FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[1194]Cf. J. Déchelette,Manuel d'archéologie préhistorique, Vol.II.1910, p. 2, and for neolithic trade routes,ib.Vol.I.p. 626.[1195]The Tell-el-Amarna correspondence contains names of chieftains in Syria and Palestine about 1400B.C., including the name of Tushratta, king of Mitanni; the Boghaz Keui document with Iranian divine names, and Babylonian records of Iranian names from the Persian highlands, are a little later in date.[1196]J. L. Myres,The Dawn of History, 1911, p. 200.[1197]Cf. P. Giles, Art. "Indo-European Languages" inEncy. Brit.1911.[1198]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, pp. 40 and 486-528.[1199]O. Schrader,Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 3rd ed. 1906-7.[1200]G. Kossinna,Die Herkunft der Germanen, 1911.[1201]H. Hirt,Die Indogermanen, ihre Verbreitung, ihre Urheimat und ihre Kultur, 1905-7.[1202]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, pp. 40 and 486-528.[1203]Deutsche Altertumskunde,I.1913, p. 49.[1204]See Note 3, p. 441 above.[1205]Art. "Indo-European Languages,"Ency. Brit.1911, p. 500.[1206]Centum (hard guttural) group is the name applied to the Western and entirely European branches of the Indo-European family, as opposed to the satem (sibilant) group, situated mainly in Asia.[1207]The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 17 and chap.XVII.European origins: Race and Language: The Aryan Question.[1208]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, pp. 497, 501 ff.[1209]Cf. T. Rice Holmes,Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 273.[1210]E. de Michelis,L'origine degli Indo-Europei, 1905.[1211]Even Sweden, regarded as the home of the purest Nordic type, already had a brachycephalic mixture in the Stone Age. See G. Retzius, "The So-called North European Race of Mankind,"Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst.XXXIX.1909, p. 304.[1212]Cf. E. Meyer,Geschichte des Altertums, 1909, l. 2, § 551.[1213]For the working out of this hypothesis see T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.II.1913.[1214]H. M. Chadwick, Art. "Teutonic Peoples" inEncy. Brit.1911. Cf. S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 480.[1215]See R. Much, Art. "Germanen," J. Hoops'Reallexikon d. Germ. Altertumskunde, 1914.[1216]H. M. Chadwick,The Origin of the English Nation, 1907, pp. 210-215. For a full account of the affinities of theCimbriandTeutonisee T. Rice Holmes,Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, pp. 546-553.[1217]Paper read at the Meeting of the Ger. Anthrop. Soc., Spiers, 1896. Figures of Bastarnae from the Adamklissi monument and elsewhere are reproduced in H. Hahne'sDas Vorgeschichtliche Europa: Kulturen und Völker, 1910, figs. 144, 149. Cf. T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 430.[1218]Cf. H. M. Chadwick,The Origin of the English Nation, 1907, pp. 174 and 219.[1219]Monuments runiquesinMém. Soc. R. Ant. du Nord, 1893.[1220]"Lactea cutis" (Sidonius Apollinaris).[1221]W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 205 ff. See also O. Montelius,Kulturgeschichte Schwedens, 1906; G. Retzius and C. M. Fürst,Anthropologica Suecica, 1902.[1222]Commonly called the Borreby type from skulls found at Borreby in the island of Falster, which resemble Round Barrow skulls in Britain.[1223]For Denmark consultMeddelelser om Danmarks Antropologiudgivne af den Antropologiske Komité, with English summaries, Bd.I.1907-1911, Bd.II.1913.[1224]The results were tabulated by Virchow and may be seen, without going to German sources, in W. Z. Ripley's map, p. 222, ofThe Races of Europe, 1900, where the whole question is fully dealt with.[1225]See Ripley's Craniological chart in "Une carte de l'Indice Céphalique en Europe,"L'Anthropologie,VII.1896, p. 513.[1226]The case is stated in uncompromising language by Alfred Fouillée: "Une autre loi, plus généralement admise, c'est que depuis les temps préhistoriques, les brachycéphales tendent à éliminer les dolichocéphales par l'invasion progressive des couches inférieures et l'absorption des aristocraties dans les démocraties, où elles viennent se noyer" (Rev. des Deux Mondes, March 15, 1895).[1227]Recherches Anthrop. sur le Problème de la Dépopulation, inRev. d'Économie politique,IX.p. 1002;X.p. 132 (1895-6).[1228]Nature, 1897, p. 487. Cf. also A. Thomson, "Consideration of ... factors concerned in production of Man's Cranial Form,"Journ. Anthr. Inst.XXXIII.1903, and A. Keith, "The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLV.1915.