CHAPTER III.How to Write.

CHAPTER III.How to Write.Quo modo scribendum sit.III:1III. Et haec quidem auxilia extrinsecus adhibentur; in iis autem quae nobis ipsis paranda sunt, ut laboris, sic utilitatis etiam longe plurimum adfert stilus. Nec immerito M. Tullius hunc ‘optimum effectorem ac magistrum dicendi’ vocat, cui sententiae personam L. Crassi in disputationibus quae sunt de oratore adsignando, iudicium suum cum illius auctoritate coniunxit.§ 1.nobis ipsisopp. toextrinsecus: whatwemust provide forourselves, by our own gifts and industry. There is, however, much to be said for Gertz’s conjecturee nobis ipsis, which gives a better antithesis toextrinsecus: cp.5 §10plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia.stilus: see on1 §2.M. Tullius: de Orat. i. §150 caput autem est quod, ut vere dicam, minime facimus; est enim magni laboris, quem plerique fugimus: quam plurimum scribere. stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister; neque iniuria: nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit: ibid. §257 stilus ille tuus, quem tu vere dixisti perfectorem dicendi esse ac magistrum, multi sudoris est. Cp. iii. §190: Brutus §96 artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus: ad Fam. vii. 25, 2 is (stilus) est dicendi opifex.L. Crassi. L. Licinius Crassus,B.C.140-91, was the most illustrious of Roman orators before Cicero, who in the De Oratore seems to make him the mouthpiece of his own opinions. The other leading character in the dialogue isM. Antonius(B.C.143-87), grandfather of the triumvir. For a parallel estimate of the two see Brutus §143 sq.personam ... adsignando: cp.1 §71plures subire personas.III:2Scribendum ergo quam diligentissime et quam plurimum. Nam ut terra alte refossa generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior fit, sic profectus non a summo petitus studiorum fructus effundit uberius et fidelius continet. Nam sine hac quidem conscientia ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas inanemmodo loquacitatem dabit et verba in labris nascentia.§ 2.alte refossa: seeCrit. Notes. The meaning is that just as deep ploughing produces heavy crops, so progress that is not superficial (non a summo petitus) brings forth fruit more abundantly and secures its permanence. For the figure cp. i. 3, 5 non multum praestant, sed cito. Non subest vera vis nec penitus immissis radicibus nititur, ut quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina celerius se effundunt et imitatae spicas herbulae inanibus aristis ante messem flavescunt. Forrefoderecp. Lucan, iv. 242 tellure refossa: Plin. N. H. xix. 88 solo quam altissime refosso.profectus: cp.§15below, ad profectum opus est studio: i. 3, 5 stat profectus (‘growth’). The word does not occur in Cicero, though it is often used in the same sense by Seneca: e.g. Ep. 71, 35-36, nemo profectum ibi invenit ubi reliquerat ... magna pars est profectus velle proficere: 100, 11 ad profectum omnia tendunt. Quintilian frequently insists that it requires diligent and constant practice: e.g. ii. 7, 1 cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.a summo, i.e. from the surface, ‘superficial,’ as i. 3, 5 quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina. The opposite is ‘verus ille profectus et alte radicibus nixus,’ i. 1, 28. Cp.2 §15. Other instances of such expressions are1 §13ex proximo:7 §7ad ultimum:§10ex ultimo:2 §16in peius. See Introd.p. xlvii.sine hac conscientia= sine huius rei conscientia, i.e. without the consciousness of diligent application in composition. In such expressions (frequent with words like cura, metus, spes, timor) the pronountakes the place of a complementary genitive, suggested by what goes before: cp. i. 10, 28 haec ei cura, &c.: and below7 §19.verba in labris nascentia. Cp. Sen. Ep. 10, 3 non a summis labris ista venerunt; habent hae voces fundamentum.III:3Illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt, illic opes velut sanctiore quodam aerario conditae, unde ad subitos quoque casus, cum res exiget, proferantur. Vires faciamus ante omnia, quae sufficiant labori certaminum et usu non exhauriantur.§ 3.illic= stilo sive exercitatione scribendi.sanctiore ... aerario. The reference is to the reserve treasure (aerarium sanctius) that was never touched except in great emergencies. It was kept in a vault in the Temple of Saturn. Caes. B. C. i. 14, 1: Livy xxvii., 10, 11: Macrob. i. 8, 3: Lucan. Phars. iii. 153 sq.certaminum: so1 §4quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Certamen =ἀγών. Cp.1 §§31,106, &c.proferantur: for the subj. (consecutive) cp.1 §30:3 §33:5 §10.et ... non: notneque, as the negative really connects only with the verb, whileetserves simply to introduceusu. Cp.7 §33.III:4Nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem; quae nascendi quoque hanc fecerit legem, ut maiora animalia diutius visceribus parentis continerentur.Sed cum sit duplex quaestio, quo modo et quae maxime scribi oporteat, iam hinc ordinem sequar.§ 4.rerum ipsa natura: here of ‘nature’ as a creative agency: cp.§26below: Munro on Lucretius i. 25.praeposuitque. When it is clear from the context that there is an opposition, sentences and words of opposite meanings are often coupled (after a negative) not by a disjunctive but by a conjunctive particle, as here: cp. Cic. de Off. i. §22 non nobis solum nati sumus ortusque nostri partem patria vindicat partem amici: ibid. §86 neque opes aut potentiam consectabitur totamque eam (rempublicam) sic tuebitur ut omnibus consulat: Hor. Car. iii. 30, 6 Non omnis moriar, multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam. In each instance, however, the positive clause (que, et, atque) is an explanation of, rather than an antithesis to, the negative: the opposition is formal rather than real.difficultatem. Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 9, 59 Nil sine magno Vita labore dedit mortalibus: Hesiodἔργα καὶ ἡμέρ.289τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν: Soph. El. 945πόνου τοι χωρὶς οὐδὲν εὐτυχεῖ, &c. Frag. 364οὔτοι ποθ᾽ ἅψει τῶν ἄκρων ἄνευ πόνου: Epicharmus in Xenoph. Mem. ii. 1, 20τῶν πόνων πωλοῦσιν ἡμῖν πάντα τἀγάθ᾽ οἱ θεοί.quae maxime, v. ch. 5.iam hinc ordinem sequar, i.e. ‘I shall now proceed to deal with these questions in their order.’ And so followsquomodoin chs. iii-iv, andquae maxime scribioporteat in ch. v. The phrase is parallel to iii. 6, 104 nunc, quia in tria genera causas divisi, ordinem sequar: cp. ut ordinem sequar ix. 4, 33. In support of Obrecht’s readinghunc ordinemKiderlin (Blätter f. d. Bayer, Gymn. 1888, pp. 84-5) urges that in the instances quoted foriam hinc(ii. 11, 1, and iii. 1, 1: add viii. 3, 40 iam hinc igitur ad rationem sermonis coniuncti transeamus, andhinc iamviii. pr. 14: ii. 4, 1) there is always a marked transition to a new subject, whereas here the preceding subordinate clause (cum sit ... oporteat) lays down the order that is afterwards followed.—But all thatiam hincmeans here is simply that the writer willnowtake the two questions he has proposed in the order stated.III:5Sit primo vel tardus dumdiligens stilus, quaeramus optima nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus, adhibeatur iudicium inventis, dispositio probatis; dilectus enim rerum verborumque agendus est et pondera singulorum examinanda. Post subeat ratio collocandi versenturque omni modo numeri, non ut quodque se proferet verbum occupet locum.§ 5.dum diligens,without a verb: cp.1 §94quamvis uno libro: Cic. Acad. ii. §104 sequentes tantum modo quod ita visum sit, dum sine adsensu: cp. Hirtius in Cic. ad Att. xv. 6, 3 dummodo diligentibus.optima, i.e. both in thought and word.protinusgoes withgaudeamus, not withofferentibus, which can stand by itself: cp.1 §§2and42. Forofferentibuscp. oneminentibus1 §86.dilectus ... agendus. This may possibly be one of Quintilian’s military figures: xii. 3, 5 dilectus agere (of animperator); Tac. Hist. ii. 16, 82, Agric. 7. But cp. also ii. 8, 7 studiorum facere dilectum: Tac. Dial. 22 verbis delectum adhibuit: Cic. de Or. iii. §150 in hoc verborum genere propriorumdelectus est habendus quidamatque in aurium quodam iudicioponderandus est: de Off. i. §149 habere dilectum civis et peregrini: ib. §49: de Fin. v. §90: Brut. §253 verborum dilectum originem esse eloquentiae.ratio collocandi. For this periphrastic constr. see Nägelsbach §27 ad fin. (p. 130) and note onvim dicendi1 §1. Cp. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. i. 1, 6, 18 sed nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio mea: pro Rosc. Amer. 1 §3 ignoscendi ratio ... de civitate sublata est.—Dion. Hal. unitesἐκλογὴ τῶν ὀνομάτωνwithσύνθεσις τῶν ἐκλεγέντων.numeri: ix. 4, 45 numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo. Cp. note on2 §16.III:6Quae quidem ut diligentius exsequamur, repetenda saepius erunt scriptorum proxima. Nam praeter id quod sic melius iunguntur prioribus sequentia, calor quoque ille cogitationis, qui scribendi mora refrixit, recipit ex integro vires et velut repetito spatio sumit impetum; quod in certamine saliendi fieri videmus, ut conatum longius petant et ad illud quo contenditur spatium cursu ferantur, utque in iaculando brachia reducimus et expulsuri tela nervos retro tendimus.§ 6.repetenda: we must go back on what we have just written.praeter id quod: cp.2 §26, and see note on1 §28.repetito spatio, i.e. ‘going back to take a spring,’ as is shown by what follows. He passes from the figure involved in calor ... refrixit, and anticipates the idea contained in the next clause: calor ... sumit impetum = calor ... denuo exardescit. Hild compares de Orat. i. §153 for a similar figure: ut concitato navigio, cum remiges inhibuerunt, retinet tamen ipsa navis motum et cursum suum intermisso impetu pulsuque remorum, sic in oratione perpetua, cum scripta deficiunt, parem tamen obtinet oratio reliqua cursum scriptorum similitudine et vi concitata.quod ... videmus, ut. For a similar instance of the use of the pronoun to anticipate a dependent clause cp.7 §11. The other two examples commonly given are rather cases of pleonasm, viz.1 §58and5 §18.conatum longius petant: ‘take a longer run.’ Cp. repetito spatio above.ad illud quo contenditur spatium, i.e. jump the distance they aim at covering.Quo contenditur= lit. to which their efforts are directed.retro tendimus. Cp. Verg. Aen. v. 500 Validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus.III:7Interim tamen, si feret flatus, danda sunt vela, dum nos indulgentia illa nonfallat; omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent, alioqui nec scriberentur. Sed redeamus ad iudicium et retractemus suspectam facilitatem.§ 7.interim= interdum, v. on1 §9.danda sunt vela: ‘we must spread our sails before a favouring breeze’ (cp. quo ventus ferebat Caes. B. G. iii. 15, 3). So Ep. ad Tryph. §3 permittamus vela ventis et oram solventibus bene precemur. The figure is frequent in Cicero: quocunque feremur danda nimirum vela sunt Orat. §75: ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur vela do (i.e. set my sails to catch the breeze from a particular quarter) de Orat. ii. §187. So Martial (of Nerva’s modesty) Pieriam tenui frontem redimire corona Contentus, famae nec dare vela suae viii. 70.dum ... non, instead ofne, as sometimesin poetry. Here the negative attaches closely to the verb: cp. §3. So xii. 10, §48 dum rem contineant et copia non redundent. Quintilian never usesdummodo: onlydum, ormodo. Si modo (si quidem), which Meister cites, is different: it expresses the limitation of a hypothesis.dum nascuntur: cp.1 §16excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine.necforne ... quidem: ii. 13, 7 alioqui nec scriberem: v. 10, 119 alioqui nec dixissem: ix. 2, 67 quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat (not in Cicero). For other instances see Bonn. Lex.necη andnequeζ: Roby 2230b: Madvig de Finibus pp. 816-822.facilitatem: abstract for concrete = quae facilius scripta sunt. Cp. initiis below, and2 §2.III:8Sic scripsisse Sallustium accepimus, et sane manifestus est etiam ex opere ipso labor. Vergilium quoque paucissimos die composuisse versus auctor est Varius.§ 8.Sallustium: see on1 §101.Vergilium: Aul. Gell. N. A. 17, 10 Dicere solitum ferunt parere se versus more atque ritu ursino. Namque ut illa bestia fetum ederet ineffigiatum informemque, lambendoque id postea, quod ita edidisset, conformaret et fingeret; proinde ingenii quoque sui partes recentes rudi esse facie et imperfecta, sed deinceps tractando colendoque reddere iis se oris et vultus lineamenta. So too in the Donatus Life of Vergil ix: Cum Georgica scriberet traditur cotidie meditatos mane plurimos versus dictare solitus, ac per totum diem retractando ad paucissimos redigere, non absurde carmen se ursae more parere dicens et lambendo demum effingere.die, forin die. Cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse: i. 4, 9 in hora saepe ducentos ... dictabat versus. So bisque die Verg. Ecl. iii. 34: Cic. pro Rosc. Am. 46 §132 in anno: ad Fam. xv. 16, 1 in hora.Varius, see on1 §98. His biographical sketch of his lifelong friend was entitled De ingenio moribusque Vergilii. Aul. Gell. (xvii. 10) speaks of the Amici familiaresque P. Vergilii in eis quae de ingenio moribusque eius memoriae tradiderunt.III:9Oratoris quidem alia condicio est; itaque hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero. Nam primum hoc constituendum, hoc obtinendum est, ut quam optime scribamus: celeritatem dabit consuetudo. Paulatim res facilius se ostendent, verba respondebunt, compositio sequetur, cuncta denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt.§ 9.sollicitudinem:1 §20scribendi sollicitudinem: and§20, below, scribentium curam.initiis= incipientibus: cp.2 §2. So also ii. 4, 13 quatenus nullo magis studia (= studiosi) quam spe gaudent.compositio:1 §79: cp.§§44,46. The three essentials are here enumerated: thought (res), language (verba), arrangement (compositio).in officio: cp. viii. pr. §30 erunt in officio. As in a well-ordered establishment, he says, everything will be found fulfilling its proper function.III:10Summa haec est rei: cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur, bene scribendo fit ut cito. Sed tum maxime, cum facultas illa contigerit, resistamus ut provideamus, efferentesseequos frenis quibusdam coerceamus; quod non tam moram faciet quam novos impetus dabit. Neque enim rursus eos qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint ad infelicem calumniandi se poenam adligandos puto.§ 10.summa haec. ‘Write quickly and you will never write well: write well and in time you will write quickly.’ The Greek rhetoricians are said to have had a sayingἐκ τοῦ λέγειν τὸ λέγειν πορίζεται, on which Cicero seems to make Crassus found a similar utterance de Orat. i. §150 dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere, ... perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi.facultas illa, sc. cito scribendi.resistamus: ‘let us pause,’ ‘call a halt.’ Cp.§19:7 §14: xi. 2, 46: 3, 121: ix. 3, 55. Cp. the use ofintersistereix. 4, 33.ut provideamus:6 §6non sollicitoset respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere:7 §10ut donec perveniamus ad finem non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu: i. 12, 4 nonne alia dicimus, alia providemus. So far from being a gloss, the words seem to be necessary to define the meaning and motive ofresistamus: it is in order to ‘look ahead’ that we ought to pause from time to time. SeeCrit. Notes.efferentes se: ‘running away,’ or rather, ‘trying to make off,’ apraesens conatus, as is shown bynon tam moram faciet, &c. Cp. Hom. Il. 23, 376ποδώκεες ἔκφερον ἵπποι: Xen. de Re Equestr., 3 §4. In Livy xxx. 20, 3, the figure is taken rather from the ‘prancing and curveting’ of a horse, Neque ... tam P. Scipio exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. (Hild’s parallelβίᾳ φέρουσιν, sc.ἄστομοι πῶλοιfrom Soph. Electr. 725, cp. Eurip. Hippol. 1224, is more appropriate to the readingferentes equos.) For the omission ofetbeforeefferentes(found in no MS.) cp.7 §1where a figure is added without any conjunction (auxilium in publicum polliceri ... intrare portum).neque enim: the ellipse may be supplied as follows,—si moram faceret non suaderem. The meaning is, it is only in cases where it will not cause injurious delay that I recommend this curbing and self-restraint; for neither, again, &c.robur fecerint:§3vires faciamus.infelicem: see on1 §7cuiusdam infelicis operae.calumniandi se: ‘the wretched task of pedantic self-criticism.’ See on1 §115nimia contra se calumnia: viii. pr. 31 quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi, qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta, quaerunt aliquid quod sit magis antiquum:§11remotum, inopinatum.III:11Nam quo modo sufficere officiis civilibus possit qui singulis actionum partibus insenescat? Sunt autem quibus nihil sit satis: omnia mutare, omnia aliter dicere quam occurrit velint,— increduli quidam et de ingenio suo pessime meriti, qui diligentiam putant facere sibi scribendi difficultatem.§ 11.officiis civilibus: ‘the duties of a citizen,’ here with special reference to legal practice and the advocacy of cases in courts of law:7 §1: cp. Suet. Tib. 8 civilium officiorum rudimentis. The phrase in its widest application includes all the ‘civilities’ and attentions which one citizen may be expected to show to another, especially in the relation of patron and client: e.g.officiotogae virilis interfui, Plin. Ep. i. 9 §2. Casaubon definesofficium‘cum honoris causa praesentiam nostram alicui commodamus’: for instances of its use in this sense cp. Plin. Ep. i. 5, 11: i. 13, 7: ii. 1, 8: Hor. Epist. i. 7, 8officiosaquesedulitas et opella forensis: Sat. ii. 6, 24 officio respondeat (‘answer duty’s call,’ Palmer).velint: potential, as often. The clause stands by itself, and there is no need for supposing the omission of the relative.increduli quidam: ‘a diffident sort of people,’ ‘somehow afraid of themselves.’ For quidam cp.1 §76. It is employed, as often by Cicero, to show that the word used is as near the author’s meaning as possible, though sometimes it is joined with an expression that is merely a makeshift: cp.τινες. It indicates an undefined degree of the adjective with which it is connected, and has sometimes a modifying, sometimes an intensifying effect: here the former is not so probable considering the strength of the phrase that follows, ‘sinning grievously against their natural gifts.’diligentiamis pred.: supplyesse. The subject isfacere ... difficultatem.III:12Nec promptum est dicere utros peccare validiusputem, quibus omnia sua placent an quibus nihil. Accidit enim etiam ingeniosis adulescentibus frequenter, ut labore consumantur et in silentium usque descendant nimia bene dicendi cupiditate. Qua de re memini narrasse mihi Iulium Secundum illum, aequalem meum atque a me, ut notum est, familiariter amatum, mirae facundiae virum, infinitae tamen curae, quid esset sibi a patruo suo dictum.§ 12.validius. Common in Quintilian: iii. 8, 61 verborum autem magnificentia non validius est adfectanda suasorias declamantibus, sed contingit magis: vi. Prooem. §8 quo me validius cruciaret: ix. 2, 76 quanto validius bonos inhibet pudor quam metus. The superlative is frequent in Pliny: e.g. validissime placere Ep. i. 20, 22: te validissime diligo iii. 15, 2: vi. 8, 9 validissime vereor: ix. 35, 1validissime cupere. Cp. Caelias in Cic. ad Fam. viii. 2, 1 ego quum pro amicitia validissime facerem ei. Horace has valdius oblectat populam A. P. 321: cp. Ep. i. 9, 6.omnia sua: cp.1 §130(of Seneca) si non omnia sua amasset: ibid.§88(of Ovid) nimium amator ingenii sui.narrasse: Quintilian always uses the perfect infin. aftermemini, even where the person who recalls the event was a witness of it. The rule is thus stated by Roby §1372 ‘Meminiis used with the present (and sometimes the perfect) infinitive of events of which the subject himself was witness, with the perfect infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness.’ On this Dr. Reid has a valuable note de Amic. §2: ‘The rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus: If the person who recalls an event was a witness of it, he may either (a) vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind’s eye for the moment, in which case he uses the present infinitive, or (b) he may simply recall thefactthat the eventdidtake place in past time, in which case the perfect infinitive is used. If he was not a witness, he evidently can conceive the event only in the latter of these two ways. As regards (a) cp. Verg. Ecl. ix. 52 longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles with Georg. iv. 125 memini me Corycium vidisse senem. Examples like the latter of these two are more numerous than is commonly supposed.’Iulius Secundus,1 §120.III:13Is fuit Iulius Florus, in eloquentia Galliarum, quoniam ibi demum exercuit eam, princeps, alioqui interpaucos disertus et dignus illa propinquitate. Is cum Secundum, scholae adhuc operatum, tristem forte vidisset, interrogavit quae causa frontis tam adductae?§ 13.Iulius Florusis generally supposed to be identical with the individual to whom, as one of thecomitesof Tiberius Claudius in his mission to the East, Horace addresses (B.C.20) the Third Epistle of the First Book: cp. also ii. 2. Horace indicates his young friend’s ability in the following lines (i. 3, 21) Non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum est et turpiter hirtum: Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica iura Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen, Prima feres hederae victricis praemia. The scholiast Porphyrio tells us that he wrote satires: Hic Florus fuit satirarum scriptor, cuius sunt electae ex Ennio, Lucilio, Varrone satirae, ‘by which is meant, doubtless,’ says Prof. Wilkins, ‘that he re-wrote some of the poems of these earlier authors, adapting them to the taste of his own day, much as Dryden and Pope re-wrote Chaucer’s tales.’ There is, however, a chronological difficulty in the identification of the Florus who was a young man inB.C.20 with the Florus who was thepatruusof Iulius Secundus, a contemporary of Quintilian (aequalem meum), who died towards the end of Domitian’s reign before he had completed the natural term of life (si longius contigisset aetas1 §120). Seneca (Controv. ix. 25, 258) mentions a Iulius Florus who was a pupil of Porcius Latro (fl. cir.B.C.17). There is also the Gaulish nobleman who headed a rebellion among the Treveri, and afterwards committed suicide,A.D.21 (Tac. Ann. iii. 40-42). Hild identifies this Florus with the one in the text: but it is absolutely impossible that the Florus who died inA.D.21 can have seen Secundus (scholae adhuc operatum), who cannot have been born till about twenty years later.in eloquentia. The genitive is more common with princeps:1 §58: viii. 6, 30 Romanae eloquentiae principem: vi. 3, 1.Galliarum. Eloquence flourished in Gaul under the Empire. At Lugdunum Caligula instituted (A.D.39-40) a contest in Greek and Latin oratory (certamen Graecae Latinaeque facundiae, Suet. Calig. 20). Cp. Iuv. i. 44 Aut Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram.quoniamintroduces what is virtually a parenthesis, referring not to the whole sentence but only toGalliarum.ibi demum:1 §44:2 §8:6 §5.Here it leads up toalioqui(apart from this fact: moreover) (1 §64): it was in Gaul that he practised, but he would have shone anywhere.alioqui:1 §64. Here it = apart from this fact, even if compared with orators of other countries. Transl. ‘besides,’ and cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37 validus alioqui spernendis honoribus: Hist. ii. 27: iii. 32. Other instances in Quintilian are ii. 1, 4: 15, 9: iv. pr. 6: v. 9, 11, &c.inter paucos, ‘as few have ever been’: Livy xxii. 7, 1 inter paucas memorata populi Romani clades: cp. xxiii. 44, 4: xxxviii. 15, 9; Q. Curtius iv. 8, 7 in paucis Alexandro carus: cp. vi. 8, 2.illa propinquitate, i.e. his relationship to Secundus, of whom Quintilian speaks with pride as a friend and contemporary1 §120.Is fuit ... Is cum: one of Quintilian’s negligences: cp.2 §23.adhuc= etiam tum, as Livy xxi. 48 Scipio quamquam gravis adhuc vulnere erat. Strictlyadhucis applicable to what continues up to the time of speaking: here of continuance in past time. Introd.p. l.operatum: cp. Tac. Ann. iii. 42 nobilissima Galliarum subole liberalibus studiis ibi operata (v. 2): reipublicae Livy iv. 60, 2: conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus Verg. Aen. iii. 136.adductae. So adducere frontem Sen. Ben. i. 1: cp. attrahere frontem 6, 7: cp. contrahere frontem Cic. pro Cluent. §72. The opposite isfrontem remittere: Pliny, Ep. ii. 5, 5. Cp. sollicitam explicuere frontem Hor. Car. iii. 29, 16.Obductusis used in a similar sense: cp. Hor. Epod. xiii. 5 obducta solvatur fronte senectus: Iuv. Sat. ix. 2 quare ... tristis occurras fronte obducta.III:14Nec dissimulavit adulescens, tertium iam diem esse quod omni labore materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium; quo sibi non praesens tantum dolor, sed etiam desperatio in posterum fieret. Tum Florus adridens, ‘numquid tu,’ inquit, ‘melius dicere vis quam potes?’§ 14.Tertium diem ... quod.Quoddoes not here =ex quo, as it denotes not point of time, but duration: in the direct it would bequod non invenio, notquod(ex quo)non inveni. An exact analogy is Plaut. Amphit. i. 1, 148 (302) iam diu ’stquodventri victum non datis (where, however, Fleckeisen readsquom, and is followed by Palmer). The commentators quote Pliny, Ep. iv. 27, 1 Tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem Sentium: but therequod=ex quo, just asutis used forex quoStich. 29 Nam viri nostri domo ut abierunt hic tertiust annus. Nägelsbach (note on p. 167) says this construction of Quintilian’s was imitated not only by Pliny (l.c.), but by others: Schmalz, Antibarbarus, s.v. e, ex. It might, however, be argued that we ought to readquum(quomomni): C. ad Fam. xv. 14 Multi anni sunt cum M. Attius in meo aere est, and often elsewhere, e.g. de Off. ii. §75 (Roby §1723). Ifquodstands it must = ‘as regards the fact that he could find noexordium, it was now the third day’: cp. the German ‘es ist schon der dritte Tag dass,’ &c.omni labore: a modal ablative, ‘in spite of every effort.’ There are two instances in Cicero of a similar use of the ablative,with the gerundive: pro Mur. §17 qui non modo Curiis, Catonibus, Pompeiis, antiquis illis fortissimis viris, sed his recentibus, Mariis et Didiis et Caeliis, commemorandis iacebant: = quamvis Curios, &c., commemorarent: de Off. i. 2 §5 quis est enim qui nullis officii praeceptis tradendis philosophum se audeat dicere? = quamvis non tradat.materiae: cp. v. 10, 9 quo apparet omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari (sc. argumentum): ‘a theme on which he had to write.’ There seems no reason whymateriaeshould notbe taken as genitive, though Hild and others make it dative of the remote object ofinveniret.III:15Ita se res habet: curandum est ut quam optime dicamus, dicendum tamen pro facultate; ad profectum enim opus est studio, non indignatione. Ut possimus autem scribere etiam plura et celerius,non exercitatio modo praestabit, in qua sine dubio multum est, sed etiam ratio: si non resupini spectantesque tectum et cogitationem murmure agitantes expectaverimus quid obveniat,sedquid res poscat, quid personam deceat, quod sit tempus, qui iudicis animus intuiti, humano quodam modo ad scribendum accesserimus. Sic nobis et initia et quae sequuntur natura ipsa praescribit.§ 15.sine dubio. This substantival use of the neuter adj. with prep. is frequent in Cicero, but does not occur in Caesar or Sallust. Nägelsb. Stil. §21: cp. Introd.p. liii.ratio, ‘judgment’ (λόγος), such as rational human beings may be expected to show (cp. humano quodam modo, below). In this senseratioandconsiliumare often found together. A parallel passage is ii. 11, §4 Quin etiam in cogitando nulla ratione adhibita aut tectum intuentes magnum aliquid, quod ultro se offerat, pluribus saepe diebus expectant, aut murmure incerto velut classico instincti concitatissimum corporis motum non enuntiandis sed quaerendis verbis accommodant.resupini(‘with upturned face’) goes closely withspectantes tectum: cp. Martial ix. 43, 3 Quaeque tulit spectat resupino sidera vultu.quod sit tempus. xi. 1, 46 Tempus quoque ac locus egent observatione propria; nam et tempus tum triste tum laetum, tum liberum tum angustum est, atque ad haec omnia componendus orator.humano quodam modo, ‘in true human or rational fashion,’ i.e. without looking for inspiration to—the ceiling! Cp.instincti, quoted above, and7 §14deum tunc affuisse, &c. Forquidamsee§11.III:16Certa sunt enim pleraque et, nisi coniveamus, in oculos incurrunt; ideoque nec indocti nec rustici diu quaerunt, unde incipiant; quo pudendum est magis, si difficultatem facit doctrina. Non ergo semper putemus optimum esse quod latet: immutescamus alioqui, si nihil dicendum videatur nisi quod non invenimus.