Classis, of a class in a school (Suet., Col., Petr.), x.5, 21.Confinis, figuratively (Ovid, Sen.), x.5, 12.Consummatus(Sen., Mart., Plin. S.), x.5, 14: cp.i.9, 3; ii. 19, 1, and often. The Ciceronian equivalent isperfectus.Decretorius(Sen., Plin., Suet.), x.5, 20: cp. vi. 4, 6.Diversitas(Tac., Plin., Suet.), x.1, 106.Evalesco(Verg., Hor., Plin., Tac.), x.2, 10: cp. ii. 8, 5; viii. 6, 33.Expavesco(Hor., Liv., Sen., Plin., Suet.), x.3, 30: cp. ix. 4, 35; vi. 2, 31.Extemporalis(Petr., Tac., Plin. S.), x.6, 1,5and6;7, 13,16,18: cp. iv. 1, 54extemporalis oratio, for which Cicero would have writtensubita et fortuita oratio.Exundo(Sen., Plin., Tac.), x.1, 109Cicero vivo gurgite exundat.Favorabilis(Vell., Sen., Plin., Tac., Suet.), x.5, 21: cp. iv. 1, 21 and often.Formator(Col., Sen., Plin. S.), x.2, 20alienorum ingeniorum formator(sc.praeceptor).Immutesco(Statius), x.3, 16.Inadfectatus(Plin. S.), x.1, 82.Inconcessus(Verg., Ov.), x.2, 26.Incredulus(Hor.), x.3, 11: cp. xii. 8, 11.Indecens(Petr., Sen., Mart.), x.2, 19. The Ciceronian equivalent isindecorus.Inlaboratus(Sen.), x.1, 111, and often.Insenesco(Hor., Ov., Tac.), x.3, 11.Inspiro(Verg., Ov., Sen.), x.3, 24: cp. xii. 10, 62.Praesumo(Verg., Sen., Plin., Tac.), x.5, 4: cp. xi. 1, 27.Profectus(Ov., Sen., Plin. S., Suet), x.3, 2and15: cp. i. 2, 26, and often. Cicero usesprogressus,processus.Professor(Col., Tac., Suet.), x.5, 18: cp. ii. 11, 1, and often.Prosa(Vell., Col., Sen., Plin.), x.7, 19,—adjective: cp. xi. 2, 39. As a noun, ix. 4, 52, and often.Secessus(Verg., Ov., Plin., Tac.), x.3, 23and28;5, 16. Cicero usesrecessus.Substringo(Sen., Tac., Suet.), x.5, 4.Versificator(Just., Col.), x.1, 89.There is a touch of ‘nationalism’ about Quintilian’s use of the wordRomanusforLatinus.Litterae latinae,scriptores latini,poetae latini, are the usual forms with Cicero and the writers of the best period: Quintilian hasRomanes auctores(x.1, 85),sermo Romanus(ib.§100),litterae Romanae(ib.§123), and often elsewhere.The following words appear in Quintilian (Book X) for the first time, though of course it does not follow that they are his own coinage:—Adnotatio, x.2, 7brevis adnotatio.Circulatorius, x.1, 8circulatoria volubilitas: cp. ii. 4, 15. The nouncirculatorseems to have been used first by Asinius Pollio: afterwards it is found in Seneca, Petronius, Plin. S., Apuleius, &c.Destructio, x.5, 12destructio et confirmatio sententiarum. Suetonius (Galba 12) uses this word in its proper sense of ‘pulling down’ walls.Offensator(ἅπαξ λεγόμ.), x.3, 20.Significantia, x.1, 121.Several words occur which, either in point of form or meaning, indicate the influence of Greek analogies:—Recipere, x.7, 31, and often elsewhere, in the sense ofprobare. So the Greekἀποδέχεσθαι,ἐνδέχεσθαι. Cp. Plin. H. N. 7. 8, 29.Supinus, x.2, 17used, likeὕπτιοςin Dion. Hal., for ‘languid,’ ‘spiritless.’ Cp. esp. (of Isocr.)ὑπτία(sc.λέξις) ...καὶ κεχυμένη πλουσίως, p. 538, 6, R: also p. 1006, 14, R.Densus(πυκνός), forpressus: x.1, 76.Pedestris(sc.oratio),πεζὸς λόγος: x.1, 81.To these may be added the use ofsubripere(forclam facere), on the analogy ofκλέπτειν τι, iv. 1, 78:transire(foreffugere), on the analogy ofπαρέρχεσθαι, ix. 2, 49 (cp. Stat. Theb. ii. 335nil transit amantes):finisforὅρος:maxime, with numerals, forμάλιστα, &c.To the same source must be attributed the frequent use in Quintilian ofpropter quod,per quod,quae, &c. on the analogy ofδι᾽ ὅ,δι᾽ ἅ(see on x.1, 10):circa(used likeπερί), see on x.1, 52:multum(with compar.) likeπολὺ μεῖζον(x.1, 94):sunt ... differentes,2 §16.The influence of poetical usage may be seen in the frequent employment of simple verbs in the sense of compounds, of abstract nouns in a concrete sense (e.g.facilitatem3 §7), and also in certain changes in the meaning of words, each of which will be noticed in its proper place: e.g.componereforsedare;vacareused impersonally;venusforvenustas;beatusforuber,fecundus;secretum;olimof future time;utrimqueof opposite sides, &c. Such changes in meaning as will be noted in connection with words likevaletudo,ambitio,advocatus,auctor,cultus,quicumque,ubicumque,demum, and all the phenomena connected with the substantivation of the adjective (e.g.studiosus), are common to Quintilian with other writers of the Silver Age.Taking now the Parts of Speech in their order, we may illustrate the peculiarities of Quintilian’s vocabulary by reference to the Tenth Book.I. Nouns.Advocatusforcausidicus,patronus: x.1, 111(where see note): cp. iii. 8, 51; xi. 1, 59: Plin. S. 7, 22: Suet. Claud. 15. For examples of the use of this word in its earlier sense cp. v. 6, 6; xi. 3, 132; xii. 3, 2.Ambitiocarries with it in Quintilian, as generally in the Silver Age, a sinister meaning, so that Quintilian can call it avitium: i. 2, 22licet ipsa vitium sit ambitio frequenter tamen causa virtutum est. Soperversa ambitiox.7, 21: cp. Tac. Ann. vi. 46: Iuv. 8, 135. For the Ciceronian use of the word (popularis gratiae captatio ad adipiscendos honores), see pro Sulla §11: pro Planc. §45: de Orat. i. §1.Auctor, almost identical withscriptor: see on x.1, 24. Cp. Ep. ad Tryph. §1legendis auctoribus qui sunt innumerabiles.Cultus=ornatus: x.1, 124;2, 17. Cp. iii. 8, 58in verbis cultum adfectaverunt: xi. 1, 58nitor et cultus. Cicero usesornatusandnitoras applied to language: Orat. §80ornatus verborum, §13 4orationis. Cp. Tac. Dial. 20, 23.Opiniois used for ‘reputation’ (existimatio), whether good or bad. So x.5, 18(where see note): 7, 17: cp. xii. 1, 12contemptu opinionis: ii. 12, 5adfert et ista res opinionem: ix. 2, 74veritus opinionem iactantiae: iv. 1, 33opinione adrogantiae laborare: Tac. Dial. 10ne opinio quidem et fama ... aeque poetas quam oratores sequitur: Sen. Ep. 79, 16. In Cicero it is found only with a genitive (ad Att. 7, 2opinio integritatis: cp. Liv. xlv. 38, 6: Caes. B.G. vii. 59, 5: Tac. Dial. 15), or with an adjective (Verr. ii. 3, 24falsam ... malam opinionem).Opusfrequently means ‘branch,’ ‘department’ in Quintilian: x.1, 9(where see note). It is often identical with ‘genus’: e.g. x.1, 123where they are used together,quo in genere—in hoc opere. Cp. iii. 7, 28quamquam tres status omnes cadere in hoc opus (laudativum genus) possint.Valetudo, always in the sense of ‘bad health’ in Quintilian and contemporary writers. If ‘good health’ is meant, an adjective is used: e.g. x.3, 26bona valetudo: vi. 3, 77commodior valetudo. With Cicero it may mean either: de Fin. v. §84bonum valetudo, miser morbus: de Am. §8quod in collegio nostro non adfuisses, valetudinem respondeo causam: ad Fam. iv. 1, 1: in Tusc. iv. §80 he hasmala valetudo. With Quintilian’s usage cp. Tac. Hist. iii. 2; Ann. vi. 50: Suet. Claud. 26: Plin. S. 2, 20.Venusforvenustas, x.1, 79(where see note); ib.§100. This use of the word is poetical: Hor. A. P. 320; Car. iv. 13, 17. Forvenustas,leporoccurs in Cicero with the same meaning, see de Orat. i. §243: Or. §96.Other points in connection with the use of substantives are referred toin the notes: e.g. the periphrastic construction withvisorratioand the gerund (see onvim dicendix.1, 1): the concrete use of certain nouns in the plural (see onhistorias§75: cp.lectiones§45): the concrete use of abstract nouns (e.g.facilitatem3 §7:profectus5 §14: cp.silvarum amoenitasforsilvae amoenae3 §24). The frequent occurrence of verbal nouns in-tormust also be noted: in Quint. they have come to be used almost like adjectives or participles (hortatorx.3, 23:offensatorib.