastness in his belief in the Real Presence. Attitude towards the invocation of the Saints, particularly of the Blessed Virgin. His views on Purgatorypages482-5066.Luther’s Attack on the Sacrifice of the Mass.The place of this sacrifice in the Church previous to Luther’s time; Luther’s first attacks; the Mass suppressed at Wittenberg; his “Von dem Grewel der Stillmesse”; Eck’s reply; Luther undertakes to prove that the priests’ attachment to the Mass is based merely on pecuniary grounds; connection between his attack on the Mass and his theory as a whole. His work on the “Winkle-Mass”; his dispute with the devil; his defence of his work on the “Winkle-Mass”; Cochlæus replies; Luther’s references to the Mass in his familiar talks, and in his Schmalkalden “Artickel”; a profession of faith in the Real Presencepages506-527
CONTENTSCHAPTER XXI. PRINCELY MARRIAGESpages3-791.Luther and Henry VIII of England. Bigamy instead of Divorce.The case of Henry VIII; Robert Barnes is despatched to Wittenberg; Luther proposes bigamy as a safer expedient than divorce (1531); Melanchthon’s advice:Tutissimum est regito take a second spouse. The conduct of Pope Clement VII. The Protestant Princes of Germany endeavour to secure the good-will of the King of England; final collapse of the negotiations; Luther’s later allusions to Henry VIIIpages3-132.The Bigamy of Philip of Hesse.The question put by Philip to Luther in 1526; Philip well informed as to Luther’s views. Bucer deputed by the Landgrave to secure the sanction of Wittenberg for his projected bigamy; Bucer’s mission crowned with success; Philip weds Margaret von der Sale; Luther’s kindly offices rewarded by a cask of wine; the bigamy becomes known at the Court of Dresden; the Landgrave is incensed by Bucer’s proposal that he should deny having committed bigamy. Luther endeavours to retire behind the plea that his permission was a “dispensation,” a piece of advice given “in confession,” and, accordingly, not to be alleged in public. Some interesting letters of Luther to his sovereign and to Hesse; his private utterances on the subject recorded in the Table-Talk. “Si queam mutare!” The Eisenach Conference; Luther counsels the Landgrave to tell a good, lusty lie; the Landgrave’s annoyance. Melanchthon’s worries; an expurgated letter of his on Landgrave Philip. Duke Henry of Brunswick enters the field against Luther and the Landgrave; Luther’s stinging reply: “Wider Hans Worst.” Johann Lening’s “Dialogue”; how it was regarded by Luther, Menius and the Swiss theologians. The Hessian bigamy is hushed up. The Bigamy judged by Protestant opinion; Luther’s consent to some extent extorted under pressurepages13-79CHAPTER XXII. LUTHER AND LYINGpages80-1781.A Battery of Assertions.Luther’s conduct in the matter of the Bigamy an excuse for the present chapter. His dishonest assurances in his letters to Leo X, to Bishop Scultetus his Ordinary, and to the Emperor Charles V (1518-1520); his real feelings atthat time as shown in a letter to Spalatin; Luther’s later parody of Tetzel’s teaching; his insinuation that it was the Emperor’s intention to violate the safe-conduct granted; he calls into question the authenticity of the Papal Bull against him, whilst all the time knowing it to be genuine; he advisesordinandito promise celibacy with a mental reservation; his distortion of St. Bernard’s “perdite vixi”; his allusion to the case of Conradin, “slain by Pope Clement IV,” and to the spurious letter of St. Ulrich on the babies’ heads found in a convent pond at Rome. His allegation that his “Artickel” had been subscribed to at Schmalkalden; his unfairness to Erasmus and Duke George; his statement, that, for a monk to leave his cell without his scapular, was accounted a mortal sin, and that, in Catholicism, people expected to be saved simply by works; his advocacy of the “Gospel-proviso”; his advice to the Bishop of Samland to make a show of hesitation in forsaking Catholicismpages80-992.Opinions of Contemporaries in Either Camp.Bucer, Münzer, J. Agricola, Erasmus, Duke George, etc., on Luther’s disregard for truthpages99-1023.The Psychological Problem. Self-Suggestion and Scriptural Grounds of Excuse.The palpable untruth of certain statements which Luther never tires of repeating. How to explain his putting forward as true what was