§ 16.certa, fixed and definite, as belonging necessarily to the subject, and suggested at once by the thought of it.Pleraqueis not limited toinitia, though the next sentence is (unde incipiant).non ... putemus: v. on2 §27. Emphasis is secured both by the use ofnonforne, and by its place in the sentence.immutescamus, very rare forobmutescamus, Stat. Theb. v. 542 ruptis immutuit ore querelis: vi. 184.alioqui. The condition implied in the word is here expressed in the clause which follows: cp.§30below. Introd.p. li.III:17Diversum est huic eorum vitium qui primo decurrere per materiam stilo quam velocissimo volunt, et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore scribunt; hanc silvam vocant. Repetuntdeinde et componunt quae effuderant; sed verba emendantur et numeri, manet in rebus temere congestis quae fuit levitas.§ 17.diversumwith the dat. (likecontrarium) is common in Quintilian and later writers: Cicero hasabc. abl. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 18, 5 Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope maius: Caesar B.C. iii. 30, 2 diversa sibi consilia.silvam. This word is here used as a translation ofὕλη, properly timber for building, then, metaphorically, raw material, or as here ‘rough draft.’ Cic. Orat. §12 omnis enim ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis (philosophis) est, nec satis tamen instructa ad forenses causas: §139 quasi silvam vides: de Or. ii. 65 infinita silva: iii. 93 rerum est silva magna: 103 primum silva rerum (ac sententiarum) comparanda est: 118 qui loco omnis virtutum et vitiorum est silva subiecta: 54 ea est ei (oratori) subiecta materies (ὑποκειμένη ὕλη): de Inv. i. 34 quandam silvam atque materiam ... omnium argumentationum: Suet. Gram. 24 Reliquit non mediocrem silvam observationum sermonis antiqui (Probus). The philosophical definition ofὕλη; is given in Isidorus, Orig. xiii. 3, 1 hylen (ὕλην)Graeci rerum quamdam primam materiam dicunt, nullo prorsus modo formatam, sed omnium corporalium formarum capacem, ex qua visibilia haec elementa formata sunt.componunt, of ‘arrangement’: cp.1, §§44,66,79.levitas, ‘superficiality,’ want of thoroughness and solidity: opp. togravitas. Cp.7, §4manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas.—The improvement extends only to theverbaandnumeri, not to the substance.III:18Protinus ergo adhibere curam rectius erit atque ab initio sic opus ducere, ut caelandum, non ex integro fabricandum sit. Aliquando tamen adfectus sequemur, in quibus fere plus calor quam diligentia valet.§ 18.protinus= statim ab initio.opus ducere:5 §9velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus et quam caelatura altior rumpat. The same figure is used Hor. Sat. i. 10, 43-44 forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit. So carmen ducere Ov. Trist. i. 11, 18: iii. 14, 32: ex Pont. i. 5, 7: ducere versus, Trist. v. 12, 63. In all these the metaphor is originally from drawing out the threads in spinning: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 225 tenui deducta poemata filo: Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse. In reference to statuary we have Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 240 ducent aera fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia: Verg. Aen. vi. 84, 7 vivos ducent de marmore vultus.caelandum, ‘chiselled,’ ‘filed’: Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 92 caelatumque novem Musis opus.sequemur: so1 §58revertemur: 7, 1 renuntiabit: a common use of the future in rules. Warmth of feeling, he says, will often compensate for want of finish.III:19Satis apparet ex eo quod hanc scribentium neglegentiam damno, quid de illis dictandi deliciis sentiam. Nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato dat aliquam cogitationi moram non consequens celeritatem eius manus: ille cui dictamus urget,atque interim pudet etiam dubitare aut resistere aut mutare quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.§ 19.illis dictandi deliciis: i.e. the practice which is so much in fashion, so much ‘affected’: fordeliciae(‘affectation’) cp.1 §43recens haec lascivia deliciaeque: xii. 8, 4 ne illas quidem tulerim delicias eorum qui, &c. The phrasein deliciis esse alicuiis common in Cicero: cp. also Orat. §39 longissime tamen ipsi a talibus deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt. The practice of dictation became so common thatdictarecame to have the same sense asscribere(‘compose’): Pers. i. 52 non si qua eligidia crudi dictarunt proceres? Literary men had of course always theirlibrarii; and we get a glimpse of a great advocate at work in Brutus §87 illum ... omnibus exclusis commentatum in quadam testudine cum servis litteratis fuisse, quorum alii aliud dictare eodem tempore solitus esset. Pliny, the elder, used to redeem the time by dictating to anotariuseven when on his travels: so too his nephew (who tells of his uncle’s habits iii. 5, 15), notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram dicto ix. 36, 2: illa quae dictavi identidem retractantur ibid. 40, 2. Gesner has an interesting note: “scilicet iam tum notabilis erat ea mollities, ut circa scribendi artem negligentiores essent homines in aliquo fastigio constituti: (vid. i. 1, 28) quae postea ita invaluit utdictareiam esset eruditorum hominum opus, quem admodum anteascribere. Itaquevario dictandi generesupergressum se alios dicit Sidonius Apollin. 8, 6 et ab initio eiusdem epistolae coniungitstudia certandi, dictandi, lectitandique.” He quotes authorities to show that, owing to the growth of the practice of dictation, the leading men in Charlemagne’s time, as well as the bishops, and Charlemagne himself, were ignorant of the art of writing.in stilo: i.e. when the author himself uses it. Thequidemintroduces an antithesis inille cui dictamus.urget: he ‘presses,’ whereas eventhose authors who can write fast take time to stop and think. No doubt the most practised amanuensis would fail to write as fast as a man can think, but this is not asserted. All that is said in the antithesis is that the amanuensis is always ready for more, as it were: his whole interest is in the writing, not in the thought. One even (etiam) feelsashamedat times (in addition to being merely conscious of the fact that the scribe’s pen is not busy) of one’s hesitancy, &c. SeeCrit. Notes.resistere: v. on§10.III:20Quo fit ut non rudia tantum et fortuita, sed impropria interim, dum sola est conectendi sermonis cupiditas, effluant, quae nec scribentium curam nec dicentium impetum consequantur. At idem ille qui excipit, si tardior in scribendo aut incertior inintellegendo velut offensator fuit, inhibetur cursus, atque omnis quae erat concepta mentis intentio mora et interdum iracundia excutitur.§ 20.impropria= quae significatione deerrant. Cp. i. 5, 46 dubito an id improprium potius appellem; significatione enim deerrat. Onverba propriasee1 §6.consequantur: i.e. such utterances do not come up either to the care with which one writes or the animation with which one speaks.at idem illeintroduces the second objection to dictation:§21supplies a third and§22a fourth.incertior in intellegendo, i.e. not to be depended upon to understand what is dictated to him. See Crit. Notes. Againstlegendoit must be urged that the reference toreadingis not very appropriate: the author would not be likely to call on the scribe to read what he had written, except at an appropriate pause, otherwise he would himself be to blame for the interruption to the ‘swing’ (cursus) of his thoughts.offensator, aἅπαξ λεγόμενον, whence the use ofvelut. It is employed here of one whose slowness or muddle-headedness is always bringing the author to a standstill. Cp. offensantes7 §10.quae erat: cp.§17quae fuit levitas.concepta mentis intentio, i.e. the thread of ideas.Concipereis of frequent occurrence in Quintilian:7 §14: xi. 3, 25: ix. i, 16: ii. 20, 4: vi. 2, 33, &c. For the gen. cp. animi intentio i. 1, 34. The readingconceptae mentis(seeCrit. Notes) is supported by i. 2, 29 praeceptores ipsos non idem mentis ac spiritus in dicendo posse concipere: the genitive would then be objective, as§23below: perhaps ‘attention to the conceived thought.’excutitur: Aristoph. Clouds 138καὶ φροντίδ᾽ ἐξήμβλωκας ἐξευρημένην.III:21Tum illa, quae altiorem animi motum sequuntur quaeque ipsa animum quodam modo concitant, quorum est iactare manum, torquere vultum,frontem etlatus interim obiurgare, quaeque Persiusnotat, cum leviter dicendi genus significat, ‘nec pluteum,’ inquit, ‘caedit nec demorsos sapit ungues,’ etiam ridicula sunt, nisi cum soli sumus.§ 21.quaeque ipsa: i.e. per se: so§23below, quae ipsa delectant.frontem et latus ... obiurgare. I venture to insert this conjecture in the text, as justified both by the MSS. tradition (seeCrit. Notes) and by the context. Quintilian is speaking not of the gestures by which animation is imparted to an actual effort of oratory, but of such little mannerisms as the men of his day indulged in when in the throes of solitary composition,—just as they bite quill pens to pieces or scratch their heads now. Forfrontem obiurgarecp. Brut. §278 nulla perturbatio animi nulla corporis, frons non percussa, non femur, quoted xi. 3, 123: femur pectus frontem caedere ii. 12, 10: ut frontem ferias Cic. ad Att. i. 1, 1, though this last passage implies a more vexatious state of distraction.obiurgare, i.e. caedere, ferire, plectere. Gertz objected tolatus obiurgareon the ground thatobiurgareby itself could not mean to ‘strike.’ We have ablatives in Pers.v. 169 solea puer obiurgabere rubra: Sen. de Ira iii. 12, 6 servulum istum verberibus obiurga: Suet. Calig. §20 ferulis obiurgari: id. Otho §2 flagris: Petronius 34 colaphis. But in all thesethe abl. is needed to define the meaning ofobiurgare, while no one could mistakelatus obiurgare.leviter dicendi genus: cp.§17levitas. The reference is to listlessness and carelessness of style, ‘not the kind that beats the desk or savours of the bitten nail,’—without earnestness or feeling.nec pluteum caedit. Thepluteusorpluteumis the back board of the ‘lecticula lucubratoria’ in which writing was done in a recumbent position. The quotation is from Sat. i. 106, where Persius pictures a drivelling versifier, listlessly pouring forth his verses without any physical exertion or trace of feeling.demorsos sapit ungues: imitated from Hor. Sat. i. 10, 70, speaking of what Lucilius would do if he lived now: in versu faciendo Saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet ungues.nisi cum soli sumus. This refers to practice only. A different point of view is stated in i. ii. §31, where Quintilian sums up in these words, Non esset in rebus humanis eloquentia, si tantum cum singulis loqueremur.III:22Denique ut semel quod est potentissimum dicam, secretum in dictando perit. Atque liberum arbitris locum et quam altissimum silentium scribentibus maxime convenire nemo dubitaverit: non tamen protinus audiendi qui credunt aptissima in hoc nemora silvasque, quod illa caeli libertas locorumque amoenitas sublimem animum et beatiorem spiritum parent.§ 22.ut semel ... dicam:1 §17.secretum in dictando. This is the fourth objection. Cp.7 §16cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet. Hirt (Substantivierung des Adj. bei Quint.—Berlin, 1890) notes that this use of the nom. neut. standing by itself is not so common as other cases: he cites about a dozen instances, e.g. iv. 1, 41 honestum satis per se valet: v. 11, 13 dissimile plures casus habet: vi. 3, 84 inopinatum et a lacessente poni solet. SeeCrit. Notes.protinus: see on1 §3,§42.aptissima in hoc. A poetical constr.: only here in Quintilian, instead ofdat.orad. Livy xxviii. 31 genere pugnae in quod minime apti sunt: Ovid Metam. xiv. 765 formas deus aptus in omnes.nemora silvasque. Quintilian is speaking of oratory: poetry on the other hand may fitly seek its inspiration in solitude. Tac. Dial. ix. poetis ... in nemora et lucos id est in solitudinem recedendum est: cp. xii nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, &c. The poet’s love of retirement and the necessity for his being exempted from the fears and anxieties of the vulgar is in fact a commonplace in Latin literature: Horace, Car. i. 1, 30: 32, 1: iv. 3, 10 sq.: Ep. ii. 2, 77: A. P. 298: Ovid, Tristia i. 1, 41 Carmina secessum scribentis et otia quaerunt, cp. v. 12, 3: Iuv. vii. 58: Pliny ix. 10 §2 (to Tacitus) poemata quiescunt, quae tu inter nemora et lucos commodissime perfici putas: so for study of all kinds i. 6, 2; cp. ix. 36, 6.beatiorem spiritum: i. §27, §44 (spiritus: cp.5 §4sublimis spiritus): and i. §61, §109 (beatus). Cp. dives vena in Hor. A. P. 409.III:23Mihi certe iucundus hic magis quam studiorum hortator videtur esse secessus. Namque illa, quae ipsa delectant, necesse est avocent ab intentione operis destinati. Neque enim se bona fidein multa simul intendere animus totum potest, et quocumque respexit, desinit intueri quod propositum erat.§ 23.hortator: cp. Liv. xxvii. 18, 14 foederum ruptor dux et populus: Cic. pro Mil. §50 ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus. Introd.p. xlv.quae ipsa:§21above. Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 21, 62 iam ipsae defluebant coronae.bona fide, ‘earnestly and conscientiously’: ut non fallat (sc. animus) sed officiis suis probe sufficiat (Wolff). The phrase is borrowed from the language of the law-courts, where it was applied to judicial awards made not according to any positive enactment but in equity. Cicero, de Off. iii. 61 et sine lege iudiciis,in quibus additurex fide bona. See Holden’s notead loc.III:24Quare silvarum amoenitas et praeterlabentia flumina et inspirantes ramis arborum aurae volucrumque cantus et ipsa late circumspiciendi libertas ad se trahunt, ut mihi remittere potius voluptas ista videatur cogitationem quam intendere.§ 24.late circumspiciendi. Wölfflin thinks that Quintilian designedly avoided such alliterations as ‘longe lateque circumspicere’: cp. Sall. Iug. 5, Tac. Hist. iv. 50. In viii. 3, 65 he has ‘vultum et oculos’ instead of ‘ora et oculos’: and ‘satis’ by itself, or ‘satis abunde,’ instead of ‘satis superque.’remittere ... intendere: the figure is derived from the use of the bow.III:25Demosthenes melius, qui se in locum ex quo nulla exaudiri vox et ex quo nihil prospici posset recondebat, ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi. Ideoque lucubrantes silentium noctis et clausum cubiculum et lumen unum veluttectos maxime teneat.§ 25.Demosthenes: Plut. Dem. 7ἐκ τούτου κατάγειον μὲν οἰκοδομῆσαι μελετήριον ὃ δὴ διεσώζετο καὶ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς.cogerent: for a similar modified use ofcogerecp. Corn. Nep. Milt. 7, 1: Suet. Domit. 11.lumenforlucerna: Cic. de Divin. 1 §36 lumine adposito.velut tectos, ‘as if under cover’: sc. ad omnia quae oculis vel auribus incursant. This is said to be one of Quintilian’s military metaphors, whence the use ofvelut. Becher (Philol. xliii. 203 sq.) compares de Orat. i. 8, 32 quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos vel te ulcisci lacessitus? and Orelli on pro Deiot. 6, 16: (quis consideratior illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior?) ‘est metaphora petita a gladiatoribus qui, uti debent, contra ictus adversariorum se tegunt.’ Here the ‘weapons of defence’ are three: ‘silentium noctis,’ ‘clausum cubiculum,’ and ‘lumen unum’ (i.e. nobis solum appositum). The opposite oftectusin this sense isapertus: e.g. latus apertum Tac. Hist. ii. 21apertiincautique muros subiere, ‘of a force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for conducting a siege’(Spooner). For the thought Krüger (3rd ed.) compares Plin. Ep. x. 36 clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et tenebris animus alitur. Ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quae mens vident, quoties non adsunt alia.—SeeCrit. Notes.maxime= potissimum, and leads up to§28ut suntmaximeoptanda. Cp.μάλιστα: Plat. Rep. 326 Aπεῖσαι μάλιστα μὲν καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰ δὲ μὴ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν.teneat, potential: ‘if we work at night, the silence, &c. will secure us from interruption.’ But Krüger (2nd ed.), looking tolucubrantes(which is emphatic), explains = ita lucubremus ut ... teneat, and Wrobel makes it an imperative, ‘let us work by night, and under such conditions, with such precautions that,’ &c.III:26Sed cum in omni studiorum genere, tum in hoc praecipue bona valetudo, quaeque eam maxime praestat, frugalitas necessaria est, cum tempora ab ipsarerum natura ad quietem refectionemque nobis data in acerrimum laborem convertimus. Cui tamen non plus inrogandum est quam quod somno supererit, haud deerit;§ 26.in hoc, i.e. for night work (= in hoc studiorum genere; viz. cum lucubramus).frugalitas: regularity of life, in a wide sense (as moderatio, temperantia,σωφροσύνη): cp. xii. 1, 8 Age non ad perferendos studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas? quid ergo ex libidine ac luxuria spei? Cic. pro Deiot. ix. §26.cum ... convertimus: the temporal signification ofcumc. ind. passes here into the causal. Cp. i. 6, 2 auctoritas ab oratoribus vel historicis peti solet ... cum summorum in eloquentia virorum iudicium pro ratione, et vel error honestus est magnos duces sequentibus.—Becher on the other hand (followed by Krüger 3rd ed.) insists that the use is here exclusively temporal, and that the clause is merely a development of ‘cum lucubramus,’—the idea contained in the foregoing in hoc (sc. stud. genere).cui: sc. labori scribendi.inrogandum= impendendum, tribuendum.supererit ... deerit. Tr.‘only so much as would be superfluous for sleep, not insufficient.’ The meaning is clear: we must not encroach on the time necessary for the repose of mind and body,—‘not more than what is not needed for sleep, and what will not be missed.’ For what may seem a superfluous addition cp.1 §115si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit: Verg. Aen. ix. 282 ‘tantum fortuna secunda Haud adversa cadat.’ The juxtaposition of compounds ofesseis very common: esp.superesse,deesse. Asin. Pollio, ad Fam. x. 33, 5: Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 63, 2: Cic. in Gellius i. 22, 7: Val. Max. viii. 7, 2: Suet. Aug. 56 (Schmalz). SeeCrit. Notes.III:27obstat enim diligentiae scribendi etiam fatigatio, et abunde, si vacet, lucis spatia sufficiunt; occupatos in noctem necessitas agit. Est tamen lucubratio, quotiens ad eam integri ac refecti venimus, optimum secreti genus.§ 27.si vacet ... occupatos. The antithesis should be noted: the days are long enough when one has nothing else to do: it is the busy man who is driven to encroach on the night.III:28Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda, ita non semper possunt contingere; ideoque non statim, si quid obstrepet, abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies, verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus, ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio; quam si tota mente in opus ipsum derexeris, nihil eorum quae oculis vel auribus incursant ad animum perveniet.§ 28.codices: writing-books or tablets, as§32.faciendus usus. Cp. ut scribendi fiat usus in2 §2: and§3below vires faciamus:6 §3facienda multo stilo forma est.derexeris: see on2 §1. So xii. 3, 8: ii. 13, 5: ii. 1, 11. On the other hand in x.1 §127and v. 7, 6 Halm and Meister printdirigere.incursant: stronger than§16in oculos incurrunt. The constr. with the dative is poetical (Ovid, Metam. i. 303, xiv. 190).III:29An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat, ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus: non consequemur idem, si et voluerimus? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si non nisi refecti, non nisi hilares, non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus, semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus.§ 29.An vero ... non consequemur. For this form of theargumentum a minore ad maiuscp.2 §5. Cic. pro Rab. 5 An vero servos nostros ... dominorum benignitas ... liberabit hos a verberibus ... nostri honores (non) vindicabunt?deerremuswith simple abl. is post-classical.idem, i.e. the same abstraction.si et voluerimus: ‘by an effort of will,’ opp. tofortuita cogitatio.non nisi: see on1 §20.III:30Quare in turba, itinere, conviviis etiam faciat sibi cogitatio ipsasecretum. Quid alioqui fiet, cum in medio foro, tot circumstantibus iudiciis, iurgiis, fortuitis etiam clamoribus, erit subito continua oratione dicendum, si particulas quas ceris mandamus nisi in solitudine reperire non possumus? Propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti Demosthenes in litore, in quo se maximo cum sono fluctus inlideret, meditans consuescebat contionum fremitus non expavescere.§ 30.itinere: Sen. Ep. 72 §2 quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in cisio scribere: Plin. Ep. iv. 14 §2 accipies cum hac epistula hendecasyllabos nostros, quibus nos in vehiculo, in balineo, intercenam oblectamus otium temporis. Pliny even took with him to the chase hispugillares, that he might note down any passing thought: i. 6, 1: ix. 10, 2. He had learnt the lesson from his uncle, who made use of his time at dinner, in the bath, on a journey: see the description his nephew gives of his habits Ep. iii. 5 §§10, 11, 14-16. Cato the Younger used to read while the Senate was assembling: Cic. de Fin. iii. 2 §7.alioqui: see on§16. Cp. §7 and Introd.p. li.tot circumstantibus iudiciis. Four courts were commonly held in one and the same basilica. Cp. xii. 5, 6 cum in basilica Iulia diceret primo tribunali (Trachalus 1 §119) quatuor autem iudicia, ut moris est, cogerentur, atque omnia clamoribus fremerent, et auditum eum et intellectum et, quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit, laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini: Plin. Ep. i. 18, 3 eram acturus ... in quadruplici iudicio: iv. 24, 1: vi. 33, 2.particulas: the ‘jottings’ which we ought to be able to make even in spite of surrounding confusion, if we are to be effective when called on to speakex tempore.ceris: used especially for rough notes. Iuv. i. 63: xiv. 191. These tablets were “made of thin slabs or leaves of wood, coated with wax, and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from friction. They were made of different sizes and varied in the number of their leaves, whence the word, in this sense, is applied in the plural” (Rich).in litore: Frotscher quotes Lib. Vit. Demosth.φασὶν αὐτὸν ἄνεμον ῥαγδαῖον τηροῦντα, καὶ κινουμένην σφοδρῶς τὴν θάλατταν, παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς βαδίζοντα, λέγειν καὶ τῷ τῆς θαλάττης ἤχῳ συνεθίζεσθαι φέρειν τὰς τοῦ δήμου καταβοάς: Plut. Vit. X Orat. 8, p. 844 Eκαὶ κατιόντα ἐπὶ τὸ Φαληρικὸν πρὸς τὰς τῶν κυμάτων ἐμβολὰς τὰς σκέψεις ποιεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ εἴ ποτε θορυβοίη ὁ δῆμος, μὴ ἐκσταίη: Cic. de Fin. v. 2, 5 Noli inquit, ex me quaerere, qui in Phalericum etiam descenderim, quo in loco ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere: Val. Max. viii. 7, ext. 1.meditans, ‘practising’: cp. de Orat. i. §260 (Demosthenes) perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur: §136: Brutus §302 nullum patiebatur esse diem (Hortensius) quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum: Quint. ii. 10, 2: iv. 2, 29.expavescere. This corresponds with the motive attributed to Demosthenes by Plutarch and Libanius, as quoted above; Cicero’s explanation (ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere) is perhaps the more credible.III:31Illa quoque minora (sed nihil in studiis parvum est) non sunt transeunda: scribi optime ceris, in quibus facillima est ratio delendi, nisi forte visus infirmior membranarum potius usumexiget, quae ut iuvant aciem, ita crebra relatione, quoad intinguntur calami, morantur manum et cogitationis impetum frangunt.§ 31.optime:§33:1 §72(prave):1 §105(fortiter), where see note:5 §13(rectene and honestene). Becher says ‘optimegiebt ein Urteil über die Handlung an, drückt nicht die Art und Weise aus’: hence it =optimum esse.scribi ceris: for the omission of in cp. xi. 2, 32 illud neminem non iuvabit iisdem quibus scripserit ceris ediscere. In viii. 6, 64 Meister readsin ceris.ratio delendi: see on2 §3: ‘erasure,’ the ‘art of blotting.’ A similar periphrasis isratio collocandi§5. For the purpose of erasure the reverse end of thestiluswas flat. Hor. Sat. i. 10, 72 saepe stilum vertas (cp.4 §1): Cic. de Orat. ii. §96 luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est. With parchment the method of erasure was of course different: Hor. A. P. 446 incomptis adlinet atrum transverso calamo signum.nisi forteis not ironical here, as in1 §70:2 §8:5 §§6-7.membranarum. Parchment was more expensive than the tablets (cerae), though probably cheaper now than it had been previously. It could be used for rough notes, the writing being erased to make room for fresh matter,—‘palimpsest.’ Even when a published book consisted of papyrus paper (charta), parchment was often used for the wrapper. It was calledmembrana pergamenabecause the industry received its development under the kings of Pergamum.exiget: for the indic. cp. v. 2, 2 refelluntur autem (praeiudicia) raro per contumeliam iudicum, nisi forte manifesta in iis culpa erit. The commentators quote Sall. Iug. xiv. 10, but there the subj. is really consecutive.relationeis here used in the etymological sense of ‘carrying the pen back,’ or ‘to and fro’ in supplying it with ink. No other example can be quoted in which this sense ( = reductio) occurs. Kiderlin (l.c.) thinks that the idea of ‘raising’ the hand would be more appropriate to the context than that of ‘drawing it back’: he proposes therefore to read ‘crebriore elatione.’ SeeCrit. Notes.intinguntur, i.e. in the ink (atramentum), which was generally an artificial compound, sometimes the natural juice of the cuttle-fish.III:32Relinquendae autem in utrolibet genere contra erunt vacuae tabellae, in quibus libera adiciendo sit excursio. Nam interim pigritiam emendandi angustiae faciunt, aut certe novorum interpositione priora confundant. Ne latas quidem ultra modum esse ceras velim, expertus iuvenem studiosum alioqui praelongos habuisse sermones, quia illos numero versuum metiebatur, idque vitium, quod frequenti admonitione corrigi non potuerat, mutatis codicibus esse sublatum.§ 32.contra= ex adverso. Space must be left for corrections and additions opposite to what has been written: there must be blank pages. Cp.contra1 §114.adiciendo, ‘for making additions,’ comes under the head of the ‘dative for work contemplated’ Roby §§1156 and 1383. So Tacitus constantly uses the dative of gerund or gerundive in a final sense after verbs and adjectives. SeeCrit. Notes.aut certe, with no previousaut: cp. ix. 2, 94: 3, 60. Fornovorumcp.subitis7 §30, and see Introd.p. xlvii.confundant: potential. It states a possibility:faciunta fact.expertuswith acc. and inf. is rare.studiosum:1 §45.alioqui: see Introd.p. li.versuum:1 §38.III:33Debet vacare etiam locus in quo notentur quae scribentibus solent extra ordinem, id est ex aliis quam qui sunt in manibus loci, occurrere. Inrumpunt enim optimi nonnumquam sensus, quos neque inserere oportet neque differre tutum est, quia interim elabuntur, interim memoriae suiintentos ab alia inventione declinant ideoque optime sunt in deposito.§ 33.locus ... loci. There is something of Quintilian’s not infrequent negligence of style in the repetition of the word, especially as bylocushe means only ‘room,’ whilelociare the different parts of the composition.notentur, ‘jot down.’inrumpunt, ‘break in upon us,’ with a force that is hard to resist (cp. memoriam sui intentos below).sensus: ‘ideas’: viii. 5, 2 sententiam veteres quod animo sensissent vocaverunt ... sed consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus, lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita sententias:5 §5:7 §6.interim ... interim: frequent in Quintilian (see Introduction p. li.) fornunc ... nunc,modo ... modo.optime sunt:§31= optimum est eos esse.inventione: ‘line of thought.’in deposito: ‘in store,’ ‘in a place of safety,’ i.e. noted down: see Introd.p. xlvii. The phrase is borrowed from law: vii. 2, 51 depositi quaestiones, Pandects, xxxvi. 3, 5.