§20), and may, like adjectives, be compared by the aid of an adverb (nimium amator1 §88, where see note)69.II. Adjectives.Beatus(abundans,fecundus): x.1, 61beatissima rerum verborumque copia, where see note: cp. v. 14, 31beatissimi amnes. Cicero does not usebeatusof things: cp. de Rep. ii. 19, 34abundantissimus amnis.Densus(likepressusin Cicero):§§68,73(with notes),densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides: cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §59Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus. So x.1, 76,106.Exactus: x.2, 14exactissimo iudicio:7 §30exacti commentarii.Exactusbears the same relation toexigereasperfectusdoes toperficere, with whichexigereis, in Quintilian, synonymous:e.g.i. 5, 2; 9, 2. So Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Suet. Tib. 18: Plin. Ep. 8, 23; also M. Seneca, and Val. Max. ForexactusCicero useddiligenter elaboratus(Brut. §312) oraccuratus(ad Att. xiii. 45, 3): orperfectus(de Orat. i. §§34, 35).Expositus=tritus,communis: x.5, 11voluptatem expositis dare: Iuv. 7, 54vatem—qui nihil expositum soleat deducere, hoc qui communi feriat carmen triviale moneta: Sen. E. 55. Cicero has (de Orat. i. 31, 137)omnium communia et contrita praecepta.Incompositus: x.1, 66rudis in plerisque et incompositus(Aeschylus): cp. iv. 5, 10; ix. 4, 32: Verg. Georg. i. 350motus incompositos: Hor. Sat. i. 10, 1: Tac. Dial. 26: Sen. Ep. 40, 4: Liv. xxiii. 27; v. 28.Otiosus=inutilis,inanis. See on x.1, 76tam nihil otiosum: cp.2 §17. So Tac. Dial. 40: Plin. S. 10, 62. In Cicero we havevacuus,otio abundans, Brut. §3: N.D. iii. §39.Praecipuus, used by itself, see on x.1, 94.Summus, in sense ofextremus: x.1, 21, where see note. The usage is poetical: cp. Plaut. Pers. 33; Asin. 534: Verg. Aen. ii. 324venit summa dies: Hor. Ep. i. 1, 1: Ovid ex Pont. iv. 9, 59, Am. iii. 9, 27: Iuv. i. 5. Schmalz (Ueber den Sprachgebrauch des Asinius Pollio—München, 1890, p. 36) contends that this use is not Ciceronian, for while Pollio writessummo ludorum die(ad Fam. x. 32, 3) and Caeliussummis Circensibus ludis(ad Fam. viii. 12, 3—Manutius:extremisdiebus Circensium ludorum meorum), Cicero himself says (ad Fam. vii. 1, 3)extremus elephantorum dies fuit.Supinus=ignavus(asὕπτιος, p. xliii. above): x.2, 17otiosi et supini: cp. ix. 4, 137tarda et supina compositio: Iuv. i. 66: Mart. vi. 42Non attendis et aure supina Iamdudum negligenter audis. This word may have been used first by Quintilian in this sense: in Cicero it is used of the body, e.g. de Div. i. 53, 120.Noticeable also, and characteristic of his time, is Quintilian’s use ofpleriqueandplurimi, the former having often the force ofnonnulli,plures,multi(x.1 §§26,31,34,37,66,106:2 §13:3 §16), the latter losing its force as a superlative, and standing generally forpermulti(x.1 §§12,22,27,40,49,58,60,65,81,95,107,109,117,128:2 §§6,14,24:6 §1:7 §17).Nothing is more common in Quintilian than the use of adjectives (and participles) in the place of nouns.70In some cases this arises from the actual omission of a noun, which can readily be supplied to define the meaning of the adjective: for example x.5, 20decretoriis(sc.armis)exerceatur:1 §100togatis(sc.fabulis)excellit Afranius:1 §88lascivus quidem in herois(sc.versibus)quoque Ovidius. But in most cases there is no perceptible ellipse; the general idea intended is contained in the adjective itself. In the Masculine and Feminine only those adjectives can be used as nouns which express personal qualities, as of character, position, reputation, &c.: the Neuter denotes generally the properties of things, mostly abstractions. Following the arrangement of Dr. Hirt’s paper, we may cite examples from the Tenth Book as follows:—The Neuter Adjective.(1)The Neuter singular used by itself:—Nom.3 §22secretum in dictando perit.Acc.3 §30faciat sibi cogitatio secretum.Gen.3 §27optimum secreti genus:§30amator secreti. Partitive genitives:6 §1aliquid vacui: dependent on adj.1 §79honesti studiosus.Dat.: occurs in other books: e.g. i. pr. 4proximum vero: vi. 3, 21contrarium serio.Abl.7 §16cum stilus secreto gaudeat.Frequent instances occur in prepositional phrases, with accusative and ablative: these are mostly local, and the great extension of the usage in post-Augustan times points to the influence of Greek analogy (ἐξ ἴσου, ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ κ.τ.λ.). Examples are:in altum7 §28(=in profundum):e contrario1 §19:in deposito3 §33:in expedito7 §24: (vertere)in Latinum5 §2(containing the idea of locality: cp.ex Graeco):ex integro1 §20(where see note):in posterum3 §14:in publicum7 §1:in universum1 §42:in peius2 §16:ex proximo1 §13:a summo3 §2:ad ultimum7 §7; ib.16:ex ultimoib.10.Sometimes the adjective, in addition to being used substantivally, governs like a noun, the genitive depending on it being always partitive: e.g.multum1 §§80,94,115:plus1 §§77,86,97,99,106:plurimum1 §§60,65,81,117,128;3 §1;5 §§3,10;6 §1;7 §17:minus2 §12:quantum5 §8. And with a pronoun:7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum.(2)The Neuter Plural.Instances need not be cited where adjectives are used substantivally in cases which can be recognised as neuter: e.g.3 §6scriptorum proxima. Quintilian gave a wide extension to the usage even where the case could not be recognised. It can be detected most easily, of course, when the adjective is used alongside of nouns, e.g.5 §8sua brevitati gratia,sua copiae,alia translatis virtus,alia propriis; or when another adjective or pronoun is used in the nom. or acc., e.g.1 §35:3 §32novorum interpositione priora confundant:5 §11. Other instances (of 2nd and 3rd decl.) are7 §30subitis ex tempore occurrant:5 §1ex latinis:7 §6ex diversis:1 §66in plerisque:5 §11varietatem similibus dare. So with comparatives and superlatives:1 §63maioribus aptior:1 §58cum optimis satiati sumus,varietas tamen nobis ex vilioribus grata sit:5 §6certe proximis locus.The Masculine Adjective.(1)The Masculine Plural.In the following places masculine adjectives are found together, in the plural, or else along with nouns:1 §§71,124,130:2 §17:3 §16:5 §1.Single instances are (Genitive)veterum1 §§97,118:magnorum1 §25: (Dative)imperitis7 §15:antiquis2 §17:studiosis1 §45(where see note: Cicero would have haddicendi, oreloquentiae studiosis):bonis2 §3: (Accusative)veteres1 §42:posteros1 §§112,120:2 §6:obvios3 §29:intentos3 §33: (Ablative)ex nostris1 §114:ab antiquis1 §126:de novis1 §40. With the comparative5 §19apud maiores:5 §7priores: superlative1 §58confessione plurimorum. In1 §123we have one of the few instances of the addition of another adjective to an adjective doing duty for a noun—paucissimos adhuc eloquentes litterae Romanae tulerunt.