so manifestly false: The large place occupied by the jocular element; his tendency to extravagance of language; he comes, by dint of repetition, to persuade himself of the truth of his charges. The new theology of mendacity: Luther’s earlier views consistent with the Church’s; study of the Old Testament leads him to the theory that only such untruths as injure our neighbour are real lies; influence of his teaching on the theologians of his circle: Melanchthon, Bucer, Bugenhagen, Capito, etc.pages102-1164.Some Leading Slanders on the Mediæval Church Historically Considered.Luther’s distortions of the actual state of things before his coming; admissions of modern scholars. The olden Catholics’ supposed “holiness-by-works”; on the relations between creature and Creator; the Lamb of God; the Eucharistic sacrifice; “personal religion”; Luther’s plea that he revived respect for the secular calling; the olden teaching concerning perfectionpages116-1315.Was Luther the Liberator of Womankind from “Mediæval Degradation”?Luther’s claim to be the saviour of woman and matrimony; what he says of the Pope’s treatment of marriage; marriage “a state of sin”; witnesses to the contrary: Devotional and Liturgical books; Luther’s own attachment in his younger days to St. Anne. Various statements of Luther’s to the advantage or otherwise of woman and the married life; his alteration of outlook during the controversy on the vow of Chastity; the natural impulse, and thehonour of marriage; expressions ill-befitting one who aspired to deliver womankind; practical consequences of the new view of woman: Matrimonial impediments and divorce; Duke George on the saying “If the wife refuse then let the maid come.” Respect for the female sex in Luther’s conversations. The new matrimonial conditions and the slandered opponents; the actual state of things in Late Mediæval times as vouched for in the records. Two concluding pictures towards the history of woman: A preacher’s matrimonial trials; the letters of Hasenberg and von der Heyden and the “New-Zeittung” and “Newe Fabel” which they called forthpages131-178CHAPTER XXIII. FRESH CONTROVERSIES WITH ERASMUS (1534, 1536) AND DUKE GEORGE († 1539)pages179-1931.Luther and Erasmus again.Their relations since 1525; the “Hyperaspistes”; Luther’s attack in 1534 and Erasmus’s “Purgatio”; Luther on the end of Erasmuspages179-1862.Luther on George of Saxony and George on Luther.Luther exhorts the Duke to turn Protestant; the Duke’s answer; how George had to suffer at Luther’s hands; his true character utterly at variance with Luther’s picture; the Duke repays Luther in his own coinpages187-193CHAPTER XXIV. MORAL CONDITIONS ACCOMPANYING THE REFORMATION. PRINCELY PATRONSpages194-2271.Reports from various Lutheran Districts.The Duchy of Saxony; the Electorate of Brandenburg; the Duchy of Prussia; Würtemberg; Duke Ulrich and Luther; Blaurer and Schnepf; the sad state of things revealed; the Landgraviate of Hesse; results of Landgrave Philip’s bad examplepages194-2022.At the Centre of the New Faith.The Electorate of Saxony; the morals of Elector Johann Frederick; the character of his predecessors; Luther’s relations with them; the records of the Visitations; Luther compares himself to Lot dwelling in Sodompages202-2103.Luther’s Attempts to Explain the Decline in Morals.His candid admissions; his varied explanations of the state of things: The malice of Satan; the apparent increase of evil due to the bright light of the Evangel; his seeming lack of success the best proof of the truth of his mission; Luther on Wittenberg and its doingspages210-2184.A Malady of the Age: Doubts and Melancholy.The habitual depression in which zealous promoters of the Evangel lived; Melanchthon, Spalatin, Jonas, Camerarius, etc.; the increase in the number of suicides; expectation of the end of all; the sad case of Johann Schlaginhaufenpages218-227CHAPTER XXV. IN THE NARROWER CIRCLE OF THE PROFESSION AND FAMILY. LUTHER’S BETTER FEATURESpages228-2831.The University Professor, the Preacher, the Pastor.Relations with the Wittenberg students; esteem in which Luther was held by them; he warns them against consorting with evil women. The Preacher and Catechist; the force and practical bearing of Luther’s sermons; his instructions to others how best to preach; his discourses