Quo modo scribendum sit.III:1III. Et haec quidem auxilia extrinsecus adhibentur; in iis autem quae nobis ipsis paranda sunt, ut laboris, sic utilitatis etiam longe plurimum adfert stilus. Nec immerito M. Tullius hunc ‘optimum effectorem ac magistrum dicendi’ vocat, cui sententiae personam L. Crassi in disputationibus quae sunt de oratore adsignando, iudicium suum cum illius auctoritate coniunxit.§ 1.nobis ipsisopp. toextrinsecus: whatwemust provide forourselves, by our own gifts and industry. There is, however, much to be said for Gertz’s conjecturee nobis ipsis, which gives a better antithesis toextrinsecus: cp.5 §10plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia.stilus: see on1 §2.M. Tullius: de Orat. i. §150 caput autem est quod, ut vere dicam, minime facimus; est enim magni laboris, quem plerique fugimus: quam plurimum scribere. stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister; neque iniuria: nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit: ibid. §257 stilus ille tuus, quem tu vere dixisti perfectorem dicendi esse ac magistrum, multi sudoris est. Cp. iii. §190: Brutus §96 artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus: ad Fam. vii. 25, 2 is (stilus) est dicendi opifex.L. Crassi. L. Licinius Crassus,B.C.140-91, was the most illustrious of Roman orators before Cicero, who in the De Oratore seems to make him the mouthpiece of his own opinions. The other leading character in the dialogue isM. Antonius(B.C.143-87), grandfather of the triumvir. For a parallel estimate of the two see Brutus §143 sq.personam ... adsignando: cp.1 §71plures subire personas.III:2Scribendum ergo quam diligentissime et quam plurimum. Nam ut terra alte refossa generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior fit, sic profectus non a summo petitus studiorum fructus effundit uberius et fidelius continet. Nam sine hac quidem conscientia ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas inanemmodo loquacitatem dabit et verba in labris nascentia.§ 2.alte refossa: seeCrit. Notes. The meaning is that just as deep ploughing produces heavy crops, so progress that is not superficial (non a summo petitus) brings forth fruit more abundantly and secures its permanence. For the figure cp. i. 3, 5 non multum praestant, sed cito. Non subest vera vis nec penitus immissis radicibus nititur, ut quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina celerius se effundunt et imitatae spicas herbulae inanibus aristis ante messem flavescunt. Forrefoderecp. Lucan, iv. 242 tellure refossa: Plin. N. H. xix. 88 solo quam altissime refosso.profectus: cp.§15below, ad profectum opus est studio: i. 3, 5 stat profectus (‘growth’). The word does not occur in Cicero, though it is often used in the same sense by Seneca: e.g. Ep. 71, 35-36, nemo profectum ibi invenit ubi reliquerat ... magna pars est profectus velle proficere: 100, 11 ad profectum omnia tendunt. Quintilian frequently insists that it requires diligent and constant practice: e.g. ii. 7, 1 cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.a summo, i.e. from the surface, ‘superficial,’ as i. 3, 5 quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina. The opposite is ‘verus ille profectus et alte radicibus nixus,’ i. 1, 28. Cp.2 §15. Other instances of such expressions are1 §13ex proximo:7 §7ad ultimum:§10ex ultimo:2 §16in peius. See Introd.p. xlvii.sine hac conscientia= sine huius rei conscientia, i.e. without the consciousness of diligent application in composition. In such expressions (frequent with words like cura, metus, spes, timor) the pronountakes the place of a complementary genitive, suggested by what goes before: cp. i. 10, 28 haec ei cura, &c.: and below7 §19.verba in labris nascentia. Cp. Sen. Ep. 10, 3 non a summis labris ista venerunt; habent hae voces fundamentum.III:3Illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt, illic opes velut sanctiore quodam aerario conditae, unde ad subitos quoque casus, cum res exiget, proferantur. Vires faciamus ante omnia, quae sufficiant labori certaminum et usu non exhauriantur.§ 3.illic= stilo sive exercitatione scribendi.sanctiore ... aerario. The reference is to the reserve treasure (aerarium sanctius) that was never touched except in great emergencies. It was kept in a vault in the Temple of Saturn. Caes. B. C. i. 14, 1: Livy xxvii., 10, 11: Macrob. i. 8, 3: Lucan. Phars. iii. 153 sq.certaminum: so1 §4quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Certamen =ἀγών. Cp.1 §§31,106, &c.proferantur: for the subj. (consecutive) cp.1 §30:3 §33:5 §10.et ... non: notneque, as the negative really connects only with the verb, whileetserves simply to introduceusu. Cp.7 §33.III:4Nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem; quae nascendi quoque hanc fecerit legem, ut maiora animalia diutius visceribus parentis continerentur.Sed cum sit duplex quaestio, quo modo et quae maxime scribi oporteat, iam hinc ordinem sequar.§ 4.rerum ipsa natura: here of ‘nature’ as a creative agency: cp.§26below: Munro on Lucretius i. 25.praeposuitque. When it is clear from the context that there is an opposition, sentences and words of opposite meanings are often coupled (after a negative) not by a disjunctive but by a conjunctive particle, as here: cp. Cic. de Off. i. §22 non nobis solum nati sumus ortusque nostri partem patria vindicat partem amici: ibid. §86 neque opes aut potentiam consectabitur totamque eam (rempublicam) sic tuebitur ut omnibus consulat: Hor. Car. iii. 30, 6 Non omnis moriar, multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam. In each instance, however, the positive clause (que, et, atque) is an explanation of, rather than an antithesis to, the negative: the opposition is formal rather than real.difficultatem. Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 9, 59 Nil sine magno Vita labore dedit mortalibus: Hesiodἔργα καὶ ἡμέρ.289τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν: Soph. El. 945πόνου τοι χωρὶς οὐδὲν εὐτυχεῖ, &c. Frag. 364οὔτοι ποθ᾽ ἅψει τῶν ἄκρων ἄνευ πόνου: Epicharmus in Xenoph. Mem. ii. 1, 20τῶν πόνων πωλοῦσιν ἡμῖν πάντα τἀγάθ᾽ οἱ θεοί.quae maxime, v. ch. 5.iam hinc ordinem sequar, i.e. ‘I shall now proceed to deal with these questions in their order.’ And so followsquomodoin chs. iii-iv, andquae maxime scribioporteat in ch. v. The phrase is parallel to iii. 6, 104 nunc, quia in tria genera causas divisi, ordinem sequar: cp. ut ordinem sequar ix. 4, 33. In support of Obrecht’s readinghunc ordinemKiderlin (Blätter f. d. Bayer, Gymn. 1888, pp. 84-5) urges that in the instances quoted foriam hinc(ii. 11, 1, and iii. 1, 1: add viii. 3, 40 iam hinc igitur ad rationem sermonis coniuncti transeamus, andhinc iamviii. pr. 14: ii. 4, 1) there is always a marked transition to a new subject, whereas here the preceding subordinate clause (cum sit ... oporteat) lays down the order that is afterwards followed.—But all thatiam hincmeans here is simply that the writer willnowtake the two questions he has proposed in the order stated.III:5Sit primo vel tardus dumdiligens stilus, quaeramus optima nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus, adhibeatur iudicium inventis, dispositio probatis; dilectus enim rerum verborumque agendus est et pondera singulorum examinanda. Post subeat ratio collocandi versenturque omni modo numeri, non ut quodque se proferet verbum occupet locum.§ 5.dum diligens,without a verb: cp.1 §94quamvis uno libro: Cic. Acad. ii. §104 sequentes tantum modo quod ita visum sit, dum sine adsensu: cp. Hirtius in Cic. ad Att. xv. 6, 3 dummodo diligentibus.optima, i.e. both in thought and word.protinusgoes withgaudeamus, not withofferentibus, which can stand by itself: cp.1 §§2and42. Forofferentibuscp. oneminentibus1 §86.dilectus ... agendus. This may possibly be one of Quintilian’s military figures: xii. 3, 5 dilectus agere (of animperator); Tac. Hist. ii. 16, 82, Agric. 7. But cp. also ii. 8, 7 studiorum facere dilectum: Tac. Dial. 22 verbis delectum adhibuit: Cic. de Or. iii. §150 in hoc verborum genere propriorumdelectus est habendus quidamatque in aurium quodam iudicioponderandus est: de Off. i. §149 habere dilectum civis et peregrini: ib. §49: de Fin. v. §90: Brut. §253 verborum dilectum originem esse eloquentiae.ratio collocandi. For this periphrastic constr. see Nägelsbach §27 ad fin. (p. 130) and note onvim dicendi1 §1. Cp. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. i. 1, 6, 18 sed nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio mea: pro Rosc. Amer. 1 §3 ignoscendi ratio ... de civitate sublata est.—Dion. Hal. unitesἐκλογὴ τῶν ὀνομάτωνwithσύνθεσις τῶν ἐκλεγέντων.numeri: ix. 4, 45 numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo. Cp. note on2 §16.III:6Quae quidem ut diligentius exsequamur, repetenda saepius erunt scriptorum proxima. Nam praeter id quod sic melius iunguntur prioribus sequentia, calor quoque ille cogitationis, qui scribendi mora refrixit, recipit ex integro vires et velut repetito spatio sumit impetum; quod in certamine saliendi fieri videmus, ut conatum longius petant et ad illud quo contenditur spatium cursu ferantur, utque in iaculando brachia reducimus et expulsuri tela nervos retro tendimus.§ 6.repetenda: we must go back on what we have just written.praeter id quod: cp.2 §26, and see note on1 §28.repetito spatio, i.e. ‘going back to take a spring,’ as is shown by what follows. He passes from the figure involved in calor ... refrixit, and anticipates the idea contained in the next clause: calor ... sumit impetum = calor ... denuo exardescit. Hild compares de Orat. i. §153 for a similar figure: ut concitato navigio, cum remiges inhibuerunt, retinet tamen ipsa navis motum et cursum suum intermisso impetu pulsuque remorum, sic in oratione perpetua, cum scripta deficiunt, parem tamen obtinet oratio reliqua cursum scriptorum similitudine et vi concitata.quod ... videmus, ut. For a similar instance of the use of the pronoun to anticipate a dependent clause cp.7 §11. The other two examples commonly given are rather cases of pleonasm, viz.1 §58and5 §18.conatum longius petant: ‘take a longer run.’ Cp. repetito spatio above.ad illud quo contenditur spatium, i.e. jump the distance they aim at covering.Quo contenditur= lit. to which their efforts are directed.retro tendimus. Cp. Verg. Aen. v. 500 Validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus.III:7Interim tamen, si feret flatus, danda sunt vela, dum nos indulgentia illa nonfallat; omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent, alioqui nec scriberentur. Sed redeamus ad iudicium et retractemus suspectam facilitatem.§ 7.interim= interdum, v. on1 §9.danda sunt vela: ‘we must spread our sails before a favouring breeze’ (cp. quo ventus ferebat Caes. B. G. iii. 15, 3). So Ep. ad Tryph. §3 permittamus vela ventis et oram solventibus bene precemur. The figure is frequent in Cicero: quocunque feremur danda nimirum vela sunt Orat. §75: ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur vela do (i.e. set my sails to catch the breeze from a particular quarter) de Orat. ii. §187. So Martial (of Nerva’s modesty) Pieriam tenui frontem redimire corona Contentus, famae nec dare vela suae viii. 70.dum ... non, instead ofne, as sometimesin poetry. Here the negative attaches closely to the verb: cp. §3. So xii. 10, §48 dum rem contineant et copia non redundent. Quintilian never usesdummodo: onlydum, ormodo. Si modo (si quidem), which Meister cites, is different: it expresses the limitation of a hypothesis.dum nascuntur: cp.1 §16excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine.necforne ... quidem: ii. 13, 7 alioqui nec scriberem: v. 10, 119 alioqui nec dixissem: ix. 2, 67 quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat (not in Cicero). For other instances see Bonn. Lex.necη andnequeζ: Roby 2230b: Madvig de Finibus pp. 816-822.facilitatem: abstract for concrete = quae facilius scripta sunt. Cp. initiis below, and2 §2.III:8Sic scripsisse Sallustium accepimus, et sane manifestus est etiam ex opere ipso labor. Vergilium quoque paucissimos die composuisse versus auctor est Varius.§ 8.Sallustium: see on1 §101.Vergilium: Aul. Gell. N. A. 17, 10 Dicere solitum ferunt parere se versus more atque ritu ursino. Namque ut illa bestia fetum ederet ineffigiatum informemque, lambendoque id postea, quod ita edidisset, conformaret et fingeret; proinde ingenii quoque sui partes recentes rudi esse facie et imperfecta, sed deinceps tractando colendoque reddere iis se oris et vultus lineamenta. So too in the Donatus Life of Vergil ix: Cum Georgica scriberet traditur cotidie meditatos mane plurimos versus dictare solitus, ac per totum diem retractando ad paucissimos redigere, non absurde carmen se ursae more parere dicens et lambendo demum effingere.die, forin die. Cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse: i. 4, 9 in hora saepe ducentos ... dictabat versus. So bisque die Verg. Ecl. iii. 34: Cic. pro Rosc. Am. 46 §132 in anno: ad Fam. xv. 16, 1 in hora.Varius, see on1 §98. His biographical sketch of his lifelong friend was entitled De ingenio moribusque Vergilii. Aul. Gell. (xvii. 10) speaks of the Amici familiaresque P. Vergilii in eis quae de ingenio moribusque eius memoriae tradiderunt.III:9Oratoris quidem alia condicio est; itaque hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero. Nam primum hoc constituendum, hoc obtinendum est, ut quam optime scribamus: celeritatem dabit consuetudo. Paulatim res facilius se ostendent, verba respondebunt, compositio sequetur, cuncta denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt.§ 9.sollicitudinem:1 §20scribendi sollicitudinem: and§20, below, scribentium curam.initiis= incipientibus: cp.2 §2. So also ii. 4, 13 quatenus nullo magis studia (= studiosi) quam spe gaudent.compositio:1 §79: cp.§§44,46. The three essentials are here enumerated: thought (res), language (verba), arrangement (compositio).in officio: cp. viii. pr. §30 erunt in officio. As in a well-ordered establishment, he says, everything will be found fulfilling its proper function.III:10Summa haec est rei: cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur, bene scribendo fit ut cito. Sed tum maxime, cum facultas illa contigerit, resistamus ut provideamus, efferentesseequos frenis quibusdam coerceamus; quod non tam moram faciet quam novos impetus dabit. Neque enim rursus eos qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint ad infelicem calumniandi se poenam adligandos puto.§ 10.summa haec. ‘Write quickly and you will never write well: write well and in time you will write quickly.’ The Greek rhetoricians are said to have had a sayingἐκ τοῦ λέγειν τὸ λέγειν πορίζεται, on which Cicero seems to make Crassus found a similar utterance de Orat. i. §150 dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere, ... perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi.facultas illa, sc. cito scribendi.resistamus: ‘let us pause,’ ‘call a halt.’ Cp.§19:7 §14: xi. 2, 46: 3, 121: ix. 3, 55. Cp. the use ofintersistereix. 4, 33.ut provideamus:6 §6non sollicitoset respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere:7 §10ut donec perveniamus ad finem non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu: i. 12, 4 nonne alia dicimus, alia providemus. So far from being a gloss, the words seem to be necessary to define the meaning and motive ofresistamus: it is in order to ‘look ahead’ that we ought to pause from time to time. SeeCrit. Notes.efferentes se: ‘running away,’ or rather, ‘trying to make off,’ apraesens conatus, as is shown bynon tam moram faciet, &c. Cp. Hom. Il. 23, 376ποδώκεες ἔκφερον ἵπποι: Xen. de Re Equestr., 3 §4. In Livy xxx. 20, 3, the figure is taken rather from the ‘prancing and curveting’ of a horse, Neque ... tam P. Scipio exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. (Hild’s parallelβίᾳ φέρουσιν, sc.ἄστομοι πῶλοιfrom Soph. Electr. 725, cp. Eurip. Hippol. 1224, is more appropriate to the readingferentes equos.) For the omission ofetbeforeefferentes(found in no MS.) cp.7 §1where a figure is added without any conjunction (auxilium in publicum polliceri ... intrare portum).neque enim: the ellipse may be supplied as follows,—si moram faceret non suaderem. The meaning is, it is only in cases where it will not cause injurious delay that I recommend this curbing and self-restraint; for neither, again, &c.robur fecerint:§3vires faciamus.infelicem: see on1 §7cuiusdam infelicis operae.calumniandi se: ‘the wretched task of pedantic self-criticism.’ See on1 §115nimia contra se calumnia: viii. pr. 31 quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi, qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta, quaerunt aliquid quod sit magis antiquum:§11remotum, inopinatum.III:11Nam quo modo sufficere officiis civilibus possit qui singulis actionum partibus insenescat? Sunt autem quibus nihil sit satis: omnia mutare, omnia aliter dicere quam occurrit velint,— increduli quidam et de ingenio suo pessime meriti, qui diligentiam putant facere sibi scribendi difficultatem.§ 11.officiis civilibus: ‘the duties of a citizen,’ here with special reference to legal practice and the advocacy of cases in courts of law:7 §1: cp. Suet. Tib. 8 civilium officiorum rudimentis. The phrase in its widest application includes all the ‘civilities’ and attentions which one citizen may be expected to show to another, especially in the relation of patron and client: e.g.officiotogae virilis interfui, Plin. Ep. i. 9 §2. Casaubon definesofficium‘cum honoris causa praesentiam nostram alicui commodamus’: for instances of its use in this sense cp. Plin. Ep. i. 5, 11: i. 13, 7: ii. 1, 8: Hor. Epist. i. 7, 8officiosaquesedulitas et opella forensis: Sat. ii. 6, 24 officio respondeat (‘answer duty’s call,’ Palmer).velint: potential, as often. The clause stands by itself, and there is no need for supposing the omission of the relative.increduli quidam: ‘a diffident sort of people,’ ‘somehow afraid of themselves.’ For quidam cp.1 §76. It is employed, as often by Cicero, to show that the word used is as near the author’s meaning as possible, though sometimes it is joined with an expression that is merely a makeshift: cp.τινες. It indicates an undefined degree of the adjective with which it is connected, and has sometimes a modifying, sometimes an intensifying effect: here the former is not so probable considering the strength of the phrase that follows, ‘sinning grievously against their natural gifts.’diligentiamis pred.: supplyesse. The subject isfacere ... difficultatem.III:12Nec promptum est dicere utros peccare validiusputem, quibus omnia sua placent an quibus nihil. Accidit enim etiam ingeniosis adulescentibus frequenter, ut labore consumantur et in silentium usque descendant nimia bene dicendi cupiditate. Qua de re memini narrasse mihi Iulium Secundum illum, aequalem meum atque a me, ut notum est, familiariter amatum, mirae facundiae virum, infinitae tamen curae, quid esset sibi a patruo suo dictum.§ 12.validius. Common in Quintilian: iii. 8, 61 verborum autem magnificentia non validius est adfectanda suasorias declamantibus, sed contingit magis: vi. Prooem. §8 quo me validius cruciaret: ix. 2, 76 quanto validius bonos inhibet pudor quam metus. The superlative is frequent in Pliny: e.g. validissime placere Ep. i. 20, 22: te validissime diligo iii. 15, 2: vi. 8, 9 validissime vereor: ix. 35, 1validissime cupere. Cp. Caelias in Cic. ad Fam. viii. 2, 1 ego quum pro amicitia validissime facerem ei. Horace has valdius oblectat populam A. P. 321: cp. Ep. i. 9, 6.omnia sua: cp.1 §130(of Seneca) si non omnia sua amasset: ibid.§88(of Ovid) nimium amator ingenii sui.narrasse: Quintilian always uses the perfect infin. aftermemini, even where the person who recalls the event was a witness of it. The rule is thus stated by Roby §1372 ‘Meminiis used with the present (and sometimes the perfect) infinitive of events of which the subject himself was witness, with the perfect infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness.’ On this Dr. Reid has a valuable note de Amic. §2: ‘The rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus: If the person who recalls an event was a witness of it, he may either (a) vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind’s eye for the moment, in which case he uses the present infinitive, or (b) he may simply recall thefactthat the eventdidtake place in past time, in which case the perfect infinitive is used. If he was not a witness, he evidently can conceive the event only in the latter of these two ways. As regards (a) cp. Verg. Ecl. ix. 52 longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles with Georg. iv. 125 memini me Corycium vidisse senem. Examples like the latter of these two are more numerous than is commonly supposed.’Iulius Secundus,1 §120.III:13Is fuit Iulius Florus, in eloquentia Galliarum, quoniam ibi demum exercuit eam, princeps, alioqui interpaucos disertus et dignus illa propinquitate. Is cum Secundum, scholae adhuc operatum, tristem forte vidisset, interrogavit quae causa frontis tam adductae?§ 13.Iulius Florusis generally supposed to be identical with the individual to whom, as one of thecomitesof Tiberius Claudius in his mission to the East, Horace addresses (B.C.20) the Third Epistle of the First Book: cp. also ii. 2. Horace indicates his young friend’s ability in the following lines (i. 3, 21) Non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum est et turpiter hirtum: Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica iura Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen, Prima feres hederae victricis praemia. The scholiast Porphyrio tells us that he wrote satires: Hic Florus fuit satirarum scriptor, cuius sunt electae ex Ennio, Lucilio, Varrone satirae, ‘by which is meant, doubtless,’ says Prof. Wilkins, ‘that he re-wrote some of the poems of these earlier authors, adapting them to the taste of his own day, much as Dryden and Pope re-wrote Chaucer’s tales.’ There is, however, a chronological difficulty in the identification of the Florus who was a young man inB.C.20 with the Florus who was thepatruusof Iulius Secundus, a contemporary of Quintilian (aequalem meum), who died towards the end of Domitian’s reign before he had completed the natural term of life (si longius contigisset aetas1 §120). Seneca (Controv. ix. 25, 258) mentions a Iulius Florus who was a pupil of Porcius Latro (fl. cir.B.C.17). There is also the Gaulish nobleman who headed a rebellion among the Treveri, and afterwards committed suicide,A.D.21 (Tac. Ann. iii. 40-42). Hild identifies this Florus with the one in the text: but it is absolutely impossible that the Florus who died inA.D.21 can have seen Secundus (scholae adhuc operatum), who cannot have been born till about twenty years later.in eloquentia. The genitive is more common with princeps:1 §58: viii. 6, 30 Romanae eloquentiae principem: vi. 3, 1.Galliarum. Eloquence flourished in Gaul under the Empire. At Lugdunum Caligula instituted (A.D.39-40) a contest in Greek and Latin oratory (certamen Graecae Latinaeque facundiae, Suet. Calig. 20). Cp. Iuv. i. 44 Aut Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram.quoniamintroduces what is virtually a parenthesis, referring not to the whole sentence but only toGalliarum.ibi demum:1 §44:2 §8:6 §5.Here it leads up toalioqui(apart from this fact: moreover) (1 §64): it was in Gaul that he practised, but he would have shone anywhere.alioqui:1 §64. Here it = apart from this fact, even if compared with orators of other countries. Transl. ‘besides,’ and cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37 validus alioqui spernendis honoribus: Hist. ii. 27: iii. 32. Other instances in Quintilian are ii. 1, 4: 15, 9: iv. pr. 6: v. 9, 11, &c.inter paucos, ‘as few have ever been’: Livy xxii. 7, 1 inter paucas memorata populi Romani clades: cp. xxiii. 44, 4: xxxviii. 15, 9; Q. Curtius iv. 8, 7 in paucis Alexandro carus: cp. vi. 8, 2.illa propinquitate, i.e. his relationship to Secundus, of whom Quintilian speaks with pride as a friend and contemporary1 §120.Is fuit ... Is cum: one of Quintilian’s negligences: cp.2 §23.adhuc= etiam tum, as Livy xxi. 48 Scipio quamquam gravis adhuc vulnere erat. Strictlyadhucis applicable to what continues up to the time of speaking: here of continuance in past time. Introd.p. l.operatum: cp. Tac. Ann. iii. 42 nobilissima Galliarum subole liberalibus studiis ibi operata (v. 2): reipublicae Livy iv. 60, 2: conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus Verg. Aen. iii. 136.adductae. So adducere frontem Sen. Ben. i. 1: cp. attrahere frontem 6, 7: cp. contrahere frontem Cic. pro Cluent. §72. The opposite isfrontem remittere: Pliny, Ep. ii. 5, 5. Cp. sollicitam explicuere frontem Hor. Car. iii. 29, 16.Obductusis used in a similar sense: cp. Hor. Epod. xiii. 5 obducta solvatur fronte senectus: Iuv. Sat. ix. 2 quare ... tristis occurras fronte obducta.III:14Nec dissimulavit adulescens, tertium iam diem esse quod omni labore materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium; quo sibi non praesens tantum dolor, sed etiam desperatio in posterum fieret. Tum Florus adridens, ‘numquid tu,’ inquit, ‘melius dicere vis quam potes?’§ 14.Tertium diem ... quod.Quoddoes not here =ex quo, as it denotes not point of time, but duration: in the direct it would bequod non invenio, notquod(ex quo)non inveni. An exact analogy is Plaut. Amphit. i. 1, 148 (302) iam diu ’stquodventri victum non datis (where, however, Fleckeisen readsquom, and is followed by Palmer). The commentators quote Pliny, Ep. iv. 27, 1 Tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem Sentium: but therequod=ex quo, just asutis used forex quoStich. 29 Nam viri nostri domo ut abierunt hic tertiust annus. Nägelsbach (note on p. 167) says this construction of Quintilian’s was imitated not only by Pliny (l.c.), but by others: Schmalz, Antibarbarus, s.v. e, ex. It might, however, be argued that we ought to readquum(quomomni): C. ad Fam. xv. 14 Multi anni sunt cum M. Attius in meo aere est, and often elsewhere, e.g. de Off. ii. §75 (Roby §1723). Ifquodstands it must = ‘as regards the fact that he could find noexordium, it was now the third day’: cp. the German ‘es ist schon der dritte Tag dass,’ &c.omni labore: a modal ablative, ‘in spite of every effort.’ There are two instances in Cicero of a similar use of the ablative,with the gerundive: pro Mur. §17 qui non modo Curiis, Catonibus, Pompeiis, antiquis illis fortissimis viris, sed his recentibus, Mariis et Didiis et Caeliis, commemorandis iacebant: = quamvis Curios, &c., commemorarent: de Off. i. 2 §5 quis est enim qui nullis officii praeceptis tradendis philosophum se audeat dicere? = quamvis non tradat.materiae: cp. v. 10, 9 quo apparet omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari (sc. argumentum): ‘a theme on which he had to write.’ There seems no reason whymateriaeshould notbe taken as genitive, though Hild and others make it dative of the remote object ofinveniret.III:15Ita se res habet: curandum est ut quam optime dicamus, dicendum tamen pro facultate; ad profectum enim opus est studio, non indignatione. Ut possimus autem scribere etiam plura et celerius,non exercitatio modo praestabit, in qua sine dubio multum est, sed etiam ratio: si non resupini spectantesque tectum et cogitationem murmure agitantes expectaverimus quid obveniat,sedquid res poscat, quid personam deceat, quod sit tempus, qui iudicis animus intuiti, humano quodam modo ad scribendum accesserimus. Sic nobis et initia et quae sequuntur natura ipsa praescribit.§ 15.sine dubio. This substantival use of the neuter adj. with prep. is frequent in Cicero, but does not occur in Caesar or Sallust. Nägelsb. Stil. §21: cp. Introd.p. liii.ratio, ‘judgment’ (λόγος), such as rational human beings may be expected to show (cp. humano quodam modo, below). In this senseratioandconsiliumare often found together. A parallel passage is ii. 11, §4 Quin etiam in cogitando nulla ratione adhibita aut tectum intuentes magnum aliquid, quod ultro se offerat, pluribus saepe diebus expectant, aut murmure incerto velut classico instincti concitatissimum corporis motum non enuntiandis sed quaerendis verbis accommodant.resupini(‘with upturned face’) goes closely withspectantes tectum: cp. Martial ix. 43, 3 Quaeque tulit spectat resupino sidera vultu.quod sit tempus. xi. 1, 46 Tempus quoque ac locus egent observatione propria; nam et tempus tum triste tum laetum, tum liberum tum angustum est, atque ad haec omnia componendus orator.humano quodam modo, ‘in true human or rational fashion,’ i.e. without looking for inspiration to—the ceiling! Cp.instincti, quoted above, and7 §14deum tunc affuisse, &c. Forquidamsee§11.III:16Certa sunt enim pleraque et, nisi coniveamus, in oculos incurrunt; ideoque nec indocti nec rustici diu quaerunt, unde incipiant; quo pudendum est magis, si difficultatem facit doctrina. Non ergo semper putemus optimum esse quod latet: immutescamus alioqui, si nihil dicendum videatur nisi quod non invenimus.