[1229]Livi's results for Italy (Antropometria Militare) differ in some respects from those of de Lapouge and Ammon for France and Baden. Thus he finds that in the brachy districts the urban population is less brachy than the rural, while in the dolicho districts the towns are more brachy than the plains.[1230]Dealing with some studies of the Lithuanian race, Deniker writes: "Ainsi donc, contrairement aux idées de MM. de Lapouge et Ammon, en Pologne, comme d'ailleurs en Italie, les classes les plus instruites, dirigeantes, urbaines, sont plus brachy que les paysans" (L'Anthropologie, 1896, p. 351). Similar contradictions occur in connection with light and dark hair, eyes, etc.[1231]"E qui non posso tralasciare di avvertire un errore assai diffuso fra gli antropologi ... i quali vorrebbero ammettere una trasformazione del cranio da dolicocefalo in brachicefalo" (Arii e Italici, p. 155).[1232]W. Z. Ripley'sThe Races of Europe, 1900, p. 544 ff.[1233]This specialist insists "dass von einer mongolischen Einwanderung in Europa keine Rede mehr sein könne" (Der europäische Mensch. u. die Tiroler, 1896). He is of course speaking of prehistoric times, not of the late (historical) Mongol irruptions. Cf. T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 452, with reference to mongoloid traits in Bavaria.[1234]"Malgré les nombreuses invasions des populations germaniques, le Tyrolien est resté, quant à sa conformation cranienne, le Rasène ou Rhætien des temps antiques—hyperbrachycéphale" (Les Aryens, p. 7). The mean index of the so-called Disentis type of Rhaetian skulls is about 86 (His and Rütimeyer,Crania Helvetica, p. 29 and PlateE.1).[1235]"The Tyrrhenians in Greece and Italy," inJourn. Anthrop. Inst.1897, p. 258. In this splendidly illustrated paper the date of the immigration is referred to the 11th centuryB.C.on the ground that the first Etruscan saeculum was considered as beginning about 1050B.C., presumably the date of their arrival in Italy (p. 259). But Sergi thinks they did not arrive till about the end of the 8th century (Arii e Italici, p. 149).[1236]See R. S. Conway, Art. Etruria: Language,Ency. Brit.1911.[1237]Op. cit.p. 151. By German he means the round-headed South German.[1238]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 370.[1239]S. Feist,loc. cit.p. 65. For cultural and linguistic influence of Celts on Germans see pp. 480 ff. Evidence of Celtic names in Germany is discussed by H. M. Chadwick "Some German River names,"Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway, 1913.[1240]H. d'Arbois de Jubainville,Les Celtes depuis les Temps les plus anciens jusqu'en l'an 100 avant notre ère, 1904, p. 1.[1241]G. Dottin,Manuel pour servir à l'étude de l'Antiquité Celtique, 1915, p. 1.[1242]T. Rice Holmes, Caesar'sConquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 321. W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, reviewing the "Celtic Question, than which no greater stumbling-block in the way of our clear thinking exists" (p. 124) comes to a different conclusion. He states that "the termCelt, if used at all, belongs to the ... brachycephalic, darkish population of the Alpine highlands," and he claims for this view "complete unanimity of opinion among physical anthropologists" (p. 126). His own view however is that "the linguists are best entitled to the nameCelt" while the broad-headed type commonly called Celtic by continental writers "we shall ... everywhere ... call ... Alpine" (p. 128).[1243]Cf. the similar dual treatment in Italic.[1244]"No Gael [i.e.Q Celt] ever set his foot on British soil save on a vessel that had put out from Ireland." Kuno Meyer,Trans. Hon. Soc. Cymmrodorion, 1895-6, p. 69.[1245]Ancient Britain, 1907, pp. 409-424.[1246]Das keltische Britannien, 1912, pp. 28-37.[1247]J. Rhys,The Welsh People, 1902, pp. 13-14.[1248]Das keltische Britannien, 1912, pp. 28-37.[1249]Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 414. The name of the Picts is apparently Indo-European in form, and if the Celts were late comers into Britain (see above) they may well have been preceded by invaders of Indo-European speech.[1250]T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 408. Cf. A. Keith, "The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLV.1915.[1251]Quoted in T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, pp. 426-427.[1252]T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 443. See also John Abercromby,A Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland and its associated Grave Goods, 1912, tracing the distribution and migration of pottery forms: and the following papers of H. J. Fleure, "Archaeological Problems of the West Coast of Britain,"Archaeologia Cambrensis, Oct. 1915; "The Early Distribution of Population in South Britain,"ib.April, 1916; "The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLVI.1916, and "A Proposal for Local Surveys of the British People,"Arch. Camb.Jan. 1917.