(2)The Masculine Singular.When the adjective can denote a class collectively, it may be used as a noun: this is quite frequent in Quintilian, as in most writers, especially when the adjective stands near a substantive, e.g.perorare in adulterum,aleatorem,petulantemii. 4, 22.The following are cases of the isolated use of the masculine singular: (Genitive) x.2, 26prudentis est: (Accusative)2 §3similem raro natura praestat:3 §19quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.The Participle used as a Noun.(1)The Neuter Singular.Participles follow the analogy of the adjective. In addition to those which have actually become nouns (e.g.responsum,praeceptum,promissum, &c.), Quintilian uses several participles as nouns in a manner that is again an extension of classical usage. So even with a pronoun, or another adjective: e.g.2 §2ad propositum praescriptum:§11ad alienum propositum:5 §12decretum quoddam atque praeceptum:7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum.(2)The Neuter Plural.Instances of the usual kind are too numerous to mention: the participle in-us,-a,-umis found frequently in abl., gen., and dat. Not so common is the plural of the 3rd decl.:1 §86eminentibus vincimur:3 §5nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus,adhibeatur indicium inventis,dispositio probatis.(3)The Perfect Participle.In regard to the masculine plural Quintilian here follows the Ciceronian usage, according to which the participle is employed when a definite class of individuals is indicated, and aquiclause when the description is more unrestricted. Instances of the participle are1 §131robustis etsatis firmatis legendus:3 §27occupatos in noctem necessitas agit:5 §17exercitatos; rather more general isa conrogatis laudantur1 §18. The Masculine Singular is, in classical Latin, generally found along with a substantive, it being incorrect to use any such expression as, for example,manes occisi placare. Quintilian makes a very free use of this participle: e.g. i. 2, 24reddebat victo certaminis polestatem: v. 12, 2spiculum in corpore occisi inventum est, &c.(4)The Future Participle.The use of this participle received a great extension in post-Augustan times. The following are instances of its employment as a substantive: i. 4, 17non doceo, sed admoneo docturos: 21liberum opinaturis relinquo: and in the singular iv. 1, 52hoc adicio ut dicturus intueatur quid, apud quem dicendum sit.(5)The Present Participle.Frequent as is the substantival use of this participle in all Latin authors, in none is it more frequent than in Quintilian—generally in the Gen. and Dat. Sing. and Plur., not so common in the Nom. and Acc. Pl., and seldom in the Abl. and Nom. Sing. In some instances it is found alongside of a noun: e.g.2 §2:7 §3. The most common example of the Gen. Sing., standing alone, is (as might be expected from the subject-matter of theInstitutio)discentis,dicentis, &c., e.g.1 §6: for the Dative see1 §§17,24,30: Accusative1 §20: Ablative1 §15(intellegere sine demonstrante):eminentibus1 §86: cp.illis ... recipientibus5 §12. In the plural, the Genitive and Dative are equally common: for the Nominative may be quoted2 §15imitantes: for the Accusative1 §16:2 §26:3 §25.III. Pronouns.Ipsefollows the usual rules. For an interesting point in connection with its use, see on2 §15. It is often used as =per se, e.g.1 §117:3 §21: often with pronouns, e.g.vel hoc ipso(δι᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο)1 §75, cp.5 §8. Foret ipsesee note on1 §31.Hicseems frequently to be used with reference to the circumstances of the writer’s own times: e.g.1 §43recens haec lascivia: and probably also7 §31hanc brevem adnotationem. (This is certainly the case withille: e.g.illis dictandi deliciis3 §18:ille laudantium clamor1 §17.) It has been suggested that in some cases the manuscripts may be wrong: e.g.1 §6ex his(forex iis?): but cp.1 §§25,33,40, &c. Such instances of a preference forhicoveriscome under Priscian’s rule (xvi. 58),Hicnon solum depraesenteverum etiam deabsentepossumus dicere, adintellectumreferentes demonstrativum.The conjunction ofnullusandnon(=quisque,omnis) is common in Quintilian and Suetonius:7 §25nullo non tempore et loco: cp. iii. 6, 7: ix. 4, 83: Suet. Aug. 32; Tib. 66; Nero 16, &c.: Mart. 8, 20.Quicunquehas in Quintilian completely acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun: see on1 §12;105.Quilibet unus(1 §1) does not occur in Cicero: cp. i. 12, 7: v. 10, 117.Ut quiis frequently found in place of the Ciceronianquippe qui,utpote qui: see on1 §55.IV. Verbs.An instance of the use of simple for compound verbs (frequent in Quintilian and the Silver Age generally, and a mark of the ‘poetization’ of Latin prose) occurs1 §99licet Caecilium veteres laudibus ferant: see notead loc., and cp. Plin. Ep. viii. 18, 3: Suet. Oth. 12, Vesp. 6. In Cicero we haveefferre laudibus, de Am. §24: de Off. ii. §36: de Orat. iii. §52. So elsewhere in Quintilianfinirefordefinire,solariforconsolari,spargerefordispergere, &c.Examples of a change in the meaning of verbs common to Cicero and Quintilian are the following:—Componereoccurs now in the sense ofsedare,placare: e.g. ix. 4, 12ut, si quid fuisset turbidiorum cogitationum, componerent: iii. 4, 15concitando componendisve adfectibus(Cicero, de Orat. i. §202motum dicendo velexcitarevelsedare): cp. x.1, 119Vibius Crispus compositus et iucundus, whereas Cicero has (Or. §176)Isocrates est in ipsis numerissedatior. So Pollio, ad Fam. x. 33, 3 has the phrasebellum componere: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 8componere litem: Verg. Aen. iv. 341componere curas—both at the end of a hexameter: Tac. Hist. iv. 50: Suet. Caes. 4.Digerere=concoquere: see1 §19. Forconcoquerein Cicero, see de Fin. ii. §64: de N. D. ii. §§24, 124, 136.Praedicere=antea,supra dicere: see on1 §74.Recipere=probare(ἀποδέχομαι):7 §31, and often.Vacat: used impersonally1 §§58,90: cp. i. 12, 12. This usage is not found in Cicero.V. Adverbs.Abundeis often found along with adjectives and adverbs, to increase their force:1 §25abunde similes(where see note):§104elatum abunde spiritum. It has something of the emphasis of Cicero’ssatis superque.Adhucoccurs very frequently with a comparative: see on1 §71(plus adhuc) and§99. It is often used also (as in Livy and others) ofpast time, when it =eo etiam tempore, oretiam tum: e.g.scholae adhuc operatum3 §13: cp. i. 8, 2:2 §27.Alioquihas different uses in Quintilian, as in Tacitus. (1) It occurs pretty much asτὰ μὲν ἄλλαin Greek, with very little of an antithesis: e.g.1 §64Simonides, tenuis alioqui, sermone proprio et iucunditate commendari potest:3 §32expertus iuvenem, studiosum alioqui, praelongos habuisse sermones, &c. (There is a definite antithesis in what seems to be the corresponding usage in Tacitus, whenalioquiis opposed to an adverb of time: e.g, Ann. iii. 8cum incallidus alioqui et facilis iuventa senilibustumartibus uteretur: xiii. 20ingreditur Paris, solitus alioquin id temporis luxus principis intendere, sedtunccompositus ad maestitiam.) (2) It is equivalent topraeterea, ‘besides’:3 §13in eloquentia Galliarum ... princeps, alioqui inter paucos disertus. Cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 11ordo alioqui sceleris ... patefactus est. This sense is an easy transition from ‘for the rest.’ The instance in1 §128(cuius et multae alioqui et magnae virtutes fuerunt) seems to fall also under this head, unless it means ‘apart from’ the doubtful compliments they paid him (Seneca) by imitating him: cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37validus alioqui spernendis honoribus. (3)Alioquistands for ‘otherwise,’ ‘in the opposite case,’ either with asiclause, as3 §16immutescamus alioqui si nihil dicendum videatur:§30quid alioqui fiet ... si particulas, &c.: or without,6 §6alioqui vel extemporalem temeritatem malo quam male cohaerentem cogitationem. Cp. Tac. Ann. ii. 38: xi. 6.Certestands forquidemwhen the point of the sentence is reinforced by an illustration:6 §4Cicero certe ... tradidit: cp. xii. 1, 43: vi. 2, 3.Demum, which in classical Latin is an adverb of time (‘lastly’), stands in Quintilian, and other writers of the Silver Age, fortantum,dumtaxat, the idea of time having disappeared:1 §44pressa demum et tenuia, where see note: cp.3 §13:6 §5. With pronouns it is frequently used, for emphasis, likeadeo: e.g. Cic. de Orat. ii. §131sed hi loci ei demum oratori prodesse possunt, qui est versatus in rebus vel usu.Interimoften stands forinterdum, as1 §9, where see note. At3 §33we haveinterim ... interimformodo ... modo, as also i. 7, 11:interim ... interdumvi. 2, 12:interim ... non numquam ... saepeiv. 5, 20:semper ... interimii. 1, 1.Longeandmultumare both used with comparatives, instead ofmulto: e.g.longe clarius1 §67(where see note):multum tersior(πολύ)1 §94(note).Moxis used in enumerations in place ofdeinde:6 §3primum—tum—mox: cp. i. 2, 29primum—mox: ib. 9, 2primum—mox—tum.Nec=ne quidem:3 §7alioqui nec scriberentur. Cp. ix. 2, 67quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceativ. 2, 93: v. 10, 86.Nonoccurs with the 1st pers. plur. (3 §16, cp.3 §5) and 3rd pers. sing.2 §27where see note, (also afterdumxii. 10, 48 andmodoiii. 11, 24) where Cicero would have hadne: cp. i. 1, 19non ergo perdamus: ib. §5non adsuescat ergo. Cp.utinam non§100: and see note on2 §27.Non nisi. These particles (non,nisi) are used together with the force of an adverb,1 §24(where see note):3 §29. Cp. Ov. Tr. iii. 12, 36.Olimis never used by Cicero of future time, as1 §94and104(where see note). Cp. Plin. Panegyr. 15.Plane, though common enough in classical Latin, as in Quintilian, with verbs and adjectives, is not found so often in conjunction with other adverbs. There may be a touch of colloquialism about such a phrase asut plane manifesto appareat1 §53: cp. Pollio, in Cic. ad Fam. x. 32, 1plane bene: ad Att. xiii. 6, 2:plane belleib. xii. 37, 1.Protinushas its usual meaning (statim) in3 §5(where it is best taken withgaudeamus, not withofferentibus): cp.7 §21. Its employment to denote logical consequence is noted at1 §3: cp.ib.§42.Saltemis often used forquidemandneque saltemforne quidem:2 §15nec vero saltem iis, &c., where see note: cp. i. 1, 24neque enim mihi illud saltem placet.Sicut (ut) ... ita. This formula is especially common in Quintilian, either with or without a negative: see on1 §1, and cp.§§3,14,72: ix. 2, 88, &c.Ubicumque, likequicumque, has become an indefinite: e.g.7 §28quidquid loquemur ubicumque. The more classical use is found at1 §§5and10.Utique: see note on1 §20.Utrimqueis used not of place, but of the ‘opposite sides’ of a question:5 §20causas utrimque tractet:1 §131: cp. v. 10, 81: Hor. Ep. i. 18, 9: Tac. Hist. i. 14.Velutoccurs more commonly than eitherquasiortamquamin comparisons: see on1 §5velut opes quaedam, and cp.§§18,61:3 §3:5 §17:7 §1. So also7 §6ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce.VI. Prepositions.Abfor ‘on leaving,’ as in the poets and Livy:5 §17ne ab illa, in qua consenuerunt, umbra discrimina velut quendam solem reformident: cp. xi. 3, 22: i. 6, 25: Ov. Met. iv. 329: Plin. N. H. xiv. 7, 9. Soἀπὸin Homer, Il. viii. 53Οἱ δ᾽ ἄρα δεῖπνον ἕλοντο καρηκομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ Ῥίμφα κατὰ κλισίας, ἀπὸ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ θωρήσσοντο.Circadoes duty in Quintilian forin,de,ad,erga, &c.: cp. the use ofπερί,ἀμφίwith the acc. in Greek.So1 §52utiles circa praecepta sententiae: see notead loc.Citravery often stands forsineorpraeter: e.g.citra lectionis exemplum1 §2, where see note: cp. i. 4, 4neque citra musicen grammatice potest esse perfecta. In Cicerocitrais used only of place.The following prepositional expressions should also be noted:—Ante omnia=primum1 §3:2 §4:7 §6. In1 §3we haveante omnia,proximum,novissimum: cp. iv. 2, 52ante omnia,deinde: iii. 9, 6ante omnia,deinde,tum,postremo.Cum eo quodis used as a transition formula for the Ciceronianaccedit quod. A certain case of this usage occurs xii. 10, 47: the instance at x.7, 13has been challenged, but see the note.Ex integro. Quintilian prefers the use ofexin such phrases tode: e.g. x.1 §20(where see note):ex industriaib.: and soex abundanti,ex professo,ex pari, &c., elsewhere.Inter paucos, ‘as few have ever been’:3 §13inter paucos disertus.Per quae(quod) of agency or instrument:1 §87in iis per quae nomen est adsecutus.Propter quae(quod) forquam ob rem, especially in transitions: see on1 §10.Praeter id quodforpraeterquam quod: see on1 §28.Sine dubio. The use of this phrase at1 §51may possibly be an instance of the peculiarity noted by Spalding on i. 6, 12, where he points out that Quintilian frequently makes it stand forquidem, in clauses where the idea is bysine dubiomade of less account than some other statement immediately following, and introduced bytamenorsed(as i. 6, 12 and 14). Examples are v. 7, 28sine dubio ... tamen: v. 10, 53 and viii. 3, 67sine dubio ... sed. Applying this to x.1, 51Verum hic omnes sine dubio et in omni genere eloquentiae procul a se reliquit, epicos tamen praecipue, we might bring out the construction by rendering, ‘But while of course (or ‘to be sure’) Homer has out-distanced all rivals, in every kind of eloquence, it is the epic poets whom he leaves furthest behind.’ Cp. on3 §15.VII. Conjunctions.Under this head may comeAdde quod, a phrase which occurs seven times in Quintilian, five times in the Tenth Book:1 §§3,16:2 §§10,11,12: xii. 1, 4 and 11, 29. Schmalz (Ueber den Sprachgebrauch des Asinius Pollio) remarks that it must be ranked rather with Pollio ad Fam. x. 31, 4 (adde huc quod), wherequodis to be taken as a conjunction, than with Cic. ad Att. vi. 1, 7, ad Fam. xiii. 41, 1 (addo etiam illud quod), and ad Fam. xvi. 16, 1 (adde hoc quod), wherequodis a relative referring to the foregoing demonstrative. The phrase is originallypoetical: it is found in Attius, frequently in Lucretius (i. 847: iii. 827: iv. 1113), in theSatiresandEpistlesof Horace, and over and over again in Ovid: Vergil seems to avoid it. Pollio probably introduced it into prose, and from him it passed to others: Schmalz refers to Plin. Ep. viii. 14, 3: iii. 14, 6: Sen. 40, 4: Symmach. 2, 7: 4, 71: Fronto, p. 92 N.Cum interim= ‘though all the time.’ See note on1 §18: cp. § III.
Classis, of a class in a school (Suet., Col., Petr.), x.5, 21.