§ 16.certa, fixed and definite, as belonging necessarily to the subject, and suggested at once by the thought of it.Pleraqueis not limited toinitia, though the next sentence is (unde incipiant).non ... putemus: v. on2 §27. Emphasis is secured both by the use ofnonforne, and by its place in the sentence.immutescamus, very rare forobmutescamus, Stat. Theb. v. 542 ruptis immutuit ore querelis: vi. 184.alioqui. The condition implied in the word is here expressed in the clause which follows: cp.§30below. Introd.p. li.III:17Diversum est huic eorum vitium qui primo decurrere per materiam stilo quam velocissimo volunt, et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore scribunt; hanc silvam vocant. Repetuntdeinde et componunt quae effuderant; sed verba emendantur et numeri, manet in rebus temere congestis quae fuit levitas.§ 17.diversumwith the dat. (likecontrarium) is common in Quintilian and later writers: Cicero hasabc. abl. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 18, 5 Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope maius: Caesar B.C. iii. 30, 2 diversa sibi consilia.silvam. This word is here used as a translation ofὕλη, properly timber for building, then, metaphorically, raw material, or as here ‘rough draft.’ Cic. Orat. §12 omnis enim ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis (philosophis) est, nec satis tamen instructa ad forenses causas: §139 quasi silvam vides: de Or. ii. 65 infinita silva: iii. 93 rerum est silva magna: 103 primum silva rerum (ac sententiarum) comparanda est: 118 qui loco omnis virtutum et vitiorum est silva subiecta: 54 ea est ei (oratori) subiecta materies (ὑποκειμένη ὕλη): de Inv. i. 34 quandam silvam atque materiam ... omnium argumentationum: Suet. Gram. 24 Reliquit non mediocrem silvam observationum sermonis antiqui (Probus). The philosophical definition ofὕλη; is given in Isidorus, Orig. xiii. 3, 1 hylen (ὕλην)Graeci rerum quamdam primam materiam dicunt, nullo prorsus modo formatam, sed omnium corporalium formarum capacem, ex qua visibilia haec elementa formata sunt.componunt, of ‘arrangement’: cp.1, §§44,66,79.levitas, ‘superficiality,’ want of thoroughness and solidity: opp. togravitas. Cp.7, §4manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas.—The improvement extends only to theverbaandnumeri, not to the substance.III:18Protinus ergo adhibere curam rectius erit atque ab initio sic opus ducere, ut caelandum, non ex integro fabricandum sit. Aliquando tamen adfectus sequemur, in quibus fere plus calor quam diligentia valet.§ 18.protinus= statim ab initio.opus ducere:5 §9velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus et quam caelatura altior rumpat. The same figure is used Hor. Sat. i. 10, 43-44 forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit. So carmen ducere Ov. Trist. i. 11, 18: iii. 14, 32: ex Pont. i. 5, 7: ducere versus, Trist. v. 12, 63. In all these the metaphor is originally from drawing out the threads in spinning: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 225 tenui deducta poemata filo: Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse. In reference to statuary we have Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 240 ducent aera fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia: Verg. Aen. vi. 84, 7 vivos ducent de marmore vultus.caelandum, ‘chiselled,’ ‘filed’: Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 92 caelatumque novem Musis opus.sequemur: so1 §58revertemur: 7, 1 renuntiabit: a common use of the future in rules. Warmth of feeling, he says, will often compensate for want of finish.III:19Satis apparet ex eo quod hanc scribentium neglegentiam damno, quid de illis dictandi deliciis sentiam. Nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato dat aliquam cogitationi moram non consequens celeritatem eius manus: ille cui dictamus urget,atque interim pudet etiam dubitare aut resistere aut mutare quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.§ 19.illis dictandi deliciis: i.e. the practice which is so much in fashion, so much ‘affected’: fordeliciae(‘affectation’) cp.1 §43recens haec lascivia deliciaeque: xii. 8, 4 ne illas quidem tulerim delicias eorum qui, &c. The phrasein deliciis esse alicuiis common in Cicero: cp. also Orat. §39 longissime tamen ipsi a talibus deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt. The practice of dictation became so common thatdictarecame to have the same sense asscribere(‘compose’): Pers. i. 52 non si qua eligidia crudi dictarunt proceres? Literary men had of course always theirlibrarii; and we get a glimpse of a great advocate at work in Brutus §87 illum ... omnibus exclusis commentatum in quadam testudine cum servis litteratis fuisse, quorum alii aliud dictare eodem tempore solitus esset. Pliny, the elder, used to redeem the time by dictating to anotariuseven when on his travels: so too his nephew (who tells of his uncle’s habits iii. 5, 15), notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram dicto ix. 36, 2: illa quae dictavi identidem retractantur ibid. 40, 2. Gesner has an interesting note: “scilicet iam tum notabilis erat ea mollities, ut circa scribendi artem negligentiores essent homines in aliquo fastigio constituti: (vid. i. 1, 28) quae postea ita invaluit utdictareiam esset eruditorum hominum opus, quem admodum anteascribere. Itaquevario dictandi generesupergressum se alios dicit Sidonius Apollin. 8, 6 et ab initio eiusdem epistolae coniungitstudia certandi, dictandi, lectitandique.” He quotes authorities to show that, owing to the growth of the practice of dictation, the leading men in Charlemagne’s time, as well as the bishops, and Charlemagne himself, were ignorant of the art of writing.in stilo: i.e. when the author himself uses it. Thequidemintroduces an antithesis inille cui dictamus.urget: he ‘presses,’ whereas eventhose authors who can write fast take time to stop and think. No doubt the most practised amanuensis would fail to write as fast as a man can think, but this is not asserted. All that is said in the antithesis is that the amanuensis is always ready for more, as it were: his whole interest is in the writing, not in the thought. One even (etiam) feelsashamedat times (in addition to being merely conscious of the fact that the scribe’s pen is not busy) of one’s hesitancy, &c. SeeCrit. Notes.resistere: v. on§10.III:20Quo fit ut non rudia tantum et fortuita, sed impropria interim, dum sola est conectendi sermonis cupiditas, effluant, quae nec scribentium curam nec dicentium impetum consequantur. At idem ille qui excipit, si tardior in scribendo aut incertior inintellegendo velut offensator fuit, inhibetur cursus, atque omnis quae erat concepta mentis intentio mora et interdum iracundia excutitur.§ 20.impropria= quae significatione deerrant. Cp. i. 5, 46 dubito an id improprium potius appellem; significatione enim deerrat. Onverba propriasee1 §6.consequantur: i.e. such utterances do not come up either to the care with which one writes or the animation with which one speaks.at idem illeintroduces the second objection to dictation:§21supplies a third and§22a fourth.incertior in intellegendo, i.e. not to be depended upon to understand what is dictated to him. See Crit. Notes. Againstlegendoit must be urged that the reference toreadingis not very appropriate: the author would not be likely to call on the scribe to read what he had written, except at an appropriate pause, otherwise he would himself be to blame for the interruption to the ‘swing’ (cursus) of his thoughts.offensator, aἅπαξ λεγόμενον, whence the use ofvelut. It is employed here of one whose slowness or muddle-headedness is always bringing the author to a standstill. Cp. offensantes7 §10.quae erat: cp.§17quae fuit levitas.concepta mentis intentio, i.e. the thread of ideas.Concipereis of frequent occurrence in Quintilian:7 §14: xi. 3, 25: ix. i, 16: ii. 20, 4: vi. 2, 33, &c. For the gen. cp. animi intentio i. 1, 34. The readingconceptae mentis(seeCrit. Notes) is supported by i. 2, 29 praeceptores ipsos non idem mentis ac spiritus in dicendo posse concipere: the genitive would then be objective, as§23below: perhaps ‘attention to the conceived thought.’excutitur: Aristoph. Clouds 138καὶ φροντίδ᾽ ἐξήμβλωκας ἐξευρημένην.III:21Tum illa, quae altiorem animi motum sequuntur quaeque ipsa animum quodam modo concitant, quorum est iactare manum, torquere vultum,frontem etlatus interim obiurgare, quaeque Persiusnotat, cum leviter dicendi genus significat, ‘nec pluteum,’ inquit, ‘caedit nec demorsos sapit ungues,’ etiam ridicula sunt, nisi cum soli sumus.§ 21.quaeque ipsa: i.e. per se: so§23below, quae ipsa delectant.frontem et latus ... obiurgare. I venture to insert this conjecture in the text, as justified both by the MSS. tradition (seeCrit. Notes) and by the context. Quintilian is speaking not of the gestures by which animation is imparted to an actual effort of oratory, but of such little mannerisms as the men of his day indulged in when in the throes of solitary composition,—just as they bite quill pens to pieces or scratch their heads now. Forfrontem obiurgarecp. Brut. §278 nulla perturbatio animi nulla corporis, frons non percussa, non femur, quoted xi. 3, 123: femur pectus frontem caedere ii. 12, 10: ut frontem ferias Cic. ad Att. i. 1, 1, though this last passage implies a more vexatious state of distraction.obiurgare, i.e. caedere, ferire, plectere. Gertz objected tolatus obiurgareon the ground thatobiurgareby itself could not mean to ‘strike.’ We have ablatives in Pers.v. 169 solea puer obiurgabere rubra: Sen. de Ira iii. 12, 6 servulum istum verberibus obiurga: Suet. Calig. §20 ferulis obiurgari: id. Otho §2 flagris: Petronius 34 colaphis. But in all thesethe abl. is needed to define the meaning ofobiurgare, while no one could mistakelatus obiurgare.leviter dicendi genus: cp.§17levitas. The reference is to listlessness and carelessness of style, ‘not the kind that beats the desk or savours of the bitten nail,’—without earnestness or feeling.nec pluteum caedit. Thepluteusorpluteumis the back board of the ‘lecticula lucubratoria’ in which writing was done in a recumbent position. The quotation is from Sat. i. 106, where Persius pictures a drivelling versifier, listlessly pouring forth his verses without any physical exertion or trace of feeling.demorsos sapit ungues: imitated from Hor. Sat. i. 10, 70, speaking of what Lucilius would do if he lived now: in versu faciendo Saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet ungues.nisi cum soli sumus. This refers to practice only. A different point of view is stated in i. ii. §31, where Quintilian sums up in these words, Non esset in rebus humanis eloquentia, si tantum cum singulis loqueremur.III:22Denique ut semel quod est potentissimum dicam, secretum in dictando perit. Atque liberum arbitris locum et quam altissimum silentium scribentibus maxime convenire nemo dubitaverit: non tamen protinus audiendi qui credunt aptissima in hoc nemora silvasque, quod illa caeli libertas locorumque amoenitas sublimem animum et beatiorem spiritum parent.§ 22.ut semel ... dicam:1 §17.secretum in dictando. This is the fourth objection. Cp.7 §16cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet. Hirt (Substantivierung des Adj. bei Quint.—Berlin, 1890) notes that this use of the nom. neut. standing by itself is not so common as other cases: he cites about a dozen instances, e.g. iv. 1, 41 honestum satis per se valet: v. 11, 13 dissimile plures casus habet: vi. 3, 84 inopinatum et a lacessente poni solet. SeeCrit. Notes.protinus: see on1 §3,§42.aptissima in hoc. A poetical constr.: only here in Quintilian, instead ofdat.orad. Livy xxviii. 31 genere pugnae in quod minime apti sunt: Ovid Metam. xiv. 765 formas deus aptus in omnes.nemora silvasque. Quintilian is speaking of oratory: poetry on the other hand may fitly seek its inspiration in solitude. Tac. Dial. ix. poetis ... in nemora et lucos id est in solitudinem recedendum est: cp. xii nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, &c. The poet’s love of retirement and the necessity for his being exempted from the fears and anxieties of the vulgar is in fact a commonplace in Latin literature: Horace, Car. i. 1, 30: 32, 1: iv. 3, 10 sq.: Ep. ii. 2, 77: A. P. 298: Ovid, Tristia i. 1, 41 Carmina secessum scribentis et otia quaerunt, cp. v. 12, 3: Iuv. vii. 58: Pliny ix. 10 §2 (to Tacitus) poemata quiescunt, quae tu inter nemora et lucos commodissime perfici putas: so for study of all kinds i. 6, 2; cp. ix. 36, 6.beatiorem spiritum: i. §27, §44 (spiritus: cp.5 §4sublimis spiritus): and i. §61, §109 (beatus). Cp. dives vena in Hor. A. P. 409.III:23Mihi certe iucundus hic magis quam studiorum hortator videtur esse secessus. Namque illa, quae ipsa delectant, necesse est avocent ab intentione operis destinati. Neque enim se bona fidein multa simul intendere animus totum potest, et quocumque respexit, desinit intueri quod propositum erat.§ 23.hortator: cp. Liv. xxvii. 18, 14 foederum ruptor dux et populus: Cic. pro Mil. §50 ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus. Introd.p. xlv.quae ipsa:§21above. Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 21, 62 iam ipsae defluebant coronae.bona fide, ‘earnestly and conscientiously’: ut non fallat (sc. animus) sed officiis suis probe sufficiat (Wolff). The phrase is borrowed from the language of the law-courts, where it was applied to judicial awards made not according to any positive enactment but in equity. Cicero, de Off. iii. 61 et sine lege iudiciis,in quibus additurex fide bona. See Holden’s notead loc.III:24Quare silvarum amoenitas et praeterlabentia flumina et inspirantes ramis arborum aurae volucrumque cantus et ipsa late circumspiciendi libertas ad se trahunt, ut mihi remittere potius voluptas ista videatur cogitationem quam intendere.§ 24.late circumspiciendi. Wölfflin thinks that Quintilian designedly avoided such alliterations as ‘longe lateque circumspicere’: cp. Sall. Iug. 5, Tac. Hist. iv. 50. In viii. 3, 65 he has ‘vultum et oculos’ instead of ‘ora et oculos’: and ‘satis’ by itself, or ‘satis abunde,’ instead of ‘satis superque.’remittere ... intendere: the figure is derived from the use of the bow.III:25Demosthenes melius, qui se in locum ex quo nulla exaudiri vox et ex quo nihil prospici posset recondebat, ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi. Ideoque lucubrantes silentium noctis et clausum cubiculum et lumen unum veluttectos maxime teneat.§ 25.Demosthenes: Plut. Dem. 7ἐκ τούτου κατάγειον μὲν οἰκοδομῆσαι μελετήριον ὃ δὴ διεσώζετο καὶ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς.cogerent: for a similar modified use ofcogerecp. Corn. Nep. Milt. 7, 1: Suet. Domit. 11.lumenforlucerna: Cic. de Divin. 1 §36 lumine adposito.velut tectos, ‘as if under cover’: sc. ad omnia quae oculis vel auribus incursant. This is said to be one of Quintilian’s military metaphors, whence the use ofvelut. Becher (Philol. xliii. 203 sq.) compares de Orat. i. 8, 32 quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos vel te ulcisci lacessitus? and Orelli on pro Deiot. 6, 16: (quis consideratior illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior?) ‘est metaphora petita a gladiatoribus qui, uti debent, contra ictus adversariorum se tegunt.’ Here the ‘weapons of defence’ are three: ‘silentium noctis,’ ‘clausum cubiculum,’ and ‘lumen unum’ (i.e. nobis solum appositum). The opposite oftectusin this sense isapertus: e.g. latus apertum Tac. Hist. ii. 21apertiincautique muros subiere, ‘of a force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for conducting a siege’(Spooner). For the thought Krüger (3rd ed.) compares Plin. Ep. x. 36 clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et tenebris animus alitur. Ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quae mens vident, quoties non adsunt alia.—SeeCrit. Notes.maxime= potissimum, and leads up to§28ut suntmaximeoptanda. Cp.μάλιστα: Plat. Rep. 326 Aπεῖσαι μάλιστα μὲν καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰ δὲ μὴ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν.teneat, potential: ‘if we work at night, the silence, &c. will secure us from interruption.’ But Krüger (2nd ed.), looking tolucubrantes(which is emphatic), explains = ita lucubremus ut ... teneat, and Wrobel makes it an imperative, ‘let us work by night, and under such conditions, with such precautions that,’ &c.III:26Sed cum in omni studiorum genere, tum in hoc praecipue bona valetudo, quaeque eam maxime praestat, frugalitas necessaria est, cum tempora ab ipsarerum natura ad quietem refectionemque nobis data in acerrimum laborem convertimus. Cui tamen non plus inrogandum est quam quod somno supererit, haud deerit;§ 26.in hoc, i.e. for night work (= in hoc studiorum genere; viz. cum lucubramus).frugalitas: regularity of life, in a wide sense (as moderatio, temperantia,σωφροσύνη): cp. xii. 1, 8 Age non ad perferendos studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas? quid ergo ex libidine ac luxuria spei? Cic. pro Deiot. ix. §26.cum ... convertimus: the temporal signification ofcumc. ind. passes here into the causal. Cp. i. 6, 2 auctoritas ab oratoribus vel historicis peti solet ... cum summorum in eloquentia virorum iudicium pro ratione, et vel error honestus est magnos duces sequentibus.—Becher on the other hand (followed by Krüger 3rd ed.) insists that the use is here exclusively temporal, and that the clause is merely a development of ‘cum lucubramus,’—the idea contained in the foregoing in hoc (sc. stud. genere).cui: sc. labori scribendi.inrogandum= impendendum, tribuendum.supererit ... deerit. Tr.‘only so much as would be superfluous for sleep, not insufficient.’ The meaning is clear: we must not encroach on the time necessary for the repose of mind and body,—‘not more than what is not needed for sleep, and what will not be missed.’ For what may seem a superfluous addition cp.1 §115si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit: Verg. Aen. ix. 282 ‘tantum fortuna secunda Haud adversa cadat.’ The juxtaposition of compounds ofesseis very common: esp.superesse,deesse. Asin. Pollio, ad Fam. x. 33, 5: Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 63, 2: Cic. in Gellius i. 22, 7: Val. Max. viii. 7, 2: Suet. Aug. 56 (Schmalz). SeeCrit. Notes.III:27obstat enim diligentiae scribendi etiam fatigatio, et abunde, si vacet, lucis spatia sufficiunt; occupatos in noctem necessitas agit. Est tamen lucubratio, quotiens ad eam integri ac refecti venimus, optimum secreti genus.§ 27.si vacet ... occupatos. The antithesis should be noted: the days are long enough when one has nothing else to do: it is the busy man who is driven to encroach on the night.III:28Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda, ita non semper possunt contingere; ideoque non statim, si quid obstrepet, abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies, verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus, ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio; quam si tota mente in opus ipsum derexeris, nihil eorum quae oculis vel auribus incursant ad animum perveniet.§ 28.codices: writing-books or tablets, as§32.faciendus usus. Cp. ut scribendi fiat usus in2 §2: and§3below vires faciamus:6 §3facienda multo stilo forma est.derexeris: see on2 §1. So xii. 3, 8: ii. 13, 5: ii. 1, 11. On the other hand in x.1 §127and v. 7, 6 Halm and Meister printdirigere.incursant: stronger than§16in oculos incurrunt. The constr. with the dative is poetical (Ovid, Metam. i. 303, xiv. 190).III:29An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat, ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus: non consequemur idem, si et voluerimus? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si non nisi refecti, non nisi hilares, non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus, semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus.§ 29.An vero ... non consequemur. For this form of theargumentum a minore ad maiuscp.2 §5. Cic. pro Rab. 5 An vero servos nostros ... dominorum benignitas ... liberabit hos a verberibus ... nostri honores (non) vindicabunt?deerremuswith simple abl. is post-classical.idem, i.e. the same abstraction.si et voluerimus: ‘by an effort of will,’ opp. tofortuita cogitatio.non nisi: see on1 §20.III:30Quare in turba, itinere, conviviis etiam faciat sibi cogitatio ipsasecretum. Quid alioqui fiet, cum in medio foro, tot circumstantibus iudiciis, iurgiis, fortuitis etiam clamoribus, erit subito continua oratione dicendum, si particulas quas ceris mandamus nisi in solitudine reperire non possumus? Propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti Demosthenes in litore, in quo se maximo cum sono fluctus inlideret, meditans consuescebat contionum fremitus non expavescere.§ 30.itinere: Sen. Ep. 72 §2 quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in cisio scribere: Plin. Ep. iv. 14 §2 accipies cum hac epistula hendecasyllabos nostros, quibus nos in vehiculo, in balineo, intercenam oblectamus otium temporis. Pliny even took with him to the chase hispugillares, that he might note down any passing thought: i. 6, 1: ix. 10, 2. He had learnt the lesson from his uncle, who made use of his time at dinner, in the bath, on a journey: see the description his nephew gives of his habits Ep. iii. 5 §§10, 11, 14-16. Cato the Younger used to read while the Senate was assembling: Cic. de Fin. iii. 2 §7.alioqui: see on§16. Cp. §7 and Introd.p. li.tot circumstantibus iudiciis. Four courts were commonly held in one and the same basilica. Cp. xii. 5, 6 cum in basilica Iulia diceret primo tribunali (Trachalus 1 §119) quatuor autem iudicia, ut moris est, cogerentur, atque omnia clamoribus fremerent, et auditum eum et intellectum et, quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit, laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini: Plin. Ep. i. 18, 3 eram acturus ... in quadruplici iudicio: iv. 24, 1: vi. 33, 2.particulas: the ‘jottings’ which we ought to be able to make even in spite of surrounding confusion, if we are to be effective when called on to speakex tempore.ceris: used especially for rough notes. Iuv. i. 63: xiv. 191. These tablets were “made of thin slabs or leaves of wood, coated with wax, and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from friction. They were made of different sizes and varied in the number of their leaves, whence the word, in this sense, is applied in the plural” (Rich).in litore: Frotscher quotes Lib. Vit. Demosth.φασὶν αὐτὸν ἄνεμον ῥαγδαῖον τηροῦντα, καὶ κινουμένην σφοδρῶς τὴν θάλατταν, παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς βαδίζοντα, λέγειν καὶ τῷ τῆς θαλάττης ἤχῳ συνεθίζεσθαι φέρειν τὰς τοῦ δήμου καταβοάς: Plut. Vit. X Orat. 8, p. 844 Eκαὶ κατιόντα ἐπὶ τὸ Φαληρικὸν πρὸς τὰς τῶν κυμάτων ἐμβολὰς τὰς σκέψεις ποιεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ εἴ ποτε θορυβοίη ὁ δῆμος, μὴ ἐκσταίη: Cic. de Fin. v. 2, 5 Noli inquit, ex me quaerere, qui in Phalericum etiam descenderim, quo in loco ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere: Val. Max. viii. 7, ext. 1.meditans, ‘practising’: cp. de Orat. i. §260 (Demosthenes) perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur: §136: Brutus §302 nullum patiebatur esse diem (Hortensius) quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum: Quint. ii. 10, 2: iv. 2, 29.expavescere. This corresponds with the motive attributed to Demosthenes by Plutarch and Libanius, as quoted above; Cicero’s explanation (ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere) is perhaps the more credible.III:31Illa quoque minora (sed nihil in studiis parvum est) non sunt transeunda: scribi optime ceris, in quibus facillima est ratio delendi, nisi forte visus infirmior membranarum potius usumexiget, quae ut iuvant aciem, ita crebra relatione, quoad intinguntur calami, morantur manum et cogitationis impetum frangunt.§ 31.optime:§33:1 §72(prave):1 §105(fortiter), where see note:5 §13(rectene and honestene). Becher says ‘optimegiebt ein Urteil über die Handlung an, drückt nicht die Art und Weise aus’: hence it =optimum esse.scribi ceris: for the omission of in cp. xi. 2, 32 illud neminem non iuvabit iisdem quibus scripserit ceris ediscere. In viii. 6, 64 Meister readsin ceris.ratio delendi: see on2 §3: ‘erasure,’ the ‘art of blotting.’ A similar periphrasis isratio collocandi§5. For the purpose of erasure the reverse end of thestiluswas flat. Hor. Sat. i. 10, 72 saepe stilum vertas (cp.4 §1): Cic. de Orat. ii. §96 luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est. With parchment the method of erasure was of course different: Hor. A. P. 446 incomptis adlinet atrum transverso calamo signum.nisi forteis not ironical here, as in1 §70:2 §8:5 §§6-7.membranarum. Parchment was more expensive than the tablets (cerae), though probably cheaper now than it had been previously. It could be used for rough notes, the writing being erased to make room for fresh matter,—‘palimpsest.’ Even when a published book consisted of papyrus paper (charta), parchment was often used for the wrapper. It was calledmembrana pergamenabecause the industry received its development under the kings of Pergamum.exiget: for the indic. cp. v. 2, 2 refelluntur autem (praeiudicia) raro per contumeliam iudicum, nisi forte manifesta in iis culpa erit. The commentators quote Sall. Iug. xiv. 10, but there the subj. is really consecutive.relationeis here used in the etymological sense of ‘carrying the pen back,’ or ‘to and fro’ in supplying it with ink. No other example can be quoted in which this sense ( = reductio) occurs. Kiderlin (l.c.) thinks that the idea of ‘raising’ the hand would be more appropriate to the context than that of ‘drawing it back’: he proposes therefore to read ‘crebriore elatione.’ SeeCrit. Notes.intinguntur, i.e. in the ink (atramentum), which was generally an artificial compound, sometimes the natural juice of the cuttle-fish.III:32Relinquendae autem in utrolibet genere contra erunt vacuae tabellae, in quibus libera adiciendo sit excursio. Nam interim pigritiam emendandi angustiae faciunt, aut certe novorum interpositione priora confundant. Ne latas quidem ultra modum esse ceras velim, expertus iuvenem studiosum alioqui praelongos habuisse sermones, quia illos numero versuum metiebatur, idque vitium, quod frequenti admonitione corrigi non potuerat, mutatis codicibus esse sublatum.§ 32.contra= ex adverso. Space must be left for corrections and additions opposite to what has been written: there must be blank pages. Cp.contra1 §114.adiciendo, ‘for making additions,’ comes under the head of the ‘dative for work contemplated’ Roby §§1156 and 1383. So Tacitus constantly uses the dative of gerund or gerundive in a final sense after verbs and adjectives. SeeCrit. Notes.aut certe, with no previousaut: cp. ix. 2, 94: 3, 60. Fornovorumcp.subitis7 §30, and see Introd.p. xlvii.confundant: potential. It states a possibility:faciunta fact.expertuswith acc. and inf. is rare.studiosum:1 §45.alioqui: see Introd.p. li.versuum:1 §38.III:33Debet vacare etiam locus in quo notentur quae scribentibus solent extra ordinem, id est ex aliis quam qui sunt in manibus loci, occurrere. Inrumpunt enim optimi nonnumquam sensus, quos neque inserere oportet neque differre tutum est, quia interim elabuntur, interim memoriae suiintentos ab alia inventione declinant ideoque optime sunt in deposito.§ 33.locus ... loci. There is something of Quintilian’s not infrequent negligence of style in the repetition of the word, especially as bylocushe means only ‘room,’ whilelociare the different parts of the composition.notentur, ‘jot down.’inrumpunt, ‘break in upon us,’ with a force that is hard to resist (cp. memoriam sui intentos below).sensus: ‘ideas’: viii. 5, 2 sententiam veteres quod animo sensissent vocaverunt ... sed consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus, lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita sententias:5 §5:7 §6.interim ... interim: frequent in Quintilian (see Introduction p. li.) fornunc ... nunc,modo ... modo.optime sunt:§31= optimum est eos esse.inventione: ‘line of thought.’in deposito: ‘in store,’ ‘in a place of safety,’ i.e. noted down: see Introd.p. xlvii. The phrase is borrowed from law: vii. 2, 51 depositi quaestiones, Pandects, xxxvi. 3, 5.

