CHAPTER V.What to Write.

CHAPTER V.What to Write.Quae scribenda sint praecipue.V:1V. Proximum est ut dicamus quae praecipue scribenda sintἕξινparantibus.Non est huiusquidem operis ut explicemus quae sint materiae, quae prima aut secunda aut deinceps tractanda sint (nam id factum est iam primo libro, quo puerorum, et secundo, quo iam robustorum studiis ordinem dedimus), sed, de quo nunc agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.§ 1.ἑξιν: v.1 §1and note. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.operis: ‘this part of my work,’ viz. the present chapter.materiae. The plural is especially frequent in Quintilian1 §62:5 §22:7 §25: cp. ii. 4, 12 and 41: 6, 1: 10, 1 and 4: iii. 5, 2: iv. 1, 43: vi. 2, 10: 3, 15: vii. pro. §4: 4, 24 and 40. He is not treating here of the kinds of subjects for a general course of rhetorical training, but limits himself to the point ‘de quo agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.’primo libro: see ch. 9, where he adds to the office of the grammarian, afterratio loquendiandenarratio auctorum, quaedam dicendi primordia quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant.secundo: ch. 4 de primis apud rhetorem exercitationibus, and ch. 10 de utilitate et ratione declamandi.puerorum ... robustorum: cp. i. 8, 12 priora illa ad pueros magis, haec sequentia ad robustiores pertinebunt: ii. 2, 14 infirmitas a robustioribus separanda est:x. 1 §130robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis: ii. 5, 2 robusti iuvenes: i. 1, 9 robustum quoque et iam maximum regem ab institutione illa puerili sunt prosecuta: i. 5, 9: 12, 1.sed: supplyut explicemus, or (for an independent clause)explicandum est.de quo nunc agitur: i.e. the avowed object of the tenth book: cp.1 §1.copia:1 §5opes quaedam parandae ... eae constant copia rerum ac verborum. It is thecopia verborumthat is specially meant here.V:2Vertere Graeca in Latinum veteres nostri oratores optimum iudicabant. Id se L. Crassus in illis Ciceronis de Oratore libris dicit factitasse; id Cicero sua ipse persona frequentissime praecipit, quin etiam libros Platonis atque Xenophontis edidit hocgenere translatos; id Messallae placuit, multaeque sunt ab eo scriptae ad hunc modum orationes, adeo ut etiam cum illa Hyperidis pro Phryne difficillima Romanis subtilitate contenderet. Et manifesta est exercitationis huiusce ratio.§ 2.Latinum: to be taken substantively, cp. i. 6, 3 and 19: ii. 1, 4:§4below,Latinis: cp. Cicero Tusc. iii. §29 licet, ut saepe facimus, in Latinum illa convertere.de Oratorei. §155 postea mihi placuit, eoque sum usus adulescens, ut summorum oratorum Graecas orationes explicarem, quibus lectis hoc adsequebar, ut cum ea quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem quaedam verba imitando, quae nova nostris essent, dummodo essent idonea. Prof. Wilkins there refers, for the value to be attached to translation at sight, as giving a command over appropriate diction, to Stanhope’s Life of Pitt, vol. i. pp. 8 and 18. Cp. Stanley’s Arnold, i. 120.sua ipse persona: in his own name, and not merely by the mouth of one of the persons of a dialogue, like Crassus in the De Oratore. There are no passages in Cicero’s extant writings that account for the wordsfrequentissime praecipit: cp., however, Brutus §310 Commentabar declamitans ... idque faciebam multum etiam Latine sed Graece saepius: ad Fam. xvi. 21, 5 declamitare Graece apud Cassium institui. The introductions to the De Officiis and De Finibus contain Cicero’s advocacy of the study of Greek. Suet. de Rhet. 1-2 Cicero ad praeturam usque Graece declamavit, Latine vero senior quoque.libros Platonis atque Xenophontis. Cicero translated, at about the age of 20years (de Off. ii. §87) the Oeconomicus of Xenophon: in early life also the Protagoras of Plato, and later the Timaeus. Quintilian might have included a reference to Cicero’s translation of Aeschines in Ctesiphontem and Demosthenes de Corona, his preface to which survives in the De Optimo Genere Oratorum: §14 Converti enim ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes inter se contrarias, Aeschinis Demosthenisque: nec converti ut interpres sed ut orator, &c. His motive was to lay down a standard of ‘Atticism,’ as well as to free himself from the charge of ‘Asianism’: §23 erit regula ad quam eorum dirigantur orationes qui Attice volent dicere. Cp. Quint, xii. 10.hoc genere:3 §26: and below§7.Messallae: v.1 §22and§113with the notes.Hyperidis pro Phryne: Quintilian refers to the well-known story ii. 15, 9 et Phrynen non Hyperidis actione quamquam admirabili, sed conspectu corporis, quod illa speciosissimum alioqui diducta nudaverit tunica, putant periculo liberatam. Phryne was accused ofἀσέβεια. For Hyperides v.1 §77, and note.cum illa ... pro Phryne ... subtilitate. The commentators quote a similar brachyology in Cic. Orator §108 ipsa enim illa pro Roscio iuvenilis redundantia, though the text is not certain.difficillima Romanis subtilitat. Cp.1 §100cum sermo ipse Romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam Atticis venerem. Forsubtilitascp.1 §78,2 §19, Brutus §67 sed ea in nostris inscitia est, quod hi ipsi, qui in Graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque subtilitate quam Atticam appellant, hanc in Catone ne noverunt quidem. Hyperidae volunt esse et Lysiae. Laudo; sed cur nolunt Catones?V:3Nam et rerum copia Graeci auctores abundant et plurimum artis in eloquentiam intulerunt, et hos transferentibus verbis uti optimis licet; omnibus enim utimur nostris. Figuras vero, quibus maxime ornatur oratio, multas ac varias excogitandi etiam necessitas quaedam est, quia plerumque a Graecis Romana dissentiunt.§ 3.auctores: see on1 §24.transferentibus: personal dat. afterlicet.verbis uti optimis: cp. hoc adsequebar ut .... non solum optimis verbis uterer de Oratore i. §155, quoted above.nostrisis predicative = omnia enim quibus utimur nostra sunt. Translation from the Greek leaves us free to choose the best expressions: it is not like translation from Latin (i.e. reproduction or paraphrase), where we must often borrow from our models (optimis occupatis§5.).figuras. Cp.1 §12, note on figuramus. In ix. 1, Quintilian discusses the meaning offigura, which he defines broadly in §4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione.’ Here he refers both to rhetorical and to grammatical figures; the latter require idiomatic rendering, while a rhetorical figure which may be appropriate in the one language may not be allowable in the other. In i. 1, 13 he gives a warning against the exclusive use of Greek in early training: hinc enim accidunt et oris plurima vitia in peregrinum sonum corrupti et sermonis, cui cum Graecae figurae adsidua consuetudine haeserunt, in diversa quoque loquendi ratione pertinacissime durant.V:4Sed et illa ex Latinis conversio multum et ipsa contulerit.Ac de carminibus quidem neminem credo dubitare, quo solo genere exercitationis dicitur usus esse Sulpicius. Nam et sublimis spiritus attollere orationem potest, et verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem; sed et ipsis sententiis adicere licet oratorium robur et omissa supplere et effusa substringere.§ 4.ex Latinis conversio.Verbal nouns are often joined with the case governed by the verb from which they are derived: vii. 2, 35 ex causis probatio. In Plautus there are several instances even of the accusative, but the dative is more frequent.multum et ipsa= ipsa quoque ... multum contulerit, ‘even paraphrase ofitself,’ i.e. apart from translation. See on1 §31and cp.§20below,6 §1:7 §26.contulerit: v. on1 §37. (Cicero uses ipse by itself, or ipse etiam: Livy, ipse quoque.)de carminibus: Hild wrongly takes this of Greek poetry. Quintilian is commending those exercises in ‘reproduction’ or ‘paraphrase,’ which are substituted in many schools now for English ‘parsing.’Sulpicius,1 §116.sublimis spiritus: cp.1 §27in rebus spiritus et in verbis sublimitas:§61spiritu, magnificentia:§104elatum abunde spiritum:3 §22beatiorem spiritum.orationem: ‘prose style.’ The fire of the poetry gives elevation to the paraphrase.Oratiois used (without prosa) in Cicero for ‘prose’: Orator §70 saepissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur: ibid. §§166, 174, 178, 198, &c.poetica libertate. Cp. Quintilian’s remarks on the study of poetry,1 §§27-30, esp.§28libertate verborum ... licentia figurarum.praesumunt. The use of this verb, with such a nominative asverba(which seems here to be in a way personified), would be hard to parallel either from Quintilian or from any other writer. Elsewhere it is generally used with a personal reference in the sense of to ‘take beforehand’ (προλαμβάνω)),—with derived meanings; e.g. i. 10, 27: i. 1, 19: ii. 4, 7; 17, 28: viii. 6, 23: xii. 9, 9. The passage xi. 1, 27 inviti iudices audiunt praesumentem partes suas is quoted as showing that the meaning is ‘encroach upon,’ but that is secondary: there it simply means ‘anticipating them in the discharge of their functions,’ cp. sumere sibi imperatorias partes Caesar B.C. iii. 51. ‘Forestall’ is the nearest English equivalent: praeripere (Becher), praecidere (Hild), praecipere (sumere aliquid ante tempus) Dosson. Cp. Aen. xi. 18: Ovid Ar. Amat. iii. 757: and praeclusam§7below.—In what follows eadem is the only reading that will make sense of a very difficult passage: if it is the nom. pl. (agreeing withverba), tr. ‘do not at the same time (i.e. in consequence of their beingpoet. libert. audac.) exhaust beforehand the power of using the language of ordinary prose: no (sed =ἀλλὰ), we may add to the thought (of the poem) the strength of rhetoric,’ &c. Even if the words are ‘poetica libertate audaciora’ the ‘facultas proprie dicendi’ can secure strength, completeness, and compactness for the reproduction. Buteademis usually taken as the acc. pl. neut.: ‘do not use up beforehand the ability to say the same things in ordinary prose.’ The readingeandem(Halm and Meister) would seem to require a different meaning forpraesumunt.—SeeCrit. Notes.effusa substringere: cp.4 §1luxuriantia adstringere.Substringeremeans to ‘gather up’ as one does with dishevelled (effusus) hair, from which the figure may be taken: Tac. Germ. 38 substringere crinem nodo. Burmann quotes from Tertullian de Oration, ch. i. de brevitate orationis dominicae quantum substringitur verbis tantum diffunditur sensibus.V:5Neque ego paraphrasin esse interpretationem tantum volo, sed circa eosdem sensus certamen atque aemulationem. Ideoque ab illis dissentio qui vertereorationes Latinas vetant, quia optimis occupatis, quidquid aliter dixerimus, necesse sit esse deterius. Nam neque semper est desperandum aliquid illis quae dicta sunt melius posse reperiri, neque adeo ieiunam ac pauperem natura eloquentiam fecit ut una de re bene dici nisi semel non possit:§ 5.paraphrasin, subject: cp. conversio§4above. The paraphrase is not to be a mere word-for-word translation: for interpretatio cp. iii. 5, 17. Among the ‘dicendi primordia’ proper for the training of ‘aetates nondum rhetorem capientes’ Quintilian lays down the practice of paraphrase: tum paraphrasi audacius vertere (Aesopi Fabellas), qua et breviare quaedam et exornare salvo modo poetae sensu permittitur.circa eosdem sensus. The writer is to endeavour to rival his original in expressing the same idea. Forsensuscp.3 §33:circaagain below§6circa voces easdem. See on1 §52.vertere orationes. Till now he hasbeen speaking ofconversio ex carminibus. It was probably the custom in schools of rhetoric to make pupils give a free rendering (vertere) of passages also from some great oration. Quintilian is defending such practices against the criticism which Cicero, for example, puts in the mouth of Crassus, de Orat. i. §154 equidem mihi adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime ... ut aut versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad eum finem, quem memoria possem comprehendere, eam rem ipsam quam legissem verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis pronuntiarem: sed post animadverti hoc esse in hoc vitii, quod ea verba quae maxime cuiusque rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima occupasset aut Ennius, si ad eius versus me exercerem, aut Gracchus, si eius orationem mihi forte proposuissem: ita, si eisdem verbis uterer, nihil prodesse, si aliis, etiam obesse, cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem. So he took to translating from the Greek, as shown in what follows, quoted on§2above.una de re. Along within eadem materiabelow, this shows what freedom Quintilian would allow in such reproductions: cp. non interpretationem tantum, &c. above. Hild refers to a quotation, on the other hand, from La Bruyère (Ouvrages de l’Esprit 17), which has more of the spirit of the true artist: Entre toutes les différentes expressions qui peuvent rendre une seule de nos pensées, il n’y en a qu’une qui soit la bonne. On ne la rencontre pas toujours en parlant ou en écrivant; il est vrai néanmoins qu’elle existe, que tout ce qui ne l’est pas est faible, et ne satisfait point un homme d’esprit qui veut se faire entendre.V:6nisi forte histrionum multa circa voces easdem variare gestus potest, orandi minor vis, ut dicatur aliquid post quod in eadem materia nihil dicendum sit. Sed esto neque melius quod invenimus esse neque par, est certe proximis locus.§ 6.nisi forte: a formula generally used, as in Cicero, to introduce an ironical argument, e.g. i. §70:2 §8. For a similar constr. cp. i. 10, 6: nisi forteἀντιδότουςquidem atque alia, quae oculis aut vulneribus medentur, ex multis atque interim contrariis quoque inter se effectibus componi videmus ... et muta animalia mellisillum inimitabilem humanae rationis saporem vario florum ac sucorum genere perficiunt: nos mirabamur si oratio, qua nihil praestantius homini dedit providentia, pluribus artibus egeat. And, withautemin the second clause, ii. 3, 6 Nisi forte Iovem quidem Phidias optime fecit, illa autem alius melius elaborasset. Cp. the use ofan,an verowith antithetical clauses.—The reasoning is by no means conclusive, the analogy on which it rests having nothing to recommend it except to a teacher of rhetoric. Quintilian may have had in his mind what went on between Cicero and Roscius: Satis constat contendere eum cum ipso histrione solitum, utrum ille saepius eandem sententiam variis gestibus efficeret, an ipse per eloquentiae copiam sermone diverso pronuntiaret,—Macrobius, Saturn. ii. 40.esto: with acc. and infin. as in Hor. Ep. i. 1, 81 Verum esto aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri: Idem eadem possunt horam durare probantes. The subj. is more common: Cic. pro Sest. 97 esto (est) ... ut sint. Or elseestomay be used independently: Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 30. Quint. ix. 2, 84 sed esto, voluerit: Verg. Aen. iv. 35 esto, nulli flexere mariti.par ... proximis: cp.1 §127pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri. Withproximisunderstand ‘illis quae dicta sunt.’V:7An vero ipsi non bis ac saepius de eadem re dicimus et quidem continuas nonnumquam sententias? Nisiforte contendere nobiscum possumus, cum aliis non possumus. Nam si uno genere bene diceretur, fas erat existimari praeclusam nobis a prioribus viam; nunc vero innumerabiles sunt modi plurimaeque eodem viae ducunt.§ 7.An vero: see on3 §29.et quidem: see on1 §34, and cp. Plin. Ep. i. 12, 1 decessit Corellius Rufus, et quidem sponte.nisi forte: v. on§6above. For such repetitions see2 §23, and note.uno: supplytantum, as in1 §91hos nominavimus. For genere (= ratione, modo) cp.3 §26.fas erat. With verbs expressing possibility, duty, necessity, convenience, intention, &c. the indicative is often used in the apodosis when the verb in the protasis is subjunctive. Cp. Livy v. 6 Si mediusfidius ad hoc bellum nihil pertineret, ad disciplinam certe militiae plurimum intererat, &c.: Sallust. Iug. 85 ad fin. Quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.plurimae ... ducunt. The expression seems proverbial: cp. ‘All roads lead to Rome.’V:8Sua brevitati gratia, sua copiae, alia translatis virtus, alia propriis, hoc oratio recta, illud figura declinata commendat. Ipsa denique utilissima est exercitationi difficultas. Quid quod auctores maximi sic diligentius cognoscuntur? Non enim scripta lectione secura transcurrimus, sed tractamus singula et necessario introspicimus et, quantum virtutis habeant, vel hoc ipso cognoscimus, quod imitari non possumus.§ 8.oratio recta. See on1 §44rectum dicendi genus: the opposite isoratio figurata, orfigura declinata(1 §12). Cp. ix. 1, 3 Utraque res (figures and tropes) de recta et simplici ratione cum aliqua dicendi virtute deflectitur.figurais ablative, the phrase being equivalent tofigurata:1 §12.commendat: v.1 §101.tractamus: cp. repetamus autem et tractemus1 §19.V:9Nec aliena tantum transferre, sed etiam nostra pluribus modis tractare proderit, ut ex industria sumamus sententias quasdam easque versemus quam numerosissime, velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent.§ 9.numerosissime: not merely ‘as often as possible’ (saepissime), but ‘in every possible variety’: cp. aliae aliaeque formae, below. Cp. ii. 12, 3 sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur: viii. pr. §2 difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri: xi. 2, 27 ni forte tam numerosus (locus) ut ipse quoque dividi debeat: vi. 3, 36 neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta ... ducuntur. But Quintilian also uses it in the Ciceronian sense (‘rhythmically,’ ‘harmoniously’) viii. 6, 64 sermonem facere numerosum: ix. 4, 56: xi. 1, 33.eadem cera: Cic. de Orat iii. §177 sed ea nos ... sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus: Pliny Ep. vii. 9, 11 Ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur Si doctos digitos iussaque fiat opus, &c.aliae aliaeque, ‘first one and then another’: of a continuous succession: cp. quam numerosissime, above. Cp. Cels. iii. 3 extr. febres ... aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur. With this exception, Quintilian consistently prefers the Ciceronianatquein such expressions, instead of the enclitic. Krüger cites Tibull. iv. 1, 16, sq. ut tibi possim Inde alios aliosque memor componere versus.duci:3 §18: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus.V:10Plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia. Nam illa multiplicipersonarum, causarum, temporum, locorum, dictorum, factorum diversitate facile delitescet infirmitas, tot se undique rebus, ex quibus aliquam adprehendas, offerentibus.§ 10.illa ... diversitate: xii. 10, 15 umbra magni nominis delitescunt. The less complicated the subject, the more will the orator have to depend on his own resources: with thediversitasthat characterises actual pleading, where the speaker must have regard to every featureof the case, want of original talent or poverty of invention (infirmitas) can easily shelter itself behind a crowd of details.causarum, ‘circumstances’: opp. topersonarum, asloca, totempora, andfactatodicta. So personis causisque iii. 5, 11:rerumis used in a similar enumeration iii. 5, 7. So Krüger, of the ‘points of law’ involved in particular cases: forcausain the wider sense cp. iii. 5, 18 with Cic. Top. §80.V:11Illud virtutis indicium est, fundere quae natura contracta sunt, augere parva, varietatem similibus, voluptatem expositis dare et bene dicere multa de paucis.In hoc optime facient infinitae quaestiones, quas vocari thesesdiximus, quibus Cicero iam princeps in re publica exerceri solebat.§ 11.fundere ... contracta: cp. ii. 13, 5 constricta an latius fusa narratio:fusus1 §73. The word = dilatare (cp. Cic. de Fin. iii. 15), copiosius et latius efferre. Solatum atque fusumis opp. tocontractum atque submissumxi. 3, 50. Cp. Cicero Orat. §125 tum se latius fundet orator,—a phrase which Quintilian reproduces in many places.augere parva. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 267 A (of Tisias and Gorgias)τά τε αὖ σμικρὰ μεγάλα καὶ τὰ μεγάλα σμικρὰ φαίνεσθαι ποιοῦσι διὰ ῥώμην λόγου. Isocrates is said to have defined rhetoric as that whichτά τε μικρὰ μεγάλα, τὰ δὲ μεγάλα μικρὰ ποιεῖ—Pseudo-Plutarch 838 F. See too the Exordium of the Panegyricus of Isocrates §8ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ οἱ λόγοι τοιαύτην ἔχουσι τὴν φύσιν ὥσθ᾽ οἷον τ᾽ εἶναι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν πολλαχῶς ἐξηγήσασθαι(varietatem similibus)καὶ τά τε μεγάλα ταπεινὰ ποιῆσαι καὶ τοῖς μικροῖς μέγεθος περιθεῖναι κ.τ.λ.expositis: ‘commonplace,’ ‘trite.’ Iuv. vii. 53 Sed vatem egregium, cui non sit publica vena, Qui nil expositum soleat deducere, nec qui Communi feriat carmen triviale moneta. Introd.p. xlvii.In hoc: cp.2 §5. It denotes the end or aim, likead hoc. For this use offacerecp.1 §33bene ad forensem pulverem facere:7 §4quid porro multus stilus ... facit?infinitae quaestiones quas vocari theses diximus: iii. 5, 5 sq. Item convenit quaestiones esse aut infinitas aut finitas. Infinitae sunt quae remotis personis et temporibus et locis ceterisque similibus in utramque partem (i.e. affirmatively and negatively) tractantur, quod Graeciθέσινdicunt, Cicero propositum, alii quaestiones universales civiles, alii quaestiones philosopho convenientes, Athenaeus partem caussae appellat. Hoc genus Cicero scientia et actione distinguit (speculative and practical), ut sit scientia ‘an providentia mundus regatur,’ actionis ‘an accedendum ad rempublicam administrandam.’ ... Finitae autem sunt ex complexu rerum, personarum, temporum, ceterorumque quaeὑποθέσειςa Graecis dicuntur, causae a nostris. In his omnis quaestio videtur circa res personasque consistere. Amplior est semper infinita, inde enim finita descendit. Quod ut exemplo pateat, infinita est ‘an uxor ducenda,’ finita ‘an Catoni ducenda.’—The division of the subject-matter of oratory into questions of the universal kind, ‘general problems,’ and questions of a special kind, ‘particular problems,’ is familiar in ancient rhetoric. The former were abstract, and had no specified relation to individual persons or circumstances: the latter were concrete, involving a reference to actual persons and circumstances. In the ad Herenn. thequaestiones infinitae(θέσεις),proposita(Top. §79) orconsultationes(Part. Or. §61) are subdivided, as above, intoquaestiones scientiaeorcognitionis, ‘theoretical questions’ (e.g. ecquid bonum sit praeter honestatem), andquaestiones actionis‘questions of practical life,’ (e.g. an uxor ducenda). Thequaestiones finitae, on the other hand,ὑποθέσεις,causae,controversiae(de Orat. iii. §109), are those concerning individuals: cum personarum certarum interpositione, de Inv. i. 6, 8. Theθέσιςis thus defined in Hermogenes, Sp. ii. 17:ἐπίσκηψίν τινος πράγματος θεωρουμένου, ἀμοιροῦσαν πάσης ἰδικῆς περιστάσεως: cp. res posita in infinita dubitatione, de Orat. ii. §78. Thequaestio finitaon the other hand is res posita in disceptatione reorum et controversia (ibid.):προστεθείσης περιστάσεως τελεία ὑπόθεσις γίνεται(Nicolaus Soph. Progym. Sp. iii. 493). The passages to compare in Cicero are the following:—de Orat. i. §138: ii. §41, §78, and §133: iii. §109-§111: Orat. §45: Top. §79: de Invent. i. 6, §8: Part. Orat. §61, §106.Cicero. It was considered one of his strong points that he could rise from the special instance to the higher ground of the general principle: Brutus §322 dicam de ceteris quorum nemo erat qui ... dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. He writes to Atticus in 49B.C.(ix. 4, 1) Ne me totum aegritudini dedam, sumpsi mihi quasdam tanquamθέσεις: cp. ib. 9, 1θέσειςmeas commentari non desino. Aristotle recognised the importance of the practice of theθέσις: in hac A. adulescentes, non ad philosophorum morem tenuiter disserendi, sed ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem ut ornatius et uberius dici posset, exercuit. Cp. Tusc. Disp. ii. 3 §9: de Orat. iii. §107: Quint. xii. 2, 25. Among hisθέσειςwe may probably reckon the Paradoxa.V:12His confinis est destructio et confirmatio sententiarum. Nam cum sit sententia decretum quoddam atque praeceptum, quod de re, idem de iudicio rei quaeri potest. Tum loci communes,quos etiam scriptos ab oratoribus scimus. Nam qui haec recta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentia copiose tractaverit, utique in illis plures excursus recipientibus magis abundabit eritque in omnes causas paratus; omnes enim generalibus quaestionibus constant.§ 12.confinis: frequent in this figurative sense in Quintilian: not in Cicero.destructio ... confirmatiocorrespond respectively toἀνασκευή(refutatio) andκατασκευή(probatio). Cp. ii. 4, 18 Narrationibus non inutiliter subiungitur opus destruendi confirmandique eas, quodἀνασκευήetκατασκευήvocatur. Hermog. Sp. ii. 8ἀνασκευή ἐστιν ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ προτεθέντος πράγματος, κατασκευὴ δὲ τοὐναντίον βεβαίωσις.Forconfirmatiov. Cic. de Invent. i. 24: de Orat. ii. 331: Part. Or. 1, 4: 8, 27: Cornif. ad Her. i. 3: Quint. iv. 3, 1: v. 13, 1. Quintilian here transfers to judicial findings the language applicable tonarratio, as above:sententia= a judicial sentence, and is synonymous withiudicium. “In sententia, quae est de re iudicium, fieri potest idem quod in facto narrato, quod est res ipsa.”—Spalding. That is to say,sententiaandiudicium“pertain to individual cases (res): but the particular sentence or judgment is alsoa kindof (general)decree and prescription, or general rule of law; because, to be sustained or refuted, it must be put into a general form or statement like such a general decree. Thus the special sentence is argued (quaeritur) on the same grounds as the case itself (res) on which it has been pronounced. See the case of Milo, quoted below, ii §13. Of course no specific question of fact will come into such a discussion; only a general one of right or wrong, of legal precedent, or of law in general.” Frieze.loci communes: ‘general arguments,’ ‘commonplaces,’ i.e. topics for argument on all sorts of matters. Cicero defines them de Invent. ii. 48 sq. haec argumenta, quae transferri in multas causas possunt, locos communes nominamus ... distinguitur autem oratio atque illustratur maxime raro inducendis locis communibus et aliquo loco iam certioribus illis argumentis confirmato ... omnia autem ornamenta elocutionis, in quibus et suavitatis et gravitatis plurimum consistit, in communes locos conferuntur: de Or. iii. §106 consequentur etiam illi loci, qui quamquam proprii causarum et inhaerentes in earum nervis esse debent, tamen quia de universa re tractare solent, communes a veteribus nominati sunt, quorum partim habent vitiorum et peccatorum acrem quandam cum amplificatione incusationem aut querelam ... quibus uti confirmatis criminibus oportet...; alii autem habent deprecationem aut miserationem; alii vero ancipites disputationes, in quibus de universo genere in utramque partem disseri copiose licet: Orat. §§46-7: §126: Part. Orat. §115. Quint. ii. 4, 22 communes loci ... quibus citra personas in ipsa vitia moris est perorare, ut in adulterum, aleatorem, petulantem: ii. 1, 9-11. “Any subject or topic of a general character that is capable of being variously applied and constantly introduced on any appropriate occasion is alocus communis; any common current maxim or alternative proposition, such assuspitionibus credi[oportere]non oportere et contra suspitionibus credi oportere, testibus credi oportere et non oportere.Againinvidia,avaritia,testes inimici,potentes amici(Quint. v. 12 §§15, 16) may furnishloci communes; or they may be constructedde virtute,de officio,deaequo et bono,de dignitate,utilitate,honore,ignominia, and on other moral topics” (Cope’s Intr. to Ar. Rhet. p. 130).ab oratoribus: e.g. Cicero and Hortensius. ii. 1, 11 Communes loci, sive qui sunt in vitia directi, quales legimus a Cicerone compositos, seu quibus quaestiones generaliter tractantur, quales sunt editi a Q. quoque Hortensio, ut: ‘Sitne parvis augmentis credendum?’ et pro testibus et in testes. Aristotle madeloci communesthe subject of hisτοπικά, in eight books, and it was the substance of this treatise that Cicero reproduced in his ‘Topica.’haec recta ... in illis, &c.The opposition here is between the simple themes (cp. ex simplicissima quaque materia,§10) which deal with the general and abstract and do not diverge into the special (ii. 1, 9 citra complexum rerum personarumque), and the digressions involved in the ‘multiplex personarum causarum temporum locorum dictorum factorum diversitas,’ referred to in§10. With the former cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §67 vaga et libera et late patens quaestio: iii. §120 orationes eae quae latissime vagantur et a privata ac singulari controversia se ad universi generis vim explicandam conferunt: Brutus §322 nemo qui dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. The two form the duo genera causarum of de Orat. ii. §133 unum ... in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere quaeratur; alterum, quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur. Forrecta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentiacp. v. 13, 2 inde recta fere ... est actio, hinc mille flexus et artes desiderantur:§8above, oratio recta ... figura declinata.utique, ‘without fail’: common in this sense in Cicero’s letters. In Quintilian it is very frequent, especially in stating a consequence: cp.1 §24and note.in illis, i.e. the great majority of causes.plures excursus recipientibus, i.e. that admit of various digressions, and are susceptible of various applications according to circumstances, persons, place, time, &c.in omnes causas paratus: for the constr. cp. Tac. Dial. xli. inter bonos mores et in obsequium regentis paratos. A similar expression occurs ibid. xxxiv. solus statim et unus cuicunque causae par erat. So too x. 1, 2, above, paratam ad omnes casus ... eloquentiam.generalibus quaestionibus. Cp. iii. 5, 9 Hae autem, quas infinitas voco, et generales appellantur: quod si est verum, finitae speciales erunt. In omni autem speciali utique inest generalis, ut quae sit prior: xii. 2, 18 omnis generalis quaestio speciali potentior, quia universo pars continetur, non utique accedit parti quod universum est: ii. 4, 22 ab illo generali tractatu ad quasdam deduci species. Cp. v. 7, 35.V:13Nam quid interest ‘Cornelius tribunus plebis,quod codicem legerit, reus sit,’ an quaeramus ‘violeturne maiestas, si magistratus rogationem suam populo ipse recitarit’: ‘Milo Clodium rectene occiderit’ veniat in iudicium, an ‘oporteatne insidiatorem interfici vel perniciosum rei publicae civem, etiamsi non insidietur’: ‘Cato Marciam honestene tradiderit Hortensio,’ an ‘conveniatne res talis bono viro’? De personis iudicatur, sed de rebus contenditur.§ 13.C. Corneliuswas tribune inB.C.67, when he tried to do some useful work. In order to check the bribery and corruption that were rife at the time, he proposed a law to make all loans that should be lent to foreign ambassadors non-actionable. The rejection of this proposal prompted the tribune to bring forward the rogation here referred to,—ne quis nisi per populum legibus solveretur. The senate had usurped the power of giving dispensations in particular cases, without any reference whatever to the people, though constitutionally such dispensations lay with the people and not the senate. When the bill was to be read, a colleague, P. Servilius Globulus, acting in the interests of the senate, interposed his veto, and forbade the herald to make the proclamation which he would otherwise have done in the form dictated by the clerk. Thereupon Cornelius himself read the draft of the proposed law (codicem). A riot ensued, and the meeting was broken up. Cornelius was afterwards successful in securing the enactment of a law which provided that 200 senators should be present when any dispensation was granted. On the expiry of his term of office Cornelius was impeached by P. Cominiusfor having disregarded the veto of his colleague, and though the case was suppressed it came on again in the following year (65). Cornelius was defended by Cicero (Brutus §271), who delivered the two speeches of which we have a few important fragments, along with the interesting Argumentum of Asconius. Cornelius was evidently a fighting character: Asconius calls him ‘pertinacior,’ and says ‘per ... contentiones totus prope tribunatus eius peractus est.’ Another of his laws was ‘ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis ius dicerent’: “what had hitherto been understood as matter of course was now expressly laid down as a law, that the praetors were bound to administer justice in conformity with the rules set forth by them, as was the Roman use and wont, at their entering on office.” Mommsen.—For the reference in the text cp. iv. 4, 8: v. 13, 26: vi. 5, 10: vii. 3, 35 (maiestas est in imperii atque in nominis populi Romani dignitate): vii. 3, 3.reus sit. The subjunctive is motived only by the double interrogation, so there is no need for Halm’s conjectural emendation (seeCrit. Notes). In the direct speech thefinita, orspecialis causawould run: C. Cornelius ... reus est: cp. vii. 1, 34 accusatur Milo, quod Clodium occiderit: iii. 5, 10. It is put in the form of a positive statement. Theinfinita causaon the other hand is stated in the form of a question, and this form is maintained in both thefinitaeand theinfinitae quaestionesthat follow.violeturne maiestas. Asconius: Cicero quia non poterat negare id factum esse, eo confugit ut diceret non ideo quod lectus sit codex a tribuno imminutam esse tribunitiam potestatem. Cicero in Vatin. ii. §5 Codicem legisse dicebatur: defendebatur, testibus collegis suis, non recitandi causa legisse, sed recognoscendi. Constabat tamen Cornelium concilium illo die dimisisse, intercessioni paruisse.oporteatne ... interfici. This is the line taken in the Pro Milone, for which cp.1 §23. Also iii. 6, 93: iv. 3, 17: vii. 1, 34.Cato Marciam, &c.This remarkable episode is referred to also iii. 5, 11. Marcia lived with Hortensius from 56 to 50 with the consent both of her husband and her father, and then went back on the death of Hortensius to Cato. Lucan says of Cato ii. 388 Urbi pater est urbique maritus. Cp. Meyer’s Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 377: Strab. xi. p. 515: Hild also cites Tertullian (Apol. 39), St. Augustine (de Bono Conj. 18), as protesting against such an instance of pagan corruption.rebus= rebus generalibus, i.e. general questions, principles.Oporteatneandconveniatneabove give the special questions treated asquaestiones infinitae.V:14Declamationes vero, quales in scholis rhetorum dicuntur, si modo sunt ad veritatem accommodataeet orationibus similes, non tantum dum adulescit profectus sunt utilissimae, quia inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent, sed etiam cum est consummatus ac iam in foro clarus; alitur enim atque enitescit velut pabulo laetiore facundia et adsidua contentionum asperitate fatigata renovatur.§ 14.Declamationes,2 §12. Quintilian defines them ii. 4, 41 fictas ad imitationem fori consiliorumque materias apud Graecos dicere circa Demetrium Phalerea institutum fere constat. Cp. iv. 2, 28-9. This sense of the word came in about the end of Augustus’s reign, though the thing was known to Cicero, de Orat. i. §149. Cp. M. Seneca Controv. praef. xi. sqq.: and see note ondeclamatoribus1 §71.ad veritatem accommodatae. That they were by no means always so may be seen from Tac. Dial. 35 Quales per fidem et quam incredibiliter compositae! Sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur. Cp. Quint. ii. 20, 4 qui in declamationibus, quas esse veritati dissimillimas volunt, aetatem multo studio ac labore consumunt. See the whole of ch. 10, ibid. esp. §4 declamatio imitetur eas actiones, in quarum exercitationem reperta est, and§12declamatio iudiciorum consiliorumque imago: iv. 2, 29 cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio.orationibus, real speeches made in court.profectus: abstract for concrete: cp. facilitatem3 §7: initiis2 §2. So too i. 2, §26 firmiores in litteris profectus alit aemulatio. SeeCrit. Notes.pariter: i.e. simul cum elocutione, this last being the most important element in such rhetorical exercises.Dispositiois defined Cic. de Invent. i. §9 rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio.consummatus: sc. adulescens, or rather iuvenis: as thoughadulescit profectusabove had beenadulescens proficit. Forconsummatussee on1 §89.velut pabulo laetiore. Livy has in the ordinary language of prose ‘ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves’ i. 7, 4: for the figure cp. Quint. viii. Prooem. §23 velut laeto gramine sata.Laetusis frequently used in Vergil of rich vegetation: e.g. Georg. iii. 385 fuge pabula laeta, where, however, as also in 494, the word means ‘luxuriant,’ in the sense of rankness rather than richness. In Lucretius ‘pabula laeta’ occurs six or seven times with armenta, arbusta, vineta: e.g. i. 14.—Hortensius is a case in point: nullum enim patiebatur esse diem quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum; saepissime autem eodem die utrumque faciebat Brut. §302.V:15Quapropter historiae nonnumquam ubertas in aliqua exercendi stili parte ponenda et dialogorum libertate gestiendum. Ne carmine quidem ludere contrarium fuerit, sicut athletae, remissa quibusdam temporibus ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate,otio et iucundioribus epulis reficiuntur.§ 15.historiae ubertas. Cp.1 §31. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 8 Volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas ... nam saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum necessitas incidit.in aliqua ... ponenda: ‘should be introduced in some part of our written exercises.’ Becher (Quaest. gramm.) compares Cic. Tusc. Disp. iv. §42 aegritudines susceptae continuo in magna pestis parte versantur, i.e. magnam partem continent. He renders ‘Es mache einen Theil der Stilübung aus, die Fülle der geschichtlichen Darstellung in Anwendung zu bringen.’dialogorum libertate gestiendum: ‘we should indulge (‘let ourselves out’) in the easy freedom of dialogue.’ The same abl. occurs in Livy vi. 36, 1 gestire otio: secundis rebus xlv. 19, 7: in Cicero it is generally voluptate or laetitia. Forgestioc. inf. see Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 175: A. P. 159.Ne carmine quidem &c.Cp. Pliny l.c. Fas est et carmine remitti ... Lusus vocantur.Ludereis used of poetry in all the Latin poets, especially of love poetry: e.g. Ovid. Tr. i. 9, 61 scis vetus hoc iuveni lusum mihi carmen: Catullus l. 2 multum lusimus in meis tabellis: Hor. Car. i. 32 Poscimur: si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum. Even in prose it is used of light writings thrown off in sport: Cic. Parad. pr. illa ipsa ludens conieci in communes locos: especially, as here, where a contrast is implied between sport and serious business, e.g. videant ... ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi (of military exercises) de Orat. ii. §84. So too ‘ludicra’: pueri etiam cum cessant exercitatione aliqua ludicra (‘in sport’) delectantur de Nat. Deor. i. §102: exercitatione quasi ludicra praediscere ac meditari de Orat. i. §147. ‘Res ludicra,’ the drama (Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 180), introduces another set of associations.contrarium= alienum, inconsistent with one’s aim, ‘inapposite.’ So Tacitus, speaking of the unpractical character of the rhetorical theses in the schools of declamation, says ‘ipsae vero exercitationes magna ex parte contrariae’ Dial. 35: cp. ‘ubi nemo impune stulte aliquid aut contrarie dicit’ ibid. 34.sicut athletae: for this frequently recurring comparison see on1 §4.ciborum ... certa necessitate. Epictetus usesἀναγκοφαγέωandἀναγκοτροφέωfor eating by regimen like athletes in training.—The chiasmus may be noted.V:16Ideoque mihi videtur M. Tullius tantum intulisse eloquentiae lumen, quod in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit. Nam si nobis sola materia fuerit ex litibus, necesse est deteratur fulgor et durescat articulus et ipse ille mucro ingenii cotidiana pugna retundatur.§ 16.studiorum secessus: the ‘by-ways’ of study, remote from theadsidua contentionum asperitasreferred to above. Cp.3 §§23and28. So Tacitus contrasts the ‘securum et quietum Vergilii secessum’ with the ‘inquieta et anxia oratorum vita’ Dial. 13: cp. secedit animus in loca pura atque innocentia 12.durescat articuluskeeps up the figure of athletic contests.Articulusis properly a little limb: then esp. the finger. Cp. ii. 12, 2 excipit adversarii mollis articulus (of the gladiator handling his swordwith flexible fingers, which like xi. 1, 70 (quam molli articulo tractavit Catonem) points to a proverbial expression.cotidiana pugna retundatur: cp.1 §27velut attrita cotidiano actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur with the passage from pro Archia §12 quoted there. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 7 Scio nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi: sed non ideo semper pugnacem et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim. Ut enim terrae variis mutatisque seminibus, ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione recoluntur.quem ad modum ... sic. Cp. iii. 6, 33: v. 10, 125: ix. 2, 46, and (withita) ii. 5, 1. In the instance in the text, however, there is no comparison between two different subjects: the two clauses are parallel.Ut ... itawould have been more usual:3 §28: sicut ... ita1 §1.V:17Sed quem ad modum forensibus certaminibus exercitatos et quasi militantes reficit ac reparat haec velut sagina dicendi, sic adulescentes non debent nimium in falsa rerum imagine detineri, et inanibus simulacris usque adeo ut difficilis ab his digressus sit adsuescere, ne ab illa, in qua prope consenuerunt, umbra veradiscrimina velut quendam solem reformident.§ 17.forensibus certaminibus exercitatos: Petron. 118 forensibus ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum feliciorem refugerunt.quasi militantes:1 §§29,31,79.haec velut sagina dicendi: ‘this rich food of eloquence.’ Cp. iucundioribus epulis§15above: gladiatoria sagina Tac. Hist. ii. 88.falsa rerum imagine, i.e. the declamations, which in contrast with the reality of ‘forenses actiones’ are mere shams: cp. note on ad veritatem accommodatae§14: xii. 11, 15 quid attinet tam multis annis ... declamitare in schola et tantum laboris in rebus falsis consumere, cum satis sit modico tempore imaginem veri discriminis et dicendi leges comperisse. Cp. ii. 10, 4: Tac. Dial. 35 quidquid in scholis cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel nunquam: 34 nec praeceptor deerat ... qui faciem eloquentiae non imaginem praestaret. Cp.2 §12above.inanibus simulacris: ii. 10 §8 quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque iustam consuescimus. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.ab illa ... umbra: i.e. in coming out of it. Juvenal vii. 173 ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra. Forabin sense ofpostcp. Livy xliv. 34 ab his praeceptis contionem dimisit: Introd.p. lii.in qua prope consenuerunt: xii. 6, 5 non nulli senes in schola facti stupent novitate cum in iudicia venerunt.umbra ... solem. The shady retreat of the school is constantly compared with the dust and sun of real life. Cicero, de Leg. iii. 6, 14 a Theophrasto Phalereus ille Demetrius ... mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem, sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit: Brut. §37 processerat in solem et pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo sed ut e Theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis: de §64 (umbratilis—‘cloistral’). So ‘umbraticavita’ Quint. i. 2, 18: ‘studia in umbra educata’Tac. Ann. xiv. 53: ‘umbraticas litteras’ Pliny, Epist. ix. 2, 3-4, opp. to ‘arma castra cornua tubas sudorem pulverem soles’: M. Seneca Contr. ix. pr. §4 itaque velut ex umbroso et obscuro prodeuntes loco clarae lucis fulgor obcaecat, sic istos a scholis in forum transeuntes omnia tanquam nova et inusitata perturbant. For analogies in Greek cp. Plat. Phaedrus 239 c.οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἡλίῳ καθαρῷ τεθραμμένον ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ συμμιγεῖ σκιᾷ, with Thompson’s note.V:18Quod accidisse etiam M. Porcio Latroni, qui primus clari nominis professor fuit, traditur, ut, cum ei summam in scholis opinionem obtinenti causa in foro esset oranda, impense petierit uti subsellia in basilicam transferrentur. Ita illi caelum novum fuit ut omniseius eloquentia contineri tecto ac parietibus videretur.§ 18.Quod ... ut. The pronoun is here used pleonastically, to lead up to the dependent clause. Cp.1 §58.M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated rhetorician in the reign of Augustus, the friend and compatriot of the elder Seneca, who praises him greatly (Controv. i. pr. §13 sq.). Of his pupils Ovid was the most distinguished. ‘In his school he was accustomed to declaim himself, and seldom set his pupils to declaim, whence they received the name ofauditores, which word came gradually into use as synonymous withdiscipuli.’ (Smith, Dict.)professoris post-Augustan: it was used of a public teacher of rhetoric, and then acquired a more extended sense: Quint. xii. 11, 20 geometrae et musici et grammatici ceterarumque artium professores: ii. 11, 1 exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum.Profiteriwith acc. is quite Ciceronian: Tusc. ii. §12 quod in eo ipso peccet cuius profitetur scientiam: ibid., artemque vitae professus delinquit in vita. The introduction ofprofessorwas helped by the fact that the verb came to be used absolutely (ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι): Plin. Ep. iv. 11, 1 audistine Valerium Licinianum in Sicilia profiteri? ibid. 14 translatus est in Siciliam ubi nunc profitetur: cp. Plin. ii. 18, 3.opinionem= existimationem, famam, with which it is often joined. For this absolute use cp.7 §17below: fructu laudis opinionisque: i. 2, 4 exempla ... conservatae opinionis: ii. 12, 5 adfert et ista res opinionem: xii. 9, 4 cupidissimis opinionis. So too Tac. Dial. 10 ne opinio quidem et fama, cui soli serviunt. In Cicero and Caesar, who also use the word absolutely, there is always an implied reference to those who have theopinio: a man’s ‘esteem’ and ‘reputation’ depend on the ‘estimate’ and ‘opinion’ formed of him by others. Cp. Videor enim non solum studium ad defendendas causas, verum opinionis aliquid et auctoritatis afferre, pro Sulla iii. §10, with opinione fortasse non nulla quam de meis moribus habebat, de Amic. §30: detracta opinione probitatis (‘character for’ high principle) de Off. ii. §34, and opinio iustitiae (character for justice), ibid. §39, with quorum de iustitia magna esset opinio multitudinis ibid. §42. So too de Orat. ii. §156 opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos qui res iudicent oratori adversariam esse arbitror. The passages in Caesar are all reducible to this ‘passive’ sense,—the estimate entertained by others: B.G. ii. 8 propter eximiam opinionem virtutis: ii. 24 Treviri quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis: iv. 16 uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint: vi. 24 quae gens ... summam habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: cp. vii. 59 and 83. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.subsellia ... transferrentur, ‘that the court should remove.’ For this general sense ofsubselliacp. Cic. Brutus §289 subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant: de Orat. i. §32 and §264 (habitare in subselliis, to ‘haunt the law-courts’). The word sometimes means the bench of judges, sometimes the seats of the lawyers, suitors, witnesses, &c., and sometimes both: Cic. in Vatin. §34, pro Rosc. Amer. §17 (accusatorum subsellia), ad Fam. xiii. 10, 2 (versatus in utrisque subselliis). In Quintilian the word is never used except of the law-courts.basilicam. The basilicae erected in or near the forum served as courts of justice as well as places for merchants and business people to meet in. See Rich. Dict. Antiq.—For the incident cp. Sen. Controv. iv. pr. Narratur ... declamatoriae virtutis Latronem Porcium unicum exemplum, cum pro reo in Hispania Rustico Porcio propinquo suodiceret, usque eo esse confusum ut a soloecismo inciperet nec ante potuisse confirmari, tectum ac parietes desiderantem, quam impetravit ut iudicium ex foro in basilicam transferretur. Usque eo ingenia in scholasticis exercitationibus delicate nutriuntur ut clamorem silentium risum caelum denique pati nesciant.V:19Quare iuvenis qui rationem inveniendi eloquendique a praeceptoribus diligenter acceperit (quod non est infiniti operis, si docere sciant et velint), exercitationem quoque modicam fuerit consecutus, oratorem sibi aliquem, quod apud maiores fieri solebat, deligat, quem sequatur, quem imitetur: iudiciis intersit quam plurimis, et sit certaminis cui destinatur frequens spectator.§ 19.inveniendi eloquendiquecovers briefly the whole field of theoretical rhetoric.apud maiores: xii. 11, 5 frequentabunt vero eius domum optimi iuvenes more veterum et vere dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent. Tac. Dial. 34 Ergo apud maiores nostros iuvenis ille qui foro et eloquentiae parabatur, imbutus iam domestica disciplina, refertus honestis studiis, deducebatur a patre vel a propinquis ad eum oratorem qui principem in civitate locum obtinebat. Hunc sectari, hunc prosequi, huius omnibus dictionibus interesse, sive in iudiciis sive in contionibus, adsuescebat, ita ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset utque sic dixerim pugnare in proelio disceret. So Cicero tells us in Brut. ch. 89 how he sought every opportunity of hearing the distinguished speakers of his day: §305 reliquos frequenter audiens acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens et commentans oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram.iudiciis intersit: Cic. Brut. §304 cui (iudicio) frequens aderam.V:20Tum causas, vel easdem quas agi audierit, stilo et ipse componat, vel etiam alias, veras modo, et utrimque tractet et, quod in gladiatoribus fieri videmus, decretoriis exerceatur, ut fecisse Brutum diximus pro Milone. Melius hoc quam rescribere veteribus orationibus, ut fecit Cestius contra Ciceronis actionem habitam pro eodem, cum alteram partem satis nosse non posset ex sola defensione.§ 20.et ipse: frequent in Livy, like ipse quoque =καὶ αὐτός. Cicero uses ipse, ipse etiam (etiam ipse). Cp. on§4:7 §26.utrimque:1 §22.in gladiatoribus: xi. 3, 66 nutus ... in mutis pro sermone sunt. Cp. Caes. B.C. i. 61 Caesaris erat in barbaris nomen obscurius.decretoriis, sc. armis, ‘decisive’ or ‘real weapons’: Seneca, Ep. 117, 25 Renove ista lusoria arma, decretoriis opus est. Cp. vi. 4, 6 pugnamque illam decretoriam imperitis ac saepe pullatae turbae relinquunt. Suet. Calig. 54 has ‘pugnatoria,’ sc. arma: opp. to ‘rudes,’ as Tac. Dial. 34 adversarii et aemuli ferro, non rudibus dimicantes, and Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. vi. 17 non enim in acie versatur et ferro, sed quasi rudibus eius eludit oratio. Quint. v. 12, 17 declamationes quibus ad pugnam forensem velut praepilatis exerceri solebamus.diximus:1 §23, where see note.rescribere:ἀντιγράφειν. Tac. Ann. iv. 34, of Caesar’s ‘Anticato,’ Ciceronis libro ... dictator Caesar ... rescripta oratione velut apud iudices respondit. The word is common in this sense in Suetonius: Caes. 73, Calig. 53, Gram. 19; cp. Aug. 85.Cestius: Sen. Contr. iii. pr. 13 (Ciceronis) orationes non legunt nisi eas quibus Cestius rescripsit. L. Cestius Pius taught rhetoric at Rome towards the end of the Republic and in the beginning of the Empire. Seneca has preserved several passages of his declamations. His hostile criticisms of Cicero were avenged on him by Cicero’s son: Sen. Suas. §7, 13. See Teuffel, 263 §6.V:21Citius autem idoneus erit iuvenis, quem praeceptor coegerit in declamando quam simillimum esse veritati et per totas ire materias, quarum nunc facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt. Obstant huic, quod secundo loco posui, fere turba discipulorum et consuetudo classium certis diebus audiendarum, nonnihil etiam persuasio patrum numerantium potius declamationes quam aestimantium.§ 21.per totas ire materias. This use of the prep. afterirewith an acc. of extent over which speech, thought, or feeling travels, is poetical (Aen. i. 375) and post-classical. Cp. vii. 1, 64: Tac. Dial. 32.favorabilia, ‘popular’; frequent in Quintilian, who also hasfavorabiliter. The word is first found in Velleius, also in Tacitus and Pliny.quod secundo loco posui, i.e. the practice of treating a subject thoroughly: per totas ire materias. What he recommendsprimo locois given in§§19-20. For the formula cp. vii. 2, 9: ix. 2, 6.classium: not used in this sense before the Silver Age; i. 2, 23 Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus morem, qui cum pueros in classes distribuerant, ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant, et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu videbatur. Huius rei iudicia praebebantur: ea nobis ingens palma, ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum.persuasio: frequent in this sense in Quintilian; for exx. see Bonnell’s Lex. Tac. Agric. 11. superstitionum persuasione. The interference of parents is commented on also in ii. 7, 1 Illud ex consuetudine mutandum prorsus existimo in iis, de quibus nunc disserimus, aetatibus, ne omnia quae scripserint ediscant et certa, ut moris est, die dicant: quod quidem maxime patres exigunt atque ita demum studere liberos suos, si quam frequentissime declamaverint, credunt, cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.V:22Sed, quod dixi primo, ut arbitror, libro, nec ille se bonus praeceptor maiore numero quam sustinere possit onerabit et nimiam loquacitatem recidet, ut omnia quae sunt in controversia, non, ut quidam volunt, quae in rerum natura, dicantur; et vel longiore potius dierum spatio laxabit dicendi necessitatem vel materias dividere permittet.§ 22.primo ... libro: i. 2, 15 neque praeceptor bonus maiore se turba quam ut sustinere eam possit oneraverit.recidet. Hor. A. P. 447 ambitiosa recidet ornamenta: Sat. I. 10, 69 recideret omne quod ultra Perfectum traheretur.laxabit &c.: ‘he will either extend the period within which speaking is compulsory, or allow the pupil to distribute his matter over several days.’dicendi necessitatem: cp. remissa ... ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate§15, above. This would break in on the ‘consuetudo classium certis diebus andiendarum’ referred to in§21.materias dividere, i.e. he will allow the subject to be treated of in parts on successive declamation days.V:23Diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae. Propter quod acciditut nec suo loco quidque ponatur, nec illa quae prima sunt servent suam legem, iuvenibus flosculos omnium partium in ea quae sunt dicturi congerentibus; quo fit ut timentes ne sequentia perdant priora confundant.§ 23.effecta. There is the same antithesis v. 13, 34 ut ... pro effectis relinquant vixdum inchoata.inchoatae: Cic. de Off. i. §153 cognitio manca atqne inchoata (‘imperfect’): de Nat. Deor. ii. §33 a primis inchoatisque naturis ad ultimas perfectasque procedere: de Orat. i. §5 inchoata ac rudia.degustatae: cp. genera degustamus1 §104; the word means ‘dip into,’ ‘skim over.’Propter quod: see on1 §66, The idea contained in the relative is the superficial methods alluded to indegustatae: cp. facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt§21. When such methods are adopted, says Quintilian, everything is sure to go wrong.servent suam legem: the commencement (illa quae prima sunt: cp. priora below) is not what it should be: it goes beyond reasonable limits, as the young men crowd together in the part each is to deliver the embellishments that would naturally be distributed throughout the whole (omnium partium), if the production werediligenter effectaand not merelyinchoata et quasi degustata.flosculos: ii. 5, 22 recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti. The word is always used in a depreciatory sense: xii. 10, 73: vi. pr. §9: (opp. to certos fructus). Cp. Seneca, Ep. 33 §1 and §7 viro captare flosculos turpe est.timentes: the fear that they will not be able to finish makes them introduce into the earlier parts inapposite and confusing embellishments.priora confundant= permisceant ea rebus alienis, i.e. with the ornamentation that would have been more appropriate later on.