Confinis, figuratively (Ovid, Sen.), x.5, 12.
Consummatus(Sen., Mart., Plin. S.), x.5, 14: cp.i.9, 3; ii. 19, 1, and often. The Ciceronian equivalent isperfectus.
Decretorius(Sen., Plin., Suet.), x.5, 20: cp. vi. 4, 6.
Diversitas(Tac., Plin., Suet.), x.1, 106.
Evalesco(Verg., Hor., Plin., Tac.), x.2, 10: cp. ii. 8, 5; viii. 6, 33.
Expavesco(Hor., Liv., Sen., Plin., Suet.), x.3, 30: cp. ix. 4, 35; vi. 2, 31.
Extemporalis(Petr., Tac., Plin. S.), x.6, 1,5and6;7, 13,16,18: cp. iv. 1, 54extemporalis oratio, for which Cicero would have writtensubita et fortuita oratio.
Exundo(Sen., Plin., Tac.), x.1, 109Cicero vivo gurgite exundat.
Favorabilis(Vell., Sen., Plin., Tac., Suet.), x.5, 21: cp. iv. 1, 21 and often.
Formator(Col., Sen., Plin. S.), x.2, 20alienorum ingeniorum formator(sc.praeceptor).
Immutesco(Statius), x.3, 16.
Inadfectatus(Plin. S.), x.1, 82.
Inconcessus(Verg., Ov.), x.2, 26.
Incredulus(Hor.), x.3, 11: cp. xii. 8, 11.
Indecens(Petr., Sen., Mart.), x.2, 19. The Ciceronian equivalent isindecorus.
Inlaboratus(Sen.), x.1, 111, and often.
Insenesco(Hor., Ov., Tac.), x.3, 11.
Inspiro(Verg., Ov., Sen.), x.3, 24: cp. xii. 10, 62.
Praesumo(Verg., Sen., Plin., Tac.), x.5, 4: cp. xi. 1, 27.
Profectus(Ov., Sen., Plin. S., Suet), x.3, 2and15: cp. i. 2, 26, and often. Cicero usesprogressus,processus.
Professor(Col., Tac., Suet.), x.5, 18: cp. ii. 11, 1, and often.
Prosa(Vell., Col., Sen., Plin.), x.7, 19,—adjective: cp. xi. 2, 39. As a noun, ix. 4, 52, and often.
Secessus(Verg., Ov., Plin., Tac.), x.3, 23and28;5, 16. Cicero usesrecessus.
Substringo(Sen., Tac., Suet.), x.5, 4.
Versificator(Just., Col.), x.1, 89.
There is a touch of ‘nationalism’ about Quintilian’s use of the wordRomanusforLatinus.Litterae latinae,scriptores latini,poetae latini, are the usual forms with Cicero and the writers of the best period: Quintilian hasRomanes auctores(x.1, 85),sermo Romanus(ib.§100),litterae Romanae(ib.§123), and often elsewhere.
The following words appear in Quintilian (Book X) for the first time, though of course it does not follow that they are his own coinage:—
Adnotatio, x.2, 7brevis adnotatio.
Circulatorius, x.1, 8circulatoria volubilitas: cp. ii. 4, 15. The nouncirculatorseems to have been used first by Asinius Pollio: afterwards it is found in Seneca, Petronius, Plin. S., Apuleius, &c.
Destructio, x.5, 12destructio et confirmatio sententiarum. Suetonius (Galba 12) uses this word in its proper sense of ‘pulling down’ walls.
Offensator(ἅπαξ λεγόμ.), x.3, 20.
Significantia, x.1, 121.
Several words occur which, either in point of form or meaning, indicate the influence of Greek analogies:—
Recipere, x.7, 31, and often elsewhere, in the sense ofprobare. So the Greekἀποδέχεσθαι,ἐνδέχεσθαι. Cp. Plin. H. N. 7. 8, 29.
Supinus, x.2, 17used, likeὕπτιοςin Dion. Hal., for ‘languid,’ ‘spiritless.’ Cp. esp. (of Isocr.)ὑπτία(sc.λέξις) ...καὶ κεχυμένη πλουσίως, p. 538, 6, R: also p. 1006, 14, R.
Densus(πυκνός), forpressus: x.1, 76.
Pedestris(sc.oratio),πεζὸς λόγος: x.1, 81.
To these may be added the use ofsubripere(forclam facere), on the analogy ofκλέπτειν τι, iv. 1, 78:transire(foreffugere), on the analogy ofπαρέρχεσθαι, ix. 2, 49 (cp. Stat. Theb. ii. 335nil transit amantes):finisforὅρος:maxime, with numerals, forμάλιστα, &c.
To the same source must be attributed the frequent use in Quintilian ofpropter quod,per quod,quae, &c. on the analogy ofδι᾽ ὅ,δι᾽ ἅ(see on x.1, 10):circa(used likeπερί), see on x.1, 52:multum(with compar.) likeπολὺ μεῖζον(x.1, 94):sunt ... differentes,2 §16.
The influence of poetical usage may be seen in the frequent employment of simple verbs in the sense of compounds, of abstract nouns in a concrete sense (e.g.facilitatem3 §7), and also in certain changes in the meaning of words, each of which will be noticed in its proper place: e.g.componereforsedare;vacareused impersonally;venusforvenustas;beatusforuber,fecundus;secretum;olimof future time;utrimqueof opposite sides, &c. Such changes in meaning as will be noted in connection with words likevaletudo,ambitio,advocatus,auctor,cultus,quicumque,ubicumque,demum, and all the phenomena connected with the substantivation of the adjective (e.g.studiosus), are common to Quintilian with other writers of the Silver Age.
Taking now the Parts of Speech in their order, we may illustrate the peculiarities of Quintilian’s vocabulary by reference to the Tenth Book.
Advocatusforcausidicus,patronus: x.1, 111(where see note): cp. iii. 8, 51; xi. 1, 59: Plin. S. 7, 22: Suet. Claud. 15. For examples of the use of this word in its earlier sense cp. v. 6, 6; xi. 3, 132; xii. 3, 2.
Ambitiocarries with it in Quintilian, as generally in the Silver Age, a sinister meaning, so that Quintilian can call it avitium: i. 2, 22licet ipsa vitium sit ambitio frequenter tamen causa virtutum est. Soperversa ambitiox.7, 21: cp. Tac. Ann. vi. 46: Iuv. 8, 135. For the Ciceronian use of the word (popularis gratiae captatio ad adipiscendos honores), see pro Sulla §11: pro Planc. §45: de Orat. i. §1.
Auctor, almost identical withscriptor: see on x.1, 24. Cp. Ep. ad Tryph. §1legendis auctoribus qui sunt innumerabiles.
Cultus=ornatus: x.1, 124;2, 17. Cp. iii. 8, 58in verbis cultum adfectaverunt: xi. 1, 58nitor et cultus. Cicero usesornatusandnitoras applied to language: Orat. §80ornatus verborum, §13 4orationis. Cp. Tac. Dial. 20, 23.
Opiniois used for ‘reputation’ (existimatio), whether good or bad. So x.5, 18(where see note): 7, 17: cp. xii. 1, 12contemptu opinionis: ii. 12, 5adfert et ista res opinionem: ix. 2, 74veritus opinionem iactantiae: iv. 1, 33opinione adrogantiae laborare: Tac. Dial. 10ne opinio quidem et fama ... aeque poetas quam oratores sequitur: Sen. Ep. 79, 16. In Cicero it is found only with a genitive (ad Att. 7, 2opinio integritatis: cp. Liv. xlv. 38, 6: Caes. B.G. vii. 59, 5: Tac. Dial. 15), or with an adjective (Verr. ii. 3, 24falsam ... malam opinionem).
Opusfrequently means ‘branch,’ ‘department’ in Quintilian: x.1, 9(where see note). It is often identical with ‘genus’: e.g. x.1, 123where they are used together,quo in genere—in hoc opere. Cp. iii. 7, 28quamquam tres status omnes cadere in hoc opus (laudativum genus) possint.