III:1III. Et haec quidem auxilia extrinsecus adhibentur; in iis autem quae nobis ipsis paranda sunt, ut laboris, sic utilitatis etiam longe plurimum adfert stilus. Nec immerito M. Tullius hunc ‘optimum effectorem ac magistrum dicendi’ vocat, cui sententiae personam L. Crassi in disputationibus quae sunt de oratore adsignando, iudicium suum cum illius auctoritate coniunxit.

§ 1.nobis ipsisopp. toextrinsecus: whatwemust provide forourselves, by our own gifts and industry. There is, however, much to be said for Gertz’s conjecturee nobis ipsis, which gives a better antithesis toextrinsecus: cp.5 §10plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia.stilus: see on1 §2.M. Tullius: de Orat. i. §150 caput autem est quod, ut vere dicam, minime facimus; est enim magni laboris, quem plerique fugimus: quam plurimum scribere. stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister; neque iniuria: nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit: ibid. §257 stilus ille tuus, quem tu vere dixisti perfectorem dicendi esse ac magistrum, multi sudoris est. Cp. iii. §190: Brutus §96 artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus: ad Fam. vii. 25, 2 is (stilus) est dicendi opifex.L. Crassi. L. Licinius Crassus,B.C.140-91, was the most illustrious of Roman orators before Cicero, who in the De Oratore seems to make him the mouthpiece of his own opinions. The other leading character in the dialogue isM. Antonius(B.C.143-87), grandfather of the triumvir. For a parallel estimate of the two see Brutus §143 sq.personam ... adsignando: cp.1 §71plures subire personas.

§ 1.nobis ipsisopp. toextrinsecus: whatwemust provide forourselves, by our own gifts and industry. There is, however, much to be said for Gertz’s conjecturee nobis ipsis, which gives a better antithesis toextrinsecus: cp.5 §10plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia.

stilus: see on1 §2.

M. Tullius: de Orat. i. §150 caput autem est quod, ut vere dicam, minime facimus; est enim magni laboris, quem plerique fugimus: quam plurimum scribere. stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister; neque iniuria: nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit: ibid. §257 stilus ille tuus, quem tu vere dixisti perfectorem dicendi esse ac magistrum, multi sudoris est. Cp. iii. §190: Brutus §96 artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus: ad Fam. vii. 25, 2 is (stilus) est dicendi opifex.

L. Crassi. L. Licinius Crassus,B.C.140-91, was the most illustrious of Roman orators before Cicero, who in the De Oratore seems to make him the mouthpiece of his own opinions. The other leading character in the dialogue isM. Antonius(B.C.143-87), grandfather of the triumvir. For a parallel estimate of the two see Brutus §143 sq.

personam ... adsignando: cp.1 §71plures subire personas.

III:2Scribendum ergo quam diligentissime et quam plurimum. Nam ut terra alte refossa generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior fit, sic profectus non a summo petitus studiorum fructus effundit uberius et fidelius continet. Nam sine hac quidem conscientia ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas inanemmodo loquacitatem dabit et verba in labris nascentia.

§ 2.alte refossa: seeCrit. Notes. The meaning is that just as deep ploughing produces heavy crops, so progress that is not superficial (non a summo petitus) brings forth fruit more abundantly and secures its permanence. For the figure cp. i. 3, 5 non multum praestant, sed cito. Non subest vera vis nec penitus immissis radicibus nititur, ut quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina celerius se effundunt et imitatae spicas herbulae inanibus aristis ante messem flavescunt. Forrefoderecp. Lucan, iv. 242 tellure refossa: Plin. N. H. xix. 88 solo quam altissime refosso.profectus: cp.§15below, ad profectum opus est studio: i. 3, 5 stat profectus (‘growth’). The word does not occur in Cicero, though it is often used in the same sense by Seneca: e.g. Ep. 71, 35-36, nemo profectum ibi invenit ubi reliquerat ... magna pars est profectus velle proficere: 100, 11 ad profectum omnia tendunt. Quintilian frequently insists that it requires diligent and constant practice: e.g. ii. 7, 1 cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.a summo, i.e. from the surface, ‘superficial,’ as i. 3, 5 quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina. The opposite is ‘verus ille profectus et alte radicibus nixus,’ i. 1, 28. Cp.2 §15. Other instances of such expressions are1 §13ex proximo:7 §7ad ultimum:§10ex ultimo:2 §16in peius. See Introd.p. xlvii.sine hac conscientia= sine huius rei conscientia, i.e. without the consciousness of diligent application in composition. In such expressions (frequent with words like cura, metus, spes, timor) the pronountakes the place of a complementary genitive, suggested by what goes before: cp. i. 10, 28 haec ei cura, &c.: and below7 §19.verba in labris nascentia. Cp. Sen. Ep. 10, 3 non a summis labris ista venerunt; habent hae voces fundamentum.

§ 2.alte refossa: seeCrit. Notes. The meaning is that just as deep ploughing produces heavy crops, so progress that is not superficial (non a summo petitus) brings forth fruit more abundantly and secures its permanence. For the figure cp. i. 3, 5 non multum praestant, sed cito. Non subest vera vis nec penitus immissis radicibus nititur, ut quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina celerius se effundunt et imitatae spicas herbulae inanibus aristis ante messem flavescunt. Forrefoderecp. Lucan, iv. 242 tellure refossa: Plin. N. H. xix. 88 solo quam altissime refosso.

profectus: cp.§15below, ad profectum opus est studio: i. 3, 5 stat profectus (‘growth’). The word does not occur in Cicero, though it is often used in the same sense by Seneca: e.g. Ep. 71, 35-36, nemo profectum ibi invenit ubi reliquerat ... magna pars est profectus velle proficere: 100, 11 ad profectum omnia tendunt. Quintilian frequently insists that it requires diligent and constant practice: e.g. ii. 7, 1 cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.

a summo, i.e. from the surface, ‘superficial,’ as i. 3, 5 quae summo solo sparsa sunt semina. The opposite is ‘verus ille profectus et alte radicibus nixus,’ i. 1, 28. Cp.2 §15. Other instances of such expressions are1 §13ex proximo:7 §7ad ultimum:§10ex ultimo:2 §16in peius. See Introd.p. xlvii.

sine hac conscientia= sine huius rei conscientia, i.e. without the consciousness of diligent application in composition. In such expressions (frequent with words like cura, metus, spes, timor) the pronountakes the place of a complementary genitive, suggested by what goes before: cp. i. 10, 28 haec ei cura, &c.: and below7 §19.

verba in labris nascentia. Cp. Sen. Ep. 10, 3 non a summis labris ista venerunt; habent hae voces fundamentum.

III:3Illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt, illic opes velut sanctiore quodam aerario conditae, unde ad subitos quoque casus, cum res exiget, proferantur. Vires faciamus ante omnia, quae sufficiant labori certaminum et usu non exhauriantur.

§ 3.illic= stilo sive exercitatione scribendi.sanctiore ... aerario. The reference is to the reserve treasure (aerarium sanctius) that was never touched except in great emergencies. It was kept in a vault in the Temple of Saturn. Caes. B. C. i. 14, 1: Livy xxvii., 10, 11: Macrob. i. 8, 3: Lucan. Phars. iii. 153 sq.certaminum: so1 §4quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Certamen =ἀγών. Cp.1 §§31,106, &c.proferantur: for the subj. (consecutive) cp.1 §30:3 §33:5 §10.et ... non: notneque, as the negative really connects only with the verb, whileetserves simply to introduceusu. Cp.7 §33.

§ 3.illic= stilo sive exercitatione scribendi.

sanctiore ... aerario. The reference is to the reserve treasure (aerarium sanctius) that was never touched except in great emergencies. It was kept in a vault in the Temple of Saturn. Caes. B. C. i. 14, 1: Livy xxvii., 10, 11: Macrob. i. 8, 3: Lucan. Phars. iii. 153 sq.

certaminum: so1 §4quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Certamen =ἀγών. Cp.1 §§31,106, &c.

proferantur: for the subj. (consecutive) cp.1 §30:3 §33:5 §10.

et ... non: notneque, as the negative really connects only with the verb, whileetserves simply to introduceusu. Cp.7 §33.

III:4Nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem; quae nascendi quoque hanc fecerit legem, ut maiora animalia diutius visceribus parentis continerentur.

Sed cum sit duplex quaestio, quo modo et quae maxime scribi oporteat, iam hinc ordinem sequar.

§ 4.rerum ipsa natura: here of ‘nature’ as a creative agency: cp.§26below: Munro on Lucretius i. 25.praeposuitque. When it is clear from the context that there is an opposition, sentences and words of opposite meanings are often coupled (after a negative) not by a disjunctive but by a conjunctive particle, as here: cp. Cic. de Off. i. §22 non nobis solum nati sumus ortusque nostri partem patria vindicat partem amici: ibid. §86 neque opes aut potentiam consectabitur totamque eam (rempublicam) sic tuebitur ut omnibus consulat: Hor. Car. iii. 30, 6 Non omnis moriar, multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam. In each instance, however, the positive clause (que, et, atque) is an explanation of, rather than an antithesis to, the negative: the opposition is formal rather than real.difficultatem. Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 9, 59 Nil sine magno Vita labore dedit mortalibus: Hesiodἔργα καὶ ἡμέρ.289τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν: Soph. El. 945πόνου τοι χωρὶς οὐδὲν εὐτυχεῖ, &c. Frag. 364οὔτοι ποθ᾽ ἅψει τῶν ἄκρων ἄνευ πόνου: Epicharmus in Xenoph. Mem. ii. 1, 20τῶν πόνων πωλοῦσιν ἡμῖν πάντα τἀγάθ᾽ οἱ θεοί.quae maxime, v. ch. 5.iam hinc ordinem sequar, i.e. ‘I shall now proceed to deal with these questions in their order.’ And so followsquomodoin chs. iii-iv, andquae maxime scribioporteat in ch. v. The phrase is parallel to iii. 6, 104 nunc, quia in tria genera causas divisi, ordinem sequar: cp. ut ordinem sequar ix. 4, 33. In support of Obrecht’s readinghunc ordinemKiderlin (Blätter f. d. Bayer, Gymn. 1888, pp. 84-5) urges that in the instances quoted foriam hinc(ii. 11, 1, and iii. 1, 1: add viii. 3, 40 iam hinc igitur ad rationem sermonis coniuncti transeamus, andhinc iamviii. pr. 14: ii. 4, 1) there is always a marked transition to a new subject, whereas here the preceding subordinate clause (cum sit ... oporteat) lays down the order that is afterwards followed.—But all thatiam hincmeans here is simply that the writer willnowtake the two questions he has proposed in the order stated.

§ 4.rerum ipsa natura: here of ‘nature’ as a creative agency: cp.§26below: Munro on Lucretius i. 25.

praeposuitque. When it is clear from the context that there is an opposition, sentences and words of opposite meanings are often coupled (after a negative) not by a disjunctive but by a conjunctive particle, as here: cp. Cic. de Off. i. §22 non nobis solum nati sumus ortusque nostri partem patria vindicat partem amici: ibid. §86 neque opes aut potentiam consectabitur totamque eam (rempublicam) sic tuebitur ut omnibus consulat: Hor. Car. iii. 30, 6 Non omnis moriar, multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam. In each instance, however, the positive clause (que, et, atque) is an explanation of, rather than an antithesis to, the negative: the opposition is formal rather than real.

difficultatem. Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 9, 59 Nil sine magno Vita labore dedit mortalibus: Hesiodἔργα καὶ ἡμέρ.289τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν: Soph. El. 945πόνου τοι χωρὶς οὐδὲν εὐτυχεῖ, &c. Frag. 364οὔτοι ποθ᾽ ἅψει τῶν ἄκρων ἄνευ πόνου: Epicharmus in Xenoph. Mem. ii. 1, 20τῶν πόνων πωλοῦσιν ἡμῖν πάντα τἀγάθ᾽ οἱ θεοί.

quae maxime, v. ch. 5.

iam hinc ordinem sequar, i.e. ‘I shall now proceed to deal with these questions in their order.’ And so followsquomodoin chs. iii-iv, andquae maxime scribioporteat in ch. v. The phrase is parallel to iii. 6, 104 nunc, quia in tria genera causas divisi, ordinem sequar: cp. ut ordinem sequar ix. 4, 33. In support of Obrecht’s readinghunc ordinemKiderlin (Blätter f. d. Bayer, Gymn. 1888, pp. 84-5) urges that in the instances quoted foriam hinc(ii. 11, 1, and iii. 1, 1: add viii. 3, 40 iam hinc igitur ad rationem sermonis coniuncti transeamus, andhinc iamviii. pr. 14: ii. 4, 1) there is always a marked transition to a new subject, whereas here the preceding subordinate clause (cum sit ... oporteat) lays down the order that is afterwards followed.—But all thatiam hincmeans here is simply that the writer willnowtake the two questions he has proposed in the order stated.

III:5Sit primo vel tardus dumdiligens stilus, quaeramus optima nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus, adhibeatur iudicium inventis, dispositio probatis; dilectus enim rerum verborumque agendus est et pondera singulorum examinanda. Post subeat ratio collocandi versenturque omni modo numeri, non ut quodque se proferet verbum occupet locum.

§ 5.dum diligens,without a verb: cp.1 §94quamvis uno libro: Cic. Acad. ii. §104 sequentes tantum modo quod ita visum sit, dum sine adsensu: cp. Hirtius in Cic. ad Att. xv. 6, 3 dummodo diligentibus.optima, i.e. both in thought and word.protinusgoes withgaudeamus, not withofferentibus, which can stand by itself: cp.1 §§2and42. Forofferentibuscp. oneminentibus1 §86.dilectus ... agendus. This may possibly be one of Quintilian’s military figures: xii. 3, 5 dilectus agere (of animperator); Tac. Hist. ii. 16, 82, Agric. 7. But cp. also ii. 8, 7 studiorum facere dilectum: Tac. Dial. 22 verbis delectum adhibuit: Cic. de Or. iii. §150 in hoc verborum genere propriorumdelectus est habendus quidamatque in aurium quodam iudicioponderandus est: de Off. i. §149 habere dilectum civis et peregrini: ib. §49: de Fin. v. §90: Brut. §253 verborum dilectum originem esse eloquentiae.ratio collocandi. For this periphrastic constr. see Nägelsbach §27 ad fin. (p. 130) and note onvim dicendi1 §1. Cp. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. i. 1, 6, 18 sed nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio mea: pro Rosc. Amer. 1 §3 ignoscendi ratio ... de civitate sublata est.—Dion. Hal. unitesἐκλογὴ τῶν ὀνομάτωνwithσύνθεσις τῶν ἐκλεγέντων.numeri: ix. 4, 45 numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo. Cp. note on2 §16.

§ 5.dum diligens,without a verb: cp.1 §94quamvis uno libro: Cic. Acad. ii. §104 sequentes tantum modo quod ita visum sit, dum sine adsensu: cp. Hirtius in Cic. ad Att. xv. 6, 3 dummodo diligentibus.

optima, i.e. both in thought and word.

protinusgoes withgaudeamus, not withofferentibus, which can stand by itself: cp.1 §§2and42. Forofferentibuscp. oneminentibus1 §86.

dilectus ... agendus. This may possibly be one of Quintilian’s military figures: xii. 3, 5 dilectus agere (of animperator); Tac. Hist. ii. 16, 82, Agric. 7. But cp. also ii. 8, 7 studiorum facere dilectum: Tac. Dial. 22 verbis delectum adhibuit: Cic. de Or. iii. §150 in hoc verborum genere propriorumdelectus est habendus quidamatque in aurium quodam iudicioponderandus est: de Off. i. §149 habere dilectum civis et peregrini: ib. §49: de Fin. v. §90: Brut. §253 verborum dilectum originem esse eloquentiae.

ratio collocandi. For this periphrastic constr. see Nägelsbach §27 ad fin. (p. 130) and note onvim dicendi1 §1. Cp. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. i. 1, 6, 18 sed nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio mea: pro Rosc. Amer. 1 §3 ignoscendi ratio ... de civitate sublata est.—Dion. Hal. unitesἐκλογὴ τῶν ὀνομάτωνwithσύνθεσις τῶν ἐκλεγέντων.

numeri: ix. 4, 45 numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo. Cp. note on2 §16.

III:6Quae quidem ut diligentius exsequamur, repetenda saepius erunt scriptorum proxima. Nam praeter id quod sic melius iunguntur prioribus sequentia, calor quoque ille cogitationis, qui scribendi mora refrixit, recipit ex integro vires et velut repetito spatio sumit impetum; quod in certamine saliendi fieri videmus, ut conatum longius petant et ad illud quo contenditur spatium cursu ferantur, utque in iaculando brachia reducimus et expulsuri tela nervos retro tendimus.

§ 6.repetenda: we must go back on what we have just written.praeter id quod: cp.2 §26, and see note on1 §28.repetito spatio, i.e. ‘going back to take a spring,’ as is shown by what follows. He passes from the figure involved in calor ... refrixit, and anticipates the idea contained in the next clause: calor ... sumit impetum = calor ... denuo exardescit. Hild compares de Orat. i. §153 for a similar figure: ut concitato navigio, cum remiges inhibuerunt, retinet tamen ipsa navis motum et cursum suum intermisso impetu pulsuque remorum, sic in oratione perpetua, cum scripta deficiunt, parem tamen obtinet oratio reliqua cursum scriptorum similitudine et vi concitata.quod ... videmus, ut. For a similar instance of the use of the pronoun to anticipate a dependent clause cp.7 §11. The other two examples commonly given are rather cases of pleonasm, viz.1 §58and5 §18.conatum longius petant: ‘take a longer run.’ Cp. repetito spatio above.ad illud quo contenditur spatium, i.e. jump the distance they aim at covering.Quo contenditur= lit. to which their efforts are directed.retro tendimus. Cp. Verg. Aen. v. 500 Validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus.

§ 6.repetenda: we must go back on what we have just written.

praeter id quod: cp.2 §26, and see note on1 §28.

repetito spatio, i.e. ‘going back to take a spring,’ as is shown by what follows. He passes from the figure involved in calor ... refrixit, and anticipates the idea contained in the next clause: calor ... sumit impetum = calor ... denuo exardescit. Hild compares de Orat. i. §153 for a similar figure: ut concitato navigio, cum remiges inhibuerunt, retinet tamen ipsa navis motum et cursum suum intermisso impetu pulsuque remorum, sic in oratione perpetua, cum scripta deficiunt, parem tamen obtinet oratio reliqua cursum scriptorum similitudine et vi concitata.

quod ... videmus, ut. For a similar instance of the use of the pronoun to anticipate a dependent clause cp.7 §11. The other two examples commonly given are rather cases of pleonasm, viz.1 §58and5 §18.

conatum longius petant: ‘take a longer run.’ Cp. repetito spatio above.

ad illud quo contenditur spatium, i.e. jump the distance they aim at covering.Quo contenditur= lit. to which their efforts are directed.

retro tendimus. Cp. Verg. Aen. v. 500 Validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus.

III:7Interim tamen, si feret flatus, danda sunt vela, dum nos indulgentia illa nonfallat; omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent, alioqui nec scriberentur. Sed redeamus ad iudicium et retractemus suspectam facilitatem.

§ 7.interim= interdum, v. on1 §9.danda sunt vela: ‘we must spread our sails before a favouring breeze’ (cp. quo ventus ferebat Caes. B. G. iii. 15, 3). So Ep. ad Tryph. §3 permittamus vela ventis et oram solventibus bene precemur. The figure is frequent in Cicero: quocunque feremur danda nimirum vela sunt Orat. §75: ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur vela do (i.e. set my sails to catch the breeze from a particular quarter) de Orat. ii. §187. So Martial (of Nerva’s modesty) Pieriam tenui frontem redimire corona Contentus, famae nec dare vela suae viii. 70.dum ... non, instead ofne, as sometimesin poetry. Here the negative attaches closely to the verb: cp. §3. So xii. 10, §48 dum rem contineant et copia non redundent. Quintilian never usesdummodo: onlydum, ormodo. Si modo (si quidem), which Meister cites, is different: it expresses the limitation of a hypothesis.dum nascuntur: cp.1 §16excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine.necforne ... quidem: ii. 13, 7 alioqui nec scriberem: v. 10, 119 alioqui nec dixissem: ix. 2, 67 quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat (not in Cicero). For other instances see Bonn. Lex.necη andnequeζ: Roby 2230b: Madvig de Finibus pp. 816-822.facilitatem: abstract for concrete = quae facilius scripta sunt. Cp. initiis below, and2 §2.

§ 7.interim= interdum, v. on1 §9.

danda sunt vela: ‘we must spread our sails before a favouring breeze’ (cp. quo ventus ferebat Caes. B. G. iii. 15, 3). So Ep. ad Tryph. §3 permittamus vela ventis et oram solventibus bene precemur. The figure is frequent in Cicero: quocunque feremur danda nimirum vela sunt Orat. §75: ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur vela do (i.e. set my sails to catch the breeze from a particular quarter) de Orat. ii. §187. So Martial (of Nerva’s modesty) Pieriam tenui frontem redimire corona Contentus, famae nec dare vela suae viii. 70.

dum ... non, instead ofne, as sometimesin poetry. Here the negative attaches closely to the verb: cp. §3. So xii. 10, §48 dum rem contineant et copia non redundent. Quintilian never usesdummodo: onlydum, ormodo. Si modo (si quidem), which Meister cites, is different: it expresses the limitation of a hypothesis.

dum nascuntur: cp.1 §16excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine.

necforne ... quidem: ii. 13, 7 alioqui nec scriberem: v. 10, 119 alioqui nec dixissem: ix. 2, 67 quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat (not in Cicero). For other instances see Bonn. Lex.necη andnequeζ: Roby 2230b: Madvig de Finibus pp. 816-822.

facilitatem: abstract for concrete = quae facilius scripta sunt. Cp. initiis below, and2 §2.

III:8Sic scripsisse Sallustium accepimus, et sane manifestus est etiam ex opere ipso labor. Vergilium quoque paucissimos die composuisse versus auctor est Varius.

§ 8.Sallustium: see on1 §101.Vergilium: Aul. Gell. N. A. 17, 10 Dicere solitum ferunt parere se versus more atque ritu ursino. Namque ut illa bestia fetum ederet ineffigiatum informemque, lambendoque id postea, quod ita edidisset, conformaret et fingeret; proinde ingenii quoque sui partes recentes rudi esse facie et imperfecta, sed deinceps tractando colendoque reddere iis se oris et vultus lineamenta. So too in the Donatus Life of Vergil ix: Cum Georgica scriberet traditur cotidie meditatos mane plurimos versus dictare solitus, ac per totum diem retractando ad paucissimos redigere, non absurde carmen se ursae more parere dicens et lambendo demum effingere.die, forin die. Cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse: i. 4, 9 in hora saepe ducentos ... dictabat versus. So bisque die Verg. Ecl. iii. 34: Cic. pro Rosc. Am. 46 §132 in anno: ad Fam. xv. 16, 1 in hora.Varius, see on1 §98. His biographical sketch of his lifelong friend was entitled De ingenio moribusque Vergilii. Aul. Gell. (xvii. 10) speaks of the Amici familiaresque P. Vergilii in eis quae de ingenio moribusque eius memoriae tradiderunt.

§ 8.Sallustium: see on1 §101.

Vergilium: Aul. Gell. N. A. 17, 10 Dicere solitum ferunt parere se versus more atque ritu ursino. Namque ut illa bestia fetum ederet ineffigiatum informemque, lambendoque id postea, quod ita edidisset, conformaret et fingeret; proinde ingenii quoque sui partes recentes rudi esse facie et imperfecta, sed deinceps tractando colendoque reddere iis se oris et vultus lineamenta. So too in the Donatus Life of Vergil ix: Cum Georgica scriberet traditur cotidie meditatos mane plurimos versus dictare solitus, ac per totum diem retractando ad paucissimos redigere, non absurde carmen se ursae more parere dicens et lambendo demum effingere.

die, forin die. Cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse: i. 4, 9 in hora saepe ducentos ... dictabat versus. So bisque die Verg. Ecl. iii. 34: Cic. pro Rosc. Am. 46 §132 in anno: ad Fam. xv. 16, 1 in hora.

Varius, see on1 §98. His biographical sketch of his lifelong friend was entitled De ingenio moribusque Vergilii. Aul. Gell. (xvii. 10) speaks of the Amici familiaresque P. Vergilii in eis quae de ingenio moribusque eius memoriae tradiderunt.

III:9Oratoris quidem alia condicio est; itaque hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero. Nam primum hoc constituendum, hoc obtinendum est, ut quam optime scribamus: celeritatem dabit consuetudo. Paulatim res facilius se ostendent, verba respondebunt, compositio sequetur, cuncta denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt.

§ 9.sollicitudinem:1 §20scribendi sollicitudinem: and§20, below, scribentium curam.initiis= incipientibus: cp.2 §2. So also ii. 4, 13 quatenus nullo magis studia (= studiosi) quam spe gaudent.compositio:1 §79: cp.§§44,46. The three essentials are here enumerated: thought (res), language (verba), arrangement (compositio).in officio: cp. viii. pr. §30 erunt in officio. As in a well-ordered establishment, he says, everything will be found fulfilling its proper function.

§ 9.sollicitudinem:1 §20scribendi sollicitudinem: and§20, below, scribentium curam.

initiis= incipientibus: cp.2 §2. So also ii. 4, 13 quatenus nullo magis studia (= studiosi) quam spe gaudent.

compositio:1 §79: cp.§§44,46. The three essentials are here enumerated: thought (res), language (verba), arrangement (compositio).

in officio: cp. viii. pr. §30 erunt in officio. As in a well-ordered establishment, he says, everything will be found fulfilling its proper function.

III:10Summa haec est rei: cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur, bene scribendo fit ut cito. Sed tum maxime, cum facultas illa contigerit, resistamus ut provideamus, efferentesseequos frenis quibusdam coerceamus; quod non tam moram faciet quam novos impetus dabit. Neque enim rursus eos qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint ad infelicem calumniandi se poenam adligandos puto.§ 10.summa haec. ‘Write quickly and you will never write well: write well and in time you will write quickly.’ The Greek rhetoricians are said to have had a sayingἐκ τοῦ λέγειν τὸ λέγειν πορίζεται, on which Cicero seems to make Crassus found a similar utterance de Orat. i. §150 dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere, ... perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi.facultas illa, sc. cito scribendi.resistamus: ‘let us pause,’ ‘call a halt.’ Cp.§19:7 §14: xi. 2, 46: 3, 121: ix. 3, 55. Cp. the use ofintersistereix. 4, 33.ut provideamus:6 §6non sollicitoset respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere:7 §10ut donec perveniamus ad finem non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu: i. 12, 4 nonne alia dicimus, alia providemus. So far from being a gloss, the words seem to be necessary to define the meaning and motive ofresistamus: it is in order to ‘look ahead’ that we ought to pause from time to time. SeeCrit. Notes.efferentes se: ‘running away,’ or rather, ‘trying to make off,’ apraesens conatus, as is shown bynon tam moram faciet, &c. Cp. Hom. Il. 23, 376ποδώκεες ἔκφερον ἵπποι: Xen. de Re Equestr., 3 §4. In Livy xxx. 20, 3, the figure is taken rather from the ‘prancing and curveting’ of a horse, Neque ... tam P. Scipio exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. (Hild’s parallelβίᾳ φέρουσιν, sc.ἄστομοι πῶλοιfrom Soph. Electr. 725, cp. Eurip. Hippol. 1224, is more appropriate to the readingferentes equos.) For the omission ofetbeforeefferentes(found in no MS.) cp.7 §1where a figure is added without any conjunction (auxilium in publicum polliceri ... intrare portum).neque enim: the ellipse may be supplied as follows,—si moram faceret non suaderem. The meaning is, it is only in cases where it will not cause injurious delay that I recommend this curbing and self-restraint; for neither, again, &c.robur fecerint:§3vires faciamus.infelicem: see on1 §7cuiusdam infelicis operae.calumniandi se: ‘the wretched task of pedantic self-criticism.’ See on1 §115nimia contra se calumnia: viii. pr. 31 quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi, qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta, quaerunt aliquid quod sit magis antiquum:§11remotum, inopinatum.