at home; the notes of his sermons; what he says of Our Lady when preaching on the Magnificat; his staunch fidelity to the great doctrines of Christianity and his attachment to Holy Scripture; the fine qualities of his German as evinced in his translations and elsewhere. The spiritual guide; his concern for discipline; his circular letters; his strictures on certain legends; his efforts to re-introduce a new form of confession and to further the cause of Church-musicpages228-2572.Emotional Character and Intellectual Gifts.The place of feeling in Luther’s life; an interview with Cochlæus; his powerful fancy and still more powerful will; his huge capacity for workpages257-2613.Intercourse with Friends. The Interior of the former Augustinian Monastery.The better side of the Table-Talk; his friends and pupils on his kindly ways; his disinterestedness, love of simplicity, his generosity, his courage when plague threatened; his occasional belittling of his own powers; his prayer and his trust in God; his lack of any real organising talent. Luther’s family life; his allusions to his wife; his care for his childrenpages261-283CHAPTER XXVI. LUTHER’S MODE OF CONTROVERSY A COUNTERPART OF HIS SOULpages284-3501.Luther’s Anger. His Attitude towards the Jews, the Lawyers and the Princes.Sir Thomas More on Luther’s language. Three writings launched against the Jews; the place of the pig and donkey in Luther’s stable of metaphor. Luther’s animus against the Lawyers due to their attachment to the matrimonial legislation as then established. His attack on the Princes in his “Von welltlicher Uberkeytt”; his ire against Albert, Elector of Mayence; his list of the archbishop’s relics; how the Duke of Brunswick faredpages284-2952.Luther’s Excuse: “We MUST Curse the Pope and his Kingdom.”The Pope is the “Beast” and the “Dragon”; Luther’s language in the Table-Talk, and in the Disputation in 1539; on the Papal Bearwolf (Werewolf); the Papal Antichrist; Luther’s wrath against all who dared to stand up for the Pope; how the Pope deserves to be addressedpages295-3053.The Psychology of Luther’s Abusive Language.His ungovernable temper; reality of certain misuses against which he thundered; his vexation with those who, like Carlstadt and Zwingli, seemed to be robbing him of the credit which was his due; his tendency to be carried away by the power of his own tongue; his need for the stimulus and outlet provided by vituperation; his ill-humour at the smallness of the moral results obtained; abuse serves to repress his own troubles of conscience. Connection of Luther’s abusiveness with his mystic persuasion of his special call; all his anger really directed against the devil; it is no insult “to call a turnip a turnip.” The unpleasant seasoning of Luther’s abuse; some samples; was language of so coarse a character at all usual at that time? Indignation of the Swisspages306-3264.Luther on his own Greatness and Superiority to Criticism. The Art of “Rhetoric.”His occasional professions of humility; a number of typical sayings of Luther referring to his peculiar standing and his achievements: The predictions fulfilled in him; the poverty of the exegesis of the Fathers; his reforms more far-reaching than those of any Councils; his being alone no better argument against him than against the Old-Testament Prophets, who also stood up against the whole world. Harnack’s dilemma: Was Luther a megalomaniac, or were his achievements commensurate with his claims? His habit of giving free rein to his “rhetoric”; its tendency to extravagance, unseemliness, and, occasionally, to rank blasphemy; “papist and donkey is one and the same,sic volo, sic iubeo”; his rhetoric a true mirror of his inward state; his changeableness; his high opinion of himself to some extent fostered by the adulation of his friendspages327-350CHAPTER XXVII. VOICES FROM THE CAMP OF THE DEFENDERS OF THE CHURCHpages351-3861.Luther’s “Demoniacal” Storming. A Man “Possessed.”Hostile contemporaries ascribe Luther’s ravings to the devil, others actually hold him to be beset by the devil; references to his eyes; the idle tale of his having been begotten of the devilpages351-3592.Voices of Converts.Their opinion of Luther and Luther’s opinion of them; Egranus, Zasius, Wicel and Amerbachpages360-3653.Lamentations over the Wounds of