Valetudo, always in the sense of ‘bad health’ in Quintilian and contemporary writers. If ‘good health’ is meant, an adjective is used: e.g. x.3, 26bona valetudo: vi. 3, 77commodior valetudo. With Cicero it may mean either: de Fin. v. §84bonum valetudo, miser morbus: de Am. §8quod in collegio nostro non adfuisses, valetudinem respondeo causam: ad Fam. iv. 1, 1: in Tusc. iv. §80 he hasmala valetudo. With Quintilian’s usage cp. Tac. Hist. iii. 2; Ann. vi. 50: Suet. Claud. 26: Plin. S. 2, 20.
Venusforvenustas, x.1, 79(where see note); ib.§100. This use of the word is poetical: Hor. A. P. 320; Car. iv. 13, 17. Forvenustas,leporoccurs in Cicero with the same meaning, see de Orat. i. §243: Or. §96.
Other points in connection with the use of substantives are referred toin the notes: e.g. the periphrastic construction withvisorratioand the gerund (see onvim dicendix.1, 1): the concrete use of certain nouns in the plural (see onhistorias§75: cp.lectiones§45): the concrete use of abstract nouns (e.g.facilitatem3 §7:profectus5 §14: cp.silvarum amoenitasforsilvae amoenae3 §24). The frequent occurrence of verbal nouns in-tormust also be noted: in Quint. they have come to be used almost like adjectives or participles (hortatorx.3, 23:offensatorib.§20), and may, like adjectives, be compared by the aid of an adverb (nimium amator1 §88, where see note)69.
Beatus(abundans,fecundus): x.1, 61beatissima rerum verborumque copia, where see note: cp. v. 14, 31beatissimi amnes. Cicero does not usebeatusof things: cp. de Rep. ii. 19, 34abundantissimus amnis.
Densus(likepressusin Cicero):§§68,73(with notes),densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides: cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §59Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus. So x.1, 76,106.
Exactus: x.2, 14exactissimo iudicio:7 §30exacti commentarii.Exactusbears the same relation toexigereasperfectusdoes toperficere, with whichexigereis, in Quintilian, synonymous:e.g.i. 5, 2; 9, 2. So Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Suet. Tib. 18: Plin. Ep. 8, 23; also M. Seneca, and Val. Max. ForexactusCicero useddiligenter elaboratus(Brut. §312) oraccuratus(ad Att. xiii. 45, 3): orperfectus(de Orat. i. §§34, 35).
Expositus=tritus,communis: x.5, 11voluptatem expositis dare: Iuv. 7, 54vatem—qui nihil expositum soleat deducere, hoc qui communi feriat carmen triviale moneta: Sen. E. 55. Cicero has (de Orat. i. 31, 137)omnium communia et contrita praecepta.
Incompositus: x.1, 66rudis in plerisque et incompositus(Aeschylus): cp. iv. 5, 10; ix. 4, 32: Verg. Georg. i. 350motus incompositos: Hor. Sat. i. 10, 1: Tac. Dial. 26: Sen. Ep. 40, 4: Liv. xxiii. 27; v. 28.
Otiosus=inutilis,inanis. See on x.1, 76tam nihil otiosum: cp.2 §17. So Tac. Dial. 40: Plin. S. 10, 62. In Cicero we havevacuus,otio abundans, Brut. §3: N.D. iii. §39.
Praecipuus, used by itself, see on x.1, 94.
Summus, in sense ofextremus: x.1, 21, where see note. The usage is poetical: cp. Plaut. Pers. 33; Asin. 534: Verg. Aen. ii. 324venit summa dies: Hor. Ep. i. 1, 1: Ovid ex Pont. iv. 9, 59, Am. iii. 9, 27: Iuv. i. 5. Schmalz (Ueber den Sprachgebrauch des Asinius Pollio—München, 1890, p. 36) contends that this use is not Ciceronian, for while Pollio writessummo ludorum die(ad Fam. x. 32, 3) and Caeliussummis Circensibus ludis(ad Fam. viii. 12, 3—Manutius:extremisdiebus Circensium ludorum meorum), Cicero himself says (ad Fam. vii. 1, 3)extremus elephantorum dies fuit.
Supinus=ignavus(asὕπτιος, p. xliii. above): x.2, 17otiosi et supini: cp. ix. 4, 137tarda et supina compositio: Iuv. i. 66: Mart. vi. 42Non attendis et aure supina Iamdudum negligenter audis. This word may have been used first by Quintilian in this sense: in Cicero it is used of the body, e.g. de Div. i. 53, 120.
Noticeable also, and characteristic of his time, is Quintilian’s use ofpleriqueandplurimi, the former having often the force ofnonnulli,plures,multi(x.1 §§26,31,34,37,66,106:2 §13:3 §16), the latter losing its force as a superlative, and standing generally forpermulti(x.1 §§12,22,27,40,49,58,60,65,81,95,107,109,117,128:2 §§6,14,24:6 §1:7 §17).
Nothing is more common in Quintilian than the use of adjectives (and participles) in the place of nouns.70In some cases this arises from the actual omission of a noun, which can readily be supplied to define the meaning of the adjective: for example x.5, 20decretoriis(sc.armis)exerceatur:1 §100togatis(sc.fabulis)excellit Afranius:1 §88lascivus quidem in herois(sc.versibus)quoque Ovidius. But in most cases there is no perceptible ellipse; the general idea intended is contained in the adjective itself. In the Masculine and Feminine only those adjectives can be used as nouns which express personal qualities, as of character, position, reputation, &c.: the Neuter denotes generally the properties of things, mostly abstractions. Following the arrangement of Dr. Hirt’s paper, we may cite examples from the Tenth Book as follows:—
(1)The Neuter singular used by itself:—
Nom.3 §22secretum in dictando perit.
Acc.3 §30faciat sibi cogitatio secretum.
Gen.3 §27optimum secreti genus:§30amator secreti. Partitive genitives:6 §1aliquid vacui: dependent on adj.1 §79honesti studiosus.
Dat.: occurs in other books: e.g. i. pr. 4proximum vero: vi. 3, 21contrarium serio.
Abl.7 §16cum stilus secreto gaudeat.
Frequent instances occur in prepositional phrases, with accusative and ablative: these are mostly local, and the great extension of the usage in post-Augustan times points to the influence of Greek analogy (ἐξ ἴσου, ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ κ.τ.λ.). Examples are:in altum7 §28(=in profundum):e contrario1 §19:in deposito3 §33:in expedito7 §24: (vertere)in Latinum5 §2(containing the idea of locality: cp.ex Graeco):ex integro1 §20(where see note):in posterum3 §14:in publicum7 §1:in universum1 §42:in peius2 §16:ex proximo1 §13:a summo3 §2:ad ultimum7 §7; ib.16:ex ultimoib.10.
Sometimes the adjective, in addition to being used substantivally, governs like a noun, the genitive depending on it being always partitive: e.g.multum1 §§80,94,115:plus1 §§77,86,97,99,106:plurimum1 §§60,65,81,117,128;3 §1;5 §§3,10;6 §1;7 §17:minus2 §12:quantum5 §8. And with a pronoun:7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum.
(2)The Neuter Plural.
Instances need not be cited where adjectives are used substantivally in cases which can be recognised as neuter: e.g.3 §6scriptorum proxima. Quintilian gave a wide extension to the usage even where the case could not be recognised. It can be detected most easily, of course, when the adjective is used alongside of nouns, e.g.5 §8sua brevitati gratia,sua copiae,alia translatis virtus,alia propriis; or when another adjective or pronoun is used in the nom. or acc., e.g.1 §35:3 §32novorum interpositione priora confundant:5 §11. Other instances (of 2nd and 3rd decl.) are7 §30subitis ex tempore occurrant:5 §1ex latinis:7 §6ex diversis:1 §66in plerisque:5 §11varietatem similibus dare. So with comparatives and superlatives:1 §63maioribus aptior:1 §58cum optimis satiati sumus,varietas tamen nobis ex vilioribus grata sit:5 §6certe proximis locus.
(1)The Masculine Plural.
In the following places masculine adjectives are found together, in the plural, or else along with nouns:1 §§71,124,130:2 §17:3 §16:5 §1.