Quae scribenda sint praecipue.V:1V. Proximum est ut dicamus quae praecipue scribenda sintἕξινparantibus.Non est huiusquidem operis ut explicemus quae sint materiae, quae prima aut secunda aut deinceps tractanda sint (nam id factum est iam primo libro, quo puerorum, et secundo, quo iam robustorum studiis ordinem dedimus), sed, de quo nunc agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.§ 1.ἑξιν: v.1 §1and note. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.operis: ‘this part of my work,’ viz. the present chapter.materiae. The plural is especially frequent in Quintilian1 §62:5 §22:7 §25: cp. ii. 4, 12 and 41: 6, 1: 10, 1 and 4: iii. 5, 2: iv. 1, 43: vi. 2, 10: 3, 15: vii. pro. §4: 4, 24 and 40. He is not treating here of the kinds of subjects for a general course of rhetorical training, but limits himself to the point ‘de quo agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.’primo libro: see ch. 9, where he adds to the office of the grammarian, afterratio loquendiandenarratio auctorum, quaedam dicendi primordia quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant.secundo: ch. 4 de primis apud rhetorem exercitationibus, and ch. 10 de utilitate et ratione declamandi.puerorum ... robustorum: cp. i. 8, 12 priora illa ad pueros magis, haec sequentia ad robustiores pertinebunt: ii. 2, 14 infirmitas a robustioribus separanda est:x. 1 §130robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis: ii. 5, 2 robusti iuvenes: i. 1, 9 robustum quoque et iam maximum regem ab institutione illa puerili sunt prosecuta: i. 5, 9: 12, 1.sed: supplyut explicemus, or (for an independent clause)explicandum est.de quo nunc agitur: i.e. the avowed object of the tenth book: cp.1 §1.copia:1 §5opes quaedam parandae ... eae constant copia rerum ac verborum. It is thecopia verborumthat is specially meant here.V:2Vertere Graeca in Latinum veteres nostri oratores optimum iudicabant. Id se L. Crassus in illis Ciceronis de Oratore libris dicit factitasse; id Cicero sua ipse persona frequentissime praecipit, quin etiam libros Platonis atque Xenophontis edidit hocgenere translatos; id Messallae placuit, multaeque sunt ab eo scriptae ad hunc modum orationes, adeo ut etiam cum illa Hyperidis pro Phryne difficillima Romanis subtilitate contenderet. Et manifesta est exercitationis huiusce ratio.§ 2.Latinum: to be taken substantively, cp. i. 6, 3 and 19: ii. 1, 4:§4below,Latinis: cp. Cicero Tusc. iii. §29 licet, ut saepe facimus, in Latinum illa convertere.de Oratorei. §155 postea mihi placuit, eoque sum usus adulescens, ut summorum oratorum Graecas orationes explicarem, quibus lectis hoc adsequebar, ut cum ea quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem quaedam verba imitando, quae nova nostris essent, dummodo essent idonea. Prof. Wilkins there refers, for the value to be attached to translation at sight, as giving a command over appropriate diction, to Stanhope’s Life of Pitt, vol. i. pp. 8 and 18. Cp. Stanley’s Arnold, i. 120.sua ipse persona: in his own name, and not merely by the mouth of one of the persons of a dialogue, like Crassus in the De Oratore. There are no passages in Cicero’s extant writings that account for the wordsfrequentissime praecipit: cp., however, Brutus §310 Commentabar declamitans ... idque faciebam multum etiam Latine sed Graece saepius: ad Fam. xvi. 21, 5 declamitare Graece apud Cassium institui. The introductions to the De Officiis and De Finibus contain Cicero’s advocacy of the study of Greek. Suet. de Rhet. 1-2 Cicero ad praeturam usque Graece declamavit, Latine vero senior quoque.libros Platonis atque Xenophontis. Cicero translated, at about the age of 20years (de Off. ii. §87) the Oeconomicus of Xenophon: in early life also the Protagoras of Plato, and later the Timaeus. Quintilian might have included a reference to Cicero’s translation of Aeschines in Ctesiphontem and Demosthenes de Corona, his preface to which survives in the De Optimo Genere Oratorum: §14 Converti enim ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes inter se contrarias, Aeschinis Demosthenisque: nec converti ut interpres sed ut orator, &c. His motive was to lay down a standard of ‘Atticism,’ as well as to free himself from the charge of ‘Asianism’: §23 erit regula ad quam eorum dirigantur orationes qui Attice volent dicere. Cp. Quint, xii. 10.hoc genere:3 §26: and below§7.Messallae: v.1 §22and§113with the notes.Hyperidis pro Phryne: Quintilian refers to the well-known story ii. 15, 9 et Phrynen non Hyperidis actione quamquam admirabili, sed conspectu corporis, quod illa speciosissimum alioqui diducta nudaverit tunica, putant periculo liberatam. Phryne was accused ofἀσέβεια. For Hyperides v.1 §77, and note.cum illa ... pro Phryne ... subtilitate. The commentators quote a similar brachyology in Cic. Orator §108 ipsa enim illa pro Roscio iuvenilis redundantia, though the text is not certain.difficillima Romanis subtilitat. Cp.1 §100cum sermo ipse Romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam Atticis venerem. Forsubtilitascp.1 §78,2 §19, Brutus §67 sed ea in nostris inscitia est, quod hi ipsi, qui in Graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque subtilitate quam Atticam appellant, hanc in Catone ne noverunt quidem. Hyperidae volunt esse et Lysiae. Laudo; sed cur nolunt Catones?V:3Nam et rerum copia Graeci auctores abundant et plurimum artis in eloquentiam intulerunt, et hos transferentibus verbis uti optimis licet; omnibus enim utimur nostris. Figuras vero, quibus maxime ornatur oratio, multas ac varias excogitandi etiam necessitas quaedam est, quia plerumque a Graecis Romana dissentiunt.§ 3.auctores: see on1 §24.transferentibus: personal dat. afterlicet.verbis uti optimis: cp. hoc adsequebar ut .... non solum optimis verbis uterer de Oratore i. §155, quoted above.nostrisis predicative = omnia enim quibus utimur nostra sunt. Translation from the Greek leaves us free to choose the best expressions: it is not like translation from Latin (i.e. reproduction or paraphrase), where we must often borrow from our models (optimis occupatis§5.).figuras. Cp.1 §12, note on figuramus. In ix. 1, Quintilian discusses the meaning offigura, which he defines broadly in §4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione.’ Here he refers both to rhetorical and to grammatical figures; the latter require idiomatic rendering, while a rhetorical figure which may be appropriate in the one language may not be allowable in the other. In i. 1, 13 he gives a warning against the exclusive use of Greek in early training: hinc enim accidunt et oris plurima vitia in peregrinum sonum corrupti et sermonis, cui cum Graecae figurae adsidua consuetudine haeserunt, in diversa quoque loquendi ratione pertinacissime durant.V:4Sed et illa ex Latinis conversio multum et ipsa contulerit.Ac de carminibus quidem neminem credo dubitare, quo solo genere exercitationis dicitur usus esse Sulpicius. Nam et sublimis spiritus attollere orationem potest, et verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem; sed et ipsis sententiis adicere licet oratorium robur et omissa supplere et effusa substringere.§ 4.ex Latinis conversio.Verbal nouns are often joined with the case governed by the verb from which they are derived: vii. 2, 35 ex causis probatio. In Plautus there are several instances even of the accusative, but the dative is more frequent.multum et ipsa= ipsa quoque ... multum contulerit, ‘even paraphrase ofitself,’ i.e. apart from translation. See on1 §31and cp.§20below,6 §1:7 §26.contulerit: v. on1 §37. (Cicero uses ipse by itself, or ipse etiam: Livy, ipse quoque.)de carminibus: Hild wrongly takes this of Greek poetry. Quintilian is commending those exercises in ‘reproduction’ or ‘paraphrase,’ which are substituted in many schools now for English ‘parsing.’Sulpicius,1 §116.sublimis spiritus: cp.1 §27in rebus spiritus et in verbis sublimitas:§61spiritu, magnificentia:§104elatum abunde spiritum:3 §22beatiorem spiritum.orationem: ‘prose style.’ The fire of the poetry gives elevation to the paraphrase.Oratiois used (without prosa) in Cicero for ‘prose’: Orator §70 saepissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur: ibid. §§166, 174, 178, 198, &c.poetica libertate. Cp. Quintilian’s remarks on the study of poetry,1 §§27-30, esp.§28libertate verborum ... licentia figurarum.praesumunt. The use of this verb, with such a nominative asverba(which seems here to be in a way personified), would be hard to parallel either from Quintilian or from any other writer. Elsewhere it is generally used with a personal reference in the sense of to ‘take beforehand’ (προλαμβάνω)),—with derived meanings; e.g. i. 10, 27: i. 1, 19: ii. 4, 7; 17, 28: viii. 6, 23: xii. 9, 9. The passage xi. 1, 27 inviti iudices audiunt praesumentem partes suas is quoted as showing that the meaning is ‘encroach upon,’ but that is secondary: there it simply means ‘anticipating them in the discharge of their functions,’ cp. sumere sibi imperatorias partes Caesar B.C. iii. 51. ‘Forestall’ is the nearest English equivalent: praeripere (Becher), praecidere (Hild), praecipere (sumere aliquid ante tempus) Dosson. Cp. Aen. xi. 18: Ovid Ar. Amat. iii. 757: and praeclusam§7below.—In what follows eadem is the only reading that will make sense of a very difficult passage: if it is the nom. pl. (agreeing withverba), tr. ‘do not at the same time (i.e. in consequence of their beingpoet. libert. audac.) exhaust beforehand the power of using the language of ordinary prose: no (sed =ἀλλὰ), we may add to the thought (of the poem) the strength of rhetoric,’ &c. Even if the words are ‘poetica libertate audaciora’ the ‘facultas proprie dicendi’ can secure strength, completeness, and compactness for the reproduction. Buteademis usually taken as the acc. pl. neut.: ‘do not use up beforehand the ability to say the same things in ordinary prose.’ The readingeandem(Halm and Meister) would seem to require a different meaning forpraesumunt.—SeeCrit. Notes.effusa substringere: cp.4 §1luxuriantia adstringere.Substringeremeans to ‘gather up’ as one does with dishevelled (effusus) hair, from which the figure may be taken: Tac. Germ. 38 substringere crinem nodo. Burmann quotes from Tertullian de Oration, ch. i. de brevitate orationis dominicae quantum substringitur verbis tantum diffunditur sensibus.V:5Neque ego paraphrasin esse interpretationem tantum volo, sed circa eosdem sensus certamen atque aemulationem. Ideoque ab illis dissentio qui vertereorationes Latinas vetant, quia optimis occupatis, quidquid aliter dixerimus, necesse sit esse deterius. Nam neque semper est desperandum aliquid illis quae dicta sunt melius posse reperiri, neque adeo ieiunam ac pauperem natura eloquentiam fecit ut una de re bene dici nisi semel non possit:§ 5.paraphrasin, subject: cp. conversio§4above. The paraphrase is not to be a mere word-for-word translation: for interpretatio cp. iii. 5, 17. Among the ‘dicendi primordia’ proper for the training of ‘aetates nondum rhetorem capientes’ Quintilian lays down the practice of paraphrase: tum paraphrasi audacius vertere (Aesopi Fabellas), qua et breviare quaedam et exornare salvo modo poetae sensu permittitur.circa eosdem sensus. The writer is to endeavour to rival his original in expressing the same idea. Forsensuscp.3 §33:circaagain below§6circa voces easdem. See on1 §52.vertere orationes. Till now he hasbeen speaking ofconversio ex carminibus. It was probably the custom in schools of rhetoric to make pupils give a free rendering (vertere) of passages also from some great oration. Quintilian is defending such practices against the criticism which Cicero, for example, puts in the mouth of Crassus, de Orat. i. §154 equidem mihi adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime ... ut aut versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad eum finem, quem memoria possem comprehendere, eam rem ipsam quam legissem verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis pronuntiarem: sed post animadverti hoc esse in hoc vitii, quod ea verba quae maxime cuiusque rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima occupasset aut Ennius, si ad eius versus me exercerem, aut Gracchus, si eius orationem mihi forte proposuissem: ita, si eisdem verbis uterer, nihil prodesse, si aliis, etiam obesse, cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem. So he took to translating from the Greek, as shown in what follows, quoted on§2above.una de re. Along within eadem materiabelow, this shows what freedom Quintilian would allow in such reproductions: cp. non interpretationem tantum, &c. above. Hild refers to a quotation, on the other hand, from La Bruyère (Ouvrages de l’Esprit 17), which has more of the spirit of the true artist: Entre toutes les différentes expressions qui peuvent rendre une seule de nos pensées, il n’y en a qu’une qui soit la bonne. On ne la rencontre pas toujours en parlant ou en écrivant; il est vrai néanmoins qu’elle existe, que tout ce qui ne l’est pas est faible, et ne satisfait point un homme d’esprit qui veut se faire entendre.V:6nisi forte histrionum multa circa voces easdem variare gestus potest, orandi minor vis, ut dicatur aliquid post quod in eadem materia nihil dicendum sit. Sed esto neque melius quod invenimus esse neque par, est certe proximis locus.§ 6.nisi forte: a formula generally used, as in Cicero, to introduce an ironical argument, e.g. i. §70:2 §8. For a similar constr. cp. i. 10, 6: nisi forteἀντιδότουςquidem atque alia, quae oculis aut vulneribus medentur, ex multis atque interim contrariis quoque inter se effectibus componi videmus ... et muta animalia mellisillum inimitabilem humanae rationis saporem vario florum ac sucorum genere perficiunt: nos mirabamur si oratio, qua nihil praestantius homini dedit providentia, pluribus artibus egeat. And, withautemin the second clause, ii. 3, 6 Nisi forte Iovem quidem Phidias optime fecit, illa autem alius melius elaborasset. Cp. the use ofan,an verowith antithetical clauses.—The reasoning is by no means conclusive, the analogy on which it rests having nothing to recommend it except to a teacher of rhetoric. Quintilian may have had in his mind what went on between Cicero and Roscius: Satis constat contendere eum cum ipso histrione solitum, utrum ille saepius eandem sententiam variis gestibus efficeret, an ipse per eloquentiae copiam sermone diverso pronuntiaret,—Macrobius, Saturn. ii. 40.esto: with acc. and infin. as in Hor. Ep. i. 1, 81 Verum esto aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri: Idem eadem possunt horam durare probantes. The subj. is more common: Cic. pro Sest. 97 esto (est) ... ut sint. Or elseestomay be used independently: Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 30. Quint. ix. 2, 84 sed esto, voluerit: Verg. Aen. iv. 35 esto, nulli flexere mariti.par ... proximis: cp.1 §127pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri. Withproximisunderstand ‘illis quae dicta sunt.’V:7An vero ipsi non bis ac saepius de eadem re dicimus et quidem continuas nonnumquam sententias? Nisiforte contendere nobiscum possumus, cum aliis non possumus. Nam si uno genere bene diceretur, fas erat existimari praeclusam nobis a prioribus viam; nunc vero innumerabiles sunt modi plurimaeque eodem viae ducunt.§ 7.An vero: see on3 §29.et quidem: see on1 §34, and cp. Plin. Ep. i. 12, 1 decessit Corellius Rufus, et quidem sponte.nisi forte: v. on§6above. For such repetitions see2 §23, and note.uno: supplytantum, as in1 §91hos nominavimus. For genere (= ratione, modo) cp.3 §26.fas erat. With verbs expressing possibility, duty, necessity, convenience, intention, &c. the indicative is often used in the apodosis when the verb in the protasis is subjunctive. Cp. Livy v. 6 Si mediusfidius ad hoc bellum nihil pertineret, ad disciplinam certe militiae plurimum intererat, &c.: Sallust. Iug. 85 ad fin. Quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.plurimae ... ducunt. The expression seems proverbial: cp. ‘All roads lead to Rome.’V:8Sua brevitati gratia, sua copiae, alia translatis virtus, alia propriis, hoc oratio recta, illud figura declinata commendat. Ipsa denique utilissima est exercitationi difficultas. Quid quod auctores maximi sic diligentius cognoscuntur? Non enim scripta lectione secura transcurrimus, sed tractamus singula et necessario introspicimus et, quantum virtutis habeant, vel hoc ipso cognoscimus, quod imitari non possumus.§ 8.oratio recta. See on1 §44rectum dicendi genus: the opposite isoratio figurata, orfigura declinata(1 §12). Cp. ix. 1, 3 Utraque res (figures and tropes) de recta et simplici ratione cum aliqua dicendi virtute deflectitur.figurais ablative, the phrase being equivalent tofigurata:1 §12.commendat: v.1 §101.tractamus: cp. repetamus autem et tractemus1 §19.V:9Nec aliena tantum transferre, sed etiam nostra pluribus modis tractare proderit, ut ex industria sumamus sententias quasdam easque versemus quam numerosissime, velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent.§ 9.numerosissime: not merely ‘as often as possible’ (saepissime), but ‘in every possible variety’: cp. aliae aliaeque formae, below. Cp. ii. 12, 3 sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur: viii. pr. §2 difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri: xi. 2, 27 ni forte tam numerosus (locus) ut ipse quoque dividi debeat: vi. 3, 36 neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta ... ducuntur. But Quintilian also uses it in the Ciceronian sense (‘rhythmically,’ ‘harmoniously’) viii. 6, 64 sermonem facere numerosum: ix. 4, 56: xi. 1, 33.eadem cera: Cic. de Orat iii. §177 sed ea nos ... sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus: Pliny Ep. vii. 9, 11 Ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur Si doctos digitos iussaque fiat opus, &c.aliae aliaeque, ‘first one and then another’: of a continuous succession: cp. quam numerosissime, above. Cp. Cels. iii. 3 extr. febres ... aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur. With this exception, Quintilian consistently prefers the Ciceronianatquein such expressions, instead of the enclitic. Krüger cites Tibull. iv. 1, 16, sq. ut tibi possim Inde alios aliosque memor componere versus.duci:3 §18: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus.V:10Plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia. Nam illa multiplicipersonarum, causarum, temporum, locorum, dictorum, factorum diversitate facile delitescet infirmitas, tot se undique rebus, ex quibus aliquam adprehendas, offerentibus.§ 10.illa ... diversitate: xii. 10, 15 umbra magni nominis delitescunt. The less complicated the subject, the more will the orator have to depend on his own resources: with thediversitasthat characterises actual pleading, where the speaker must have regard to every featureof the case, want of original talent or poverty of invention (infirmitas) can easily shelter itself behind a crowd of details.causarum, ‘circumstances’: opp. topersonarum, asloca, totempora, andfactatodicta. So personis causisque iii. 5, 11:rerumis used in a similar enumeration iii. 5, 7. So Krüger, of the ‘points of law’ involved in particular cases: forcausain the wider sense cp. iii. 5, 18 with Cic. Top. §80.V:11Illud virtutis indicium est, fundere quae natura contracta sunt, augere parva, varietatem similibus, voluptatem expositis dare et bene dicere multa de paucis.In hoc optime facient infinitae quaestiones, quas vocari thesesdiximus, quibus Cicero iam princeps in re publica exerceri solebat.§ 11.fundere ... contracta: cp. ii. 13, 5 constricta an latius fusa narratio:fusus1 §73. The word = dilatare (cp. Cic. de Fin. iii. 15), copiosius et latius efferre. Solatum atque fusumis opp. tocontractum atque submissumxi. 3, 50. Cp. Cicero Orat. §125 tum se latius fundet orator,—a phrase which Quintilian reproduces in many places.augere parva. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 267 A (of Tisias and Gorgias)τά τε αὖ σμικρὰ μεγάλα καὶ τὰ μεγάλα σμικρὰ φαίνεσθαι ποιοῦσι διὰ ῥώμην λόγου. Isocrates is said to have defined rhetoric as that whichτά τε μικρὰ μεγάλα, τὰ δὲ μεγάλα μικρὰ ποιεῖ—Pseudo-Plutarch 838 F. See too the Exordium of the Panegyricus of Isocrates §8ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ οἱ λόγοι τοιαύτην ἔχουσι τὴν φύσιν ὥσθ᾽ οἷον τ᾽ εἶναι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν πολλαχῶς ἐξηγήσασθαι(varietatem similibus)καὶ τά τε μεγάλα ταπεινὰ ποιῆσαι καὶ τοῖς μικροῖς μέγεθος περιθεῖναι κ.τ.λ.expositis: ‘commonplace,’ ‘trite.’ Iuv. vii. 53 Sed vatem egregium, cui non sit publica vena, Qui nil expositum soleat deducere, nec qui Communi feriat carmen triviale moneta. Introd.p. xlvii.In hoc: cp.2 §5. It denotes the end or aim, likead hoc. For this use offacerecp.1 §33bene ad forensem pulverem facere:7 §4quid porro multus stilus ... facit?infinitae quaestiones quas vocari theses diximus: iii. 5, 5 sq. Item convenit quaestiones esse aut infinitas aut finitas. Infinitae sunt quae remotis personis et temporibus et locis ceterisque similibus in utramque partem (i.e. affirmatively and negatively) tractantur, quod Graeciθέσινdicunt, Cicero propositum, alii quaestiones universales civiles, alii quaestiones philosopho convenientes, Athenaeus partem caussae appellat. Hoc genus Cicero scientia et actione distinguit (speculative and practical), ut sit scientia ‘an providentia mundus regatur,’ actionis ‘an accedendum ad rempublicam administrandam.’ ... Finitae autem sunt ex complexu rerum, personarum, temporum, ceterorumque quaeὑποθέσειςa Graecis dicuntur, causae a nostris. In his omnis quaestio videtur circa res personasque consistere. Amplior est semper infinita, inde enim finita descendit. Quod ut exemplo pateat, infinita est ‘an uxor ducenda,’ finita ‘an Catoni ducenda.’—The division of the subject-matter of oratory into questions of the universal kind, ‘general problems,’ and questions of a special kind, ‘particular problems,’ is familiar in ancient rhetoric. The former were abstract, and had no specified relation to individual persons or circumstances: the latter were concrete, involving a reference to actual persons and circumstances. In the ad Herenn. thequaestiones infinitae(θέσεις),proposita(Top. §79) orconsultationes(Part. Or. §61) are subdivided, as above, intoquaestiones scientiaeorcognitionis, ‘theoretical questions’ (e.g. ecquid bonum sit praeter honestatem), andquaestiones actionis‘questions of practical life,’ (e.g. an uxor ducenda). Thequaestiones finitae, on the other hand,ὑποθέσεις,causae,controversiae(de Orat. iii. §109), are those concerning individuals: cum personarum certarum interpositione, de Inv. i. 6, 8. Theθέσιςis thus defined in Hermogenes, Sp. ii. 17:ἐπίσκηψίν τινος πράγματος θεωρουμένου, ἀμοιροῦσαν πάσης ἰδικῆς περιστάσεως: cp. res posita in infinita dubitatione, de Orat. ii. §78. Thequaestio finitaon the other hand is res posita in disceptatione reorum et controversia (ibid.):προστεθείσης περιστάσεως τελεία ὑπόθεσις γίνεται(Nicolaus Soph. Progym. Sp. iii. 493). The passages to compare in Cicero are the following:—de Orat. i. §138: ii. §41, §78, and §133: iii. §109-§111: Orat. §45: Top. §79: de Invent. i. 6, §8: Part. Orat. §61, §106.Cicero. It was considered one of his strong points that he could rise from the special instance to the higher ground of the general principle: Brutus §322 dicam de ceteris quorum nemo erat qui ... dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. He writes to Atticus in 49B.C.(ix. 4, 1) Ne me totum aegritudini dedam, sumpsi mihi quasdam tanquamθέσεις: cp. ib. 9, 1θέσειςmeas commentari non desino. Aristotle recognised the importance of the practice of theθέσις: in hac A. adulescentes, non ad philosophorum morem tenuiter disserendi, sed ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem ut ornatius et uberius dici posset, exercuit. Cp. Tusc. Disp. ii. 3 §9: de Orat. iii. §107: Quint. xii. 2, 25. Among hisθέσειςwe may probably reckon the Paradoxa.V:12His confinis est destructio et confirmatio sententiarum. Nam cum sit sententia decretum quoddam atque praeceptum, quod de re, idem de iudicio rei quaeri potest. Tum loci communes,quos etiam scriptos ab oratoribus scimus. Nam qui haec recta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentia copiose tractaverit, utique in illis plures excursus recipientibus magis abundabit eritque in omnes causas paratus; omnes enim generalibus quaestionibus constant.§ 12.confinis: frequent in this figurative sense in Quintilian: not in Cicero.destructio ... confirmatiocorrespond respectively toἀνασκευή(refutatio) andκατασκευή(probatio). Cp. ii. 4, 18 Narrationibus non inutiliter subiungitur opus destruendi confirmandique eas, quodἀνασκευήetκατασκευήvocatur. Hermog. Sp. ii. 8ἀνασκευή ἐστιν ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ προτεθέντος πράγματος, κατασκευὴ δὲ τοὐναντίον βεβαίωσις.Forconfirmatiov. Cic. de Invent. i. 24: de Orat. ii. 331: Part. Or. 1, 4: 8, 27: Cornif. ad Her. i. 3: Quint. iv. 3, 1: v. 13, 1. Quintilian here transfers to judicial findings the language applicable tonarratio, as above:sententia= a judicial sentence, and is synonymous withiudicium. “In sententia, quae est de re iudicium, fieri potest idem quod in facto narrato, quod est res ipsa.”—Spalding. That is to say,sententiaandiudicium“pertain to individual cases (res): but the particular sentence or judgment is alsoa kindof (general)decree and prescription, or general rule of law; because, to be sustained or refuted, it must be put into a general form or statement like such a general decree. Thus the special sentence is argued (quaeritur) on the same grounds as the case itself (res) on which it has been pronounced. See the case of Milo, quoted below, ii §13. Of course no specific question of fact will come into such a discussion; only a general one of right or wrong, of legal precedent, or of law in general.” Frieze.loci communes: ‘general arguments,’ ‘commonplaces,’ i.e. topics for argument on all sorts of matters. Cicero defines them de Invent. ii. 48 sq. haec argumenta, quae transferri in multas causas possunt, locos communes nominamus ... distinguitur autem oratio atque illustratur maxime raro inducendis locis communibus et aliquo loco iam certioribus illis argumentis confirmato ... omnia autem ornamenta elocutionis, in quibus et suavitatis et gravitatis plurimum consistit, in communes locos conferuntur: de Or. iii. §106 consequentur etiam illi loci, qui quamquam proprii causarum et inhaerentes in earum nervis esse debent, tamen quia de universa re tractare solent, communes a veteribus nominati sunt, quorum partim habent vitiorum et peccatorum acrem quandam cum amplificatione incusationem aut querelam ... quibus uti confirmatis criminibus oportet...; alii autem habent deprecationem aut miserationem; alii vero ancipites disputationes, in quibus de universo genere in utramque partem disseri copiose licet: Orat. §§46-7: §126: Part. Orat. §115. Quint. ii. 4, 22 communes loci ... quibus citra personas in ipsa vitia moris est perorare, ut in adulterum, aleatorem, petulantem: ii. 1, 9-11. “Any subject or topic of a general character that is capable of being variously applied and constantly introduced on any appropriate occasion is alocus communis; any common current maxim or alternative proposition, such assuspitionibus credi[oportere]non oportere et contra suspitionibus credi oportere, testibus credi oportere et non oportere.Againinvidia,avaritia,testes inimici,potentes amici(Quint. v. 12 §§15, 16) may furnishloci communes; or they may be constructedde virtute,de officio,deaequo et bono,de dignitate,utilitate,honore,ignominia, and on other moral topics” (Cope’s Intr. to Ar. Rhet. p. 130).ab oratoribus: e.g. Cicero and Hortensius. ii. 1, 11 Communes loci, sive qui sunt in vitia directi, quales legimus a Cicerone compositos, seu quibus quaestiones generaliter tractantur, quales sunt editi a Q. quoque Hortensio, ut: ‘Sitne parvis augmentis credendum?’ et pro testibus et in testes. Aristotle madeloci communesthe subject of hisτοπικά, in eight books, and it was the substance of this treatise that Cicero reproduced in his ‘Topica.’haec recta ... in illis, &c.The opposition here is between the simple themes (cp. ex simplicissima quaque materia,§10) which deal with the general and abstract and do not diverge into the special (ii. 1, 9 citra complexum rerum personarumque), and the digressions involved in the ‘multiplex personarum causarum temporum locorum dictorum factorum diversitas,’ referred to in§10. With the former cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §67 vaga et libera et late patens quaestio: iii. §120 orationes eae quae latissime vagantur et a privata ac singulari controversia se ad universi generis vim explicandam conferunt: Brutus §322 nemo qui dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. The two form the duo genera causarum of de Orat. ii. §133 unum ... in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere quaeratur; alterum, quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur. Forrecta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentiacp. v. 13, 2 inde recta fere ... est actio, hinc mille flexus et artes desiderantur:§8above, oratio recta ... figura declinata.utique, ‘without fail’: common in this sense in Cicero’s letters. In Quintilian it is very frequent, especially in stating a consequence: cp.1 §24and note.in illis, i.e. the great majority of causes.plures excursus recipientibus, i.e. that admit of various digressions, and are susceptible of various applications according to circumstances, persons, place, time, &c.in omnes causas paratus: for the constr. cp. Tac. Dial. xli. inter bonos mores et in obsequium regentis paratos. A similar expression occurs ibid. xxxiv. solus statim et unus cuicunque causae par erat. So too x. 1, 2, above, paratam ad omnes casus ... eloquentiam.generalibus quaestionibus. Cp. iii. 5, 9 Hae autem, quas infinitas voco, et generales appellantur: quod si est verum, finitae speciales erunt. In omni autem speciali utique inest generalis, ut quae sit prior: xii. 2, 18 omnis generalis quaestio speciali potentior, quia universo pars continetur, non utique accedit parti quod universum est: ii. 4, 22 ab illo generali tractatu ad quasdam deduci species. Cp. v. 7, 35.V:13Nam quid interest ‘Cornelius tribunus plebis,quod codicem legerit, reus sit,’ an quaeramus ‘violeturne maiestas, si magistratus rogationem suam populo ipse recitarit’: ‘Milo Clodium rectene occiderit’ veniat in iudicium, an ‘oporteatne insidiatorem interfici vel perniciosum rei publicae civem, etiamsi non insidietur’: ‘Cato Marciam honestene tradiderit Hortensio,’ an ‘conveniatne res talis bono viro’? De personis iudicatur, sed de rebus contenditur.§ 13.C. Corneliuswas tribune inB.C.67, when he tried to do some useful work. In order to check the bribery and corruption that were rife at the time, he proposed a law to make all loans that should be lent to foreign ambassadors non-actionable. The rejection of this proposal prompted the tribune to bring forward the rogation here referred to,—ne quis nisi per populum legibus solveretur. The senate had usurped the power of giving dispensations in particular cases, without any reference whatever to the people, though constitutionally such dispensations lay with the people and not the senate. When the bill was to be read, a colleague, P. Servilius Globulus, acting in the interests of the senate, interposed his veto, and forbade the herald to make the proclamation which he would otherwise have done in the form dictated by the clerk. Thereupon Cornelius himself read the draft of the proposed law (codicem). A riot ensued, and the meeting was broken up. Cornelius was afterwards successful in securing the enactment of a law which provided that 200 senators should be present when any dispensation was granted. On the expiry of his term of office Cornelius was impeached by P. Cominiusfor having disregarded the veto of his colleague, and though the case was suppressed it came on again in the following year (65). Cornelius was defended by Cicero (Brutus §271), who delivered the two speeches of which we have a few important fragments, along with the interesting Argumentum of Asconius. Cornelius was evidently a fighting character: Asconius calls him ‘pertinacior,’ and says ‘per ... contentiones totus prope tribunatus eius peractus est.’ Another of his laws was ‘ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis ius dicerent’: “what had hitherto been understood as matter of course was now expressly laid down as a law, that the praetors were bound to administer justice in conformity with the rules set forth by them, as was the Roman use and wont, at their entering on office.” Mommsen.—For the reference in the text cp. iv. 4, 8: v. 13, 26: vi. 5, 10: vii. 3, 35 (maiestas est in imperii atque in nominis populi Romani dignitate): vii. 3, 3.reus sit. The subjunctive is motived only by the double interrogation, so there is no need for Halm’s conjectural emendation (seeCrit. Notes). In the direct speech thefinita, orspecialis causawould run: C. Cornelius ... reus est: cp. vii. 1, 34 accusatur Milo, quod Clodium occiderit: iii. 5, 10. It is put in the form of a positive statement. Theinfinita causaon the other hand is stated in the form of a question, and this form is maintained in both thefinitaeand theinfinitae quaestionesthat follow.violeturne maiestas. Asconius: Cicero quia non poterat negare id factum esse, eo confugit ut diceret non ideo quod lectus sit codex a tribuno imminutam esse tribunitiam potestatem. Cicero in Vatin. ii. §5 Codicem legisse dicebatur: defendebatur, testibus collegis suis, non recitandi causa legisse, sed recognoscendi. Constabat tamen Cornelium concilium illo die dimisisse, intercessioni paruisse.oporteatne ... interfici. This is the line taken in the Pro Milone, for which cp.1 §23. Also iii. 6, 93: iv. 3, 17: vii. 1, 34.Cato Marciam, &c.This remarkable episode is referred to also iii. 5, 11. Marcia lived with Hortensius from 56 to 50 with the consent both of her husband and her father, and then went back on the death of Hortensius to Cato. Lucan says of Cato ii. 388 Urbi pater est urbique maritus. Cp. Meyer’s Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 377: Strab. xi. p. 515: Hild also cites Tertullian (Apol. 39), St. Augustine (de Bono Conj. 18), as protesting against such an instance of pagan corruption.rebus= rebus generalibus, i.e. general questions, principles.Oporteatneandconveniatneabove give the special questions treated asquaestiones infinitae.V:14Declamationes vero, quales in scholis rhetorum dicuntur, si modo sunt ad veritatem accommodataeet orationibus similes, non tantum dum adulescit profectus sunt utilissimae, quia inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent, sed etiam cum est consummatus ac iam in foro clarus; alitur enim atque enitescit velut pabulo laetiore facundia et adsidua contentionum asperitate fatigata renovatur.§ 14.Declamationes,2 §12. Quintilian defines them ii. 4, 41 fictas ad imitationem fori consiliorumque materias apud Graecos dicere circa Demetrium Phalerea institutum fere constat. Cp. iv. 2, 28-9. This sense of the word came in about the end of Augustus’s reign, though the thing was known to Cicero, de Orat. i. §149. Cp. M. Seneca Controv. praef. xi. sqq.: and see note ondeclamatoribus1 §71.ad veritatem accommodatae. That they were by no means always so may be seen from Tac. Dial. 35 Quales per fidem et quam incredibiliter compositae! Sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur. Cp. Quint. ii. 20, 4 qui in declamationibus, quas esse veritati dissimillimas volunt, aetatem multo studio ac labore consumunt. See the whole of ch. 10, ibid. esp. §4 declamatio imitetur eas actiones, in quarum exercitationem reperta est, and§12declamatio iudiciorum consiliorumque imago: iv. 2, 29 cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio.orationibus, real speeches made in court.profectus: abstract for concrete: cp. facilitatem3 §7: initiis2 §2. So too i. 2, §26 firmiores in litteris profectus alit aemulatio. SeeCrit. Notes.pariter: i.e. simul cum elocutione, this last being the most important element in such rhetorical exercises.Dispositiois defined Cic. de Invent. i. §9 rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio.consummatus: sc. adulescens, or rather iuvenis: as thoughadulescit profectusabove had beenadulescens proficit. Forconsummatussee on1 §89.velut pabulo laetiore. Livy has in the ordinary language of prose ‘ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves’ i. 7, 4: for the figure cp. Quint. viii. Prooem. §23 velut laeto gramine sata.Laetusis frequently used in Vergil of rich vegetation: e.g. Georg. iii. 385 fuge pabula laeta, where, however, as also in 494, the word means ‘luxuriant,’ in the sense of rankness rather than richness. In Lucretius ‘pabula laeta’ occurs six or seven times with armenta, arbusta, vineta: e.g. i. 14.—Hortensius is a case in point: nullum enim patiebatur esse diem quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum; saepissime autem eodem die utrumque faciebat Brut. §302.V:15Quapropter historiae nonnumquam ubertas in aliqua exercendi stili parte ponenda et dialogorum libertate gestiendum. Ne carmine quidem ludere contrarium fuerit, sicut athletae, remissa quibusdam temporibus ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate,otio et iucundioribus epulis reficiuntur.§ 15.historiae ubertas. Cp.1 §31. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 8 Volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas ... nam saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum necessitas incidit.in aliqua ... ponenda: ‘should be introduced in some part of our written exercises.’ Becher (Quaest. gramm.) compares Cic. Tusc. Disp. iv. §42 aegritudines susceptae continuo in magna pestis parte versantur, i.e. magnam partem continent. He renders ‘Es mache einen Theil der Stilübung aus, die Fülle der geschichtlichen Darstellung in Anwendung zu bringen.’dialogorum libertate gestiendum: ‘we should indulge (‘let ourselves out’) in the easy freedom of dialogue.’ The same abl. occurs in Livy vi. 36, 1 gestire otio: secundis rebus xlv. 19, 7: in Cicero it is generally voluptate or laetitia. Forgestioc. inf. see Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 175: A. P. 159.Ne carmine quidem &c.Cp. Pliny l.c. Fas est et carmine remitti ... Lusus vocantur.Ludereis used of poetry in all the Latin poets, especially of love poetry: e.g. Ovid. Tr. i. 9, 61 scis vetus hoc iuveni lusum mihi carmen: Catullus l. 2 multum lusimus in meis tabellis: Hor. Car. i. 32 Poscimur: si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum. Even in prose it is used of light writings thrown off in sport: Cic. Parad. pr. illa ipsa ludens conieci in communes locos: especially, as here, where a contrast is implied between sport and serious business, e.g. videant ... ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi (of military exercises) de Orat. ii. §84. So too ‘ludicra’: pueri etiam cum cessant exercitatione aliqua ludicra (‘in sport’) delectantur de Nat. Deor. i. §102: exercitatione quasi ludicra praediscere ac meditari de Orat. i. §147. ‘Res ludicra,’ the drama (Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 180), introduces another set of associations.contrarium= alienum, inconsistent with one’s aim, ‘inapposite.’ So Tacitus, speaking of the unpractical character of the rhetorical theses in the schools of declamation, says ‘ipsae vero exercitationes magna ex parte contrariae’ Dial. 35: cp. ‘ubi nemo impune stulte aliquid aut contrarie dicit’ ibid. 34.sicut athletae: for this frequently recurring comparison see on1 §4.ciborum ... certa necessitate. Epictetus usesἀναγκοφαγέωandἀναγκοτροφέωfor eating by regimen like athletes in training.—The chiasmus may be noted.V:16Ideoque mihi videtur M. Tullius tantum intulisse eloquentiae lumen, quod in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit. Nam si nobis sola materia fuerit ex litibus, necesse est deteratur fulgor et durescat articulus et ipse ille mucro ingenii cotidiana pugna retundatur.§ 16.studiorum secessus: the ‘by-ways’ of study, remote from theadsidua contentionum asperitasreferred to above. Cp.3 §§23and28. So Tacitus contrasts the ‘securum et quietum Vergilii secessum’ with the ‘inquieta et anxia oratorum vita’ Dial. 13: cp. secedit animus in loca pura atque innocentia 12.durescat articuluskeeps up the figure of athletic contests.Articulusis properly a little limb: then esp. the finger. Cp. ii. 12, 2 excipit adversarii mollis articulus (of the gladiator handling his swordwith flexible fingers, which like xi. 1, 70 (quam molli articulo tractavit Catonem) points to a proverbial expression.cotidiana pugna retundatur: cp.1 §27velut attrita cotidiano actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur with the passage from pro Archia §12 quoted there. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 7 Scio nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi: sed non ideo semper pugnacem et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim. Ut enim terrae variis mutatisque seminibus, ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione recoluntur.quem ad modum ... sic. Cp. iii. 6, 33: v. 10, 125: ix. 2, 46, and (withita) ii. 5, 1. In the instance in the text, however, there is no comparison between two different subjects: the two clauses are parallel.Ut ... itawould have been more usual:3 §28: sicut ... ita1 §1.V:17Sed quem ad modum forensibus certaminibus exercitatos et quasi militantes reficit ac reparat haec velut sagina dicendi, sic adulescentes non debent nimium in falsa rerum imagine detineri, et inanibus simulacris usque adeo ut difficilis ab his digressus sit adsuescere, ne ab illa, in qua prope consenuerunt, umbra veradiscrimina velut quendam solem reformident.§ 17.forensibus certaminibus exercitatos: Petron. 118 forensibus ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum feliciorem refugerunt.quasi militantes:1 §§29,31,79.haec velut sagina dicendi: ‘this rich food of eloquence.’ Cp. iucundioribus epulis§15above: gladiatoria sagina Tac. Hist. ii. 88.falsa rerum imagine, i.e. the declamations, which in contrast with the reality of ‘forenses actiones’ are mere shams: cp. note on ad veritatem accommodatae§14: xii. 11, 15 quid attinet tam multis annis ... declamitare in schola et tantum laboris in rebus falsis consumere, cum satis sit modico tempore imaginem veri discriminis et dicendi leges comperisse. Cp. ii. 10, 4: Tac. Dial. 35 quidquid in scholis cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel nunquam: 34 nec praeceptor deerat ... qui faciem eloquentiae non imaginem praestaret. Cp.2 §12above.inanibus simulacris: ii. 10 §8 quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque iustam consuescimus. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.ab illa ... umbra: i.e. in coming out of it. Juvenal vii. 173 ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra. Forabin sense ofpostcp. Livy xliv. 34 ab his praeceptis contionem dimisit: Introd.p. lii.in qua prope consenuerunt: xii. 6, 5 non nulli senes in schola facti stupent novitate cum in iudicia venerunt.umbra ... solem. The shady retreat of the school is constantly compared with the dust and sun of real life. Cicero, de Leg. iii. 6, 14 a Theophrasto Phalereus ille Demetrius ... mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem, sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit: Brut. §37 processerat in solem et pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo sed ut e Theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis: de §64 (umbratilis—‘cloistral’). So ‘umbraticavita’ Quint. i. 2, 18: ‘studia in umbra educata’Tac. Ann. xiv. 53: ‘umbraticas litteras’ Pliny, Epist. ix. 2, 3-4, opp. to ‘arma castra cornua tubas sudorem pulverem soles’: M. Seneca Contr. ix. pr. §4 itaque velut ex umbroso et obscuro prodeuntes loco clarae lucis fulgor obcaecat, sic istos a scholis in forum transeuntes omnia tanquam nova et inusitata perturbant. For analogies in Greek cp. Plat. Phaedrus 239 c.οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἡλίῳ καθαρῷ τεθραμμένον ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ συμμιγεῖ σκιᾷ, with Thompson’s note.V:18Quod accidisse etiam M. Porcio Latroni, qui primus clari nominis professor fuit, traditur, ut, cum ei summam in scholis opinionem obtinenti causa in foro esset oranda, impense petierit uti subsellia in basilicam transferrentur. Ita illi caelum novum fuit ut omniseius eloquentia contineri tecto ac parietibus videretur.§ 18.Quod ... ut. The pronoun is here used pleonastically, to lead up to the dependent clause. Cp.1 §58.M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated rhetorician in the reign of Augustus, the friend and compatriot of the elder Seneca, who praises him greatly (Controv. i. pr. §13 sq.). Of his pupils Ovid was the most distinguished. ‘In his school he was accustomed to declaim himself, and seldom set his pupils to declaim, whence they received the name ofauditores, which word came gradually into use as synonymous withdiscipuli.’ (Smith, Dict.)professoris post-Augustan: it was used of a public teacher of rhetoric, and then acquired a more extended sense: Quint. xii. 11, 20 geometrae et musici et grammatici ceterarumque artium professores: ii. 11, 1 exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum.Profiteriwith acc. is quite Ciceronian: Tusc. ii. §12 quod in eo ipso peccet cuius profitetur scientiam: ibid., artemque vitae professus delinquit in vita. The introduction ofprofessorwas helped by the fact that the verb came to be used absolutely (ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι): Plin. Ep. iv. 11, 1 audistine Valerium Licinianum in Sicilia profiteri? ibid. 14 translatus est in Siciliam ubi nunc profitetur: cp. Plin. ii. 18, 3.opinionem= existimationem, famam, with which it is often joined. For this absolute use cp.7 §17below: fructu laudis opinionisque: i. 2, 4 exempla ... conservatae opinionis: ii. 12, 5 adfert et ista res opinionem: xii. 9, 4 cupidissimis opinionis. So too Tac. Dial. 10 ne opinio quidem et fama, cui soli serviunt. In Cicero and Caesar, who also use the word absolutely, there is always an implied reference to those who have theopinio: a man’s ‘esteem’ and ‘reputation’ depend on the ‘estimate’ and ‘opinion’ formed of him by others. Cp. Videor enim non solum studium ad defendendas causas, verum opinionis aliquid et auctoritatis afferre, pro Sulla iii. §10, with opinione fortasse non nulla quam de meis moribus habebat, de Amic. §30: detracta opinione probitatis (‘character for’ high principle) de Off. ii. §34, and opinio iustitiae (character for justice), ibid. §39, with quorum de iustitia magna esset opinio multitudinis ibid. §42. So too de Orat. ii. §156 opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos qui res iudicent oratori adversariam esse arbitror. The passages in Caesar are all reducible to this ‘passive’ sense,—the estimate entertained by others: B.G. ii. 8 propter eximiam opinionem virtutis: ii. 24 Treviri quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis: iv. 16 uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint: vi. 24 quae gens ... summam habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: cp. vii. 59 and 83. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.subsellia ... transferrentur, ‘that the court should remove.’ For this general sense ofsubselliacp. Cic. Brutus §289 subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant: de Orat. i. §32 and §264 (habitare in subselliis, to ‘haunt the law-courts’). The word sometimes means the bench of judges, sometimes the seats of the lawyers, suitors, witnesses, &c., and sometimes both: Cic. in Vatin. §34, pro Rosc. Amer. §17 (accusatorum subsellia), ad Fam. xiii. 10, 2 (versatus in utrisque subselliis). In Quintilian the word is never used except of the law-courts.basilicam. The basilicae erected in or near the forum served as courts of justice as well as places for merchants and business people to meet in. See Rich. Dict. Antiq.—For the incident cp. Sen. Controv. iv. pr. Narratur ... declamatoriae virtutis Latronem Porcium unicum exemplum, cum pro reo in Hispania Rustico Porcio propinquo suodiceret, usque eo esse confusum ut a soloecismo inciperet nec ante potuisse confirmari, tectum ac parietes desiderantem, quam impetravit ut iudicium ex foro in basilicam transferretur. Usque eo ingenia in scholasticis exercitationibus delicate nutriuntur ut clamorem silentium risum caelum denique pati nesciant.V:19Quare iuvenis qui rationem inveniendi eloquendique a praeceptoribus diligenter acceperit (quod non est infiniti operis, si docere sciant et velint), exercitationem quoque modicam fuerit consecutus, oratorem sibi aliquem, quod apud maiores fieri solebat, deligat, quem sequatur, quem imitetur: iudiciis intersit quam plurimis, et sit certaminis cui destinatur frequens spectator.§ 19.inveniendi eloquendiquecovers briefly the whole field of theoretical rhetoric.apud maiores: xii. 11, 5 frequentabunt vero eius domum optimi iuvenes more veterum et vere dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent. Tac. Dial. 34 Ergo apud maiores nostros iuvenis ille qui foro et eloquentiae parabatur, imbutus iam domestica disciplina, refertus honestis studiis, deducebatur a patre vel a propinquis ad eum oratorem qui principem in civitate locum obtinebat. Hunc sectari, hunc prosequi, huius omnibus dictionibus interesse, sive in iudiciis sive in contionibus, adsuescebat, ita ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset utque sic dixerim pugnare in proelio disceret. So Cicero tells us in Brut. ch. 89 how he sought every opportunity of hearing the distinguished speakers of his day: §305 reliquos frequenter audiens acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens et commentans oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram.iudiciis intersit: Cic. Brut. §304 cui (iudicio) frequens aderam.V:20Tum causas, vel easdem quas agi audierit, stilo et ipse componat, vel etiam alias, veras modo, et utrimque tractet et, quod in gladiatoribus fieri videmus, decretoriis exerceatur, ut fecisse Brutum diximus pro Milone. Melius hoc quam rescribere veteribus orationibus, ut fecit Cestius contra Ciceronis actionem habitam pro eodem, cum alteram partem satis nosse non posset ex sola defensione.§ 20.et ipse: frequent in Livy, like ipse quoque =καὶ αὐτός. Cicero uses ipse, ipse etiam (etiam ipse). Cp. on§4:7 §26.utrimque:1 §22.in gladiatoribus: xi. 3, 66 nutus ... in mutis pro sermone sunt. Cp. Caes. B.C. i. 61 Caesaris erat in barbaris nomen obscurius.decretoriis, sc. armis, ‘decisive’ or ‘real weapons’: Seneca, Ep. 117, 25 Renove ista lusoria arma, decretoriis opus est. Cp. vi. 4, 6 pugnamque illam decretoriam imperitis ac saepe pullatae turbae relinquunt. Suet. Calig. 54 has ‘pugnatoria,’ sc. arma: opp. to ‘rudes,’ as Tac. Dial. 34 adversarii et aemuli ferro, non rudibus dimicantes, and Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. vi. 17 non enim in acie versatur et ferro, sed quasi rudibus eius eludit oratio. Quint. v. 12, 17 declamationes quibus ad pugnam forensem velut praepilatis exerceri solebamus.diximus:1 §23, where see note.rescribere:ἀντιγράφειν. Tac. Ann. iv. 34, of Caesar’s ‘Anticato,’ Ciceronis libro ... dictator Caesar ... rescripta oratione velut apud iudices respondit. The word is common in this sense in Suetonius: Caes. 73, Calig. 53, Gram. 19; cp. Aug. 85.Cestius: Sen. Contr. iii. pr. 13 (Ciceronis) orationes non legunt nisi eas quibus Cestius rescripsit. L. Cestius Pius taught rhetoric at Rome towards the end of the Republic and in the beginning of the Empire. Seneca has preserved several passages of his declamations. His hostile criticisms of Cicero were avenged on him by Cicero’s son: Sen. Suas. §7, 13. See Teuffel, 263 §6.V:21Citius autem idoneus erit iuvenis, quem praeceptor coegerit in declamando quam simillimum esse veritati et per totas ire materias, quarum nunc facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt. Obstant huic, quod secundo loco posui, fere turba discipulorum et consuetudo classium certis diebus audiendarum, nonnihil etiam persuasio patrum numerantium potius declamationes quam aestimantium.§ 21.per totas ire materias. This use of the prep. afterirewith an acc. of extent over which speech, thought, or feeling travels, is poetical (Aen. i. 375) and post-classical. Cp. vii. 1, 64: Tac. Dial. 32.favorabilia, ‘popular’; frequent in Quintilian, who also hasfavorabiliter. The word is first found in Velleius, also in Tacitus and Pliny.quod secundo loco posui, i.e. the practice of treating a subject thoroughly: per totas ire materias. What he recommendsprimo locois given in§§19-20. For the formula cp. vii. 2, 9: ix. 2, 6.classium: not used in this sense before the Silver Age; i. 2, 23 Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus morem, qui cum pueros in classes distribuerant, ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant, et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu videbatur. Huius rei iudicia praebebantur: ea nobis ingens palma, ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum.persuasio: frequent in this sense in Quintilian; for exx. see Bonnell’s Lex. Tac. Agric. 11. superstitionum persuasione. The interference of parents is commented on also in ii. 7, 1 Illud ex consuetudine mutandum prorsus existimo in iis, de quibus nunc disserimus, aetatibus, ne omnia quae scripserint ediscant et certa, ut moris est, die dicant: quod quidem maxime patres exigunt atque ita demum studere liberos suos, si quam frequentissime declamaverint, credunt, cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.V:22Sed, quod dixi primo, ut arbitror, libro, nec ille se bonus praeceptor maiore numero quam sustinere possit onerabit et nimiam loquacitatem recidet, ut omnia quae sunt in controversia, non, ut quidam volunt, quae in rerum natura, dicantur; et vel longiore potius dierum spatio laxabit dicendi necessitatem vel materias dividere permittet.§ 22.primo ... libro: i. 2, 15 neque praeceptor bonus maiore se turba quam ut sustinere eam possit oneraverit.recidet. Hor. A. P. 447 ambitiosa recidet ornamenta: Sat. I. 10, 69 recideret omne quod ultra Perfectum traheretur.laxabit &c.: ‘he will either extend the period within which speaking is compulsory, or allow the pupil to distribute his matter over several days.’dicendi necessitatem: cp. remissa ... ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate§15, above. This would break in on the ‘consuetudo classium certis diebus andiendarum’ referred to in§21.materias dividere, i.e. he will allow the subject to be treated of in parts on successive declamation days.V:23Diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae. Propter quod acciditut nec suo loco quidque ponatur, nec illa quae prima sunt servent suam legem, iuvenibus flosculos omnium partium in ea quae sunt dicturi congerentibus; quo fit ut timentes ne sequentia perdant priora confundant.§ 23.effecta. There is the same antithesis v. 13, 34 ut ... pro effectis relinquant vixdum inchoata.inchoatae: Cic. de Off. i. §153 cognitio manca atqne inchoata (‘imperfect’): de Nat. Deor. ii. §33 a primis inchoatisque naturis ad ultimas perfectasque procedere: de Orat. i. §5 inchoata ac rudia.degustatae: cp. genera degustamus1 §104; the word means ‘dip into,’ ‘skim over.’Propter quod: see on1 §66, The idea contained in the relative is the superficial methods alluded to indegustatae: cp. facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt§21. When such methods are adopted, says Quintilian, everything is sure to go wrong.servent suam legem: the commencement (illa quae prima sunt: cp. priora below) is not what it should be: it goes beyond reasonable limits, as the young men crowd together in the part each is to deliver the embellishments that would naturally be distributed throughout the whole (omnium partium), if the production werediligenter effectaand not merelyinchoata et quasi degustata.flosculos: ii. 5, 22 recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti. The word is always used in a depreciatory sense: xii. 10, 73: vi. pr. §9: (opp. to certos fructus). Cp. Seneca, Ep. 33 §1 and §7 viro captare flosculos turpe est.timentes: the fear that they will not be able to finish makes them introduce into the earlier parts inapposite and confusing embellishments.priora confundant= permisceant ea rebus alienis, i.e. with the ornamentation that would have been more appropriate later on.