III:10Summa haec est rei: cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur, bene scribendo fit ut cito. Sed tum maxime, cum facultas illa contigerit, resistamus ut provideamus, efferentesseequos frenis quibusdam coerceamus; quod non tam moram faciet quam novos impetus dabit. Neque enim rursus eos qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint ad infelicem calumniandi se poenam adligandos puto.

§ 10.summa haec. ‘Write quickly and you will never write well: write well and in time you will write quickly.’ The Greek rhetoricians are said to have had a sayingἐκ τοῦ λέγειν τὸ λέγειν πορίζεται, on which Cicero seems to make Crassus found a similar utterance de Orat. i. §150 dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere, ... perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi.facultas illa, sc. cito scribendi.resistamus: ‘let us pause,’ ‘call a halt.’ Cp.§19:7 §14: xi. 2, 46: 3, 121: ix. 3, 55. Cp. the use ofintersistereix. 4, 33.ut provideamus:6 §6non sollicitoset respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere:7 §10ut donec perveniamus ad finem non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu: i. 12, 4 nonne alia dicimus, alia providemus. So far from being a gloss, the words seem to be necessary to define the meaning and motive ofresistamus: it is in order to ‘look ahead’ that we ought to pause from time to time. SeeCrit. Notes.efferentes se: ‘running away,’ or rather, ‘trying to make off,’ apraesens conatus, as is shown bynon tam moram faciet, &c. Cp. Hom. Il. 23, 376ποδώκεες ἔκφερον ἵπποι: Xen. de Re Equestr., 3 §4. In Livy xxx. 20, 3, the figure is taken rather from the ‘prancing and curveting’ of a horse, Neque ... tam P. Scipio exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. (Hild’s parallelβίᾳ φέρουσιν, sc.ἄστομοι πῶλοιfrom Soph. Electr. 725, cp. Eurip. Hippol. 1224, is more appropriate to the readingferentes equos.) For the omission ofetbeforeefferentes(found in no MS.) cp.7 §1where a figure is added without any conjunction (auxilium in publicum polliceri ... intrare portum).neque enim: the ellipse may be supplied as follows,—si moram faceret non suaderem. The meaning is, it is only in cases where it will not cause injurious delay that I recommend this curbing and self-restraint; for neither, again, &c.robur fecerint:§3vires faciamus.infelicem: see on1 §7cuiusdam infelicis operae.calumniandi se: ‘the wretched task of pedantic self-criticism.’ See on1 §115nimia contra se calumnia: viii. pr. 31 quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi, qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta, quaerunt aliquid quod sit magis antiquum:§11remotum, inopinatum.

§ 10.summa haec. ‘Write quickly and you will never write well: write well and in time you will write quickly.’ The Greek rhetoricians are said to have had a sayingἐκ τοῦ λέγειν τὸ λέγειν πορίζεται, on which Cicero seems to make Crassus found a similar utterance de Orat. i. §150 dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere, ... perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi.

facultas illa, sc. cito scribendi.

resistamus: ‘let us pause,’ ‘call a halt.’ Cp.§19:7 §14: xi. 2, 46: 3, 121: ix. 3, 55. Cp. the use ofintersistereix. 4, 33.

ut provideamus:6 §6non sollicitoset respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere:7 §10ut donec perveniamus ad finem non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu: i. 12, 4 nonne alia dicimus, alia providemus. So far from being a gloss, the words seem to be necessary to define the meaning and motive ofresistamus: it is in order to ‘look ahead’ that we ought to pause from time to time. SeeCrit. Notes.

efferentes se: ‘running away,’ or rather, ‘trying to make off,’ apraesens conatus, as is shown bynon tam moram faciet, &c. Cp. Hom. Il. 23, 376ποδώκεες ἔκφερον ἵπποι: Xen. de Re Equestr., 3 §4. In Livy xxx. 20, 3, the figure is taken rather from the ‘prancing and curveting’ of a horse, Neque ... tam P. Scipio exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. (Hild’s parallelβίᾳ φέρουσιν, sc.ἄστομοι πῶλοιfrom Soph. Electr. 725, cp. Eurip. Hippol. 1224, is more appropriate to the readingferentes equos.) For the omission ofetbeforeefferentes(found in no MS.) cp.7 §1where a figure is added without any conjunction (auxilium in publicum polliceri ... intrare portum).

neque enim: the ellipse may be supplied as follows,—si moram faceret non suaderem. The meaning is, it is only in cases where it will not cause injurious delay that I recommend this curbing and self-restraint; for neither, again, &c.

robur fecerint:§3vires faciamus.

infelicem: see on1 §7cuiusdam infelicis operae.

calumniandi se: ‘the wretched task of pedantic self-criticism.’ See on1 §115nimia contra se calumnia: viii. pr. 31 quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis paene syllabis commoriendi, qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta, quaerunt aliquid quod sit magis antiquum:§11remotum, inopinatum.

III:11Nam quo modo sufficere officiis civilibus possit qui singulis actionum partibus insenescat? Sunt autem quibus nihil sit satis: omnia mutare, omnia aliter dicere quam occurrit velint,— increduli quidam et de ingenio suo pessime meriti, qui diligentiam putant facere sibi scribendi difficultatem.

§ 11.officiis civilibus: ‘the duties of a citizen,’ here with special reference to legal practice and the advocacy of cases in courts of law:7 §1: cp. Suet. Tib. 8 civilium officiorum rudimentis. The phrase in its widest application includes all the ‘civilities’ and attentions which one citizen may be expected to show to another, especially in the relation of patron and client: e.g.officiotogae virilis interfui, Plin. Ep. i. 9 §2. Casaubon definesofficium‘cum honoris causa praesentiam nostram alicui commodamus’: for instances of its use in this sense cp. Plin. Ep. i. 5, 11: i. 13, 7: ii. 1, 8: Hor. Epist. i. 7, 8officiosaquesedulitas et opella forensis: Sat. ii. 6, 24 officio respondeat (‘answer duty’s call,’ Palmer).velint: potential, as often. The clause stands by itself, and there is no need for supposing the omission of the relative.increduli quidam: ‘a diffident sort of people,’ ‘somehow afraid of themselves.’ For quidam cp.1 §76. It is employed, as often by Cicero, to show that the word used is as near the author’s meaning as possible, though sometimes it is joined with an expression that is merely a makeshift: cp.τινες. It indicates an undefined degree of the adjective with which it is connected, and has sometimes a modifying, sometimes an intensifying effect: here the former is not so probable considering the strength of the phrase that follows, ‘sinning grievously against their natural gifts.’diligentiamis pred.: supplyesse. The subject isfacere ... difficultatem.

§ 11.officiis civilibus: ‘the duties of a citizen,’ here with special reference to legal practice and the advocacy of cases in courts of law:7 §1: cp. Suet. Tib. 8 civilium officiorum rudimentis. The phrase in its widest application includes all the ‘civilities’ and attentions which one citizen may be expected to show to another, especially in the relation of patron and client: e.g.officiotogae virilis interfui, Plin. Ep. i. 9 §2. Casaubon definesofficium‘cum honoris causa praesentiam nostram alicui commodamus’: for instances of its use in this sense cp. Plin. Ep. i. 5, 11: i. 13, 7: ii. 1, 8: Hor. Epist. i. 7, 8officiosaquesedulitas et opella forensis: Sat. ii. 6, 24 officio respondeat (‘answer duty’s call,’ Palmer).

velint: potential, as often. The clause stands by itself, and there is no need for supposing the omission of the relative.

increduli quidam: ‘a diffident sort of people,’ ‘somehow afraid of themselves.’ For quidam cp.1 §76. It is employed, as often by Cicero, to show that the word used is as near the author’s meaning as possible, though sometimes it is joined with an expression that is merely a makeshift: cp.τινες. It indicates an undefined degree of the adjective with which it is connected, and has sometimes a modifying, sometimes an intensifying effect: here the former is not so probable considering the strength of the phrase that follows, ‘sinning grievously against their natural gifts.’

diligentiamis pred.: supplyesse. The subject isfacere ... difficultatem.

III:12Nec promptum est dicere utros peccare validiusputem, quibus omnia sua placent an quibus nihil. Accidit enim etiam ingeniosis adulescentibus frequenter, ut labore consumantur et in silentium usque descendant nimia bene dicendi cupiditate. Qua de re memini narrasse mihi Iulium Secundum illum, aequalem meum atque a me, ut notum est, familiariter amatum, mirae facundiae virum, infinitae tamen curae, quid esset sibi a patruo suo dictum.

§ 12.validius. Common in Quintilian: iii. 8, 61 verborum autem magnificentia non validius est adfectanda suasorias declamantibus, sed contingit magis: vi. Prooem. §8 quo me validius cruciaret: ix. 2, 76 quanto validius bonos inhibet pudor quam metus. The superlative is frequent in Pliny: e.g. validissime placere Ep. i. 20, 22: te validissime diligo iii. 15, 2: vi. 8, 9 validissime vereor: ix. 35, 1validissime cupere. Cp. Caelias in Cic. ad Fam. viii. 2, 1 ego quum pro amicitia validissime facerem ei. Horace has valdius oblectat populam A. P. 321: cp. Ep. i. 9, 6.omnia sua: cp.1 §130(of Seneca) si non omnia sua amasset: ibid.§88(of Ovid) nimium amator ingenii sui.narrasse: Quintilian always uses the perfect infin. aftermemini, even where the person who recalls the event was a witness of it. The rule is thus stated by Roby §1372 ‘Meminiis used with the present (and sometimes the perfect) infinitive of events of which the subject himself was witness, with the perfect infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness.’ On this Dr. Reid has a valuable note de Amic. §2: ‘The rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus: If the person who recalls an event was a witness of it, he may either (a) vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind’s eye for the moment, in which case he uses the present infinitive, or (b) he may simply recall thefactthat the eventdidtake place in past time, in which case the perfect infinitive is used. If he was not a witness, he evidently can conceive the event only in the latter of these two ways. As regards (a) cp. Verg. Ecl. ix. 52 longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles with Georg. iv. 125 memini me Corycium vidisse senem. Examples like the latter of these two are more numerous than is commonly supposed.’Iulius Secundus,1 §120.

§ 12.validius. Common in Quintilian: iii. 8, 61 verborum autem magnificentia non validius est adfectanda suasorias declamantibus, sed contingit magis: vi. Prooem. §8 quo me validius cruciaret: ix. 2, 76 quanto validius bonos inhibet pudor quam metus. The superlative is frequent in Pliny: e.g. validissime placere Ep. i. 20, 22: te validissime diligo iii. 15, 2: vi. 8, 9 validissime vereor: ix. 35, 1validissime cupere. Cp. Caelias in Cic. ad Fam. viii. 2, 1 ego quum pro amicitia validissime facerem ei. Horace has valdius oblectat populam A. P. 321: cp. Ep. i. 9, 6.

omnia sua: cp.1 §130(of Seneca) si non omnia sua amasset: ibid.§88(of Ovid) nimium amator ingenii sui.

narrasse: Quintilian always uses the perfect infin. aftermemini, even where the person who recalls the event was a witness of it. The rule is thus stated by Roby §1372 ‘Meminiis used with the present (and sometimes the perfect) infinitive of events of which the subject himself was witness, with the perfect infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness.’ On this Dr. Reid has a valuable note de Amic. §2: ‘The rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus: If the person who recalls an event was a witness of it, he may either (a) vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind’s eye for the moment, in which case he uses the present infinitive, or (b) he may simply recall thefactthat the eventdidtake place in past time, in which case the perfect infinitive is used. If he was not a witness, he evidently can conceive the event only in the latter of these two ways. As regards (a) cp. Verg. Ecl. ix. 52 longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles with Georg. iv. 125 memini me Corycium vidisse senem. Examples like the latter of these two are more numerous than is commonly supposed.’

Iulius Secundus,1 §120.

III:13Is fuit Iulius Florus, in eloquentia Galliarum, quoniam ibi demum exercuit eam, princeps, alioqui interpaucos disertus et dignus illa propinquitate. Is cum Secundum, scholae adhuc operatum, tristem forte vidisset, interrogavit quae causa frontis tam adductae?

§ 13.Iulius Florusis generally supposed to be identical with the individual to whom, as one of thecomitesof Tiberius Claudius in his mission to the East, Horace addresses (B.C.20) the Third Epistle of the First Book: cp. also ii. 2. Horace indicates his young friend’s ability in the following lines (i. 3, 21) Non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum est et turpiter hirtum: Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica iura Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen, Prima feres hederae victricis praemia. The scholiast Porphyrio tells us that he wrote satires: Hic Florus fuit satirarum scriptor, cuius sunt electae ex Ennio, Lucilio, Varrone satirae, ‘by which is meant, doubtless,’ says Prof. Wilkins, ‘that he re-wrote some of the poems of these earlier authors, adapting them to the taste of his own day, much as Dryden and Pope re-wrote Chaucer’s tales.’ There is, however, a chronological difficulty in the identification of the Florus who was a young man inB.C.20 with the Florus who was thepatruusof Iulius Secundus, a contemporary of Quintilian (aequalem meum), who died towards the end of Domitian’s reign before he had completed the natural term of life (si longius contigisset aetas1 §120). Seneca (Controv. ix. 25, 258) mentions a Iulius Florus who was a pupil of Porcius Latro (fl. cir.B.C.17). There is also the Gaulish nobleman who headed a rebellion among the Treveri, and afterwards committed suicide,A.D.21 (Tac. Ann. iii. 40-42). Hild identifies this Florus with the one in the text: but it is absolutely impossible that the Florus who died inA.D.21 can have seen Secundus (scholae adhuc operatum), who cannot have been born till about twenty years later.in eloquentia. The genitive is more common with princeps:1 §58: viii. 6, 30 Romanae eloquentiae principem: vi. 3, 1.Galliarum. Eloquence flourished in Gaul under the Empire. At Lugdunum Caligula instituted (A.D.39-40) a contest in Greek and Latin oratory (certamen Graecae Latinaeque facundiae, Suet. Calig. 20). Cp. Iuv. i. 44 Aut Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram.quoniamintroduces what is virtually a parenthesis, referring not to the whole sentence but only toGalliarum.ibi demum:1 §44:2 §8:6 §5.Here it leads up toalioqui(apart from this fact: moreover) (1 §64): it was in Gaul that he practised, but he would have shone anywhere.alioqui:1 §64. Here it = apart from this fact, even if compared with orators of other countries. Transl. ‘besides,’ and cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37 validus alioqui spernendis honoribus: Hist. ii. 27: iii. 32. Other instances in Quintilian are ii. 1, 4: 15, 9: iv. pr. 6: v. 9, 11, &c.inter paucos, ‘as few have ever been’: Livy xxii. 7, 1 inter paucas memorata populi Romani clades: cp. xxiii. 44, 4: xxxviii. 15, 9; Q. Curtius iv. 8, 7 in paucis Alexandro carus: cp. vi. 8, 2.illa propinquitate, i.e. his relationship to Secundus, of whom Quintilian speaks with pride as a friend and contemporary1 §120.Is fuit ... Is cum: one of Quintilian’s negligences: cp.2 §23.adhuc= etiam tum, as Livy xxi. 48 Scipio quamquam gravis adhuc vulnere erat. Strictlyadhucis applicable to what continues up to the time of speaking: here of continuance in past time. Introd.p. l.operatum: cp. Tac. Ann. iii. 42 nobilissima Galliarum subole liberalibus studiis ibi operata (v. 2): reipublicae Livy iv. 60, 2: conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus Verg. Aen. iii. 136.adductae. So adducere frontem Sen. Ben. i. 1: cp. attrahere frontem 6, 7: cp. contrahere frontem Cic. pro Cluent. §72. The opposite isfrontem remittere: Pliny, Ep. ii. 5, 5. Cp. sollicitam explicuere frontem Hor. Car. iii. 29, 16.Obductusis used in a similar sense: cp. Hor. Epod. xiii. 5 obducta solvatur fronte senectus: Iuv. Sat. ix. 2 quare ... tristis occurras fronte obducta.

§ 13.Iulius Florusis generally supposed to be identical with the individual to whom, as one of thecomitesof Tiberius Claudius in his mission to the East, Horace addresses (B.C.20) the Third Epistle of the First Book: cp. also ii. 2. Horace indicates his young friend’s ability in the following lines (i. 3, 21) Non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum est et turpiter hirtum: Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica iura Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen, Prima feres hederae victricis praemia. The scholiast Porphyrio tells us that he wrote satires: Hic Florus fuit satirarum scriptor, cuius sunt electae ex Ennio, Lucilio, Varrone satirae, ‘by which is meant, doubtless,’ says Prof. Wilkins, ‘that he re-wrote some of the poems of these earlier authors, adapting them to the taste of his own day, much as Dryden and Pope re-wrote Chaucer’s tales.’ There is, however, a chronological difficulty in the identification of the Florus who was a young man inB.C.20 with the Florus who was thepatruusof Iulius Secundus, a contemporary of Quintilian (aequalem meum), who died towards the end of Domitian’s reign before he had completed the natural term of life (si longius contigisset aetas1 §120). Seneca (Controv. ix. 25, 258) mentions a Iulius Florus who was a pupil of Porcius Latro (fl. cir.B.C.17). There is also the Gaulish nobleman who headed a rebellion among the Treveri, and afterwards committed suicide,A.D.21 (Tac. Ann. iii. 40-42). Hild identifies this Florus with the one in the text: but it is absolutely impossible that the Florus who died inA.D.21 can have seen Secundus (scholae adhuc operatum), who cannot have been born till about twenty years later.

in eloquentia. The genitive is more common with princeps:1 §58: viii. 6, 30 Romanae eloquentiae principem: vi. 3, 1.

Galliarum. Eloquence flourished in Gaul under the Empire. At Lugdunum Caligula instituted (A.D.39-40) a contest in Greek and Latin oratory (certamen Graecae Latinaeque facundiae, Suet. Calig. 20). Cp. Iuv. i. 44 Aut Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram.

quoniamintroduces what is virtually a parenthesis, referring not to the whole sentence but only toGalliarum.

ibi demum:1 §44:2 §8:6 §5.Here it leads up toalioqui(apart from this fact: moreover) (1 §64): it was in Gaul that he practised, but he would have shone anywhere.

alioqui:1 §64. Here it = apart from this fact, even if compared with orators of other countries. Transl. ‘besides,’ and cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37 validus alioqui spernendis honoribus: Hist. ii. 27: iii. 32. Other instances in Quintilian are ii. 1, 4: 15, 9: iv. pr. 6: v. 9, 11, &c.

inter paucos, ‘as few have ever been’: Livy xxii. 7, 1 inter paucas memorata populi Romani clades: cp. xxiii. 44, 4: xxxviii. 15, 9; Q. Curtius iv. 8, 7 in paucis Alexandro carus: cp. vi. 8, 2.

illa propinquitate, i.e. his relationship to Secundus, of whom Quintilian speaks with pride as a friend and contemporary1 §120.

Is fuit ... Is cum: one of Quintilian’s negligences: cp.2 §23.

adhuc= etiam tum, as Livy xxi. 48 Scipio quamquam gravis adhuc vulnere erat. Strictlyadhucis applicable to what continues up to the time of speaking: here of continuance in past time. Introd.p. l.

operatum: cp. Tac. Ann. iii. 42 nobilissima Galliarum subole liberalibus studiis ibi operata (v. 2): reipublicae Livy iv. 60, 2: conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus Verg. Aen. iii. 136.

adductae. So adducere frontem Sen. Ben. i. 1: cp. attrahere frontem 6, 7: cp. contrahere frontem Cic. pro Cluent. §72. The opposite isfrontem remittere: Pliny, Ep. ii. 5, 5. Cp. sollicitam explicuere frontem Hor. Car. iii. 29, 16.Obductusis used in a similar sense: cp. Hor. Epod. xiii. 5 obducta solvatur fronte senectus: Iuv. Sat. ix. 2 quare ... tristis occurras fronte obducta.

III:14Nec dissimulavit adulescens, tertium iam diem esse quod omni labore materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium; quo sibi non praesens tantum dolor, sed etiam desperatio in posterum fieret. Tum Florus adridens, ‘numquid tu,’ inquit, ‘melius dicere vis quam potes?’

§ 14.Tertium diem ... quod.Quoddoes not here =ex quo, as it denotes not point of time, but duration: in the direct it would bequod non invenio, notquod(ex quo)non inveni. An exact analogy is Plaut. Amphit. i. 1, 148 (302) iam diu ’stquodventri victum non datis (where, however, Fleckeisen readsquom, and is followed by Palmer). The commentators quote Pliny, Ep. iv. 27, 1 Tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem Sentium: but therequod=ex quo, just asutis used forex quoStich. 29 Nam viri nostri domo ut abierunt hic tertiust annus. Nägelsbach (note on p. 167) says this construction of Quintilian’s was imitated not only by Pliny (l.c.), but by others: Schmalz, Antibarbarus, s.v. e, ex. It might, however, be argued that we ought to readquum(quomomni): C. ad Fam. xv. 14 Multi anni sunt cum M. Attius in meo aere est, and often elsewhere, e.g. de Off. ii. §75 (Roby §1723). Ifquodstands it must = ‘as regards the fact that he could find noexordium, it was now the third day’: cp. the German ‘es ist schon der dritte Tag dass,’ &c.omni labore: a modal ablative, ‘in spite of every effort.’ There are two instances in Cicero of a similar use of the ablative,with the gerundive: pro Mur. §17 qui non modo Curiis, Catonibus, Pompeiis, antiquis illis fortissimis viris, sed his recentibus, Mariis et Didiis et Caeliis, commemorandis iacebant: = quamvis Curios, &c., commemorarent: de Off. i. 2 §5 quis est enim qui nullis officii praeceptis tradendis philosophum se audeat dicere? = quamvis non tradat.materiae: cp. v. 10, 9 quo apparet omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari (sc. argumentum): ‘a theme on which he had to write.’ There seems no reason whymateriaeshould notbe taken as genitive, though Hild and others make it dative of the remote object ofinveniret.

§ 14.Tertium diem ... quod.Quoddoes not here =ex quo, as it denotes not point of time, but duration: in the direct it would bequod non invenio, notquod(ex quo)non inveni. An exact analogy is Plaut. Amphit. i. 1, 148 (302) iam diu ’stquodventri victum non datis (where, however, Fleckeisen readsquom, and is followed by Palmer). The commentators quote Pliny, Ep. iv. 27, 1 Tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem Sentium: but therequod=ex quo, just asutis used forex quoStich. 29 Nam viri nostri domo ut abierunt hic tertiust annus. Nägelsbach (note on p. 167) says this construction of Quintilian’s was imitated not only by Pliny (l.c.), but by others: Schmalz, Antibarbarus, s.v. e, ex. It might, however, be argued that we ought to readquum(quomomni): C. ad Fam. xv. 14 Multi anni sunt cum M. Attius in meo aere est, and often elsewhere, e.g. de Off. ii. §75 (Roby §1723). Ifquodstands it must = ‘as regards the fact that he could find noexordium, it was now the third day’: cp. the German ‘es ist schon der dritte Tag dass,’ &c.

omni labore: a modal ablative, ‘in spite of every effort.’ There are two instances in Cicero of a similar use of the ablative,with the gerundive: pro Mur. §17 qui non modo Curiis, Catonibus, Pompeiis, antiquis illis fortissimis viris, sed his recentibus, Mariis et Didiis et Caeliis, commemorandis iacebant: = quamvis Curios, &c., commemorarent: de Off. i. 2 §5 quis est enim qui nullis officii praeceptis tradendis philosophum se audeat dicere? = quamvis non tradat.

materiae: cp. v. 10, 9 quo apparet omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari (sc. argumentum): ‘a theme on which he had to write.’ There seems no reason whymateriaeshould notbe taken as genitive, though Hild and others make it dative of the remote object ofinveniret.

III:15Ita se res habet: curandum est ut quam optime dicamus, dicendum tamen pro facultate; ad profectum enim opus est studio, non indignatione. Ut possimus autem scribere etiam plura et celerius,non exercitatio modo praestabit, in qua sine dubio multum est, sed etiam ratio: si non resupini spectantesque tectum et cogitationem murmure agitantes expectaverimus quid obveniat,sedquid res poscat, quid personam deceat, quod sit tempus, qui iudicis animus intuiti, humano quodam modo ad scribendum accesserimus. Sic nobis et initia et quae sequuntur natura ipsa praescribit.

§ 15.sine dubio. This substantival use of the neuter adj. with prep. is frequent in Cicero, but does not occur in Caesar or Sallust. Nägelsb. Stil. §21: cp. Introd.p. liii.ratio, ‘judgment’ (λόγος), such as rational human beings may be expected to show (cp. humano quodam modo, below). In this senseratioandconsiliumare often found together. A parallel passage is ii. 11, §4 Quin etiam in cogitando nulla ratione adhibita aut tectum intuentes magnum aliquid, quod ultro se offerat, pluribus saepe diebus expectant, aut murmure incerto velut classico instincti concitatissimum corporis motum non enuntiandis sed quaerendis verbis accommodant.resupini(‘with upturned face’) goes closely withspectantes tectum: cp. Martial ix. 43, 3 Quaeque tulit spectat resupino sidera vultu.quod sit tempus. xi. 1, 46 Tempus quoque ac locus egent observatione propria; nam et tempus tum triste tum laetum, tum liberum tum angustum est, atque ad haec omnia componendus orator.humano quodam modo, ‘in true human or rational fashion,’ i.e. without looking for inspiration to—the ceiling! Cp.instincti, quoted above, and7 §14deum tunc affuisse, &c. Forquidamsee§11.

§ 15.sine dubio. This substantival use of the neuter adj. with prep. is frequent in Cicero, but does not occur in Caesar or Sallust. Nägelsb. Stil. §21: cp. Introd.p. liii.

ratio, ‘judgment’ (λόγος), such as rational human beings may be expected to show (cp. humano quodam modo, below). In this senseratioandconsiliumare often found together. A parallel passage is ii. 11, §4 Quin etiam in cogitando nulla ratione adhibita aut tectum intuentes magnum aliquid, quod ultro se offerat, pluribus saepe diebus expectant, aut murmure incerto velut classico instincti concitatissimum corporis motum non enuntiandis sed quaerendis verbis accommodant.

resupini(‘with upturned face’) goes closely withspectantes tectum: cp. Martial ix. 43, 3 Quaeque tulit spectat resupino sidera vultu.

quod sit tempus. xi. 1, 46 Tempus quoque ac locus egent observatione propria; nam et tempus tum triste tum laetum, tum liberum tum angustum est, atque ad haec omnia componendus orator.

humano quodam modo, ‘in true human or rational fashion,’ i.e. without looking for inspiration to—the ceiling! Cp.instincti, quoted above, and7 §14deum tunc affuisse, &c. Forquidamsee§11.

III:16Certa sunt enim pleraque et, nisi coniveamus, in oculos incurrunt; ideoque nec indocti nec rustici diu quaerunt, unde incipiant; quo pudendum est magis, si difficultatem facit doctrina. Non ergo semper putemus optimum esse quod latet: immutescamus alioqui, si nihil dicendum videatur nisi quod non invenimus.

§ 16.certa, fixed and definite, as belonging necessarily to the subject, and suggested at once by the thought of it.Pleraqueis not limited toinitia, though the next sentence is (unde incipiant).non ... putemus: v. on2 §27. Emphasis is secured both by the use ofnonforne, and by its place in the sentence.immutescamus, very rare forobmutescamus, Stat. Theb. v. 542 ruptis immutuit ore querelis: vi. 184.alioqui. The condition implied in the word is here expressed in the clause which follows: cp.§30below. Introd.p. li.

§ 16.certa, fixed and definite, as belonging necessarily to the subject, and suggested at once by the thought of it.Pleraqueis not limited toinitia, though the next sentence is (unde incipiant).

non ... putemus: v. on2 §27. Emphasis is secured both by the use ofnonforne, and by its place in the sentence.

immutescamus, very rare forobmutescamus, Stat. Theb. v. 542 ruptis immutuit ore querelis: vi. 184.

alioqui. The condition implied in the word is here expressed in the clause which follows: cp.§30below. Introd.p. li.