Single instances are (Genitive)veterum1 §§97,118:magnorum1 §25: (Dative)imperitis7 §15:antiquis2 §17:studiosis1 §45(where see note: Cicero would have haddicendi, oreloquentiae studiosis):bonis2 §3: (Accusative)veteres1 §42:posteros1 §§112,120:2 §6:obvios3 §29:intentos3 §33: (Ablative)ex nostris1 §114:ab antiquis1 §126:de novis1 §40. With the comparative5 §19apud maiores:5 §7priores: superlative1 §58confessione plurimorum. In1 §123we have one of the few instances of the addition of another adjective to an adjective doing duty for a noun—paucissimos adhuc eloquentes litterae Romanae tulerunt.
(2)The Masculine Singular.
When the adjective can denote a class collectively, it may be used as a noun: this is quite frequent in Quintilian, as in most writers, especially when the adjective stands near a substantive, e.g.perorare in adulterum,aleatorem,petulantemii. 4, 22.
The following are cases of the isolated use of the masculine singular: (Genitive) x.2, 26prudentis est: (Accusative)2 §3similem raro natura praestat:3 §19quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.
(1)The Neuter Singular.
Participles follow the analogy of the adjective. In addition to those which have actually become nouns (e.g.responsum,praeceptum,promissum, &c.), Quintilian uses several participles as nouns in a manner that is again an extension of classical usage. So even with a pronoun, or another adjective: e.g.2 §2ad propositum praescriptum:§11ad alienum propositum:5 §12decretum quoddam atque praeceptum:7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum.
(2)The Neuter Plural.
Instances of the usual kind are too numerous to mention: the participle in-us,-a,-umis found frequently in abl., gen., and dat. Not so common is the plural of the 3rd decl.:1 §86eminentibus vincimur:3 §5nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus,adhibeatur indicium inventis,dispositio probatis.
(3)The Perfect Participle.
In regard to the masculine plural Quintilian here follows the Ciceronian usage, according to which the participle is employed when a definite class of individuals is indicated, and aquiclause when the description is more unrestricted. Instances of the participle are1 §131robustis etsatis firmatis legendus:3 §27occupatos in noctem necessitas agit:5 §17exercitatos; rather more general isa conrogatis laudantur1 §18. The Masculine Singular is, in classical Latin, generally found along with a substantive, it being incorrect to use any such expression as, for example,manes occisi placare. Quintilian makes a very free use of this participle: e.g. i. 2, 24reddebat victo certaminis polestatem: v. 12, 2spiculum in corpore occisi inventum est, &c.
(4)The Future Participle.
The use of this participle received a great extension in post-Augustan times. The following are instances of its employment as a substantive: i. 4, 17non doceo, sed admoneo docturos: 21liberum opinaturis relinquo: and in the singular iv. 1, 52hoc adicio ut dicturus intueatur quid, apud quem dicendum sit.
(5)The Present Participle.
Frequent as is the substantival use of this participle in all Latin authors, in none is it more frequent than in Quintilian—generally in the Gen. and Dat. Sing. and Plur., not so common in the Nom. and Acc. Pl., and seldom in the Abl. and Nom. Sing. In some instances it is found alongside of a noun: e.g.2 §2:7 §3. The most common example of the Gen. Sing., standing alone, is (as might be expected from the subject-matter of theInstitutio)discentis,dicentis, &c., e.g.1 §6: for the Dative see1 §§17,24,30: Accusative1 §20: Ablative1 §15(intellegere sine demonstrante):eminentibus1 §86: cp.illis ... recipientibus5 §12. In the plural, the Genitive and Dative are equally common: for the Nominative may be quoted2 §15imitantes: for the Accusative1 §16:2 §26:3 §25.
Ipsefollows the usual rules. For an interesting point in connection with its use, see on2 §15. It is often used as =per se, e.g.1 §117:3 §21: often with pronouns, e.g.vel hoc ipso(δι᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο)1 §75, cp.5 §8. Foret ipsesee note on1 §31.
Hicseems frequently to be used with reference to the circumstances of the writer’s own times: e.g.1 §43recens haec lascivia: and probably also7 §31hanc brevem adnotationem. (This is certainly the case withille: e.g.illis dictandi deliciis3 §18:ille laudantium clamor1 §17.) It has been suggested that in some cases the manuscripts may be wrong: e.g.1 §6ex his(forex iis?): but cp.1 §§25,33,40, &c. Such instances of a preference forhicoveriscome under Priscian’s rule (xvi. 58),Hicnon solum depraesenteverum etiam deabsentepossumus dicere, adintellectumreferentes demonstrativum.
The conjunction ofnullusandnon(=quisque,omnis) is common in Quintilian and Suetonius:7 §25nullo non tempore et loco: cp. iii. 6, 7: ix. 4, 83: Suet. Aug. 32; Tib. 66; Nero 16, &c.: Mart. 8, 20.
Quicunquehas in Quintilian completely acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun: see on1 §12;105.
Quilibet unus(1 §1) does not occur in Cicero: cp. i. 12, 7: v. 10, 117.
Ut quiis frequently found in place of the Ciceronianquippe qui,utpote qui: see on1 §55.
An instance of the use of simple for compound verbs (frequent in Quintilian and the Silver Age generally, and a mark of the ‘poetization’ of Latin prose) occurs1 §99licet Caecilium veteres laudibus ferant: see notead loc., and cp. Plin. Ep. viii. 18, 3: Suet. Oth. 12, Vesp. 6. In Cicero we haveefferre laudibus, de Am. §24: de Off. ii. §36: de Orat. iii. §52. So elsewhere in Quintilianfinirefordefinire,solariforconsolari,spargerefordispergere, &c.
Examples of a change in the meaning of verbs common to Cicero and Quintilian are the following:—
Componereoccurs now in the sense ofsedare,placare: e.g. ix. 4, 12ut, si quid fuisset turbidiorum cogitationum, componerent: iii. 4, 15concitando componendisve adfectibus(Cicero, de Orat. i. §202motum dicendo velexcitarevelsedare): cp. x.1, 119Vibius Crispus compositus et iucundus, whereas Cicero has (Or. §176)Isocrates est in ipsis numerissedatior. So Pollio, ad Fam. x. 33, 3 has the phrasebellum componere: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 8componere litem: Verg. Aen. iv. 341componere curas—both at the end of a hexameter: Tac. Hist. iv. 50: Suet. Caes. 4.
Digerere=concoquere: see1 §19. Forconcoquerein Cicero, see de Fin. ii. §64: de N. D. ii. §§24, 124, 136.
Praedicere=antea,supra dicere: see on1 §74.
Recipere=probare(ἀποδέχομαι):7 §31, and often.
Vacat: used impersonally1 §§58,90: cp. i. 12, 12. This usage is not found in Cicero.
Abundeis often found along with adjectives and adverbs, to increase their force:1 §25abunde similes(where see note):§104elatum abunde spiritum. It has something of the emphasis of Cicero’ssatis superque.
Adhucoccurs very frequently with a comparative: see on1 §71(plus adhuc) and§99. It is often used also (as in Livy and others) ofpast time, when it =eo etiam tempore, oretiam tum: e.g.scholae adhuc operatum3 §13: cp. i. 8, 2:2 §27.
Alioquihas different uses in Quintilian, as in Tacitus. (1) It occurs pretty much asτὰ μὲν ἄλλαin Greek, with very little of an antithesis: e.g.1 §64Simonides, tenuis alioqui, sermone proprio et iucunditate commendari potest:3 §32expertus iuvenem, studiosum alioqui, praelongos habuisse sermones, &c. (There is a definite antithesis in what seems to be the corresponding usage in Tacitus, whenalioquiis opposed to an adverb of time: e.g, Ann. iii. 8cum incallidus alioqui et facilis iuventa senilibustumartibus uteretur: xiii. 20ingreditur Paris, solitus alioquin id temporis luxus principis intendere, sedtunccompositus ad maestitiam.) (2) It is equivalent topraeterea, ‘besides’:3 §13in eloquentia Galliarum ... princeps, alioqui inter paucos disertus. Cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 11ordo alioqui sceleris ... patefactus est. This sense is an easy transition from ‘for the rest.’ The instance in1 §128(cuius et multae alioqui et magnae virtutes fuerunt) seems to fall also under this head, unless it means ‘apart from’ the doubtful compliments they paid him (Seneca) by imitating him: cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37validus alioqui spernendis honoribus. (3)Alioquistands for ‘otherwise,’ ‘in the opposite case,’ either with asiclause, as3 §16immutescamus alioqui si nihil dicendum videatur:§30quid alioqui fiet ... si particulas, &c.: or without,6 §6alioqui vel extemporalem temeritatem malo quam male cohaerentem cogitationem. Cp. Tac. Ann. ii. 38: xi. 6.