V:1V. Proximum est ut dicamus quae praecipue scribenda sintἕξινparantibus.Non est huiusquidem operis ut explicemus quae sint materiae, quae prima aut secunda aut deinceps tractanda sint (nam id factum est iam primo libro, quo puerorum, et secundo, quo iam robustorum studiis ordinem dedimus), sed, de quo nunc agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.

§ 1.ἑξιν: v.1 §1and note. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.operis: ‘this part of my work,’ viz. the present chapter.materiae. The plural is especially frequent in Quintilian1 §62:5 §22:7 §25: cp. ii. 4, 12 and 41: 6, 1: 10, 1 and 4: iii. 5, 2: iv. 1, 43: vi. 2, 10: 3, 15: vii. pro. §4: 4, 24 and 40. He is not treating here of the kinds of subjects for a general course of rhetorical training, but limits himself to the point ‘de quo agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.’primo libro: see ch. 9, where he adds to the office of the grammarian, afterratio loquendiandenarratio auctorum, quaedam dicendi primordia quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant.secundo: ch. 4 de primis apud rhetorem exercitationibus, and ch. 10 de utilitate et ratione declamandi.puerorum ... robustorum: cp. i. 8, 12 priora illa ad pueros magis, haec sequentia ad robustiores pertinebunt: ii. 2, 14 infirmitas a robustioribus separanda est:x. 1 §130robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis: ii. 5, 2 robusti iuvenes: i. 1, 9 robustum quoque et iam maximum regem ab institutione illa puerili sunt prosecuta: i. 5, 9: 12, 1.sed: supplyut explicemus, or (for an independent clause)explicandum est.de quo nunc agitur: i.e. the avowed object of the tenth book: cp.1 §1.copia:1 §5opes quaedam parandae ... eae constant copia rerum ac verborum. It is thecopia verborumthat is specially meant here.

§ 1.ἑξιν: v.1 §1and note. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.

operis: ‘this part of my work,’ viz. the present chapter.

materiae. The plural is especially frequent in Quintilian1 §62:5 §22:7 §25: cp. ii. 4, 12 and 41: 6, 1: 10, 1 and 4: iii. 5, 2: iv. 1, 43: vi. 2, 10: 3, 15: vii. pro. §4: 4, 24 and 40. He is not treating here of the kinds of subjects for a general course of rhetorical training, but limits himself to the point ‘de quo agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.’

primo libro: see ch. 9, where he adds to the office of the grammarian, afterratio loquendiandenarratio auctorum, quaedam dicendi primordia quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant.

secundo: ch. 4 de primis apud rhetorem exercitationibus, and ch. 10 de utilitate et ratione declamandi.

puerorum ... robustorum: cp. i. 8, 12 priora illa ad pueros magis, haec sequentia ad robustiores pertinebunt: ii. 2, 14 infirmitas a robustioribus separanda est:x. 1 §130robustis et severiore genere satis firmatis: ii. 5, 2 robusti iuvenes: i. 1, 9 robustum quoque et iam maximum regem ab institutione illa puerili sunt prosecuta: i. 5, 9: 12, 1.

sed: supplyut explicemus, or (for an independent clause)explicandum est.

de quo nunc agitur: i.e. the avowed object of the tenth book: cp.1 §1.

copia:1 §5opes quaedam parandae ... eae constant copia rerum ac verborum. It is thecopia verborumthat is specially meant here.

V:2Vertere Graeca in Latinum veteres nostri oratores optimum iudicabant. Id se L. Crassus in illis Ciceronis de Oratore libris dicit factitasse; id Cicero sua ipse persona frequentissime praecipit, quin etiam libros Platonis atque Xenophontis edidit hocgenere translatos; id Messallae placuit, multaeque sunt ab eo scriptae ad hunc modum orationes, adeo ut etiam cum illa Hyperidis pro Phryne difficillima Romanis subtilitate contenderet. Et manifesta est exercitationis huiusce ratio.

§ 2.Latinum: to be taken substantively, cp. i. 6, 3 and 19: ii. 1, 4:§4below,Latinis: cp. Cicero Tusc. iii. §29 licet, ut saepe facimus, in Latinum illa convertere.de Oratorei. §155 postea mihi placuit, eoque sum usus adulescens, ut summorum oratorum Graecas orationes explicarem, quibus lectis hoc adsequebar, ut cum ea quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem quaedam verba imitando, quae nova nostris essent, dummodo essent idonea. Prof. Wilkins there refers, for the value to be attached to translation at sight, as giving a command over appropriate diction, to Stanhope’s Life of Pitt, vol. i. pp. 8 and 18. Cp. Stanley’s Arnold, i. 120.sua ipse persona: in his own name, and not merely by the mouth of one of the persons of a dialogue, like Crassus in the De Oratore. There are no passages in Cicero’s extant writings that account for the wordsfrequentissime praecipit: cp., however, Brutus §310 Commentabar declamitans ... idque faciebam multum etiam Latine sed Graece saepius: ad Fam. xvi. 21, 5 declamitare Graece apud Cassium institui. The introductions to the De Officiis and De Finibus contain Cicero’s advocacy of the study of Greek. Suet. de Rhet. 1-2 Cicero ad praeturam usque Graece declamavit, Latine vero senior quoque.libros Platonis atque Xenophontis. Cicero translated, at about the age of 20years (de Off. ii. §87) the Oeconomicus of Xenophon: in early life also the Protagoras of Plato, and later the Timaeus. Quintilian might have included a reference to Cicero’s translation of Aeschines in Ctesiphontem and Demosthenes de Corona, his preface to which survives in the De Optimo Genere Oratorum: §14 Converti enim ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes inter se contrarias, Aeschinis Demosthenisque: nec converti ut interpres sed ut orator, &c. His motive was to lay down a standard of ‘Atticism,’ as well as to free himself from the charge of ‘Asianism’: §23 erit regula ad quam eorum dirigantur orationes qui Attice volent dicere. Cp. Quint, xii. 10.hoc genere:3 §26: and below§7.Messallae: v.1 §22and§113with the notes.Hyperidis pro Phryne: Quintilian refers to the well-known story ii. 15, 9 et Phrynen non Hyperidis actione quamquam admirabili, sed conspectu corporis, quod illa speciosissimum alioqui diducta nudaverit tunica, putant periculo liberatam. Phryne was accused ofἀσέβεια. For Hyperides v.1 §77, and note.cum illa ... pro Phryne ... subtilitate. The commentators quote a similar brachyology in Cic. Orator §108 ipsa enim illa pro Roscio iuvenilis redundantia, though the text is not certain.difficillima Romanis subtilitat. Cp.1 §100cum sermo ipse Romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam Atticis venerem. Forsubtilitascp.1 §78,2 §19, Brutus §67 sed ea in nostris inscitia est, quod hi ipsi, qui in Graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque subtilitate quam Atticam appellant, hanc in Catone ne noverunt quidem. Hyperidae volunt esse et Lysiae. Laudo; sed cur nolunt Catones?

§ 2.Latinum: to be taken substantively, cp. i. 6, 3 and 19: ii. 1, 4:§4below,Latinis: cp. Cicero Tusc. iii. §29 licet, ut saepe facimus, in Latinum illa convertere.

de Oratorei. §155 postea mihi placuit, eoque sum usus adulescens, ut summorum oratorum Graecas orationes explicarem, quibus lectis hoc adsequebar, ut cum ea quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem quaedam verba imitando, quae nova nostris essent, dummodo essent idonea. Prof. Wilkins there refers, for the value to be attached to translation at sight, as giving a command over appropriate diction, to Stanhope’s Life of Pitt, vol. i. pp. 8 and 18. Cp. Stanley’s Arnold, i. 120.

sua ipse persona: in his own name, and not merely by the mouth of one of the persons of a dialogue, like Crassus in the De Oratore. There are no passages in Cicero’s extant writings that account for the wordsfrequentissime praecipit: cp., however, Brutus §310 Commentabar declamitans ... idque faciebam multum etiam Latine sed Graece saepius: ad Fam. xvi. 21, 5 declamitare Graece apud Cassium institui. The introductions to the De Officiis and De Finibus contain Cicero’s advocacy of the study of Greek. Suet. de Rhet. 1-2 Cicero ad praeturam usque Graece declamavit, Latine vero senior quoque.

libros Platonis atque Xenophontis. Cicero translated, at about the age of 20years (de Off. ii. §87) the Oeconomicus of Xenophon: in early life also the Protagoras of Plato, and later the Timaeus. Quintilian might have included a reference to Cicero’s translation of Aeschines in Ctesiphontem and Demosthenes de Corona, his preface to which survives in the De Optimo Genere Oratorum: §14 Converti enim ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes inter se contrarias, Aeschinis Demosthenisque: nec converti ut interpres sed ut orator, &c. His motive was to lay down a standard of ‘Atticism,’ as well as to free himself from the charge of ‘Asianism’: §23 erit regula ad quam eorum dirigantur orationes qui Attice volent dicere. Cp. Quint, xii. 10.

hoc genere:3 §26: and below§7.

Messallae: v.1 §22and§113with the notes.

Hyperidis pro Phryne: Quintilian refers to the well-known story ii. 15, 9 et Phrynen non Hyperidis actione quamquam admirabili, sed conspectu corporis, quod illa speciosissimum alioqui diducta nudaverit tunica, putant periculo liberatam. Phryne was accused ofἀσέβεια. For Hyperides v.1 §77, and note.

cum illa ... pro Phryne ... subtilitate. The commentators quote a similar brachyology in Cic. Orator §108 ipsa enim illa pro Roscio iuvenilis redundantia, though the text is not certain.

difficillima Romanis subtilitat. Cp.1 §100cum sermo ipse Romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam Atticis venerem. Forsubtilitascp.1 §78,2 §19, Brutus §67 sed ea in nostris inscitia est, quod hi ipsi, qui in Graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque subtilitate quam Atticam appellant, hanc in Catone ne noverunt quidem. Hyperidae volunt esse et Lysiae. Laudo; sed cur nolunt Catones?

V:3Nam et rerum copia Graeci auctores abundant et plurimum artis in eloquentiam intulerunt, et hos transferentibus verbis uti optimis licet; omnibus enim utimur nostris. Figuras vero, quibus maxime ornatur oratio, multas ac varias excogitandi etiam necessitas quaedam est, quia plerumque a Graecis Romana dissentiunt.

§ 3.auctores: see on1 §24.transferentibus: personal dat. afterlicet.verbis uti optimis: cp. hoc adsequebar ut .... non solum optimis verbis uterer de Oratore i. §155, quoted above.nostrisis predicative = omnia enim quibus utimur nostra sunt. Translation from the Greek leaves us free to choose the best expressions: it is not like translation from Latin (i.e. reproduction or paraphrase), where we must often borrow from our models (optimis occupatis§5.).figuras. Cp.1 §12, note on figuramus. In ix. 1, Quintilian discusses the meaning offigura, which he defines broadly in §4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione.’ Here he refers both to rhetorical and to grammatical figures; the latter require idiomatic rendering, while a rhetorical figure which may be appropriate in the one language may not be allowable in the other. In i. 1, 13 he gives a warning against the exclusive use of Greek in early training: hinc enim accidunt et oris plurima vitia in peregrinum sonum corrupti et sermonis, cui cum Graecae figurae adsidua consuetudine haeserunt, in diversa quoque loquendi ratione pertinacissime durant.

§ 3.auctores: see on1 §24.

transferentibus: personal dat. afterlicet.

verbis uti optimis: cp. hoc adsequebar ut .... non solum optimis verbis uterer de Oratore i. §155, quoted above.

nostrisis predicative = omnia enim quibus utimur nostra sunt. Translation from the Greek leaves us free to choose the best expressions: it is not like translation from Latin (i.e. reproduction or paraphrase), where we must often borrow from our models (optimis occupatis§5.).

figuras. Cp.1 §12, note on figuramus. In ix. 1, Quintilian discusses the meaning offigura, which he defines broadly in §4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione.’ Here he refers both to rhetorical and to grammatical figures; the latter require idiomatic rendering, while a rhetorical figure which may be appropriate in the one language may not be allowable in the other. In i. 1, 13 he gives a warning against the exclusive use of Greek in early training: hinc enim accidunt et oris plurima vitia in peregrinum sonum corrupti et sermonis, cui cum Graecae figurae adsidua consuetudine haeserunt, in diversa quoque loquendi ratione pertinacissime durant.

V:4Sed et illa ex Latinis conversio multum et ipsa contulerit.Ac de carminibus quidem neminem credo dubitare, quo solo genere exercitationis dicitur usus esse Sulpicius. Nam et sublimis spiritus attollere orationem potest, et verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem; sed et ipsis sententiis adicere licet oratorium robur et omissa supplere et effusa substringere.

§ 4.ex Latinis conversio.Verbal nouns are often joined with the case governed by the verb from which they are derived: vii. 2, 35 ex causis probatio. In Plautus there are several instances even of the accusative, but the dative is more frequent.multum et ipsa= ipsa quoque ... multum contulerit, ‘even paraphrase ofitself,’ i.e. apart from translation. See on1 §31and cp.§20below,6 §1:7 §26.contulerit: v. on1 §37. (Cicero uses ipse by itself, or ipse etiam: Livy, ipse quoque.)de carminibus: Hild wrongly takes this of Greek poetry. Quintilian is commending those exercises in ‘reproduction’ or ‘paraphrase,’ which are substituted in many schools now for English ‘parsing.’Sulpicius,1 §116.sublimis spiritus: cp.1 §27in rebus spiritus et in verbis sublimitas:§61spiritu, magnificentia:§104elatum abunde spiritum:3 §22beatiorem spiritum.orationem: ‘prose style.’ The fire of the poetry gives elevation to the paraphrase.Oratiois used (without prosa) in Cicero for ‘prose’: Orator §70 saepissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur: ibid. §§166, 174, 178, 198, &c.poetica libertate. Cp. Quintilian’s remarks on the study of poetry,1 §§27-30, esp.§28libertate verborum ... licentia figurarum.praesumunt. The use of this verb, with such a nominative asverba(which seems here to be in a way personified), would be hard to parallel either from Quintilian or from any other writer. Elsewhere it is generally used with a personal reference in the sense of to ‘take beforehand’ (προλαμβάνω)),—with derived meanings; e.g. i. 10, 27: i. 1, 19: ii. 4, 7; 17, 28: viii. 6, 23: xii. 9, 9. The passage xi. 1, 27 inviti iudices audiunt praesumentem partes suas is quoted as showing that the meaning is ‘encroach upon,’ but that is secondary: there it simply means ‘anticipating them in the discharge of their functions,’ cp. sumere sibi imperatorias partes Caesar B.C. iii. 51. ‘Forestall’ is the nearest English equivalent: praeripere (Becher), praecidere (Hild), praecipere (sumere aliquid ante tempus) Dosson. Cp. Aen. xi. 18: Ovid Ar. Amat. iii. 757: and praeclusam§7below.—In what follows eadem is the only reading that will make sense of a very difficult passage: if it is the nom. pl. (agreeing withverba), tr. ‘do not at the same time (i.e. in consequence of their beingpoet. libert. audac.) exhaust beforehand the power of using the language of ordinary prose: no (sed =ἀλλὰ), we may add to the thought (of the poem) the strength of rhetoric,’ &c. Even if the words are ‘poetica libertate audaciora’ the ‘facultas proprie dicendi’ can secure strength, completeness, and compactness for the reproduction. Buteademis usually taken as the acc. pl. neut.: ‘do not use up beforehand the ability to say the same things in ordinary prose.’ The readingeandem(Halm and Meister) would seem to require a different meaning forpraesumunt.—SeeCrit. Notes.effusa substringere: cp.4 §1luxuriantia adstringere.Substringeremeans to ‘gather up’ as one does with dishevelled (effusus) hair, from which the figure may be taken: Tac. Germ. 38 substringere crinem nodo. Burmann quotes from Tertullian de Oration, ch. i. de brevitate orationis dominicae quantum substringitur verbis tantum diffunditur sensibus.

§ 4.ex Latinis conversio.Verbal nouns are often joined with the case governed by the verb from which they are derived: vii. 2, 35 ex causis probatio. In Plautus there are several instances even of the accusative, but the dative is more frequent.

multum et ipsa= ipsa quoque ... multum contulerit, ‘even paraphrase ofitself,’ i.e. apart from translation. See on1 §31and cp.§20below,6 §1:7 §26.

contulerit: v. on1 §37. (Cicero uses ipse by itself, or ipse etiam: Livy, ipse quoque.)

de carminibus: Hild wrongly takes this of Greek poetry. Quintilian is commending those exercises in ‘reproduction’ or ‘paraphrase,’ which are substituted in many schools now for English ‘parsing.’

Sulpicius,1 §116.

sublimis spiritus: cp.1 §27in rebus spiritus et in verbis sublimitas:§61spiritu, magnificentia:§104elatum abunde spiritum:3 §22beatiorem spiritum.

orationem: ‘prose style.’ The fire of the poetry gives elevation to the paraphrase.Oratiois used (without prosa) in Cicero for ‘prose’: Orator §70 saepissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur: ibid. §§166, 174, 178, 198, &c.

poetica libertate. Cp. Quintilian’s remarks on the study of poetry,1 §§27-30, esp.§28libertate verborum ... licentia figurarum.

praesumunt. The use of this verb, with such a nominative asverba(which seems here to be in a way personified), would be hard to parallel either from Quintilian or from any other writer. Elsewhere it is generally used with a personal reference in the sense of to ‘take beforehand’ (προλαμβάνω)),—with derived meanings; e.g. i. 10, 27: i. 1, 19: ii. 4, 7; 17, 28: viii. 6, 23: xii. 9, 9. The passage xi. 1, 27 inviti iudices audiunt praesumentem partes suas is quoted as showing that the meaning is ‘encroach upon,’ but that is secondary: there it simply means ‘anticipating them in the discharge of their functions,’ cp. sumere sibi imperatorias partes Caesar B.C. iii. 51. ‘Forestall’ is the nearest English equivalent: praeripere (Becher), praecidere (Hild), praecipere (sumere aliquid ante tempus) Dosson. Cp. Aen. xi. 18: Ovid Ar. Amat. iii. 757: and praeclusam§7below.—In what follows eadem is the only reading that will make sense of a very difficult passage: if it is the nom. pl. (agreeing withverba), tr. ‘do not at the same time (i.e. in consequence of their beingpoet. libert. audac.) exhaust beforehand the power of using the language of ordinary prose: no (sed =ἀλλὰ), we may add to the thought (of the poem) the strength of rhetoric,’ &c. Even if the words are ‘poetica libertate audaciora’ the ‘facultas proprie dicendi’ can secure strength, completeness, and compactness for the reproduction. Buteademis usually taken as the acc. pl. neut.: ‘do not use up beforehand the ability to say the same things in ordinary prose.’ The readingeandem(Halm and Meister) would seem to require a different meaning forpraesumunt.—SeeCrit. Notes.

effusa substringere: cp.4 §1luxuriantia adstringere.Substringeremeans to ‘gather up’ as one does with dishevelled (effusus) hair, from which the figure may be taken: Tac. Germ. 38 substringere crinem nodo. Burmann quotes from Tertullian de Oration, ch. i. de brevitate orationis dominicae quantum substringitur verbis tantum diffunditur sensibus.

V:5Neque ego paraphrasin esse interpretationem tantum volo, sed circa eosdem sensus certamen atque aemulationem. Ideoque ab illis dissentio qui vertereorationes Latinas vetant, quia optimis occupatis, quidquid aliter dixerimus, necesse sit esse deterius. Nam neque semper est desperandum aliquid illis quae dicta sunt melius posse reperiri, neque adeo ieiunam ac pauperem natura eloquentiam fecit ut una de re bene dici nisi semel non possit:

§ 5.paraphrasin, subject: cp. conversio§4above. The paraphrase is not to be a mere word-for-word translation: for interpretatio cp. iii. 5, 17. Among the ‘dicendi primordia’ proper for the training of ‘aetates nondum rhetorem capientes’ Quintilian lays down the practice of paraphrase: tum paraphrasi audacius vertere (Aesopi Fabellas), qua et breviare quaedam et exornare salvo modo poetae sensu permittitur.circa eosdem sensus. The writer is to endeavour to rival his original in expressing the same idea. Forsensuscp.3 §33:circaagain below§6circa voces easdem. See on1 §52.vertere orationes. Till now he hasbeen speaking ofconversio ex carminibus. It was probably the custom in schools of rhetoric to make pupils give a free rendering (vertere) of passages also from some great oration. Quintilian is defending such practices against the criticism which Cicero, for example, puts in the mouth of Crassus, de Orat. i. §154 equidem mihi adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime ... ut aut versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad eum finem, quem memoria possem comprehendere, eam rem ipsam quam legissem verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis pronuntiarem: sed post animadverti hoc esse in hoc vitii, quod ea verba quae maxime cuiusque rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima occupasset aut Ennius, si ad eius versus me exercerem, aut Gracchus, si eius orationem mihi forte proposuissem: ita, si eisdem verbis uterer, nihil prodesse, si aliis, etiam obesse, cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem. So he took to translating from the Greek, as shown in what follows, quoted on§2above.una de re. Along within eadem materiabelow, this shows what freedom Quintilian would allow in such reproductions: cp. non interpretationem tantum, &c. above. Hild refers to a quotation, on the other hand, from La Bruyère (Ouvrages de l’Esprit 17), which has more of the spirit of the true artist: Entre toutes les différentes expressions qui peuvent rendre une seule de nos pensées, il n’y en a qu’une qui soit la bonne. On ne la rencontre pas toujours en parlant ou en écrivant; il est vrai néanmoins qu’elle existe, que tout ce qui ne l’est pas est faible, et ne satisfait point un homme d’esprit qui veut se faire entendre.

§ 5.paraphrasin, subject: cp. conversio§4above. The paraphrase is not to be a mere word-for-word translation: for interpretatio cp. iii. 5, 17. Among the ‘dicendi primordia’ proper for the training of ‘aetates nondum rhetorem capientes’ Quintilian lays down the practice of paraphrase: tum paraphrasi audacius vertere (Aesopi Fabellas), qua et breviare quaedam et exornare salvo modo poetae sensu permittitur.

circa eosdem sensus. The writer is to endeavour to rival his original in expressing the same idea. Forsensuscp.3 §33:circaagain below§6circa voces easdem. See on1 §52.

vertere orationes. Till now he hasbeen speaking ofconversio ex carminibus. It was probably the custom in schools of rhetoric to make pupils give a free rendering (vertere) of passages also from some great oration. Quintilian is defending such practices against the criticism which Cicero, for example, puts in the mouth of Crassus, de Orat. i. §154 equidem mihi adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime ... ut aut versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad eum finem, quem memoria possem comprehendere, eam rem ipsam quam legissem verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis pronuntiarem: sed post animadverti hoc esse in hoc vitii, quod ea verba quae maxime cuiusque rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima occupasset aut Ennius, si ad eius versus me exercerem, aut Gracchus, si eius orationem mihi forte proposuissem: ita, si eisdem verbis uterer, nihil prodesse, si aliis, etiam obesse, cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem. So he took to translating from the Greek, as shown in what follows, quoted on§2above.

una de re. Along within eadem materiabelow, this shows what freedom Quintilian would allow in such reproductions: cp. non interpretationem tantum, &c. above. Hild refers to a quotation, on the other hand, from La Bruyère (Ouvrages de l’Esprit 17), which has more of the spirit of the true artist: Entre toutes les différentes expressions qui peuvent rendre une seule de nos pensées, il n’y en a qu’une qui soit la bonne. On ne la rencontre pas toujours en parlant ou en écrivant; il est vrai néanmoins qu’elle existe, que tout ce qui ne l’est pas est faible, et ne satisfait point un homme d’esprit qui veut se faire entendre.