III:17Diversum est huic eorum vitium qui primo decurrere per materiam stilo quam velocissimo volunt, et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore scribunt; hanc silvam vocant. Repetuntdeinde et componunt quae effuderant; sed verba emendantur et numeri, manet in rebus temere congestis quae fuit levitas.

§ 17.diversumwith the dat. (likecontrarium) is common in Quintilian and later writers: Cicero hasabc. abl. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 18, 5 Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope maius: Caesar B.C. iii. 30, 2 diversa sibi consilia.silvam. This word is here used as a translation ofὕλη, properly timber for building, then, metaphorically, raw material, or as here ‘rough draft.’ Cic. Orat. §12 omnis enim ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis (philosophis) est, nec satis tamen instructa ad forenses causas: §139 quasi silvam vides: de Or. ii. 65 infinita silva: iii. 93 rerum est silva magna: 103 primum silva rerum (ac sententiarum) comparanda est: 118 qui loco omnis virtutum et vitiorum est silva subiecta: 54 ea est ei (oratori) subiecta materies (ὑποκειμένη ὕλη): de Inv. i. 34 quandam silvam atque materiam ... omnium argumentationum: Suet. Gram. 24 Reliquit non mediocrem silvam observationum sermonis antiqui (Probus). The philosophical definition ofὕλη; is given in Isidorus, Orig. xiii. 3, 1 hylen (ὕλην)Graeci rerum quamdam primam materiam dicunt, nullo prorsus modo formatam, sed omnium corporalium formarum capacem, ex qua visibilia haec elementa formata sunt.componunt, of ‘arrangement’: cp.1, §§44,66,79.levitas, ‘superficiality,’ want of thoroughness and solidity: opp. togravitas. Cp.7, §4manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas.—The improvement extends only to theverbaandnumeri, not to the substance.

§ 17.diversumwith the dat. (likecontrarium) is common in Quintilian and later writers: Cicero hasabc. abl. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 18, 5 Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope maius: Caesar B.C. iii. 30, 2 diversa sibi consilia.

silvam. This word is here used as a translation ofὕλη, properly timber for building, then, metaphorically, raw material, or as here ‘rough draft.’ Cic. Orat. §12 omnis enim ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis (philosophis) est, nec satis tamen instructa ad forenses causas: §139 quasi silvam vides: de Or. ii. 65 infinita silva: iii. 93 rerum est silva magna: 103 primum silva rerum (ac sententiarum) comparanda est: 118 qui loco omnis virtutum et vitiorum est silva subiecta: 54 ea est ei (oratori) subiecta materies (ὑποκειμένη ὕλη): de Inv. i. 34 quandam silvam atque materiam ... omnium argumentationum: Suet. Gram. 24 Reliquit non mediocrem silvam observationum sermonis antiqui (Probus). The philosophical definition ofὕλη; is given in Isidorus, Orig. xiii. 3, 1 hylen (ὕλην)Graeci rerum quamdam primam materiam dicunt, nullo prorsus modo formatam, sed omnium corporalium formarum capacem, ex qua visibilia haec elementa formata sunt.

componunt, of ‘arrangement’: cp.1, §§44,66,79.

levitas, ‘superficiality,’ want of thoroughness and solidity: opp. togravitas. Cp.7, §4manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas.—The improvement extends only to theverbaandnumeri, not to the substance.

III:18Protinus ergo adhibere curam rectius erit atque ab initio sic opus ducere, ut caelandum, non ex integro fabricandum sit. Aliquando tamen adfectus sequemur, in quibus fere plus calor quam diligentia valet.

§ 18.protinus= statim ab initio.opus ducere:5 §9velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus et quam caelatura altior rumpat. The same figure is used Hor. Sat. i. 10, 43-44 forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit. So carmen ducere Ov. Trist. i. 11, 18: iii. 14, 32: ex Pont. i. 5, 7: ducere versus, Trist. v. 12, 63. In all these the metaphor is originally from drawing out the threads in spinning: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 225 tenui deducta poemata filo: Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse. In reference to statuary we have Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 240 ducent aera fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia: Verg. Aen. vi. 84, 7 vivos ducent de marmore vultus.caelandum, ‘chiselled,’ ‘filed’: Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 92 caelatumque novem Musis opus.sequemur: so1 §58revertemur: 7, 1 renuntiabit: a common use of the future in rules. Warmth of feeling, he says, will often compensate for want of finish.

§ 18.protinus= statim ab initio.

opus ducere:5 §9velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus et quam caelatura altior rumpat. The same figure is used Hor. Sat. i. 10, 43-44 forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit. So carmen ducere Ov. Trist. i. 11, 18: iii. 14, 32: ex Pont. i. 5, 7: ducere versus, Trist. v. 12, 63. In all these the metaphor is originally from drawing out the threads in spinning: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 225 tenui deducta poemata filo: Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus deduci posse. In reference to statuary we have Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 240 ducent aera fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia: Verg. Aen. vi. 84, 7 vivos ducent de marmore vultus.

caelandum, ‘chiselled,’ ‘filed’: Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 92 caelatumque novem Musis opus.

sequemur: so1 §58revertemur: 7, 1 renuntiabit: a common use of the future in rules. Warmth of feeling, he says, will often compensate for want of finish.

III:19Satis apparet ex eo quod hanc scribentium neglegentiam damno, quid de illis dictandi deliciis sentiam. Nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato dat aliquam cogitationi moram non consequens celeritatem eius manus: ille cui dictamus urget,atque interim pudet etiam dubitare aut resistere aut mutare quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.

§ 19.illis dictandi deliciis: i.e. the practice which is so much in fashion, so much ‘affected’: fordeliciae(‘affectation’) cp.1 §43recens haec lascivia deliciaeque: xii. 8, 4 ne illas quidem tulerim delicias eorum qui, &c. The phrasein deliciis esse alicuiis common in Cicero: cp. also Orat. §39 longissime tamen ipsi a talibus deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt. The practice of dictation became so common thatdictarecame to have the same sense asscribere(‘compose’): Pers. i. 52 non si qua eligidia crudi dictarunt proceres? Literary men had of course always theirlibrarii; and we get a glimpse of a great advocate at work in Brutus §87 illum ... omnibus exclusis commentatum in quadam testudine cum servis litteratis fuisse, quorum alii aliud dictare eodem tempore solitus esset. Pliny, the elder, used to redeem the time by dictating to anotariuseven when on his travels: so too his nephew (who tells of his uncle’s habits iii. 5, 15), notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram dicto ix. 36, 2: illa quae dictavi identidem retractantur ibid. 40, 2. Gesner has an interesting note: “scilicet iam tum notabilis erat ea mollities, ut circa scribendi artem negligentiores essent homines in aliquo fastigio constituti: (vid. i. 1, 28) quae postea ita invaluit utdictareiam esset eruditorum hominum opus, quem admodum anteascribere. Itaquevario dictandi generesupergressum se alios dicit Sidonius Apollin. 8, 6 et ab initio eiusdem epistolae coniungitstudia certandi, dictandi, lectitandique.” He quotes authorities to show that, owing to the growth of the practice of dictation, the leading men in Charlemagne’s time, as well as the bishops, and Charlemagne himself, were ignorant of the art of writing.in stilo: i.e. when the author himself uses it. Thequidemintroduces an antithesis inille cui dictamus.urget: he ‘presses,’ whereas eventhose authors who can write fast take time to stop and think. No doubt the most practised amanuensis would fail to write as fast as a man can think, but this is not asserted. All that is said in the antithesis is that the amanuensis is always ready for more, as it were: his whole interest is in the writing, not in the thought. One even (etiam) feelsashamedat times (in addition to being merely conscious of the fact that the scribe’s pen is not busy) of one’s hesitancy, &c. SeeCrit. Notes.resistere: v. on§10.

§ 19.illis dictandi deliciis: i.e. the practice which is so much in fashion, so much ‘affected’: fordeliciae(‘affectation’) cp.1 §43recens haec lascivia deliciaeque: xii. 8, 4 ne illas quidem tulerim delicias eorum qui, &c. The phrasein deliciis esse alicuiis common in Cicero: cp. also Orat. §39 longissime tamen ipsi a talibus deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt. The practice of dictation became so common thatdictarecame to have the same sense asscribere(‘compose’): Pers. i. 52 non si qua eligidia crudi dictarunt proceres? Literary men had of course always theirlibrarii; and we get a glimpse of a great advocate at work in Brutus §87 illum ... omnibus exclusis commentatum in quadam testudine cum servis litteratis fuisse, quorum alii aliud dictare eodem tempore solitus esset. Pliny, the elder, used to redeem the time by dictating to anotariuseven when on his travels: so too his nephew (who tells of his uncle’s habits iii. 5, 15), notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram dicto ix. 36, 2: illa quae dictavi identidem retractantur ibid. 40, 2. Gesner has an interesting note: “scilicet iam tum notabilis erat ea mollities, ut circa scribendi artem negligentiores essent homines in aliquo fastigio constituti: (vid. i. 1, 28) quae postea ita invaluit utdictareiam esset eruditorum hominum opus, quem admodum anteascribere. Itaquevario dictandi generesupergressum se alios dicit Sidonius Apollin. 8, 6 et ab initio eiusdem epistolae coniungitstudia certandi, dictandi, lectitandique.” He quotes authorities to show that, owing to the growth of the practice of dictation, the leading men in Charlemagne’s time, as well as the bishops, and Charlemagne himself, were ignorant of the art of writing.

in stilo: i.e. when the author himself uses it. Thequidemintroduces an antithesis inille cui dictamus.

urget: he ‘presses,’ whereas eventhose authors who can write fast take time to stop and think. No doubt the most practised amanuensis would fail to write as fast as a man can think, but this is not asserted. All that is said in the antithesis is that the amanuensis is always ready for more, as it were: his whole interest is in the writing, not in the thought. One even (etiam) feelsashamedat times (in addition to being merely conscious of the fact that the scribe’s pen is not busy) of one’s hesitancy, &c. SeeCrit. Notes.

resistere: v. on§10.

III:20Quo fit ut non rudia tantum et fortuita, sed impropria interim, dum sola est conectendi sermonis cupiditas, effluant, quae nec scribentium curam nec dicentium impetum consequantur. At idem ille qui excipit, si tardior in scribendo aut incertior inintellegendo velut offensator fuit, inhibetur cursus, atque omnis quae erat concepta mentis intentio mora et interdum iracundia excutitur.

§ 20.impropria= quae significatione deerrant. Cp. i. 5, 46 dubito an id improprium potius appellem; significatione enim deerrat. Onverba propriasee1 §6.consequantur: i.e. such utterances do not come up either to the care with which one writes or the animation with which one speaks.at idem illeintroduces the second objection to dictation:§21supplies a third and§22a fourth.incertior in intellegendo, i.e. not to be depended upon to understand what is dictated to him. See Crit. Notes. Againstlegendoit must be urged that the reference toreadingis not very appropriate: the author would not be likely to call on the scribe to read what he had written, except at an appropriate pause, otherwise he would himself be to blame for the interruption to the ‘swing’ (cursus) of his thoughts.offensator, aἅπαξ λεγόμενον, whence the use ofvelut. It is employed here of one whose slowness or muddle-headedness is always bringing the author to a standstill. Cp. offensantes7 §10.quae erat: cp.§17quae fuit levitas.concepta mentis intentio, i.e. the thread of ideas.Concipereis of frequent occurrence in Quintilian:7 §14: xi. 3, 25: ix. i, 16: ii. 20, 4: vi. 2, 33, &c. For the gen. cp. animi intentio i. 1, 34. The readingconceptae mentis(seeCrit. Notes) is supported by i. 2, 29 praeceptores ipsos non idem mentis ac spiritus in dicendo posse concipere: the genitive would then be objective, as§23below: perhaps ‘attention to the conceived thought.’excutitur: Aristoph. Clouds 138καὶ φροντίδ᾽ ἐξήμβλωκας ἐξευρημένην.

§ 20.impropria= quae significatione deerrant. Cp. i. 5, 46 dubito an id improprium potius appellem; significatione enim deerrat. Onverba propriasee1 §6.

consequantur: i.e. such utterances do not come up either to the care with which one writes or the animation with which one speaks.

at idem illeintroduces the second objection to dictation:§21supplies a third and§22a fourth.

incertior in intellegendo, i.e. not to be depended upon to understand what is dictated to him. See Crit. Notes. Againstlegendoit must be urged that the reference toreadingis not very appropriate: the author would not be likely to call on the scribe to read what he had written, except at an appropriate pause, otherwise he would himself be to blame for the interruption to the ‘swing’ (cursus) of his thoughts.

offensator, aἅπαξ λεγόμενον, whence the use ofvelut. It is employed here of one whose slowness or muddle-headedness is always bringing the author to a standstill. Cp. offensantes7 §10.

quae erat: cp.§17quae fuit levitas.

concepta mentis intentio, i.e. the thread of ideas.Concipereis of frequent occurrence in Quintilian:7 §14: xi. 3, 25: ix. i, 16: ii. 20, 4: vi. 2, 33, &c. For the gen. cp. animi intentio i. 1, 34. The readingconceptae mentis(seeCrit. Notes) is supported by i. 2, 29 praeceptores ipsos non idem mentis ac spiritus in dicendo posse concipere: the genitive would then be objective, as§23below: perhaps ‘attention to the conceived thought.’

excutitur: Aristoph. Clouds 138καὶ φροντίδ᾽ ἐξήμβλωκας ἐξευρημένην.

III:21Tum illa, quae altiorem animi motum sequuntur quaeque ipsa animum quodam modo concitant, quorum est iactare manum, torquere vultum,frontem etlatus interim obiurgare, quaeque Persiusnotat, cum leviter dicendi genus significat, ‘nec pluteum,’ inquit, ‘caedit nec demorsos sapit ungues,’ etiam ridicula sunt, nisi cum soli sumus.

§ 21.quaeque ipsa: i.e. per se: so§23below, quae ipsa delectant.frontem et latus ... obiurgare. I venture to insert this conjecture in the text, as justified both by the MSS. tradition (seeCrit. Notes) and by the context. Quintilian is speaking not of the gestures by which animation is imparted to an actual effort of oratory, but of such little mannerisms as the men of his day indulged in when in the throes of solitary composition,—just as they bite quill pens to pieces or scratch their heads now. Forfrontem obiurgarecp. Brut. §278 nulla perturbatio animi nulla corporis, frons non percussa, non femur, quoted xi. 3, 123: femur pectus frontem caedere ii. 12, 10: ut frontem ferias Cic. ad Att. i. 1, 1, though this last passage implies a more vexatious state of distraction.obiurgare, i.e. caedere, ferire, plectere. Gertz objected tolatus obiurgareon the ground thatobiurgareby itself could not mean to ‘strike.’ We have ablatives in Pers.v. 169 solea puer obiurgabere rubra: Sen. de Ira iii. 12, 6 servulum istum verberibus obiurga: Suet. Calig. §20 ferulis obiurgari: id. Otho §2 flagris: Petronius 34 colaphis. But in all thesethe abl. is needed to define the meaning ofobiurgare, while no one could mistakelatus obiurgare.leviter dicendi genus: cp.§17levitas. The reference is to listlessness and carelessness of style, ‘not the kind that beats the desk or savours of the bitten nail,’—without earnestness or feeling.nec pluteum caedit. Thepluteusorpluteumis the back board of the ‘lecticula lucubratoria’ in which writing was done in a recumbent position. The quotation is from Sat. i. 106, where Persius pictures a drivelling versifier, listlessly pouring forth his verses without any physical exertion or trace of feeling.demorsos sapit ungues: imitated from Hor. Sat. i. 10, 70, speaking of what Lucilius would do if he lived now: in versu faciendo Saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet ungues.nisi cum soli sumus. This refers to practice only. A different point of view is stated in i. ii. §31, where Quintilian sums up in these words, Non esset in rebus humanis eloquentia, si tantum cum singulis loqueremur.

§ 21.quaeque ipsa: i.e. per se: so§23below, quae ipsa delectant.

frontem et latus ... obiurgare. I venture to insert this conjecture in the text, as justified both by the MSS. tradition (seeCrit. Notes) and by the context. Quintilian is speaking not of the gestures by which animation is imparted to an actual effort of oratory, but of such little mannerisms as the men of his day indulged in when in the throes of solitary composition,—just as they bite quill pens to pieces or scratch their heads now. Forfrontem obiurgarecp. Brut. §278 nulla perturbatio animi nulla corporis, frons non percussa, non femur, quoted xi. 3, 123: femur pectus frontem caedere ii. 12, 10: ut frontem ferias Cic. ad Att. i. 1, 1, though this last passage implies a more vexatious state of distraction.

obiurgare, i.e. caedere, ferire, plectere. Gertz objected tolatus obiurgareon the ground thatobiurgareby itself could not mean to ‘strike.’ We have ablatives in Pers.v. 169 solea puer obiurgabere rubra: Sen. de Ira iii. 12, 6 servulum istum verberibus obiurga: Suet. Calig. §20 ferulis obiurgari: id. Otho §2 flagris: Petronius 34 colaphis. But in all thesethe abl. is needed to define the meaning ofobiurgare, while no one could mistakelatus obiurgare.

leviter dicendi genus: cp.§17levitas. The reference is to listlessness and carelessness of style, ‘not the kind that beats the desk or savours of the bitten nail,’—without earnestness or feeling.

nec pluteum caedit. Thepluteusorpluteumis the back board of the ‘lecticula lucubratoria’ in which writing was done in a recumbent position. The quotation is from Sat. i. 106, where Persius pictures a drivelling versifier, listlessly pouring forth his verses without any physical exertion or trace of feeling.

demorsos sapit ungues: imitated from Hor. Sat. i. 10, 70, speaking of what Lucilius would do if he lived now: in versu faciendo Saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet ungues.

nisi cum soli sumus. This refers to practice only. A different point of view is stated in i. ii. §31, where Quintilian sums up in these words, Non esset in rebus humanis eloquentia, si tantum cum singulis loqueremur.

III:22Denique ut semel quod est potentissimum dicam, secretum in dictando perit. Atque liberum arbitris locum et quam altissimum silentium scribentibus maxime convenire nemo dubitaverit: non tamen protinus audiendi qui credunt aptissima in hoc nemora silvasque, quod illa caeli libertas locorumque amoenitas sublimem animum et beatiorem spiritum parent.

§ 22.ut semel ... dicam:1 §17.secretum in dictando. This is the fourth objection. Cp.7 §16cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet. Hirt (Substantivierung des Adj. bei Quint.—Berlin, 1890) notes that this use of the nom. neut. standing by itself is not so common as other cases: he cites about a dozen instances, e.g. iv. 1, 41 honestum satis per se valet: v. 11, 13 dissimile plures casus habet: vi. 3, 84 inopinatum et a lacessente poni solet. SeeCrit. Notes.protinus: see on1 §3,§42.aptissima in hoc. A poetical constr.: only here in Quintilian, instead ofdat.orad. Livy xxviii. 31 genere pugnae in quod minime apti sunt: Ovid Metam. xiv. 765 formas deus aptus in omnes.nemora silvasque. Quintilian is speaking of oratory: poetry on the other hand may fitly seek its inspiration in solitude. Tac. Dial. ix. poetis ... in nemora et lucos id est in solitudinem recedendum est: cp. xii nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, &c. The poet’s love of retirement and the necessity for his being exempted from the fears and anxieties of the vulgar is in fact a commonplace in Latin literature: Horace, Car. i. 1, 30: 32, 1: iv. 3, 10 sq.: Ep. ii. 2, 77: A. P. 298: Ovid, Tristia i. 1, 41 Carmina secessum scribentis et otia quaerunt, cp. v. 12, 3: Iuv. vii. 58: Pliny ix. 10 §2 (to Tacitus) poemata quiescunt, quae tu inter nemora et lucos commodissime perfici putas: so for study of all kinds i. 6, 2; cp. ix. 36, 6.beatiorem spiritum: i. §27, §44 (spiritus: cp.5 §4sublimis spiritus): and i. §61, §109 (beatus). Cp. dives vena in Hor. A. P. 409.

§ 22.ut semel ... dicam:1 §17.

secretum in dictando. This is the fourth objection. Cp.7 §16cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet. Hirt (Substantivierung des Adj. bei Quint.—Berlin, 1890) notes that this use of the nom. neut. standing by itself is not so common as other cases: he cites about a dozen instances, e.g. iv. 1, 41 honestum satis per se valet: v. 11, 13 dissimile plures casus habet: vi. 3, 84 inopinatum et a lacessente poni solet. SeeCrit. Notes.

protinus: see on1 §3,§42.

aptissima in hoc. A poetical constr.: only here in Quintilian, instead ofdat.orad. Livy xxviii. 31 genere pugnae in quod minime apti sunt: Ovid Metam. xiv. 765 formas deus aptus in omnes.

nemora silvasque. Quintilian is speaking of oratory: poetry on the other hand may fitly seek its inspiration in solitude. Tac. Dial. ix. poetis ... in nemora et lucos id est in solitudinem recedendum est: cp. xii nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, &c. The poet’s love of retirement and the necessity for his being exempted from the fears and anxieties of the vulgar is in fact a commonplace in Latin literature: Horace, Car. i. 1, 30: 32, 1: iv. 3, 10 sq.: Ep. ii. 2, 77: A. P. 298: Ovid, Tristia i. 1, 41 Carmina secessum scribentis et otia quaerunt, cp. v. 12, 3: Iuv. vii. 58: Pliny ix. 10 §2 (to Tacitus) poemata quiescunt, quae tu inter nemora et lucos commodissime perfici putas: so for study of all kinds i. 6, 2; cp. ix. 36, 6.

beatiorem spiritum: i. §27, §44 (spiritus: cp.5 §4sublimis spiritus): and i. §61, §109 (beatus). Cp. dives vena in Hor. A. P. 409.

III:23Mihi certe iucundus hic magis quam studiorum hortator videtur esse secessus. Namque illa, quae ipsa delectant, necesse est avocent ab intentione operis destinati. Neque enim se bona fidein multa simul intendere animus totum potest, et quocumque respexit, desinit intueri quod propositum erat.

§ 23.hortator: cp. Liv. xxvii. 18, 14 foederum ruptor dux et populus: Cic. pro Mil. §50 ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus. Introd.p. xlv.quae ipsa:§21above. Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 21, 62 iam ipsae defluebant coronae.bona fide, ‘earnestly and conscientiously’: ut non fallat (sc. animus) sed officiis suis probe sufficiat (Wolff). The phrase is borrowed from the language of the law-courts, where it was applied to judicial awards made not according to any positive enactment but in equity. Cicero, de Off. iii. 61 et sine lege iudiciis,in quibus additurex fide bona. See Holden’s notead loc.

§ 23.hortator: cp. Liv. xxvii. 18, 14 foederum ruptor dux et populus: Cic. pro Mil. §50 ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus. Introd.p. xlv.

quae ipsa:§21above. Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 21, 62 iam ipsae defluebant coronae.

bona fide, ‘earnestly and conscientiously’: ut non fallat (sc. animus) sed officiis suis probe sufficiat (Wolff). The phrase is borrowed from the language of the law-courts, where it was applied to judicial awards made not according to any positive enactment but in equity. Cicero, de Off. iii. 61 et sine lege iudiciis,in quibus additurex fide bona. See Holden’s notead loc.

III:24Quare silvarum amoenitas et praeterlabentia flumina et inspirantes ramis arborum aurae volucrumque cantus et ipsa late circumspiciendi libertas ad se trahunt, ut mihi remittere potius voluptas ista videatur cogitationem quam intendere.

§ 24.late circumspiciendi. Wölfflin thinks that Quintilian designedly avoided such alliterations as ‘longe lateque circumspicere’: cp. Sall. Iug. 5, Tac. Hist. iv. 50. In viii. 3, 65 he has ‘vultum et oculos’ instead of ‘ora et oculos’: and ‘satis’ by itself, or ‘satis abunde,’ instead of ‘satis superque.’remittere ... intendere: the figure is derived from the use of the bow.

§ 24.late circumspiciendi. Wölfflin thinks that Quintilian designedly avoided such alliterations as ‘longe lateque circumspicere’: cp. Sall. Iug. 5, Tac. Hist. iv. 50. In viii. 3, 65 he has ‘vultum et oculos’ instead of ‘ora et oculos’: and ‘satis’ by itself, or ‘satis abunde,’ instead of ‘satis superque.’

remittere ... intendere: the figure is derived from the use of the bow.

III:25Demosthenes melius, qui se in locum ex quo nulla exaudiri vox et ex quo nihil prospici posset recondebat, ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi. Ideoque lucubrantes silentium noctis et clausum cubiculum et lumen unum veluttectos maxime teneat.§ 25.Demosthenes: Plut. Dem. 7ἐκ τούτου κατάγειον μὲν οἰκοδομῆσαι μελετήριον ὃ δὴ διεσώζετο καὶ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς.cogerent: for a similar modified use ofcogerecp. Corn. Nep. Milt. 7, 1: Suet. Domit. 11.lumenforlucerna: Cic. de Divin. 1 §36 lumine adposito.velut tectos, ‘as if under cover’: sc. ad omnia quae oculis vel auribus incursant. This is said to be one of Quintilian’s military metaphors, whence the use ofvelut. Becher (Philol. xliii. 203 sq.) compares de Orat. i. 8, 32 quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos vel te ulcisci lacessitus? and Orelli on pro Deiot. 6, 16: (quis consideratior illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior?) ‘est metaphora petita a gladiatoribus qui, uti debent, contra ictus adversariorum se tegunt.’ Here the ‘weapons of defence’ are three: ‘silentium noctis,’ ‘clausum cubiculum,’ and ‘lumen unum’ (i.e. nobis solum appositum). The opposite oftectusin this sense isapertus: e.g. latus apertum Tac. Hist. ii. 21apertiincautique muros subiere, ‘of a force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for conducting a siege’(Spooner). For the thought Krüger (3rd ed.) compares Plin. Ep. x. 36 clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et tenebris animus alitur. Ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quae mens vident, quoties non adsunt alia.—SeeCrit. Notes.maxime= potissimum, and leads up to§28ut suntmaximeoptanda. Cp.μάλιστα: Plat. Rep. 326 Aπεῖσαι μάλιστα μὲν καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰ δὲ μὴ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν.teneat, potential: ‘if we work at night, the silence, &c. will secure us from interruption.’ But Krüger (2nd ed.), looking tolucubrantes(which is emphatic), explains = ita lucubremus ut ... teneat, and Wrobel makes it an imperative, ‘let us work by night, and under such conditions, with such precautions that,’ &c.

III:25Demosthenes melius, qui se in locum ex quo nulla exaudiri vox et ex quo nihil prospici posset recondebat, ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi. Ideoque lucubrantes silentium noctis et clausum cubiculum et lumen unum veluttectos maxime teneat.

§ 25.Demosthenes: Plut. Dem. 7ἐκ τούτου κατάγειον μὲν οἰκοδομῆσαι μελετήριον ὃ δὴ διεσώζετο καὶ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς.cogerent: for a similar modified use ofcogerecp. Corn. Nep. Milt. 7, 1: Suet. Domit. 11.lumenforlucerna: Cic. de Divin. 1 §36 lumine adposito.velut tectos, ‘as if under cover’: sc. ad omnia quae oculis vel auribus incursant. This is said to be one of Quintilian’s military metaphors, whence the use ofvelut. Becher (Philol. xliii. 203 sq.) compares de Orat. i. 8, 32 quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos vel te ulcisci lacessitus? and Orelli on pro Deiot. 6, 16: (quis consideratior illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior?) ‘est metaphora petita a gladiatoribus qui, uti debent, contra ictus adversariorum se tegunt.’ Here the ‘weapons of defence’ are three: ‘silentium noctis,’ ‘clausum cubiculum,’ and ‘lumen unum’ (i.e. nobis solum appositum). The opposite oftectusin this sense isapertus: e.g. latus apertum Tac. Hist. ii. 21apertiincautique muros subiere, ‘of a force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for conducting a siege’(Spooner). For the thought Krüger (3rd ed.) compares Plin. Ep. x. 36 clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et tenebris animus alitur. Ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quae mens vident, quoties non adsunt alia.—SeeCrit. Notes.maxime= potissimum, and leads up to§28ut suntmaximeoptanda. Cp.μάλιστα: Plat. Rep. 326 Aπεῖσαι μάλιστα μὲν καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰ δὲ μὴ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν.teneat, potential: ‘if we work at night, the silence, &c. will secure us from interruption.’ But Krüger (2nd ed.), looking tolucubrantes(which is emphatic), explains = ita lucubremus ut ... teneat, and Wrobel makes it an imperative, ‘let us work by night, and under such conditions, with such precautions that,’ &c.