the Church and over Her Persecutions.The Preface of Cochlæus to his “Commentaria de actis. etc., M. L.”; the sermons of Wild, the Mayence Franciscan, and the complaints laid before the Diet, at Ratisbon (1541) and Worms (1545)pages365-3694.The Literary Opposition.Was Luther really dragged into controversy by the tactics of his opponents? A retrospect: The character of the writings of Tetzel and Prierias; Emser; Eck and his “Obelisks”; his “Enchiridion”; Cochlæus’s “Septiceps Lutherus”; other champions of the Churchpages370-386CHAPTER XXVIII. THE NEW DOGMAS IN AN HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIGHTpages387-5271.The Bible Text and the Spirit as the “True Tests of Doctrine.”Liberty for the examination of Scripture and Luther’s autonomy; Luther gradually reaches the standpoint that the Bible is the only judge in matters of faith; those only must be listened to who teach “purum verbum Dei.” Experience given by the Spirit; divergent utterances regarding the perspicuity of Holy Writ; the Bible a “heresy-book.” Luther not in favour of verbal inspiration; mistakes of the sacred writers; which books are canonical, and why? The discord which followed on Luther’s principle of relying on private judgment and the “influxus spiritus”; he reverts to the “outward Word” in his controversy with Zwingli and corroborates it by tradition. What authority, apart from the Church’s, can lay doubts to rest? The object of faith: Many articles, or only one? Protestants on Luther’s self-contradictions; the end of Luther’s “formal principle”pages387-4202.Luther as a Bible Expositor.Some characteristic of Luther’s exegesis; his respect for the literal sense; all his reading of the Bible coloured by his theory of Justification; his exegesis in the light of his early developmentpages420-4313.The Sola Fides. Justification and Assurance of Salvation.Connection between the “material principle” (justification) and the “formal principle” (Scripture as the only rule) of Luther’s theology, and between the “material principle” and the theory of the worthlessness of works and of God’s being the sole real agent; the theory at variance with the teaching of St. Augustine. The need of struggling to feel entirely certain of our personal justification; Luther’s own failure to come up to his standard; present-day Protestants on Luther’s main Article “on which the Church stands or falls”pages431-4494.Good Works in Theory and Practice.The Church’s teaching; origin of Luther’s new ideas to be sought in his early dislike for the “Little Saints” and their doings; the perils of his theory; on the fear of God as a motive for action. Augustine summoned as a witness on Luther’s behalf; the witness discarded by Melanchthon and the Pomeranians; Augustine’s real view; the new doctrine judged by 16th-century Protestants; Luther’s utterances in favour of good works; what charity meant in the Middle Ages; Luther on the hospitals of Florencepages449-4815.Other Innovations in Religious Doctrine.Luther no systematic theologian. Theregula fidei; Harnack on Luther’s inconsequence; Paulsen on “Pope Luther.” Luther’s teaching on the sacraments; on infant-baptismand the faith it requires; liberal Protestants appeal to his principles against the “magical” theory of Baptism; penance an extension of baptism. Luther’s teaching on the Supper; Communion merely a means of fortifying faith; Impanation versus Transubstantiation; theory of the omnipresence of Christ’s body; Luther’s stead-fastness in his belief in the Real Presence. Attitude towards the invocation of the Saints, particularly of the Blessed Virgin. His views on Purgatorypages482-5066.Luther’s Attack on the Sacrifice of the Mass.The place of this sacrifice in the Church previous to Luther’s time; Luther’s first attacks; the Mass suppressed at Wittenberg; his “Von dem Grewel der Stillmesse”; Eck’s reply; Luther undertakes to prove that the priests’ attachment to the Mass is based merely on pecuniary grounds; connection between his attack on the Mass and his theory as a whole. His work on the “Winkle-Mass”; his dispute with the devil; his defence of his work on the “Winkle-Mass”; Cochlæus replies; Luther’s references to the Mass in his familiar talks, and in his Schmalkalden “Artickel”; a profession of faith in the Real Presencepages506-527