V:6nisi forte histrionum multa circa voces easdem variare gestus potest, orandi minor vis, ut dicatur aliquid post quod in eadem materia nihil dicendum sit. Sed esto neque melius quod invenimus esse neque par, est certe proximis locus.

§ 6.nisi forte: a formula generally used, as in Cicero, to introduce an ironical argument, e.g. i. §70:2 §8. For a similar constr. cp. i. 10, 6: nisi forteἀντιδότουςquidem atque alia, quae oculis aut vulneribus medentur, ex multis atque interim contrariis quoque inter se effectibus componi videmus ... et muta animalia mellisillum inimitabilem humanae rationis saporem vario florum ac sucorum genere perficiunt: nos mirabamur si oratio, qua nihil praestantius homini dedit providentia, pluribus artibus egeat. And, withautemin the second clause, ii. 3, 6 Nisi forte Iovem quidem Phidias optime fecit, illa autem alius melius elaborasset. Cp. the use ofan,an verowith antithetical clauses.—The reasoning is by no means conclusive, the analogy on which it rests having nothing to recommend it except to a teacher of rhetoric. Quintilian may have had in his mind what went on between Cicero and Roscius: Satis constat contendere eum cum ipso histrione solitum, utrum ille saepius eandem sententiam variis gestibus efficeret, an ipse per eloquentiae copiam sermone diverso pronuntiaret,—Macrobius, Saturn. ii. 40.esto: with acc. and infin. as in Hor. Ep. i. 1, 81 Verum esto aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri: Idem eadem possunt horam durare probantes. The subj. is more common: Cic. pro Sest. 97 esto (est) ... ut sint. Or elseestomay be used independently: Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 30. Quint. ix. 2, 84 sed esto, voluerit: Verg. Aen. iv. 35 esto, nulli flexere mariti.par ... proximis: cp.1 §127pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri. Withproximisunderstand ‘illis quae dicta sunt.’

§ 6.nisi forte: a formula generally used, as in Cicero, to introduce an ironical argument, e.g. i. §70:2 §8. For a similar constr. cp. i. 10, 6: nisi forteἀντιδότουςquidem atque alia, quae oculis aut vulneribus medentur, ex multis atque interim contrariis quoque inter se effectibus componi videmus ... et muta animalia mellisillum inimitabilem humanae rationis saporem vario florum ac sucorum genere perficiunt: nos mirabamur si oratio, qua nihil praestantius homini dedit providentia, pluribus artibus egeat. And, withautemin the second clause, ii. 3, 6 Nisi forte Iovem quidem Phidias optime fecit, illa autem alius melius elaborasset. Cp. the use ofan,an verowith antithetical clauses.—The reasoning is by no means conclusive, the analogy on which it rests having nothing to recommend it except to a teacher of rhetoric. Quintilian may have had in his mind what went on between Cicero and Roscius: Satis constat contendere eum cum ipso histrione solitum, utrum ille saepius eandem sententiam variis gestibus efficeret, an ipse per eloquentiae copiam sermone diverso pronuntiaret,—Macrobius, Saturn. ii. 40.

esto: with acc. and infin. as in Hor. Ep. i. 1, 81 Verum esto aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri: Idem eadem possunt horam durare probantes. The subj. is more common: Cic. pro Sest. 97 esto (est) ... ut sint. Or elseestomay be used independently: Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 30. Quint. ix. 2, 84 sed esto, voluerit: Verg. Aen. iv. 35 esto, nulli flexere mariti.

par ... proximis: cp.1 §127pares ac saltem proximos illi viro fieri. Withproximisunderstand ‘illis quae dicta sunt.’

V:7An vero ipsi non bis ac saepius de eadem re dicimus et quidem continuas nonnumquam sententias? Nisiforte contendere nobiscum possumus, cum aliis non possumus. Nam si uno genere bene diceretur, fas erat existimari praeclusam nobis a prioribus viam; nunc vero innumerabiles sunt modi plurimaeque eodem viae ducunt.

§ 7.An vero: see on3 §29.et quidem: see on1 §34, and cp. Plin. Ep. i. 12, 1 decessit Corellius Rufus, et quidem sponte.nisi forte: v. on§6above. For such repetitions see2 §23, and note.uno: supplytantum, as in1 §91hos nominavimus. For genere (= ratione, modo) cp.3 §26.fas erat. With verbs expressing possibility, duty, necessity, convenience, intention, &c. the indicative is often used in the apodosis when the verb in the protasis is subjunctive. Cp. Livy v. 6 Si mediusfidius ad hoc bellum nihil pertineret, ad disciplinam certe militiae plurimum intererat, &c.: Sallust. Iug. 85 ad fin. Quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.plurimae ... ducunt. The expression seems proverbial: cp. ‘All roads lead to Rome.’

§ 7.An vero: see on3 §29.

et quidem: see on1 §34, and cp. Plin. Ep. i. 12, 1 decessit Corellius Rufus, et quidem sponte.

nisi forte: v. on§6above. For such repetitions see2 §23, and note.

uno: supplytantum, as in1 §91hos nominavimus. For genere (= ratione, modo) cp.3 §26.

fas erat. With verbs expressing possibility, duty, necessity, convenience, intention, &c. the indicative is often used in the apodosis when the verb in the protasis is subjunctive. Cp. Livy v. 6 Si mediusfidius ad hoc bellum nihil pertineret, ad disciplinam certe militiae plurimum intererat, &c.: Sallust. Iug. 85 ad fin. Quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.

plurimae ... ducunt. The expression seems proverbial: cp. ‘All roads lead to Rome.’

V:8Sua brevitati gratia, sua copiae, alia translatis virtus, alia propriis, hoc oratio recta, illud figura declinata commendat. Ipsa denique utilissima est exercitationi difficultas. Quid quod auctores maximi sic diligentius cognoscuntur? Non enim scripta lectione secura transcurrimus, sed tractamus singula et necessario introspicimus et, quantum virtutis habeant, vel hoc ipso cognoscimus, quod imitari non possumus.

§ 8.oratio recta. See on1 §44rectum dicendi genus: the opposite isoratio figurata, orfigura declinata(1 §12). Cp. ix. 1, 3 Utraque res (figures and tropes) de recta et simplici ratione cum aliqua dicendi virtute deflectitur.figurais ablative, the phrase being equivalent tofigurata:1 §12.commendat: v.1 §101.tractamus: cp. repetamus autem et tractemus1 §19.

§ 8.oratio recta. See on1 §44rectum dicendi genus: the opposite isoratio figurata, orfigura declinata(1 §12). Cp. ix. 1, 3 Utraque res (figures and tropes) de recta et simplici ratione cum aliqua dicendi virtute deflectitur.

figurais ablative, the phrase being equivalent tofigurata:1 §12.

commendat: v.1 §101.

tractamus: cp. repetamus autem et tractemus1 §19.

V:9Nec aliena tantum transferre, sed etiam nostra pluribus modis tractare proderit, ut ex industria sumamus sententias quasdam easque versemus quam numerosissime, velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent.§ 9.numerosissime: not merely ‘as often as possible’ (saepissime), but ‘in every possible variety’: cp. aliae aliaeque formae, below. Cp. ii. 12, 3 sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur: viii. pr. §2 difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri: xi. 2, 27 ni forte tam numerosus (locus) ut ipse quoque dividi debeat: vi. 3, 36 neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta ... ducuntur. But Quintilian also uses it in the Ciceronian sense (‘rhythmically,’ ‘harmoniously’) viii. 6, 64 sermonem facere numerosum: ix. 4, 56: xi. 1, 33.eadem cera: Cic. de Orat iii. §177 sed ea nos ... sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus: Pliny Ep. vii. 9, 11 Ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur Si doctos digitos iussaque fiat opus, &c.aliae aliaeque, ‘first one and then another’: of a continuous succession: cp. quam numerosissime, above. Cp. Cels. iii. 3 extr. febres ... aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur. With this exception, Quintilian consistently prefers the Ciceronianatquein such expressions, instead of the enclitic. Krüger cites Tibull. iv. 1, 16, sq. ut tibi possim Inde alios aliosque memor componere versus.duci:3 §18: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus.

V:9Nec aliena tantum transferre, sed etiam nostra pluribus modis tractare proderit, ut ex industria sumamus sententias quasdam easque versemus quam numerosissime, velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent.

§ 9.numerosissime: not merely ‘as often as possible’ (saepissime), but ‘in every possible variety’: cp. aliae aliaeque formae, below. Cp. ii. 12, 3 sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur: viii. pr. §2 difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri: xi. 2, 27 ni forte tam numerosus (locus) ut ipse quoque dividi debeat: vi. 3, 36 neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta ... ducuntur. But Quintilian also uses it in the Ciceronian sense (‘rhythmically,’ ‘harmoniously’) viii. 6, 64 sermonem facere numerosum: ix. 4, 56: xi. 1, 33.eadem cera: Cic. de Orat iii. §177 sed ea nos ... sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus: Pliny Ep. vii. 9, 11 Ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur Si doctos digitos iussaque fiat opus, &c.aliae aliaeque, ‘first one and then another’: of a continuous succession: cp. quam numerosissime, above. Cp. Cels. iii. 3 extr. febres ... aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur. With this exception, Quintilian consistently prefers the Ciceronianatquein such expressions, instead of the enclitic. Krüger cites Tibull. iv. 1, 16, sq. ut tibi possim Inde alios aliosque memor componere versus.duci:3 §18: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus.

§ 9.numerosissime: not merely ‘as often as possible’ (saepissime), but ‘in every possible variety’: cp. aliae aliaeque formae, below. Cp. ii. 12, 3 sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur: viii. pr. §2 difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri: xi. 2, 27 ni forte tam numerosus (locus) ut ipse quoque dividi debeat: vi. 3, 36 neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta ... ducuntur. But Quintilian also uses it in the Ciceronian sense (‘rhythmically,’ ‘harmoniously’) viii. 6, 64 sermonem facere numerosum: ix. 4, 56: xi. 1, 33.

eadem cera: Cic. de Orat iii. §177 sed ea nos ... sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus: Pliny Ep. vii. 9, 11 Ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur Si doctos digitos iussaque fiat opus, &c.

aliae aliaeque, ‘first one and then another’: of a continuous succession: cp. quam numerosissime, above. Cp. Cels. iii. 3 extr. febres ... aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur. With this exception, Quintilian consistently prefers the Ciceronianatquein such expressions, instead of the enclitic. Krüger cites Tibull. iv. 1, 16, sq. ut tibi possim Inde alios aliosque memor componere versus.

duci:3 §18: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus.

V:10Plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque materia. Nam illa multiplicipersonarum, causarum, temporum, locorum, dictorum, factorum diversitate facile delitescet infirmitas, tot se undique rebus, ex quibus aliquam adprehendas, offerentibus.

§ 10.illa ... diversitate: xii. 10, 15 umbra magni nominis delitescunt. The less complicated the subject, the more will the orator have to depend on his own resources: with thediversitasthat characterises actual pleading, where the speaker must have regard to every featureof the case, want of original talent or poverty of invention (infirmitas) can easily shelter itself behind a crowd of details.causarum, ‘circumstances’: opp. topersonarum, asloca, totempora, andfactatodicta. So personis causisque iii. 5, 11:rerumis used in a similar enumeration iii. 5, 7. So Krüger, of the ‘points of law’ involved in particular cases: forcausain the wider sense cp. iii. 5, 18 with Cic. Top. §80.

§ 10.illa ... diversitate: xii. 10, 15 umbra magni nominis delitescunt. The less complicated the subject, the more will the orator have to depend on his own resources: with thediversitasthat characterises actual pleading, where the speaker must have regard to every featureof the case, want of original talent or poverty of invention (infirmitas) can easily shelter itself behind a crowd of details.

causarum, ‘circumstances’: opp. topersonarum, asloca, totempora, andfactatodicta. So personis causisque iii. 5, 11:rerumis used in a similar enumeration iii. 5, 7. So Krüger, of the ‘points of law’ involved in particular cases: forcausain the wider sense cp. iii. 5, 18 with Cic. Top. §80.

V:11Illud virtutis indicium est, fundere quae natura contracta sunt, augere parva, varietatem similibus, voluptatem expositis dare et bene dicere multa de paucis.

In hoc optime facient infinitae quaestiones, quas vocari thesesdiximus, quibus Cicero iam princeps in re publica exerceri solebat.

§ 11.fundere ... contracta: cp. ii. 13, 5 constricta an latius fusa narratio:fusus1 §73. The word = dilatare (cp. Cic. de Fin. iii. 15), copiosius et latius efferre. Solatum atque fusumis opp. tocontractum atque submissumxi. 3, 50. Cp. Cicero Orat. §125 tum se latius fundet orator,—a phrase which Quintilian reproduces in many places.augere parva. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 267 A (of Tisias and Gorgias)τά τε αὖ σμικρὰ μεγάλα καὶ τὰ μεγάλα σμικρὰ φαίνεσθαι ποιοῦσι διὰ ῥώμην λόγου. Isocrates is said to have defined rhetoric as that whichτά τε μικρὰ μεγάλα, τὰ δὲ μεγάλα μικρὰ ποιεῖ—Pseudo-Plutarch 838 F. See too the Exordium of the Panegyricus of Isocrates §8ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ οἱ λόγοι τοιαύτην ἔχουσι τὴν φύσιν ὥσθ᾽ οἷον τ᾽ εἶναι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν πολλαχῶς ἐξηγήσασθαι(varietatem similibus)καὶ τά τε μεγάλα ταπεινὰ ποιῆσαι καὶ τοῖς μικροῖς μέγεθος περιθεῖναι κ.τ.λ.expositis: ‘commonplace,’ ‘trite.’ Iuv. vii. 53 Sed vatem egregium, cui non sit publica vena, Qui nil expositum soleat deducere, nec qui Communi feriat carmen triviale moneta. Introd.p. xlvii.In hoc: cp.2 §5. It denotes the end or aim, likead hoc. For this use offacerecp.1 §33bene ad forensem pulverem facere:7 §4quid porro multus stilus ... facit?infinitae quaestiones quas vocari theses diximus: iii. 5, 5 sq. Item convenit quaestiones esse aut infinitas aut finitas. Infinitae sunt quae remotis personis et temporibus et locis ceterisque similibus in utramque partem (i.e. affirmatively and negatively) tractantur, quod Graeciθέσινdicunt, Cicero propositum, alii quaestiones universales civiles, alii quaestiones philosopho convenientes, Athenaeus partem caussae appellat. Hoc genus Cicero scientia et actione distinguit (speculative and practical), ut sit scientia ‘an providentia mundus regatur,’ actionis ‘an accedendum ad rempublicam administrandam.’ ... Finitae autem sunt ex complexu rerum, personarum, temporum, ceterorumque quaeὑποθέσειςa Graecis dicuntur, causae a nostris. In his omnis quaestio videtur circa res personasque consistere. Amplior est semper infinita, inde enim finita descendit. Quod ut exemplo pateat, infinita est ‘an uxor ducenda,’ finita ‘an Catoni ducenda.’—The division of the subject-matter of oratory into questions of the universal kind, ‘general problems,’ and questions of a special kind, ‘particular problems,’ is familiar in ancient rhetoric. The former were abstract, and had no specified relation to individual persons or circumstances: the latter were concrete, involving a reference to actual persons and circumstances. In the ad Herenn. thequaestiones infinitae(θέσεις),proposita(Top. §79) orconsultationes(Part. Or. §61) are subdivided, as above, intoquaestiones scientiaeorcognitionis, ‘theoretical questions’ (e.g. ecquid bonum sit praeter honestatem), andquaestiones actionis‘questions of practical life,’ (e.g. an uxor ducenda). Thequaestiones finitae, on the other hand,ὑποθέσεις,causae,controversiae(de Orat. iii. §109), are those concerning individuals: cum personarum certarum interpositione, de Inv. i. 6, 8. Theθέσιςis thus defined in Hermogenes, Sp. ii. 17:ἐπίσκηψίν τινος πράγματος θεωρουμένου, ἀμοιροῦσαν πάσης ἰδικῆς περιστάσεως: cp. res posita in infinita dubitatione, de Orat. ii. §78. Thequaestio finitaon the other hand is res posita in disceptatione reorum et controversia (ibid.):προστεθείσης περιστάσεως τελεία ὑπόθεσις γίνεται(Nicolaus Soph. Progym. Sp. iii. 493). The passages to compare in Cicero are the following:—de Orat. i. §138: ii. §41, §78, and §133: iii. §109-§111: Orat. §45: Top. §79: de Invent. i. 6, §8: Part. Orat. §61, §106.Cicero. It was considered one of his strong points that he could rise from the special instance to the higher ground of the general principle: Brutus §322 dicam de ceteris quorum nemo erat qui ... dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. He writes to Atticus in 49B.C.(ix. 4, 1) Ne me totum aegritudini dedam, sumpsi mihi quasdam tanquamθέσεις: cp. ib. 9, 1θέσειςmeas commentari non desino. Aristotle recognised the importance of the practice of theθέσις: in hac A. adulescentes, non ad philosophorum morem tenuiter disserendi, sed ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem ut ornatius et uberius dici posset, exercuit. Cp. Tusc. Disp. ii. 3 §9: de Orat. iii. §107: Quint. xii. 2, 25. Among hisθέσειςwe may probably reckon the Paradoxa.

§ 11.fundere ... contracta: cp. ii. 13, 5 constricta an latius fusa narratio:fusus1 §73. The word = dilatare (cp. Cic. de Fin. iii. 15), copiosius et latius efferre. Solatum atque fusumis opp. tocontractum atque submissumxi. 3, 50. Cp. Cicero Orat. §125 tum se latius fundet orator,—a phrase which Quintilian reproduces in many places.

augere parva. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 267 A (of Tisias and Gorgias)τά τε αὖ σμικρὰ μεγάλα καὶ τὰ μεγάλα σμικρὰ φαίνεσθαι ποιοῦσι διὰ ῥώμην λόγου. Isocrates is said to have defined rhetoric as that whichτά τε μικρὰ μεγάλα, τὰ δὲ μεγάλα μικρὰ ποιεῖ—Pseudo-Plutarch 838 F. See too the Exordium of the Panegyricus of Isocrates §8ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ οἱ λόγοι τοιαύτην ἔχουσι τὴν φύσιν ὥσθ᾽ οἷον τ᾽ εἶναι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν πολλαχῶς ἐξηγήσασθαι(varietatem similibus)καὶ τά τε μεγάλα ταπεινὰ ποιῆσαι καὶ τοῖς μικροῖς μέγεθος περιθεῖναι κ.τ.λ.

expositis: ‘commonplace,’ ‘trite.’ Iuv. vii. 53 Sed vatem egregium, cui non sit publica vena, Qui nil expositum soleat deducere, nec qui Communi feriat carmen triviale moneta. Introd.p. xlvii.

In hoc: cp.2 §5. It denotes the end or aim, likead hoc. For this use offacerecp.1 §33bene ad forensem pulverem facere:7 §4quid porro multus stilus ... facit?

infinitae quaestiones quas vocari theses diximus: iii. 5, 5 sq. Item convenit quaestiones esse aut infinitas aut finitas. Infinitae sunt quae remotis personis et temporibus et locis ceterisque similibus in utramque partem (i.e. affirmatively and negatively) tractantur, quod Graeciθέσινdicunt, Cicero propositum, alii quaestiones universales civiles, alii quaestiones philosopho convenientes, Athenaeus partem caussae appellat. Hoc genus Cicero scientia et actione distinguit (speculative and practical), ut sit scientia ‘an providentia mundus regatur,’ actionis ‘an accedendum ad rempublicam administrandam.’ ... Finitae autem sunt ex complexu rerum, personarum, temporum, ceterorumque quaeὑποθέσειςa Graecis dicuntur, causae a nostris. In his omnis quaestio videtur circa res personasque consistere. Amplior est semper infinita, inde enim finita descendit. Quod ut exemplo pateat, infinita est ‘an uxor ducenda,’ finita ‘an Catoni ducenda.’—The division of the subject-matter of oratory into questions of the universal kind, ‘general problems,’ and questions of a special kind, ‘particular problems,’ is familiar in ancient rhetoric. The former were abstract, and had no specified relation to individual persons or circumstances: the latter were concrete, involving a reference to actual persons and circumstances. In the ad Herenn. thequaestiones infinitae(θέσεις),proposita(Top. §79) orconsultationes(Part. Or. §61) are subdivided, as above, intoquaestiones scientiaeorcognitionis, ‘theoretical questions’ (e.g. ecquid bonum sit praeter honestatem), andquaestiones actionis‘questions of practical life,’ (e.g. an uxor ducenda). Thequaestiones finitae, on the other hand,ὑποθέσεις,causae,controversiae(de Orat. iii. §109), are those concerning individuals: cum personarum certarum interpositione, de Inv. i. 6, 8. Theθέσιςis thus defined in Hermogenes, Sp. ii. 17:ἐπίσκηψίν τινος πράγματος θεωρουμένου, ἀμοιροῦσαν πάσης ἰδικῆς περιστάσεως: cp. res posita in infinita dubitatione, de Orat. ii. §78. Thequaestio finitaon the other hand is res posita in disceptatione reorum et controversia (ibid.):προστεθείσης περιστάσεως τελεία ὑπόθεσις γίνεται(Nicolaus Soph. Progym. Sp. iii. 493). The passages to compare in Cicero are the following:—de Orat. i. §138: ii. §41, §78, and §133: iii. §109-§111: Orat. §45: Top. §79: de Invent. i. 6, §8: Part. Orat. §61, §106.

Cicero. It was considered one of his strong points that he could rise from the special instance to the higher ground of the general principle: Brutus §322 dicam de ceteris quorum nemo erat qui ... dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. He writes to Atticus in 49B.C.(ix. 4, 1) Ne me totum aegritudini dedam, sumpsi mihi quasdam tanquamθέσεις: cp. ib. 9, 1θέσειςmeas commentari non desino. Aristotle recognised the importance of the practice of theθέσις: in hac A. adulescentes, non ad philosophorum morem tenuiter disserendi, sed ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem ut ornatius et uberius dici posset, exercuit. Cp. Tusc. Disp. ii. 3 §9: de Orat. iii. §107: Quint. xii. 2, 25. Among hisθέσειςwe may probably reckon the Paradoxa.

V:12His confinis est destructio et confirmatio sententiarum. Nam cum sit sententia decretum quoddam atque praeceptum, quod de re, idem de iudicio rei quaeri potest. Tum loci communes,quos etiam scriptos ab oratoribus scimus. Nam qui haec recta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentia copiose tractaverit, utique in illis plures excursus recipientibus magis abundabit eritque in omnes causas paratus; omnes enim generalibus quaestionibus constant.

§ 12.confinis: frequent in this figurative sense in Quintilian: not in Cicero.destructio ... confirmatiocorrespond respectively toἀνασκευή(refutatio) andκατασκευή(probatio). Cp. ii. 4, 18 Narrationibus non inutiliter subiungitur opus destruendi confirmandique eas, quodἀνασκευήetκατασκευήvocatur. Hermog. Sp. ii. 8ἀνασκευή ἐστιν ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ προτεθέντος πράγματος, κατασκευὴ δὲ τοὐναντίον βεβαίωσις.Forconfirmatiov. Cic. de Invent. i. 24: de Orat. ii. 331: Part. Or. 1, 4: 8, 27: Cornif. ad Her. i. 3: Quint. iv. 3, 1: v. 13, 1. Quintilian here transfers to judicial findings the language applicable tonarratio, as above:sententia= a judicial sentence, and is synonymous withiudicium. “In sententia, quae est de re iudicium, fieri potest idem quod in facto narrato, quod est res ipsa.”—Spalding. That is to say,sententiaandiudicium“pertain to individual cases (res): but the particular sentence or judgment is alsoa kindof (general)decree and prescription, or general rule of law; because, to be sustained or refuted, it must be put into a general form or statement like such a general decree. Thus the special sentence is argued (quaeritur) on the same grounds as the case itself (res) on which it has been pronounced. See the case of Milo, quoted below, ii §13. Of course no specific question of fact will come into such a discussion; only a general one of right or wrong, of legal precedent, or of law in general.” Frieze.loci communes: ‘general arguments,’ ‘commonplaces,’ i.e. topics for argument on all sorts of matters. Cicero defines them de Invent. ii. 48 sq. haec argumenta, quae transferri in multas causas possunt, locos communes nominamus ... distinguitur autem oratio atque illustratur maxime raro inducendis locis communibus et aliquo loco iam certioribus illis argumentis confirmato ... omnia autem ornamenta elocutionis, in quibus et suavitatis et gravitatis plurimum consistit, in communes locos conferuntur: de Or. iii. §106 consequentur etiam illi loci, qui quamquam proprii causarum et inhaerentes in earum nervis esse debent, tamen quia de universa re tractare solent, communes a veteribus nominati sunt, quorum partim habent vitiorum et peccatorum acrem quandam cum amplificatione incusationem aut querelam ... quibus uti confirmatis criminibus oportet...; alii autem habent deprecationem aut miserationem; alii vero ancipites disputationes, in quibus de universo genere in utramque partem disseri copiose licet: Orat. §§46-7: §126: Part. Orat. §115. Quint. ii. 4, 22 communes loci ... quibus citra personas in ipsa vitia moris est perorare, ut in adulterum, aleatorem, petulantem: ii. 1, 9-11. “Any subject or topic of a general character that is capable of being variously applied and constantly introduced on any appropriate occasion is alocus communis; any common current maxim or alternative proposition, such assuspitionibus credi[oportere]non oportere et contra suspitionibus credi oportere, testibus credi oportere et non oportere.Againinvidia,avaritia,testes inimici,potentes amici(Quint. v. 12 §§15, 16) may furnishloci communes; or they may be constructedde virtute,de officio,deaequo et bono,de dignitate,utilitate,honore,ignominia, and on other moral topics” (Cope’s Intr. to Ar. Rhet. p. 130).ab oratoribus: e.g. Cicero and Hortensius. ii. 1, 11 Communes loci, sive qui sunt in vitia directi, quales legimus a Cicerone compositos, seu quibus quaestiones generaliter tractantur, quales sunt editi a Q. quoque Hortensio, ut: ‘Sitne parvis augmentis credendum?’ et pro testibus et in testes. Aristotle madeloci communesthe subject of hisτοπικά, in eight books, and it was the substance of this treatise that Cicero reproduced in his ‘Topica.’haec recta ... in illis, &c.The opposition here is between the simple themes (cp. ex simplicissima quaque materia,§10) which deal with the general and abstract and do not diverge into the special (ii. 1, 9 citra complexum rerum personarumque), and the digressions involved in the ‘multiplex personarum causarum temporum locorum dictorum factorum diversitas,’ referred to in§10. With the former cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §67 vaga et libera et late patens quaestio: iii. §120 orationes eae quae latissime vagantur et a privata ac singulari controversia se ad universi generis vim explicandam conferunt: Brutus §322 nemo qui dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. The two form the duo genera causarum of de Orat. ii. §133 unum ... in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere quaeratur; alterum, quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur. Forrecta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentiacp. v. 13, 2 inde recta fere ... est actio, hinc mille flexus et artes desiderantur:§8above, oratio recta ... figura declinata.utique, ‘without fail’: common in this sense in Cicero’s letters. In Quintilian it is very frequent, especially in stating a consequence: cp.1 §24and note.in illis, i.e. the great majority of causes.plures excursus recipientibus, i.e. that admit of various digressions, and are susceptible of various applications according to circumstances, persons, place, time, &c.in omnes causas paratus: for the constr. cp. Tac. Dial. xli. inter bonos mores et in obsequium regentis paratos. A similar expression occurs ibid. xxxiv. solus statim et unus cuicunque causae par erat. So too x. 1, 2, above, paratam ad omnes casus ... eloquentiam.generalibus quaestionibus. Cp. iii. 5, 9 Hae autem, quas infinitas voco, et generales appellantur: quod si est verum, finitae speciales erunt. In omni autem speciali utique inest generalis, ut quae sit prior: xii. 2, 18 omnis generalis quaestio speciali potentior, quia universo pars continetur, non utique accedit parti quod universum est: ii. 4, 22 ab illo generali tractatu ad quasdam deduci species. Cp. v. 7, 35.