§ 25.Demosthenes: Plut. Dem. 7ἐκ τούτου κατάγειον μὲν οἰκοδομῆσαι μελετήριον ὃ δὴ διεσώζετο καὶ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς.

cogerent: for a similar modified use ofcogerecp. Corn. Nep. Milt. 7, 1: Suet. Domit. 11.

lumenforlucerna: Cic. de Divin. 1 §36 lumine adposito.

velut tectos, ‘as if under cover’: sc. ad omnia quae oculis vel auribus incursant. This is said to be one of Quintilian’s military metaphors, whence the use ofvelut. Becher (Philol. xliii. 203 sq.) compares de Orat. i. 8, 32 quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos vel te ulcisci lacessitus? and Orelli on pro Deiot. 6, 16: (quis consideratior illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior?) ‘est metaphora petita a gladiatoribus qui, uti debent, contra ictus adversariorum se tegunt.’ Here the ‘weapons of defence’ are three: ‘silentium noctis,’ ‘clausum cubiculum,’ and ‘lumen unum’ (i.e. nobis solum appositum). The opposite oftectusin this sense isapertus: e.g. latus apertum Tac. Hist. ii. 21apertiincautique muros subiere, ‘of a force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for conducting a siege’(Spooner). For the thought Krüger (3rd ed.) compares Plin. Ep. x. 36 clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et tenebris animus alitur. Ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quae mens vident, quoties non adsunt alia.—SeeCrit. Notes.

maxime= potissimum, and leads up to§28ut suntmaximeoptanda. Cp.μάλιστα: Plat. Rep. 326 Aπεῖσαι μάλιστα μὲν καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰ δὲ μὴ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν.

teneat, potential: ‘if we work at night, the silence, &c. will secure us from interruption.’ But Krüger (2nd ed.), looking tolucubrantes(which is emphatic), explains = ita lucubremus ut ... teneat, and Wrobel makes it an imperative, ‘let us work by night, and under such conditions, with such precautions that,’ &c.

III:26Sed cum in omni studiorum genere, tum in hoc praecipue bona valetudo, quaeque eam maxime praestat, frugalitas necessaria est, cum tempora ab ipsarerum natura ad quietem refectionemque nobis data in acerrimum laborem convertimus. Cui tamen non plus inrogandum est quam quod somno supererit, haud deerit;

§ 26.in hoc, i.e. for night work (= in hoc studiorum genere; viz. cum lucubramus).frugalitas: regularity of life, in a wide sense (as moderatio, temperantia,σωφροσύνη): cp. xii. 1, 8 Age non ad perferendos studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas? quid ergo ex libidine ac luxuria spei? Cic. pro Deiot. ix. §26.cum ... convertimus: the temporal signification ofcumc. ind. passes here into the causal. Cp. i. 6, 2 auctoritas ab oratoribus vel historicis peti solet ... cum summorum in eloquentia virorum iudicium pro ratione, et vel error honestus est magnos duces sequentibus.—Becher on the other hand (followed by Krüger 3rd ed.) insists that the use is here exclusively temporal, and that the clause is merely a development of ‘cum lucubramus,’—the idea contained in the foregoing in hoc (sc. stud. genere).cui: sc. labori scribendi.inrogandum= impendendum, tribuendum.supererit ... deerit. Tr.‘only so much as would be superfluous for sleep, not insufficient.’ The meaning is clear: we must not encroach on the time necessary for the repose of mind and body,—‘not more than what is not needed for sleep, and what will not be missed.’ For what may seem a superfluous addition cp.1 §115si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit: Verg. Aen. ix. 282 ‘tantum fortuna secunda Haud adversa cadat.’ The juxtaposition of compounds ofesseis very common: esp.superesse,deesse. Asin. Pollio, ad Fam. x. 33, 5: Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 63, 2: Cic. in Gellius i. 22, 7: Val. Max. viii. 7, 2: Suet. Aug. 56 (Schmalz). SeeCrit. Notes.

§ 26.in hoc, i.e. for night work (= in hoc studiorum genere; viz. cum lucubramus).

frugalitas: regularity of life, in a wide sense (as moderatio, temperantia,σωφροσύνη): cp. xii. 1, 8 Age non ad perferendos studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas? quid ergo ex libidine ac luxuria spei? Cic. pro Deiot. ix. §26.

cum ... convertimus: the temporal signification ofcumc. ind. passes here into the causal. Cp. i. 6, 2 auctoritas ab oratoribus vel historicis peti solet ... cum summorum in eloquentia virorum iudicium pro ratione, et vel error honestus est magnos duces sequentibus.—Becher on the other hand (followed by Krüger 3rd ed.) insists that the use is here exclusively temporal, and that the clause is merely a development of ‘cum lucubramus,’—the idea contained in the foregoing in hoc (sc. stud. genere).

cui: sc. labori scribendi.

inrogandum= impendendum, tribuendum.

supererit ... deerit. Tr.‘only so much as would be superfluous for sleep, not insufficient.’ The meaning is clear: we must not encroach on the time necessary for the repose of mind and body,—‘not more than what is not needed for sleep, and what will not be missed.’ For what may seem a superfluous addition cp.1 §115si quid adiecturus sibi non si quid detracturus fuit: Verg. Aen. ix. 282 ‘tantum fortuna secunda Haud adversa cadat.’ The juxtaposition of compounds ofesseis very common: esp.superesse,deesse. Asin. Pollio, ad Fam. x. 33, 5: Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 63, 2: Cic. in Gellius i. 22, 7: Val. Max. viii. 7, 2: Suet. Aug. 56 (Schmalz). SeeCrit. Notes.

III:27obstat enim diligentiae scribendi etiam fatigatio, et abunde, si vacet, lucis spatia sufficiunt; occupatos in noctem necessitas agit. Est tamen lucubratio, quotiens ad eam integri ac refecti venimus, optimum secreti genus.

§ 27.si vacet ... occupatos. The antithesis should be noted: the days are long enough when one has nothing else to do: it is the busy man who is driven to encroach on the night.

§ 27.si vacet ... occupatos. The antithesis should be noted: the days are long enough when one has nothing else to do: it is the busy man who is driven to encroach on the night.

III:28Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda, ita non semper possunt contingere; ideoque non statim, si quid obstrepet, abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies, verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus, ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio; quam si tota mente in opus ipsum derexeris, nihil eorum quae oculis vel auribus incursant ad animum perveniet.§ 28.codices: writing-books or tablets, as§32.faciendus usus. Cp. ut scribendi fiat usus in2 §2: and§3below vires faciamus:6 §3facienda multo stilo forma est.derexeris: see on2 §1. So xii. 3, 8: ii. 13, 5: ii. 1, 11. On the other hand in x.1 §127and v. 7, 6 Halm and Meister printdirigere.incursant: stronger than§16in oculos incurrunt. The constr. with the dative is poetical (Ovid, Metam. i. 303, xiv. 190).

III:28Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda, ita non semper possunt contingere; ideoque non statim, si quid obstrepet, abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies, verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus, ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio; quam si tota mente in opus ipsum derexeris, nihil eorum quae oculis vel auribus incursant ad animum perveniet.

§ 28.codices: writing-books or tablets, as§32.faciendus usus. Cp. ut scribendi fiat usus in2 §2: and§3below vires faciamus:6 §3facienda multo stilo forma est.derexeris: see on2 §1. So xii. 3, 8: ii. 13, 5: ii. 1, 11. On the other hand in x.1 §127and v. 7, 6 Halm and Meister printdirigere.incursant: stronger than§16in oculos incurrunt. The constr. with the dative is poetical (Ovid, Metam. i. 303, xiv. 190).

§ 28.codices: writing-books or tablets, as§32.

faciendus usus. Cp. ut scribendi fiat usus in2 §2: and§3below vires faciamus:6 §3facienda multo stilo forma est.

derexeris: see on2 §1. So xii. 3, 8: ii. 13, 5: ii. 1, 11. On the other hand in x.1 §127and v. 7, 6 Halm and Meister printdirigere.

incursant: stronger than§16in oculos incurrunt. The constr. with the dative is poetical (Ovid, Metam. i. 303, xiv. 190).

III:29An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat, ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus: non consequemur idem, si et voluerimus? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si non nisi refecti, non nisi hilares, non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus, semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus.§ 29.An vero ... non consequemur. For this form of theargumentum a minore ad maiuscp.2 §5. Cic. pro Rab. 5 An vero servos nostros ... dominorum benignitas ... liberabit hos a verberibus ... nostri honores (non) vindicabunt?deerremuswith simple abl. is post-classical.idem, i.e. the same abstraction.si et voluerimus: ‘by an effort of will,’ opp. tofortuita cogitatio.non nisi: see on1 §20.

III:29An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat, ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus: non consequemur idem, si et voluerimus? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si non nisi refecti, non nisi hilares, non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus, semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus.

§ 29.An vero ... non consequemur. For this form of theargumentum a minore ad maiuscp.2 §5. Cic. pro Rab. 5 An vero servos nostros ... dominorum benignitas ... liberabit hos a verberibus ... nostri honores (non) vindicabunt?deerremuswith simple abl. is post-classical.idem, i.e. the same abstraction.si et voluerimus: ‘by an effort of will,’ opp. tofortuita cogitatio.non nisi: see on1 §20.

§ 29.An vero ... non consequemur. For this form of theargumentum a minore ad maiuscp.2 §5. Cic. pro Rab. 5 An vero servos nostros ... dominorum benignitas ... liberabit hos a verberibus ... nostri honores (non) vindicabunt?

deerremuswith simple abl. is post-classical.

idem, i.e. the same abstraction.

si et voluerimus: ‘by an effort of will,’ opp. tofortuita cogitatio.

non nisi: see on1 §20.

III:30Quare in turba, itinere, conviviis etiam faciat sibi cogitatio ipsasecretum. Quid alioqui fiet, cum in medio foro, tot circumstantibus iudiciis, iurgiis, fortuitis etiam clamoribus, erit subito continua oratione dicendum, si particulas quas ceris mandamus nisi in solitudine reperire non possumus? Propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti Demosthenes in litore, in quo se maximo cum sono fluctus inlideret, meditans consuescebat contionum fremitus non expavescere.§ 30.itinere: Sen. Ep. 72 §2 quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in cisio scribere: Plin. Ep. iv. 14 §2 accipies cum hac epistula hendecasyllabos nostros, quibus nos in vehiculo, in balineo, intercenam oblectamus otium temporis. Pliny even took with him to the chase hispugillares, that he might note down any passing thought: i. 6, 1: ix. 10, 2. He had learnt the lesson from his uncle, who made use of his time at dinner, in the bath, on a journey: see the description his nephew gives of his habits Ep. iii. 5 §§10, 11, 14-16. Cato the Younger used to read while the Senate was assembling: Cic. de Fin. iii. 2 §7.alioqui: see on§16. Cp. §7 and Introd.p. li.tot circumstantibus iudiciis. Four courts were commonly held in one and the same basilica. Cp. xii. 5, 6 cum in basilica Iulia diceret primo tribunali (Trachalus 1 §119) quatuor autem iudicia, ut moris est, cogerentur, atque omnia clamoribus fremerent, et auditum eum et intellectum et, quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit, laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini: Plin. Ep. i. 18, 3 eram acturus ... in quadruplici iudicio: iv. 24, 1: vi. 33, 2.particulas: the ‘jottings’ which we ought to be able to make even in spite of surrounding confusion, if we are to be effective when called on to speakex tempore.ceris: used especially for rough notes. Iuv. i. 63: xiv. 191. These tablets were “made of thin slabs or leaves of wood, coated with wax, and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from friction. They were made of different sizes and varied in the number of their leaves, whence the word, in this sense, is applied in the plural” (Rich).in litore: Frotscher quotes Lib. Vit. Demosth.φασὶν αὐτὸν ἄνεμον ῥαγδαῖον τηροῦντα, καὶ κινουμένην σφοδρῶς τὴν θάλατταν, παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς βαδίζοντα, λέγειν καὶ τῷ τῆς θαλάττης ἤχῳ συνεθίζεσθαι φέρειν τὰς τοῦ δήμου καταβοάς: Plut. Vit. X Orat. 8, p. 844 Eκαὶ κατιόντα ἐπὶ τὸ Φαληρικὸν πρὸς τὰς τῶν κυμάτων ἐμβολὰς τὰς σκέψεις ποιεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ εἴ ποτε θορυβοίη ὁ δῆμος, μὴ ἐκσταίη: Cic. de Fin. v. 2, 5 Noli inquit, ex me quaerere, qui in Phalericum etiam descenderim, quo in loco ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere: Val. Max. viii. 7, ext. 1.meditans, ‘practising’: cp. de Orat. i. §260 (Demosthenes) perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur: §136: Brutus §302 nullum patiebatur esse diem (Hortensius) quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum: Quint. ii. 10, 2: iv. 2, 29.expavescere. This corresponds with the motive attributed to Demosthenes by Plutarch and Libanius, as quoted above; Cicero’s explanation (ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere) is perhaps the more credible.

III:30Quare in turba, itinere, conviviis etiam faciat sibi cogitatio ipsasecretum. Quid alioqui fiet, cum in medio foro, tot circumstantibus iudiciis, iurgiis, fortuitis etiam clamoribus, erit subito continua oratione dicendum, si particulas quas ceris mandamus nisi in solitudine reperire non possumus? Propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti Demosthenes in litore, in quo se maximo cum sono fluctus inlideret, meditans consuescebat contionum fremitus non expavescere.

§ 30.itinere: Sen. Ep. 72 §2 quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in cisio scribere: Plin. Ep. iv. 14 §2 accipies cum hac epistula hendecasyllabos nostros, quibus nos in vehiculo, in balineo, intercenam oblectamus otium temporis. Pliny even took with him to the chase hispugillares, that he might note down any passing thought: i. 6, 1: ix. 10, 2. He had learnt the lesson from his uncle, who made use of his time at dinner, in the bath, on a journey: see the description his nephew gives of his habits Ep. iii. 5 §§10, 11, 14-16. Cato the Younger used to read while the Senate was assembling: Cic. de Fin. iii. 2 §7.alioqui: see on§16. Cp. §7 and Introd.p. li.tot circumstantibus iudiciis. Four courts were commonly held in one and the same basilica. Cp. xii. 5, 6 cum in basilica Iulia diceret primo tribunali (Trachalus 1 §119) quatuor autem iudicia, ut moris est, cogerentur, atque omnia clamoribus fremerent, et auditum eum et intellectum et, quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit, laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini: Plin. Ep. i. 18, 3 eram acturus ... in quadruplici iudicio: iv. 24, 1: vi. 33, 2.particulas: the ‘jottings’ which we ought to be able to make even in spite of surrounding confusion, if we are to be effective when called on to speakex tempore.ceris: used especially for rough notes. Iuv. i. 63: xiv. 191. These tablets were “made of thin slabs or leaves of wood, coated with wax, and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from friction. They were made of different sizes and varied in the number of their leaves, whence the word, in this sense, is applied in the plural” (Rich).in litore: Frotscher quotes Lib. Vit. Demosth.φασὶν αὐτὸν ἄνεμον ῥαγδαῖον τηροῦντα, καὶ κινουμένην σφοδρῶς τὴν θάλατταν, παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς βαδίζοντα, λέγειν καὶ τῷ τῆς θαλάττης ἤχῳ συνεθίζεσθαι φέρειν τὰς τοῦ δήμου καταβοάς: Plut. Vit. X Orat. 8, p. 844 Eκαὶ κατιόντα ἐπὶ τὸ Φαληρικὸν πρὸς τὰς τῶν κυμάτων ἐμβολὰς τὰς σκέψεις ποιεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ εἴ ποτε θορυβοίη ὁ δῆμος, μὴ ἐκσταίη: Cic. de Fin. v. 2, 5 Noli inquit, ex me quaerere, qui in Phalericum etiam descenderim, quo in loco ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere: Val. Max. viii. 7, ext. 1.meditans, ‘practising’: cp. de Orat. i. §260 (Demosthenes) perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur: §136: Brutus §302 nullum patiebatur esse diem (Hortensius) quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum: Quint. ii. 10, 2: iv. 2, 29.expavescere. This corresponds with the motive attributed to Demosthenes by Plutarch and Libanius, as quoted above; Cicero’s explanation (ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere) is perhaps the more credible.

§ 30.itinere: Sen. Ep. 72 §2 quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in cisio scribere: Plin. Ep. iv. 14 §2 accipies cum hac epistula hendecasyllabos nostros, quibus nos in vehiculo, in balineo, intercenam oblectamus otium temporis. Pliny even took with him to the chase hispugillares, that he might note down any passing thought: i. 6, 1: ix. 10, 2. He had learnt the lesson from his uncle, who made use of his time at dinner, in the bath, on a journey: see the description his nephew gives of his habits Ep. iii. 5 §§10, 11, 14-16. Cato the Younger used to read while the Senate was assembling: Cic. de Fin. iii. 2 §7.

alioqui: see on§16. Cp. §7 and Introd.p. li.

tot circumstantibus iudiciis. Four courts were commonly held in one and the same basilica. Cp. xii. 5, 6 cum in basilica Iulia diceret primo tribunali (Trachalus 1 §119) quatuor autem iudicia, ut moris est, cogerentur, atque omnia clamoribus fremerent, et auditum eum et intellectum et, quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit, laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini: Plin. Ep. i. 18, 3 eram acturus ... in quadruplici iudicio: iv. 24, 1: vi. 33, 2.

particulas: the ‘jottings’ which we ought to be able to make even in spite of surrounding confusion, if we are to be effective when called on to speakex tempore.

ceris: used especially for rough notes. Iuv. i. 63: xiv. 191. These tablets were “made of thin slabs or leaves of wood, coated with wax, and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from friction. They were made of different sizes and varied in the number of their leaves, whence the word, in this sense, is applied in the plural” (Rich).

in litore: Frotscher quotes Lib. Vit. Demosth.φασὶν αὐτὸν ἄνεμον ῥαγδαῖον τηροῦντα, καὶ κινουμένην σφοδρῶς τὴν θάλατταν, παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς βαδίζοντα, λέγειν καὶ τῷ τῆς θαλάττης ἤχῳ συνεθίζεσθαι φέρειν τὰς τοῦ δήμου καταβοάς: Plut. Vit. X Orat. 8, p. 844 Eκαὶ κατιόντα ἐπὶ τὸ Φαληρικὸν πρὸς τὰς τῶν κυμάτων ἐμβολὰς τὰς σκέψεις ποιεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ εἴ ποτε θορυβοίη ὁ δῆμος, μὴ ἐκσταίη: Cic. de Fin. v. 2, 5 Noli inquit, ex me quaerere, qui in Phalericum etiam descenderim, quo in loco ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere: Val. Max. viii. 7, ext. 1.

meditans, ‘practising’: cp. de Orat. i. §260 (Demosthenes) perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur: §136: Brutus §302 nullum patiebatur esse diem (Hortensius) quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum: Quint. ii. 10, 2: iv. 2, 29.

expavescere. This corresponds with the motive attributed to Demosthenes by Plutarch and Libanius, as quoted above; Cicero’s explanation (ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere) is perhaps the more credible.

III:31Illa quoque minora (sed nihil in studiis parvum est) non sunt transeunda: scribi optime ceris, in quibus facillima est ratio delendi, nisi forte visus infirmior membranarum potius usumexiget, quae ut iuvant aciem, ita crebra relatione, quoad intinguntur calami, morantur manum et cogitationis impetum frangunt.

§ 31.optime:§33:1 §72(prave):1 §105(fortiter), where see note:5 §13(rectene and honestene). Becher says ‘optimegiebt ein Urteil über die Handlung an, drückt nicht die Art und Weise aus’: hence it =optimum esse.scribi ceris: for the omission of in cp. xi. 2, 32 illud neminem non iuvabit iisdem quibus scripserit ceris ediscere. In viii. 6, 64 Meister readsin ceris.ratio delendi: see on2 §3: ‘erasure,’ the ‘art of blotting.’ A similar periphrasis isratio collocandi§5. For the purpose of erasure the reverse end of thestiluswas flat. Hor. Sat. i. 10, 72 saepe stilum vertas (cp.4 §1): Cic. de Orat. ii. §96 luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est. With parchment the method of erasure was of course different: Hor. A. P. 446 incomptis adlinet atrum transverso calamo signum.nisi forteis not ironical here, as in1 §70:2 §8:5 §§6-7.membranarum. Parchment was more expensive than the tablets (cerae), though probably cheaper now than it had been previously. It could be used for rough notes, the writing being erased to make room for fresh matter,—‘palimpsest.’ Even when a published book consisted of papyrus paper (charta), parchment was often used for the wrapper. It was calledmembrana pergamenabecause the industry received its development under the kings of Pergamum.exiget: for the indic. cp. v. 2, 2 refelluntur autem (praeiudicia) raro per contumeliam iudicum, nisi forte manifesta in iis culpa erit. The commentators quote Sall. Iug. xiv. 10, but there the subj. is really consecutive.relationeis here used in the etymological sense of ‘carrying the pen back,’ or ‘to and fro’ in supplying it with ink. No other example can be quoted in which this sense ( = reductio) occurs. Kiderlin (l.c.) thinks that the idea of ‘raising’ the hand would be more appropriate to the context than that of ‘drawing it back’: he proposes therefore to read ‘crebriore elatione.’ SeeCrit. Notes.intinguntur, i.e. in the ink (atramentum), which was generally an artificial compound, sometimes the natural juice of the cuttle-fish.

§ 31.optime:§33:1 §72(prave):1 §105(fortiter), where see note:5 §13(rectene and honestene). Becher says ‘optimegiebt ein Urteil über die Handlung an, drückt nicht die Art und Weise aus’: hence it =optimum esse.

scribi ceris: for the omission of in cp. xi. 2, 32 illud neminem non iuvabit iisdem quibus scripserit ceris ediscere. In viii. 6, 64 Meister readsin ceris.

ratio delendi: see on2 §3: ‘erasure,’ the ‘art of blotting.’ A similar periphrasis isratio collocandi§5. For the purpose of erasure the reverse end of thestiluswas flat. Hor. Sat. i. 10, 72 saepe stilum vertas (cp.4 §1): Cic. de Orat. ii. §96 luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est. With parchment the method of erasure was of course different: Hor. A. P. 446 incomptis adlinet atrum transverso calamo signum.

nisi forteis not ironical here, as in1 §70:2 §8:5 §§6-7.

membranarum. Parchment was more expensive than the tablets (cerae), though probably cheaper now than it had been previously. It could be used for rough notes, the writing being erased to make room for fresh matter,—‘palimpsest.’ Even when a published book consisted of papyrus paper (charta), parchment was often used for the wrapper. It was calledmembrana pergamenabecause the industry received its development under the kings of Pergamum.

exiget: for the indic. cp. v. 2, 2 refelluntur autem (praeiudicia) raro per contumeliam iudicum, nisi forte manifesta in iis culpa erit. The commentators quote Sall. Iug. xiv. 10, but there the subj. is really consecutive.

relationeis here used in the etymological sense of ‘carrying the pen back,’ or ‘to and fro’ in supplying it with ink. No other example can be quoted in which this sense ( = reductio) occurs. Kiderlin (l.c.) thinks that the idea of ‘raising’ the hand would be more appropriate to the context than that of ‘drawing it back’: he proposes therefore to read ‘crebriore elatione.’ SeeCrit. Notes.

intinguntur, i.e. in the ink (atramentum), which was generally an artificial compound, sometimes the natural juice of the cuttle-fish.

III:32Relinquendae autem in utrolibet genere contra erunt vacuae tabellae, in quibus libera adiciendo sit excursio. Nam interim pigritiam emendandi angustiae faciunt, aut certe novorum interpositione priora confundant. Ne latas quidem ultra modum esse ceras velim, expertus iuvenem studiosum alioqui praelongos habuisse sermones, quia illos numero versuum metiebatur, idque vitium, quod frequenti admonitione corrigi non potuerat, mutatis codicibus esse sublatum.

§ 32.contra= ex adverso. Space must be left for corrections and additions opposite to what has been written: there must be blank pages. Cp.contra1 §114.adiciendo, ‘for making additions,’ comes under the head of the ‘dative for work contemplated’ Roby §§1156 and 1383. So Tacitus constantly uses the dative of gerund or gerundive in a final sense after verbs and adjectives. SeeCrit. Notes.aut certe, with no previousaut: cp. ix. 2, 94: 3, 60. Fornovorumcp.subitis7 §30, and see Introd.p. xlvii.confundant: potential. It states a possibility:faciunta fact.expertuswith acc. and inf. is rare.studiosum:1 §45.alioqui: see Introd.p. li.versuum:1 §38.

§ 32.contra= ex adverso. Space must be left for corrections and additions opposite to what has been written: there must be blank pages. Cp.contra1 §114.

adiciendo, ‘for making additions,’ comes under the head of the ‘dative for work contemplated’ Roby §§1156 and 1383. So Tacitus constantly uses the dative of gerund or gerundive in a final sense after verbs and adjectives. SeeCrit. Notes.

aut certe, with no previousaut: cp. ix. 2, 94: 3, 60. Fornovorumcp.subitis7 §30, and see Introd.p. xlvii.

confundant: potential. It states a possibility:faciunta fact.

expertuswith acc. and inf. is rare.

studiosum:1 §45.

alioqui: see Introd.p. li.

versuum:1 §38.

III:33Debet vacare etiam locus in quo notentur quae scribentibus solent extra ordinem, id est ex aliis quam qui sunt in manibus loci, occurrere. Inrumpunt enim optimi nonnumquam sensus, quos neque inserere oportet neque differre tutum est, quia interim elabuntur, interim memoriae suiintentos ab alia inventione declinant ideoque optime sunt in deposito.

§ 33.locus ... loci. There is something of Quintilian’s not infrequent negligence of style in the repetition of the word, especially as bylocushe means only ‘room,’ whilelociare the different parts of the composition.notentur, ‘jot down.’inrumpunt, ‘break in upon us,’ with a force that is hard to resist (cp. memoriam sui intentos below).sensus: ‘ideas’: viii. 5, 2 sententiam veteres quod animo sensissent vocaverunt ... sed consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus, lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita sententias:5 §5:7 §6.interim ... interim: frequent in Quintilian (see Introduction p. li.) fornunc ... nunc,modo ... modo.optime sunt:§31= optimum est eos esse.inventione: ‘line of thought.’in deposito: ‘in store,’ ‘in a place of safety,’ i.e. noted down: see Introd.p. xlvii. The phrase is borrowed from law: vii. 2, 51 depositi quaestiones, Pandects, xxxvi. 3, 5.

§ 33.locus ... loci. There is something of Quintilian’s not infrequent negligence of style in the repetition of the word, especially as bylocushe means only ‘room,’ whilelociare the different parts of the composition.

notentur, ‘jot down.’

inrumpunt, ‘break in upon us,’ with a force that is hard to resist (cp. memoriam sui intentos below).

sensus: ‘ideas’: viii. 5, 2 sententiam veteres quod animo sensissent vocaverunt ... sed consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus, lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita sententias:5 §5:7 §6.

interim ... interim: frequent in Quintilian (see Introduction p. li.) fornunc ... nunc,modo ... modo.

optime sunt:§31= optimum est eos esse.

inventione: ‘line of thought.’

in deposito: ‘in store,’ ‘in a place of safety,’ i.e. noted down: see Introd.p. xlvii. The phrase is borrowed from law: vii. 2, 51 depositi quaestiones, Pandects, xxxvi. 3, 5.

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