Certestands forquidemwhen the point of the sentence is reinforced by an illustration:6 §4Cicero certe ... tradidit: cp. xii. 1, 43: vi. 2, 3.
Demum, which in classical Latin is an adverb of time (‘lastly’), stands in Quintilian, and other writers of the Silver Age, fortantum,dumtaxat, the idea of time having disappeared:1 §44pressa demum et tenuia, where see note: cp.3 §13:6 §5. With pronouns it is frequently used, for emphasis, likeadeo: e.g. Cic. de Orat. ii. §131sed hi loci ei demum oratori prodesse possunt, qui est versatus in rebus vel usu.
Interimoften stands forinterdum, as1 §9, where see note. At3 §33we haveinterim ... interimformodo ... modo, as also i. 7, 11:interim ... interdumvi. 2, 12:interim ... non numquam ... saepeiv. 5, 20:semper ... interimii. 1, 1.
Longeandmultumare both used with comparatives, instead ofmulto: e.g.longe clarius1 §67(where see note):multum tersior(πολύ)1 §94(note).
Moxis used in enumerations in place ofdeinde:6 §3primum—tum—mox: cp. i. 2, 29primum—mox: ib. 9, 2primum—mox—tum.
Nec=ne quidem:3 §7alioqui nec scriberentur. Cp. ix. 2, 67quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceativ. 2, 93: v. 10, 86.
Nonoccurs with the 1st pers. plur. (3 §16, cp.3 §5) and 3rd pers. sing.2 §27where see note, (also afterdumxii. 10, 48 andmodoiii. 11, 24) where Cicero would have hadne: cp. i. 1, 19non ergo perdamus: ib. §5non adsuescat ergo. Cp.utinam non§100: and see note on2 §27.
Non nisi. These particles (non,nisi) are used together with the force of an adverb,1 §24(where see note):3 §29. Cp. Ov. Tr. iii. 12, 36.
Olimis never used by Cicero of future time, as1 §94and104(where see note). Cp. Plin. Panegyr. 15.
Plane, though common enough in classical Latin, as in Quintilian, with verbs and adjectives, is not found so often in conjunction with other adverbs. There may be a touch of colloquialism about such a phrase asut plane manifesto appareat1 §53: cp. Pollio, in Cic. ad Fam. x. 32, 1plane bene: ad Att. xiii. 6, 2:plane belleib. xii. 37, 1.
Protinushas its usual meaning (statim) in3 §5(where it is best taken withgaudeamus, not withofferentibus): cp.7 §21. Its employment to denote logical consequence is noted at1 §3: cp.ib.§42.
Saltemis often used forquidemandneque saltemforne quidem:2 §15nec vero saltem iis, &c., where see note: cp. i. 1, 24neque enim mihi illud saltem placet.
Sicut (ut) ... ita. This formula is especially common in Quintilian, either with or without a negative: see on1 §1, and cp.§§3,14,72: ix. 2, 88, &c.
Ubicumque, likequicumque, has become an indefinite: e.g.7 §28quidquid loquemur ubicumque. The more classical use is found at1 §§5and10.
Utique: see note on1 §20.
Utrimqueis used not of place, but of the ‘opposite sides’ of a question:5 §20causas utrimque tractet:1 §131: cp. v. 10, 81: Hor. Ep. i. 18, 9: Tac. Hist. i. 14.
Velutoccurs more commonly than eitherquasiortamquamin comparisons: see on1 §5velut opes quaedam, and cp.§§18,61:3 §3:5 §17:7 §1. So also7 §6ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce.
Abfor ‘on leaving,’ as in the poets and Livy:5 §17ne ab illa, in qua consenuerunt, umbra discrimina velut quendam solem reformident: cp. xi. 3, 22: i. 6, 25: Ov. Met. iv. 329: Plin. N. H. xiv. 7, 9. Soἀπὸin Homer, Il. viii. 53Οἱ δ᾽ ἄρα δεῖπνον ἕλοντο καρηκομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ Ῥίμφα κατὰ κλισίας, ἀπὸ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ θωρήσσοντο.
Circadoes duty in Quintilian forin,de,ad,erga, &c.: cp. the use ofπερί,ἀμφίwith the acc. in Greek.So1 §52utiles circa praecepta sententiae: see notead loc.
Citravery often stands forsineorpraeter: e.g.citra lectionis exemplum1 §2, where see note: cp. i. 4, 4neque citra musicen grammatice potest esse perfecta. In Cicerocitrais used only of place.
The following prepositional expressions should also be noted:—
Ante omnia=primum1 §3:2 §4:7 §6. In1 §3we haveante omnia,proximum,novissimum: cp. iv. 2, 52ante omnia,deinde: iii. 9, 6ante omnia,deinde,tum,postremo.
Cum eo quodis used as a transition formula for the Ciceronianaccedit quod. A certain case of this usage occurs xii. 10, 47: the instance at x.7, 13has been challenged, but see the note.
Ex integro. Quintilian prefers the use ofexin such phrases tode: e.g. x.1 §20(where see note):ex industriaib.: and soex abundanti,ex professo,ex pari, &c., elsewhere.
Inter paucos, ‘as few have ever been’:3 §13inter paucos disertus.
Per quae(quod) of agency or instrument:1 §87in iis per quae nomen est adsecutus.
Propter quae(quod) forquam ob rem, especially in transitions: see on1 §10.
Praeter id quodforpraeterquam quod: see on1 §28.
Sine dubio. The use of this phrase at1 §51may possibly be an instance of the peculiarity noted by Spalding on i. 6, 12, where he points out that Quintilian frequently makes it stand forquidem, in clauses where the idea is bysine dubiomade of less account than some other statement immediately following, and introduced bytamenorsed(as i. 6, 12 and 14). Examples are v. 7, 28sine dubio ... tamen: v. 10, 53 and viii. 3, 67sine dubio ... sed. Applying this to x.1, 51Verum hic omnes sine dubio et in omni genere eloquentiae procul a se reliquit, epicos tamen praecipue, we might bring out the construction by rendering, ‘But while of course (or ‘to be sure’) Homer has out-distanced all rivals, in every kind of eloquence, it is the epic poets whom he leaves furthest behind.’ Cp. on3 §15.
Under this head may comeAdde quod, a phrase which occurs seven times in Quintilian, five times in the Tenth Book:1 §§3,16:2 §§10,11,12: xii. 1, 4 and 11, 29. Schmalz (Ueber den Sprachgebrauch des Asinius Pollio) remarks that it must be ranked rather with Pollio ad Fam. x. 31, 4 (adde huc quod), wherequodis to be taken as a conjunction, than with Cic. ad Att. vi. 1, 7, ad Fam. xiii. 41, 1 (addo etiam illud quod), and ad Fam. xvi. 16, 1 (adde hoc quod), wherequodis a relative referring to the foregoing demonstrative. The phrase is originallypoetical: it is found in Attius, frequently in Lucretius (i. 847: iii. 827: iv. 1113), in theSatiresandEpistlesof Horace, and over and over again in Ovid: Vergil seems to avoid it. Pollio probably introduced it into prose, and from him it passed to others: Schmalz refers to Plin. Ep. viii. 14, 3: iii. 14, 6: Sen. 40, 4: Symmach. 2, 7: 4, 71: Fronto, p. 92 N.
Cum interim= ‘though all the time.’ See note on1 §18: cp. § III.