§ 12.confinis: frequent in this figurative sense in Quintilian: not in Cicero.

destructio ... confirmatiocorrespond respectively toἀνασκευή(refutatio) andκατασκευή(probatio). Cp. ii. 4, 18 Narrationibus non inutiliter subiungitur opus destruendi confirmandique eas, quodἀνασκευήetκατασκευήvocatur. Hermog. Sp. ii. 8ἀνασκευή ἐστιν ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ προτεθέντος πράγματος, κατασκευὴ δὲ τοὐναντίον βεβαίωσις.Forconfirmatiov. Cic. de Invent. i. 24: de Orat. ii. 331: Part. Or. 1, 4: 8, 27: Cornif. ad Her. i. 3: Quint. iv. 3, 1: v. 13, 1. Quintilian here transfers to judicial findings the language applicable tonarratio, as above:sententia= a judicial sentence, and is synonymous withiudicium. “In sententia, quae est de re iudicium, fieri potest idem quod in facto narrato, quod est res ipsa.”—Spalding. That is to say,sententiaandiudicium“pertain to individual cases (res): but the particular sentence or judgment is alsoa kindof (general)decree and prescription, or general rule of law; because, to be sustained or refuted, it must be put into a general form or statement like such a general decree. Thus the special sentence is argued (quaeritur) on the same grounds as the case itself (res) on which it has been pronounced. See the case of Milo, quoted below, ii §13. Of course no specific question of fact will come into such a discussion; only a general one of right or wrong, of legal precedent, or of law in general.” Frieze.

loci communes: ‘general arguments,’ ‘commonplaces,’ i.e. topics for argument on all sorts of matters. Cicero defines them de Invent. ii. 48 sq. haec argumenta, quae transferri in multas causas possunt, locos communes nominamus ... distinguitur autem oratio atque illustratur maxime raro inducendis locis communibus et aliquo loco iam certioribus illis argumentis confirmato ... omnia autem ornamenta elocutionis, in quibus et suavitatis et gravitatis plurimum consistit, in communes locos conferuntur: de Or. iii. §106 consequentur etiam illi loci, qui quamquam proprii causarum et inhaerentes in earum nervis esse debent, tamen quia de universa re tractare solent, communes a veteribus nominati sunt, quorum partim habent vitiorum et peccatorum acrem quandam cum amplificatione incusationem aut querelam ... quibus uti confirmatis criminibus oportet...; alii autem habent deprecationem aut miserationem; alii vero ancipites disputationes, in quibus de universo genere in utramque partem disseri copiose licet: Orat. §§46-7: §126: Part. Orat. §115. Quint. ii. 4, 22 communes loci ... quibus citra personas in ipsa vitia moris est perorare, ut in adulterum, aleatorem, petulantem: ii. 1, 9-11. “Any subject or topic of a general character that is capable of being variously applied and constantly introduced on any appropriate occasion is alocus communis; any common current maxim or alternative proposition, such assuspitionibus credi[oportere]non oportere et contra suspitionibus credi oportere, testibus credi oportere et non oportere.Againinvidia,avaritia,testes inimici,potentes amici(Quint. v. 12 §§15, 16) may furnishloci communes; or they may be constructedde virtute,de officio,deaequo et bono,de dignitate,utilitate,honore,ignominia, and on other moral topics” (Cope’s Intr. to Ar. Rhet. p. 130).

ab oratoribus: e.g. Cicero and Hortensius. ii. 1, 11 Communes loci, sive qui sunt in vitia directi, quales legimus a Cicerone compositos, seu quibus quaestiones generaliter tractantur, quales sunt editi a Q. quoque Hortensio, ut: ‘Sitne parvis augmentis credendum?’ et pro testibus et in testes. Aristotle madeloci communesthe subject of hisτοπικά, in eight books, and it was the substance of this treatise that Cicero reproduced in his ‘Topica.’

haec recta ... in illis, &c.The opposition here is between the simple themes (cp. ex simplicissima quaque materia,§10) which deal with the general and abstract and do not diverge into the special (ii. 1, 9 citra complexum rerum personarumque), and the digressions involved in the ‘multiplex personarum causarum temporum locorum dictorum factorum diversitas,’ referred to in§10. With the former cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §67 vaga et libera et late patens quaestio: iii. §120 orationes eae quae latissime vagantur et a privata ac singulari controversia se ad universi generis vim explicandam conferunt: Brutus §322 nemo qui dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. The two form the duo genera causarum of de Orat. ii. §133 unum ... in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere quaeratur; alterum, quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur. Forrecta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentiacp. v. 13, 2 inde recta fere ... est actio, hinc mille flexus et artes desiderantur:§8above, oratio recta ... figura declinata.

utique, ‘without fail’: common in this sense in Cicero’s letters. In Quintilian it is very frequent, especially in stating a consequence: cp.1 §24and note.

in illis, i.e. the great majority of causes.

plures excursus recipientibus, i.e. that admit of various digressions, and are susceptible of various applications according to circumstances, persons, place, time, &c.

in omnes causas paratus: for the constr. cp. Tac. Dial. xli. inter bonos mores et in obsequium regentis paratos. A similar expression occurs ibid. xxxiv. solus statim et unus cuicunque causae par erat. So too x. 1, 2, above, paratam ad omnes casus ... eloquentiam.

generalibus quaestionibus. Cp. iii. 5, 9 Hae autem, quas infinitas voco, et generales appellantur: quod si est verum, finitae speciales erunt. In omni autem speciali utique inest generalis, ut quae sit prior: xii. 2, 18 omnis generalis quaestio speciali potentior, quia universo pars continetur, non utique accedit parti quod universum est: ii. 4, 22 ab illo generali tractatu ad quasdam deduci species. Cp. v. 7, 35.

V:13Nam quid interest ‘Cornelius tribunus plebis,quod codicem legerit, reus sit,’ an quaeramus ‘violeturne maiestas, si magistratus rogationem suam populo ipse recitarit’: ‘Milo Clodium rectene occiderit’ veniat in iudicium, an ‘oporteatne insidiatorem interfici vel perniciosum rei publicae civem, etiamsi non insidietur’: ‘Cato Marciam honestene tradiderit Hortensio,’ an ‘conveniatne res talis bono viro’? De personis iudicatur, sed de rebus contenditur.

§ 13.C. Corneliuswas tribune inB.C.67, when he tried to do some useful work. In order to check the bribery and corruption that were rife at the time, he proposed a law to make all loans that should be lent to foreign ambassadors non-actionable. The rejection of this proposal prompted the tribune to bring forward the rogation here referred to,—ne quis nisi per populum legibus solveretur. The senate had usurped the power of giving dispensations in particular cases, without any reference whatever to the people, though constitutionally such dispensations lay with the people and not the senate. When the bill was to be read, a colleague, P. Servilius Globulus, acting in the interests of the senate, interposed his veto, and forbade the herald to make the proclamation which he would otherwise have done in the form dictated by the clerk. Thereupon Cornelius himself read the draft of the proposed law (codicem). A riot ensued, and the meeting was broken up. Cornelius was afterwards successful in securing the enactment of a law which provided that 200 senators should be present when any dispensation was granted. On the expiry of his term of office Cornelius was impeached by P. Cominiusfor having disregarded the veto of his colleague, and though the case was suppressed it came on again in the following year (65). Cornelius was defended by Cicero (Brutus §271), who delivered the two speeches of which we have a few important fragments, along with the interesting Argumentum of Asconius. Cornelius was evidently a fighting character: Asconius calls him ‘pertinacior,’ and says ‘per ... contentiones totus prope tribunatus eius peractus est.’ Another of his laws was ‘ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis ius dicerent’: “what had hitherto been understood as matter of course was now expressly laid down as a law, that the praetors were bound to administer justice in conformity with the rules set forth by them, as was the Roman use and wont, at their entering on office.” Mommsen.—For the reference in the text cp. iv. 4, 8: v. 13, 26: vi. 5, 10: vii. 3, 35 (maiestas est in imperii atque in nominis populi Romani dignitate): vii. 3, 3.reus sit. The subjunctive is motived only by the double interrogation, so there is no need for Halm’s conjectural emendation (seeCrit. Notes). In the direct speech thefinita, orspecialis causawould run: C. Cornelius ... reus est: cp. vii. 1, 34 accusatur Milo, quod Clodium occiderit: iii. 5, 10. It is put in the form of a positive statement. Theinfinita causaon the other hand is stated in the form of a question, and this form is maintained in both thefinitaeand theinfinitae quaestionesthat follow.violeturne maiestas. Asconius: Cicero quia non poterat negare id factum esse, eo confugit ut diceret non ideo quod lectus sit codex a tribuno imminutam esse tribunitiam potestatem. Cicero in Vatin. ii. §5 Codicem legisse dicebatur: defendebatur, testibus collegis suis, non recitandi causa legisse, sed recognoscendi. Constabat tamen Cornelium concilium illo die dimisisse, intercessioni paruisse.oporteatne ... interfici. This is the line taken in the Pro Milone, for which cp.1 §23. Also iii. 6, 93: iv. 3, 17: vii. 1, 34.Cato Marciam, &c.This remarkable episode is referred to also iii. 5, 11. Marcia lived with Hortensius from 56 to 50 with the consent both of her husband and her father, and then went back on the death of Hortensius to Cato. Lucan says of Cato ii. 388 Urbi pater est urbique maritus. Cp. Meyer’s Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 377: Strab. xi. p. 515: Hild also cites Tertullian (Apol. 39), St. Augustine (de Bono Conj. 18), as protesting against such an instance of pagan corruption.rebus= rebus generalibus, i.e. general questions, principles.Oporteatneandconveniatneabove give the special questions treated asquaestiones infinitae.

§ 13.C. Corneliuswas tribune inB.C.67, when he tried to do some useful work. In order to check the bribery and corruption that were rife at the time, he proposed a law to make all loans that should be lent to foreign ambassadors non-actionable. The rejection of this proposal prompted the tribune to bring forward the rogation here referred to,—ne quis nisi per populum legibus solveretur. The senate had usurped the power of giving dispensations in particular cases, without any reference whatever to the people, though constitutionally such dispensations lay with the people and not the senate. When the bill was to be read, a colleague, P. Servilius Globulus, acting in the interests of the senate, interposed his veto, and forbade the herald to make the proclamation which he would otherwise have done in the form dictated by the clerk. Thereupon Cornelius himself read the draft of the proposed law (codicem). A riot ensued, and the meeting was broken up. Cornelius was afterwards successful in securing the enactment of a law which provided that 200 senators should be present when any dispensation was granted. On the expiry of his term of office Cornelius was impeached by P. Cominiusfor having disregarded the veto of his colleague, and though the case was suppressed it came on again in the following year (65). Cornelius was defended by Cicero (Brutus §271), who delivered the two speeches of which we have a few important fragments, along with the interesting Argumentum of Asconius. Cornelius was evidently a fighting character: Asconius calls him ‘pertinacior,’ and says ‘per ... contentiones totus prope tribunatus eius peractus est.’ Another of his laws was ‘ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis ius dicerent’: “what had hitherto been understood as matter of course was now expressly laid down as a law, that the praetors were bound to administer justice in conformity with the rules set forth by them, as was the Roman use and wont, at their entering on office.” Mommsen.—For the reference in the text cp. iv. 4, 8: v. 13, 26: vi. 5, 10: vii. 3, 35 (maiestas est in imperii atque in nominis populi Romani dignitate): vii. 3, 3.

reus sit. The subjunctive is motived only by the double interrogation, so there is no need for Halm’s conjectural emendation (seeCrit. Notes). In the direct speech thefinita, orspecialis causawould run: C. Cornelius ... reus est: cp. vii. 1, 34 accusatur Milo, quod Clodium occiderit: iii. 5, 10. It is put in the form of a positive statement. Theinfinita causaon the other hand is stated in the form of a question, and this form is maintained in both thefinitaeand theinfinitae quaestionesthat follow.

violeturne maiestas. Asconius: Cicero quia non poterat negare id factum esse, eo confugit ut diceret non ideo quod lectus sit codex a tribuno imminutam esse tribunitiam potestatem. Cicero in Vatin. ii. §5 Codicem legisse dicebatur: defendebatur, testibus collegis suis, non recitandi causa legisse, sed recognoscendi. Constabat tamen Cornelium concilium illo die dimisisse, intercessioni paruisse.

oporteatne ... interfici. This is the line taken in the Pro Milone, for which cp.1 §23. Also iii. 6, 93: iv. 3, 17: vii. 1, 34.

Cato Marciam, &c.This remarkable episode is referred to also iii. 5, 11. Marcia lived with Hortensius from 56 to 50 with the consent both of her husband and her father, and then went back on the death of Hortensius to Cato. Lucan says of Cato ii. 388 Urbi pater est urbique maritus. Cp. Meyer’s Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 377: Strab. xi. p. 515: Hild also cites Tertullian (Apol. 39), St. Augustine (de Bono Conj. 18), as protesting against such an instance of pagan corruption.

rebus= rebus generalibus, i.e. general questions, principles.Oporteatneandconveniatneabove give the special questions treated asquaestiones infinitae.

V:14Declamationes vero, quales in scholis rhetorum dicuntur, si modo sunt ad veritatem accommodataeet orationibus similes, non tantum dum adulescit profectus sunt utilissimae, quia inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent, sed etiam cum est consummatus ac iam in foro clarus; alitur enim atque enitescit velut pabulo laetiore facundia et adsidua contentionum asperitate fatigata renovatur.

§ 14.Declamationes,2 §12. Quintilian defines them ii. 4, 41 fictas ad imitationem fori consiliorumque materias apud Graecos dicere circa Demetrium Phalerea institutum fere constat. Cp. iv. 2, 28-9. This sense of the word came in about the end of Augustus’s reign, though the thing was known to Cicero, de Orat. i. §149. Cp. M. Seneca Controv. praef. xi. sqq.: and see note ondeclamatoribus1 §71.ad veritatem accommodatae. That they were by no means always so may be seen from Tac. Dial. 35 Quales per fidem et quam incredibiliter compositae! Sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur. Cp. Quint. ii. 20, 4 qui in declamationibus, quas esse veritati dissimillimas volunt, aetatem multo studio ac labore consumunt. See the whole of ch. 10, ibid. esp. §4 declamatio imitetur eas actiones, in quarum exercitationem reperta est, and§12declamatio iudiciorum consiliorumque imago: iv. 2, 29 cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio.orationibus, real speeches made in court.profectus: abstract for concrete: cp. facilitatem3 §7: initiis2 §2. So too i. 2, §26 firmiores in litteris profectus alit aemulatio. SeeCrit. Notes.pariter: i.e. simul cum elocutione, this last being the most important element in such rhetorical exercises.Dispositiois defined Cic. de Invent. i. §9 rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio.consummatus: sc. adulescens, or rather iuvenis: as thoughadulescit profectusabove had beenadulescens proficit. Forconsummatussee on1 §89.velut pabulo laetiore. Livy has in the ordinary language of prose ‘ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves’ i. 7, 4: for the figure cp. Quint. viii. Prooem. §23 velut laeto gramine sata.Laetusis frequently used in Vergil of rich vegetation: e.g. Georg. iii. 385 fuge pabula laeta, where, however, as also in 494, the word means ‘luxuriant,’ in the sense of rankness rather than richness. In Lucretius ‘pabula laeta’ occurs six or seven times with armenta, arbusta, vineta: e.g. i. 14.—Hortensius is a case in point: nullum enim patiebatur esse diem quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum; saepissime autem eodem die utrumque faciebat Brut. §302.

§ 14.Declamationes,2 §12. Quintilian defines them ii. 4, 41 fictas ad imitationem fori consiliorumque materias apud Graecos dicere circa Demetrium Phalerea institutum fere constat. Cp. iv. 2, 28-9. This sense of the word came in about the end of Augustus’s reign, though the thing was known to Cicero, de Orat. i. §149. Cp. M. Seneca Controv. praef. xi. sqq.: and see note ondeclamatoribus1 §71.

ad veritatem accommodatae. That they were by no means always so may be seen from Tac. Dial. 35 Quales per fidem et quam incredibiliter compositae! Sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur. Cp. Quint. ii. 20, 4 qui in declamationibus, quas esse veritati dissimillimas volunt, aetatem multo studio ac labore consumunt. See the whole of ch. 10, ibid. esp. §4 declamatio imitetur eas actiones, in quarum exercitationem reperta est, and§12declamatio iudiciorum consiliorumque imago: iv. 2, 29 cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio.

orationibus, real speeches made in court.

profectus: abstract for concrete: cp. facilitatem3 §7: initiis2 §2. So too i. 2, §26 firmiores in litteris profectus alit aemulatio. SeeCrit. Notes.

pariter: i.e. simul cum elocutione, this last being the most important element in such rhetorical exercises.Dispositiois defined Cic. de Invent. i. §9 rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio.

consummatus: sc. adulescens, or rather iuvenis: as thoughadulescit profectusabove had beenadulescens proficit. Forconsummatussee on1 §89.

velut pabulo laetiore. Livy has in the ordinary language of prose ‘ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves’ i. 7, 4: for the figure cp. Quint. viii. Prooem. §23 velut laeto gramine sata.Laetusis frequently used in Vergil of rich vegetation: e.g. Georg. iii. 385 fuge pabula laeta, where, however, as also in 494, the word means ‘luxuriant,’ in the sense of rankness rather than richness. In Lucretius ‘pabula laeta’ occurs six or seven times with armenta, arbusta, vineta: e.g. i. 14.—Hortensius is a case in point: nullum enim patiebatur esse diem quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra forum; saepissime autem eodem die utrumque faciebat Brut. §302.

V:15Quapropter historiae nonnumquam ubertas in aliqua exercendi stili parte ponenda et dialogorum libertate gestiendum. Ne carmine quidem ludere contrarium fuerit, sicut athletae, remissa quibusdam temporibus ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate,otio et iucundioribus epulis reficiuntur.

§ 15.historiae ubertas. Cp.1 §31. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 8 Volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas ... nam saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum necessitas incidit.in aliqua ... ponenda: ‘should be introduced in some part of our written exercises.’ Becher (Quaest. gramm.) compares Cic. Tusc. Disp. iv. §42 aegritudines susceptae continuo in magna pestis parte versantur, i.e. magnam partem continent. He renders ‘Es mache einen Theil der Stilübung aus, die Fülle der geschichtlichen Darstellung in Anwendung zu bringen.’dialogorum libertate gestiendum: ‘we should indulge (‘let ourselves out’) in the easy freedom of dialogue.’ The same abl. occurs in Livy vi. 36, 1 gestire otio: secundis rebus xlv. 19, 7: in Cicero it is generally voluptate or laetitia. Forgestioc. inf. see Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 175: A. P. 159.Ne carmine quidem &c.Cp. Pliny l.c. Fas est et carmine remitti ... Lusus vocantur.Ludereis used of poetry in all the Latin poets, especially of love poetry: e.g. Ovid. Tr. i. 9, 61 scis vetus hoc iuveni lusum mihi carmen: Catullus l. 2 multum lusimus in meis tabellis: Hor. Car. i. 32 Poscimur: si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum. Even in prose it is used of light writings thrown off in sport: Cic. Parad. pr. illa ipsa ludens conieci in communes locos: especially, as here, where a contrast is implied between sport and serious business, e.g. videant ... ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi (of military exercises) de Orat. ii. §84. So too ‘ludicra’: pueri etiam cum cessant exercitatione aliqua ludicra (‘in sport’) delectantur de Nat. Deor. i. §102: exercitatione quasi ludicra praediscere ac meditari de Orat. i. §147. ‘Res ludicra,’ the drama (Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 180), introduces another set of associations.contrarium= alienum, inconsistent with one’s aim, ‘inapposite.’ So Tacitus, speaking of the unpractical character of the rhetorical theses in the schools of declamation, says ‘ipsae vero exercitationes magna ex parte contrariae’ Dial. 35: cp. ‘ubi nemo impune stulte aliquid aut contrarie dicit’ ibid. 34.sicut athletae: for this frequently recurring comparison see on1 §4.ciborum ... certa necessitate. Epictetus usesἀναγκοφαγέωandἀναγκοτροφέωfor eating by regimen like athletes in training.—The chiasmus may be noted.

§ 15.historiae ubertas. Cp.1 §31. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 8 Volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas ... nam saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum necessitas incidit.

in aliqua ... ponenda: ‘should be introduced in some part of our written exercises.’ Becher (Quaest. gramm.) compares Cic. Tusc. Disp. iv. §42 aegritudines susceptae continuo in magna pestis parte versantur, i.e. magnam partem continent. He renders ‘Es mache einen Theil der Stilübung aus, die Fülle der geschichtlichen Darstellung in Anwendung zu bringen.’

dialogorum libertate gestiendum: ‘we should indulge (‘let ourselves out’) in the easy freedom of dialogue.’ The same abl. occurs in Livy vi. 36, 1 gestire otio: secundis rebus xlv. 19, 7: in Cicero it is generally voluptate or laetitia. Forgestioc. inf. see Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 175: A. P. 159.

Ne carmine quidem &c.Cp. Pliny l.c. Fas est et carmine remitti ... Lusus vocantur.Ludereis used of poetry in all the Latin poets, especially of love poetry: e.g. Ovid. Tr. i. 9, 61 scis vetus hoc iuveni lusum mihi carmen: Catullus l. 2 multum lusimus in meis tabellis: Hor. Car. i. 32 Poscimur: si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum. Even in prose it is used of light writings thrown off in sport: Cic. Parad. pr. illa ipsa ludens conieci in communes locos: especially, as here, where a contrast is implied between sport and serious business, e.g. videant ... ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi (of military exercises) de Orat. ii. §84. So too ‘ludicra’: pueri etiam cum cessant exercitatione aliqua ludicra (‘in sport’) delectantur de Nat. Deor. i. §102: exercitatione quasi ludicra praediscere ac meditari de Orat. i. §147. ‘Res ludicra,’ the drama (Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 180), introduces another set of associations.

contrarium= alienum, inconsistent with one’s aim, ‘inapposite.’ So Tacitus, speaking of the unpractical character of the rhetorical theses in the schools of declamation, says ‘ipsae vero exercitationes magna ex parte contrariae’ Dial. 35: cp. ‘ubi nemo impune stulte aliquid aut contrarie dicit’ ibid. 34.

sicut athletae: for this frequently recurring comparison see on1 §4.

ciborum ... certa necessitate. Epictetus usesἀναγκοφαγέωandἀναγκοτροφέωfor eating by regimen like athletes in training.—The chiasmus may be noted.

V:16Ideoque mihi videtur M. Tullius tantum intulisse eloquentiae lumen, quod in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit. Nam si nobis sola materia fuerit ex litibus, necesse est deteratur fulgor et durescat articulus et ipse ille mucro ingenii cotidiana pugna retundatur.

§ 16.studiorum secessus: the ‘by-ways’ of study, remote from theadsidua contentionum asperitasreferred to above. Cp.3 §§23and28. So Tacitus contrasts the ‘securum et quietum Vergilii secessum’ with the ‘inquieta et anxia oratorum vita’ Dial. 13: cp. secedit animus in loca pura atque innocentia 12.durescat articuluskeeps up the figure of athletic contests.Articulusis properly a little limb: then esp. the finger. Cp. ii. 12, 2 excipit adversarii mollis articulus (of the gladiator handling his swordwith flexible fingers, which like xi. 1, 70 (quam molli articulo tractavit Catonem) points to a proverbial expression.cotidiana pugna retundatur: cp.1 §27velut attrita cotidiano actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur with the passage from pro Archia §12 quoted there. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 7 Scio nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi: sed non ideo semper pugnacem et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim. Ut enim terrae variis mutatisque seminibus, ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione recoluntur.quem ad modum ... sic. Cp. iii. 6, 33: v. 10, 125: ix. 2, 46, and (withita) ii. 5, 1. In the instance in the text, however, there is no comparison between two different subjects: the two clauses are parallel.Ut ... itawould have been more usual:3 §28: sicut ... ita1 §1.

§ 16.studiorum secessus: the ‘by-ways’ of study, remote from theadsidua contentionum asperitasreferred to above. Cp.3 §§23and28. So Tacitus contrasts the ‘securum et quietum Vergilii secessum’ with the ‘inquieta et anxia oratorum vita’ Dial. 13: cp. secedit animus in loca pura atque innocentia 12.

durescat articuluskeeps up the figure of athletic contests.Articulusis properly a little limb: then esp. the finger. Cp. ii. 12, 2 excipit adversarii mollis articulus (of the gladiator handling his swordwith flexible fingers, which like xi. 1, 70 (quam molli articulo tractavit Catonem) points to a proverbial expression.

cotidiana pugna retundatur: cp.1 §27velut attrita cotidiano actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur with the passage from pro Archia §12 quoted there. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 7 Scio nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi: sed non ideo semper pugnacem et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim. Ut enim terrae variis mutatisque seminibus, ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione recoluntur.

quem ad modum ... sic. Cp. iii. 6, 33: v. 10, 125: ix. 2, 46, and (withita) ii. 5, 1. In the instance in the text, however, there is no comparison between two different subjects: the two clauses are parallel.Ut ... itawould have been more usual:3 §28: sicut ... ita1 §1.

V:17Sed quem ad modum forensibus certaminibus exercitatos et quasi militantes reficit ac reparat haec velut sagina dicendi, sic adulescentes non debent nimium in falsa rerum imagine detineri, et inanibus simulacris usque adeo ut difficilis ab his digressus sit adsuescere, ne ab illa, in qua prope consenuerunt, umbra veradiscrimina velut quendam solem reformident.

§ 17.forensibus certaminibus exercitatos: Petron. 118 forensibus ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum feliciorem refugerunt.quasi militantes:1 §§29,31,79.haec velut sagina dicendi: ‘this rich food of eloquence.’ Cp. iucundioribus epulis§15above: gladiatoria sagina Tac. Hist. ii. 88.falsa rerum imagine, i.e. the declamations, which in contrast with the reality of ‘forenses actiones’ are mere shams: cp. note on ad veritatem accommodatae§14: xii. 11, 15 quid attinet tam multis annis ... declamitare in schola et tantum laboris in rebus falsis consumere, cum satis sit modico tempore imaginem veri discriminis et dicendi leges comperisse. Cp. ii. 10, 4: Tac. Dial. 35 quidquid in scholis cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel nunquam: 34 nec praeceptor deerat ... qui faciem eloquentiae non imaginem praestaret. Cp.2 §12above.inanibus simulacris: ii. 10 §8 quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque iustam consuescimus. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.ab illa ... umbra: i.e. in coming out of it. Juvenal vii. 173 ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra. Forabin sense ofpostcp. Livy xliv. 34 ab his praeceptis contionem dimisit: Introd.p. lii.in qua prope consenuerunt: xii. 6, 5 non nulli senes in schola facti stupent novitate cum in iudicia venerunt.umbra ... solem. The shady retreat of the school is constantly compared with the dust and sun of real life. Cicero, de Leg. iii. 6, 14 a Theophrasto Phalereus ille Demetrius ... mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem, sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit: Brut. §37 processerat in solem et pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo sed ut e Theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis: de §64 (umbratilis—‘cloistral’). So ‘umbraticavita’ Quint. i. 2, 18: ‘studia in umbra educata’Tac. Ann. xiv. 53: ‘umbraticas litteras’ Pliny, Epist. ix. 2, 3-4, opp. to ‘arma castra cornua tubas sudorem pulverem soles’: M. Seneca Contr. ix. pr. §4 itaque velut ex umbroso et obscuro prodeuntes loco clarae lucis fulgor obcaecat, sic istos a scholis in forum transeuntes omnia tanquam nova et inusitata perturbant. For analogies in Greek cp. Plat. Phaedrus 239 c.οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἡλίῳ καθαρῷ τεθραμμένον ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ συμμιγεῖ σκιᾷ, with Thompson’s note.

§ 17.forensibus certaminibus exercitatos: Petron. 118 forensibus ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum feliciorem refugerunt.

quasi militantes:1 §§29,31,79.

haec velut sagina dicendi: ‘this rich food of eloquence.’ Cp. iucundioribus epulis§15above: gladiatoria sagina Tac. Hist. ii. 88.

falsa rerum imagine, i.e. the declamations, which in contrast with the reality of ‘forenses actiones’ are mere shams: cp. note on ad veritatem accommodatae§14: xii. 11, 15 quid attinet tam multis annis ... declamitare in schola et tantum laboris in rebus falsis consumere, cum satis sit modico tempore imaginem veri discriminis et dicendi leges comperisse. Cp. ii. 10, 4: Tac. Dial. 35 quidquid in scholis cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel nunquam: 34 nec praeceptor deerat ... qui faciem eloquentiae non imaginem praestaret. Cp.2 §12above.

inanibus simulacris: ii. 10 §8 quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque iustam consuescimus. For the reading seeCrit. Notes.

ab illa ... umbra: i.e. in coming out of it. Juvenal vii. 173 ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra. Forabin sense ofpostcp. Livy xliv. 34 ab his praeceptis contionem dimisit: Introd.p. lii.

in qua prope consenuerunt: xii. 6, 5 non nulli senes in schola facti stupent novitate cum in iudicia venerunt.

umbra ... solem. The shady retreat of the school is constantly compared with the dust and sun of real life. Cicero, de Leg. iii. 6, 14 a Theophrasto Phalereus ille Demetrius ... mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem, sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit: Brut. §37 processerat in solem et pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo sed ut e Theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis: de §64 (umbratilis—‘cloistral’). So ‘umbraticavita’ Quint. i. 2, 18: ‘studia in umbra educata’Tac. Ann. xiv. 53: ‘umbraticas litteras’ Pliny, Epist. ix. 2, 3-4, opp. to ‘arma castra cornua tubas sudorem pulverem soles’: M. Seneca Contr. ix. pr. §4 itaque velut ex umbroso et obscuro prodeuntes loco clarae lucis fulgor obcaecat, sic istos a scholis in forum transeuntes omnia tanquam nova et inusitata perturbant. For analogies in Greek cp. Plat. Phaedrus 239 c.οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἡλίῳ καθαρῷ τεθραμμένον ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ συμμιγεῖ σκιᾷ, with Thompson’s note.

V:18Quod accidisse etiam M. Porcio Latroni, qui primus clari nominis professor fuit, traditur, ut, cum ei summam in scholis opinionem obtinenti causa in foro esset oranda, impense petierit uti subsellia in basilicam transferrentur. Ita illi caelum novum fuit ut omniseius eloquentia contineri tecto ac parietibus videretur.

§ 18.Quod ... ut. The pronoun is here used pleonastically, to lead up to the dependent clause. Cp.1 §58.M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated rhetorician in the reign of Augustus, the friend and compatriot of the elder Seneca, who praises him greatly (Controv. i. pr. §13 sq.). Of his pupils Ovid was the most distinguished. ‘In his school he was accustomed to declaim himself, and seldom set his pupils to declaim, whence they received the name ofauditores, which word came gradually into use as synonymous withdiscipuli.’ (Smith, Dict.)professoris post-Augustan: it was used of a public teacher of rhetoric, and then acquired a more extended sense: Quint. xii. 11, 20 geometrae et musici et grammatici ceterarumque artium professores: ii. 11, 1 exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum.Profiteriwith acc. is quite Ciceronian: Tusc. ii. §12 quod in eo ipso peccet cuius profitetur scientiam: ibid., artemque vitae professus delinquit in vita. The introduction ofprofessorwas helped by the fact that the verb came to be used absolutely (ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι): Plin. Ep. iv. 11, 1 audistine Valerium Licinianum in Sicilia profiteri? ibid. 14 translatus est in Siciliam ubi nunc profitetur: cp. Plin. ii. 18, 3.opinionem= existimationem, famam, with which it is often joined. For this absolute use cp.7 §17below: fructu laudis opinionisque: i. 2, 4 exempla ... conservatae opinionis: ii. 12, 5 adfert et ista res opinionem: xii. 9, 4 cupidissimis opinionis. So too Tac. Dial. 10 ne opinio quidem et fama, cui soli serviunt. In Cicero and Caesar, who also use the word absolutely, there is always an implied reference to those who have theopinio: a man’s ‘esteem’ and ‘reputation’ depend on the ‘estimate’ and ‘opinion’ formed of him by others. Cp. Videor enim non solum studium ad defendendas causas, verum opinionis aliquid et auctoritatis afferre, pro Sulla iii. §10, with opinione fortasse non nulla quam de meis moribus habebat, de Amic. §30: detracta opinione probitatis (‘character for’ high principle) de Off. ii. §34, and opinio iustitiae (character for justice), ibid. §39, with quorum de iustitia magna esset opinio multitudinis ibid. §42. So too de Orat. ii. §156 opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos qui res iudicent oratori adversariam esse arbitror. The passages in Caesar are all reducible to this ‘passive’ sense,—the estimate entertained by others: B.G. ii. 8 propter eximiam opinionem virtutis: ii. 24 Treviri quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis: iv. 16 uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint: vi. 24 quae gens ... summam habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: cp. vii. 59 and 83. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.subsellia ... transferrentur, ‘that the court should remove.’ For this general sense ofsubselliacp. Cic. Brutus §289 subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant: de Orat. i. §32 and §264 (habitare in subselliis, to ‘haunt the law-courts’). The word sometimes means the bench of judges, sometimes the seats of the lawyers, suitors, witnesses, &c., and sometimes both: Cic. in Vatin. §34, pro Rosc. Amer. §17 (accusatorum subsellia), ad Fam. xiii. 10, 2 (versatus in utrisque subselliis). In Quintilian the word is never used except of the law-courts.basilicam. The basilicae erected in or near the forum served as courts of justice as well as places for merchants and business people to meet in. See Rich. Dict. Antiq.—For the incident cp. Sen. Controv. iv. pr. Narratur ... declamatoriae virtutis Latronem Porcium unicum exemplum, cum pro reo in Hispania Rustico Porcio propinquo suodiceret, usque eo esse confusum ut a soloecismo inciperet nec ante potuisse confirmari, tectum ac parietes desiderantem, quam impetravit ut iudicium ex foro in basilicam transferretur. Usque eo ingenia in scholasticis exercitationibus delicate nutriuntur ut clamorem silentium risum caelum denique pati nesciant.

§ 18.Quod ... ut. The pronoun is here used pleonastically, to lead up to the dependent clause. Cp.1 §58.

M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated rhetorician in the reign of Augustus, the friend and compatriot of the elder Seneca, who praises him greatly (Controv. i. pr. §13 sq.). Of his pupils Ovid was the most distinguished. ‘In his school he was accustomed to declaim himself, and seldom set his pupils to declaim, whence they received the name ofauditores, which word came gradually into use as synonymous withdiscipuli.’ (Smith, Dict.)

professoris post-Augustan: it was used of a public teacher of rhetoric, and then acquired a more extended sense: Quint. xii. 11, 20 geometrae et musici et grammatici ceterarumque artium professores: ii. 11, 1 exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum.Profiteriwith acc. is quite Ciceronian: Tusc. ii. §12 quod in eo ipso peccet cuius profitetur scientiam: ibid., artemque vitae professus delinquit in vita. The introduction ofprofessorwas helped by the fact that the verb came to be used absolutely (ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι): Plin. Ep. iv. 11, 1 audistine Valerium Licinianum in Sicilia profiteri? ibid. 14 translatus est in Siciliam ubi nunc profitetur: cp. Plin. ii. 18, 3.

opinionem= existimationem, famam, with which it is often joined. For this absolute use cp.7 §17below: fructu laudis opinionisque: i. 2, 4 exempla ... conservatae opinionis: ii. 12, 5 adfert et ista res opinionem: xii. 9, 4 cupidissimis opinionis. So too Tac. Dial. 10 ne opinio quidem et fama, cui soli serviunt. In Cicero and Caesar, who also use the word absolutely, there is always an implied reference to those who have theopinio: a man’s ‘esteem’ and ‘reputation’ depend on the ‘estimate’ and ‘opinion’ formed of him by others. Cp. Videor enim non solum studium ad defendendas causas, verum opinionis aliquid et auctoritatis afferre, pro Sulla iii. §10, with opinione fortasse non nulla quam de meis moribus habebat, de Amic. §30: detracta opinione probitatis (‘character for’ high principle) de Off. ii. §34, and opinio iustitiae (character for justice), ibid. §39, with quorum de iustitia magna esset opinio multitudinis ibid. §42. So too de Orat. ii. §156 opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos qui res iudicent oratori adversariam esse arbitror. The passages in Caesar are all reducible to this ‘passive’ sense,—the estimate entertained by others: B.G. ii. 8 propter eximiam opinionem virtutis: ii. 24 Treviri quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis: iv. 16 uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint: vi. 24 quae gens ... summam habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: cp. vii. 59 and 83. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.

subsellia ... transferrentur, ‘that the court should remove.’ For this general sense ofsubselliacp. Cic. Brutus §289 subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant: de Orat. i. §32 and §264 (habitare in subselliis, to ‘haunt the law-courts’). The word sometimes means the bench of judges, sometimes the seats of the lawyers, suitors, witnesses, &c., and sometimes both: Cic. in Vatin. §34, pro Rosc. Amer. §17 (accusatorum subsellia), ad Fam. xiii. 10, 2 (versatus in utrisque subselliis). In Quintilian the word is never used except of the law-courts.

basilicam. The basilicae erected in or near the forum served as courts of justice as well as places for merchants and business people to meet in. See Rich. Dict. Antiq.—For the incident cp. Sen. Controv. iv. pr. Narratur ... declamatoriae virtutis Latronem Porcium unicum exemplum, cum pro reo in Hispania Rustico Porcio propinquo suodiceret, usque eo esse confusum ut a soloecismo inciperet nec ante potuisse confirmari, tectum ac parietes desiderantem, quam impetravit ut iudicium ex foro in basilicam transferretur. Usque eo ingenia in scholasticis exercitationibus delicate nutriuntur ut clamorem silentium risum caelum denique pati nesciant.

V:19Quare iuvenis qui rationem inveniendi eloquendique a praeceptoribus diligenter acceperit (quod non est infiniti operis, si docere sciant et velint), exercitationem quoque modicam fuerit consecutus, oratorem sibi aliquem, quod apud maiores fieri solebat, deligat, quem sequatur, quem imitetur: iudiciis intersit quam plurimis, et sit certaminis cui destinatur frequens spectator.

§ 19.inveniendi eloquendiquecovers briefly the whole field of theoretical rhetoric.apud maiores: xii. 11, 5 frequentabunt vero eius domum optimi iuvenes more veterum et vere dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent. Tac. Dial. 34 Ergo apud maiores nostros iuvenis ille qui foro et eloquentiae parabatur, imbutus iam domestica disciplina, refertus honestis studiis, deducebatur a patre vel a propinquis ad eum oratorem qui principem in civitate locum obtinebat. Hunc sectari, hunc prosequi, huius omnibus dictionibus interesse, sive in iudiciis sive in contionibus, adsuescebat, ita ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset utque sic dixerim pugnare in proelio disceret. So Cicero tells us in Brut. ch. 89 how he sought every opportunity of hearing the distinguished speakers of his day: §305 reliquos frequenter audiens acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens et commentans oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram.iudiciis intersit: Cic. Brut. §304 cui (iudicio) frequens aderam.

§ 19.inveniendi eloquendiquecovers briefly the whole field of theoretical rhetoric.

apud maiores: xii. 11, 5 frequentabunt vero eius domum optimi iuvenes more veterum et vere dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent. Tac. Dial. 34 Ergo apud maiores nostros iuvenis ille qui foro et eloquentiae parabatur, imbutus iam domestica disciplina, refertus honestis studiis, deducebatur a patre vel a propinquis ad eum oratorem qui principem in civitate locum obtinebat. Hunc sectari, hunc prosequi, huius omnibus dictionibus interesse, sive in iudiciis sive in contionibus, adsuescebat, ita ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset utque sic dixerim pugnare in proelio disceret. So Cicero tells us in Brut. ch. 89 how he sought every opportunity of hearing the distinguished speakers of his day: §305 reliquos frequenter audiens acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens et commentans oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram.

iudiciis intersit: Cic. Brut. §304 cui (iudicio) frequens aderam.

V:20Tum causas, vel easdem quas agi audierit, stilo et ipse componat, vel etiam alias, veras modo, et utrimque tractet et, quod in gladiatoribus fieri videmus, decretoriis exerceatur, ut fecisse Brutum diximus pro Milone. Melius hoc quam rescribere veteribus orationibus, ut fecit Cestius contra Ciceronis actionem habitam pro eodem, cum alteram partem satis nosse non posset ex sola defensione.

§ 20.et ipse: frequent in Livy, like ipse quoque =καὶ αὐτός. Cicero uses ipse, ipse etiam (etiam ipse). Cp. on§4:7 §26.utrimque:1 §22.in gladiatoribus: xi. 3, 66 nutus ... in mutis pro sermone sunt. Cp. Caes. B.C. i. 61 Caesaris erat in barbaris nomen obscurius.decretoriis, sc. armis, ‘decisive’ or ‘real weapons’: Seneca, Ep. 117, 25 Renove ista lusoria arma, decretoriis opus est. Cp. vi. 4, 6 pugnamque illam decretoriam imperitis ac saepe pullatae turbae relinquunt. Suet. Calig. 54 has ‘pugnatoria,’ sc. arma: opp. to ‘rudes,’ as Tac. Dial. 34 adversarii et aemuli ferro, non rudibus dimicantes, and Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. vi. 17 non enim in acie versatur et ferro, sed quasi rudibus eius eludit oratio. Quint. v. 12, 17 declamationes quibus ad pugnam forensem velut praepilatis exerceri solebamus.diximus:1 §23, where see note.rescribere:ἀντιγράφειν. Tac. Ann. iv. 34, of Caesar’s ‘Anticato,’ Ciceronis libro ... dictator Caesar ... rescripta oratione velut apud iudices respondit. The word is common in this sense in Suetonius: Caes. 73, Calig. 53, Gram. 19; cp. Aug. 85.Cestius: Sen. Contr. iii. pr. 13 (Ciceronis) orationes non legunt nisi eas quibus Cestius rescripsit. L. Cestius Pius taught rhetoric at Rome towards the end of the Republic and in the beginning of the Empire. Seneca has preserved several passages of his declamations. His hostile criticisms of Cicero were avenged on him by Cicero’s son: Sen. Suas. §7, 13. See Teuffel, 263 §6.

§ 20.et ipse: frequent in Livy, like ipse quoque =καὶ αὐτός. Cicero uses ipse, ipse etiam (etiam ipse). Cp. on§4:7 §26.

utrimque:1 §22.

in gladiatoribus: xi. 3, 66 nutus ... in mutis pro sermone sunt. Cp. Caes. B.C. i. 61 Caesaris erat in barbaris nomen obscurius.

decretoriis, sc. armis, ‘decisive’ or ‘real weapons’: Seneca, Ep. 117, 25 Renove ista lusoria arma, decretoriis opus est. Cp. vi. 4, 6 pugnamque illam decretoriam imperitis ac saepe pullatae turbae relinquunt. Suet. Calig. 54 has ‘pugnatoria,’ sc. arma: opp. to ‘rudes,’ as Tac. Dial. 34 adversarii et aemuli ferro, non rudibus dimicantes, and Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. vi. 17 non enim in acie versatur et ferro, sed quasi rudibus eius eludit oratio. Quint. v. 12, 17 declamationes quibus ad pugnam forensem velut praepilatis exerceri solebamus.

diximus:1 §23, where see note.

rescribere:ἀντιγράφειν. Tac. Ann. iv. 34, of Caesar’s ‘Anticato,’ Ciceronis libro ... dictator Caesar ... rescripta oratione velut apud iudices respondit. The word is common in this sense in Suetonius: Caes. 73, Calig. 53, Gram. 19; cp. Aug. 85.

Cestius: Sen. Contr. iii. pr. 13 (Ciceronis) orationes non legunt nisi eas quibus Cestius rescripsit. L. Cestius Pius taught rhetoric at Rome towards the end of the Republic and in the beginning of the Empire. Seneca has preserved several passages of his declamations. His hostile criticisms of Cicero were avenged on him by Cicero’s son: Sen. Suas. §7, 13. See Teuffel, 263 §6.

V:21Citius autem idoneus erit iuvenis, quem praeceptor coegerit in declamando quam simillimum esse veritati et per totas ire materias, quarum nunc facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt. Obstant huic, quod secundo loco posui, fere turba discipulorum et consuetudo classium certis diebus audiendarum, nonnihil etiam persuasio patrum numerantium potius declamationes quam aestimantium.

§ 21.per totas ire materias. This use of the prep. afterirewith an acc. of extent over which speech, thought, or feeling travels, is poetical (Aen. i. 375) and post-classical. Cp. vii. 1, 64: Tac. Dial. 32.favorabilia, ‘popular’; frequent in Quintilian, who also hasfavorabiliter. The word is first found in Velleius, also in Tacitus and Pliny.quod secundo loco posui, i.e. the practice of treating a subject thoroughly: per totas ire materias. What he recommendsprimo locois given in§§19-20. For the formula cp. vii. 2, 9: ix. 2, 6.classium: not used in this sense before the Silver Age; i. 2, 23 Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus morem, qui cum pueros in classes distribuerant, ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant, et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu videbatur. Huius rei iudicia praebebantur: ea nobis ingens palma, ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum.persuasio: frequent in this sense in Quintilian; for exx. see Bonnell’s Lex. Tac. Agric. 11. superstitionum persuasione. The interference of parents is commented on also in ii. 7, 1 Illud ex consuetudine mutandum prorsus existimo in iis, de quibus nunc disserimus, aetatibus, ne omnia quae scripserint ediscant et certa, ut moris est, die dicant: quod quidem maxime patres exigunt atque ita demum studere liberos suos, si quam frequentissime declamaverint, credunt, cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.

§ 21.per totas ire materias. This use of the prep. afterirewith an acc. of extent over which speech, thought, or feeling travels, is poetical (Aen. i. 375) and post-classical. Cp. vii. 1, 64: Tac. Dial. 32.

favorabilia, ‘popular’; frequent in Quintilian, who also hasfavorabiliter. The word is first found in Velleius, also in Tacitus and Pliny.

quod secundo loco posui, i.e. the practice of treating a subject thoroughly: per totas ire materias. What he recommendsprimo locois given in§§19-20. For the formula cp. vii. 2, 9: ix. 2, 6.

classium: not used in this sense before the Silver Age; i. 2, 23 Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus morem, qui cum pueros in classes distribuerant, ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant, et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu videbatur. Huius rei iudicia praebebantur: ea nobis ingens palma, ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum.

persuasio: frequent in this sense in Quintilian; for exx. see Bonnell’s Lex. Tac. Agric. 11. superstitionum persuasione. The interference of parents is commented on also in ii. 7, 1 Illud ex consuetudine mutandum prorsus existimo in iis, de quibus nunc disserimus, aetatibus, ne omnia quae scripserint ediscant et certa, ut moris est, die dicant: quod quidem maxime patres exigunt atque ita demum studere liberos suos, si quam frequentissime declamaverint, credunt, cum profectus praecipue diligentia constet.

V:22Sed, quod dixi primo, ut arbitror, libro, nec ille se bonus praeceptor maiore numero quam sustinere possit onerabit et nimiam loquacitatem recidet, ut omnia quae sunt in controversia, non, ut quidam volunt, quae in rerum natura, dicantur; et vel longiore potius dierum spatio laxabit dicendi necessitatem vel materias dividere permittet.

§ 22.primo ... libro: i. 2, 15 neque praeceptor bonus maiore se turba quam ut sustinere eam possit oneraverit.recidet. Hor. A. P. 447 ambitiosa recidet ornamenta: Sat. I. 10, 69 recideret omne quod ultra Perfectum traheretur.laxabit &c.: ‘he will either extend the period within which speaking is compulsory, or allow the pupil to distribute his matter over several days.’dicendi necessitatem: cp. remissa ... ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate§15, above. This would break in on the ‘consuetudo classium certis diebus andiendarum’ referred to in§21.materias dividere, i.e. he will allow the subject to be treated of in parts on successive declamation days.

§ 22.primo ... libro: i. 2, 15 neque praeceptor bonus maiore se turba quam ut sustinere eam possit oneraverit.

recidet. Hor. A. P. 447 ambitiosa recidet ornamenta: Sat. I. 10, 69 recideret omne quod ultra Perfectum traheretur.

laxabit &c.: ‘he will either extend the period within which speaking is compulsory, or allow the pupil to distribute his matter over several days.’

dicendi necessitatem: cp. remissa ... ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitate§15, above. This would break in on the ‘consuetudo classium certis diebus andiendarum’ referred to in§21.

materias dividere, i.e. he will allow the subject to be treated of in parts on successive declamation days.

V:23Diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae. Propter quod acciditut nec suo loco quidque ponatur, nec illa quae prima sunt servent suam legem, iuvenibus flosculos omnium partium in ea quae sunt dicturi congerentibus; quo fit ut timentes ne sequentia perdant priora confundant.

§ 23.effecta. There is the same antithesis v. 13, 34 ut ... pro effectis relinquant vixdum inchoata.inchoatae: Cic. de Off. i. §153 cognitio manca atqne inchoata (‘imperfect’): de Nat. Deor. ii. §33 a primis inchoatisque naturis ad ultimas perfectasque procedere: de Orat. i. §5 inchoata ac rudia.degustatae: cp. genera degustamus1 §104; the word means ‘dip into,’ ‘skim over.’Propter quod: see on1 §66, The idea contained in the relative is the superficial methods alluded to indegustatae: cp. facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt§21. When such methods are adopted, says Quintilian, everything is sure to go wrong.servent suam legem: the commencement (illa quae prima sunt: cp. priora below) is not what it should be: it goes beyond reasonable limits, as the young men crowd together in the part each is to deliver the embellishments that would naturally be distributed throughout the whole (omnium partium), if the production werediligenter effectaand not merelyinchoata et quasi degustata.flosculos: ii. 5, 22 recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti. The word is always used in a depreciatory sense: xii. 10, 73: vi. pr. §9: (opp. to certos fructus). Cp. Seneca, Ep. 33 §1 and §7 viro captare flosculos turpe est.timentes: the fear that they will not be able to finish makes them introduce into the earlier parts inapposite and confusing embellishments.priora confundant= permisceant ea rebus alienis, i.e. with the ornamentation that would have been more appropriate later on.

§ 23.effecta. There is the same antithesis v. 13, 34 ut ... pro effectis relinquant vixdum inchoata.

inchoatae: Cic. de Off. i. §153 cognitio manca atqne inchoata (‘imperfect’): de Nat. Deor. ii. §33 a primis inchoatisque naturis ad ultimas perfectasque procedere: de Orat. i. §5 inchoata ac rudia.

degustatae: cp. genera degustamus1 §104; the word means ‘dip into,’ ‘skim over.’

Propter quod: see on1 §66, The idea contained in the relative is the superficial methods alluded to indegustatae: cp. facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt§21. When such methods are adopted, says Quintilian, everything is sure to go wrong.

servent suam legem: the commencement (illa quae prima sunt: cp. priora below) is not what it should be: it goes beyond reasonable limits, as the young men crowd together in the part each is to deliver the embellishments that would naturally be distributed throughout the whole (omnium partium), if the production werediligenter effectaand not merelyinchoata et quasi degustata.

flosculos: ii. 5, 22 recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti. The word is always used in a depreciatory sense: xii. 10, 73: vi. pr. §9: (opp. to certos fructus). Cp. Seneca, Ep. 33 §1 and §7 viro captare flosculos turpe est.

timentes: the fear that they will not be able to finish makes them introduce into the earlier parts inapposite and confusing embellishments.

priora confundant= permisceant ea rebus alienis, i.e. with the ornamentation that would have been more appropriate later on.

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