[1253]W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 310; T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 432.[1254]G. Coffey and R. Lloyd Praeger, "The Antrim Raised Beach: a Contribution to the Neolithic History of the North of Ireland,"Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.XXV.(c.) 1904. See also the valuable series of "Reports on Prehistoric Remains from the Sandhills of the Coast of Ireland,"P. R. I. A.XVI.[1255]Man,IX.1909,No.54.[1256]Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.(3),III.1896, p. 727.[1257]Cf. also J. Wilfred Jackson, "The Geographical Distribution of the Shell-Purple Industry,"Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.LX.No. 7, 1916.[1258]Survivals from the Palaeolithic Age among Irish Neolithic Implements, 1897.[1259]The Dolmens of Ireland, 1897.[1260]They need not, however, have come from Britain, and the allusions in Irish literature to direct immigration from Spain, probable enough in itself, are too numerous to be disregarded. Thus, Geoffrey of Monmouth:—"Hibernia Basclensibus [to the Basques] incolenda datur" (Hist. Reg. Brit.III.§ 12); and Giraldus Cambrensis:—"De Gurguntio Brytonum Rege, qui Rasclenses [read Basclenses] in Hiberniam transmisit et eandem ipsis habitandam concessit." I am indebted to Wentworth Webster for these references (Academy, Oct. 19, 1895).[1261]H. Zimmer, "Auf welchen Wege kamen die Goidelen vom Kontinent nach Irland?"Abh. d. K. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.1912.[1262]J. Gray, "Memoir on the Pigmentation Survey of Scotland,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XXXVII.1907.[1263]"A Last Contribution to Scottish Ethnology,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XXXVIII.1908.[1264]"The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLVI.1916.[1265]For the explanation see W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 322 ff.[1266]W. Z. Ripley,loc. cit.p. 329.[1267]"The Frenchman, the German, the Italian, the Englishman, to each of whom his own literature and the great traditions of his national life are most dear and familiar, cannot help but feel that the vernacular in which these are embodied and expressed is, and must be, superior to the alien and awkward languages of his neighbours." L. Pearsall Smith,The English Language, p. 54.[1268]See above p. 455. T. Rice Holmes points out that the Aquitani were already mixed in type.Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 12.[1269]See above p. 454.[1270]That is, the languages whose affirmatives were the Latin pronounshoc illud(oil) andhoc(oc), the former being more contracted, the latter more expanded, as we see in the very names of the respective Northern and Southern bards:TrouvèresandTroubadours. It was customary in medieval times to name languages in this way, Dante, for instance, calling Italianla lingua del si, "the language ofyes"; and, strange to say, the same usage prevails largely amongst the Australian aborigines, who, however, use both the affirmative and the negative particles, so that we have hereno- as well asyes-tribes.[1271]S. Feist points out that two physical types were recognised in antiquity, one dark and one fair, and reference to red hair and fair skin suggests Celtic infusion.Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 365.[1272]Science Progress, p. 159.[1273]"The Portuguese are much mixed with Negroes more particularly in the south and along the coast. The slave trade existed long before the Negroes of Guinea were exported to the plantations of America. Damião de Goes estimated the number of blacks imported into Lisbon alone during the 16th century at 10,000 or 12,000 per annum. If contemporary eye-witnesses can be trusted, the number of blacks met with in the streets of Lisbon equalled that of the whites. Not a house but had its negro servants, and the wealthy owned entire gangs of them" (Reclus,I.p. 471).[1274]"The Spanish People,"Cont. Rev.May, 1907, andThe Soul of Spain, 1908.[1275]T. E. Peet,Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily, 1909, gives a full account of the archaeology.[1276]"Zur Paläoethnologie Mittel- u. Südeuropas" inMitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges.1897, p. 18. It should here be noted that in hisHistory of the Greek Language(1896) Kretschmer connects the inscriptions of the Veneti in north Italy and of the Messapians in the south with the Illyrian linguistic family, which he regards as Aryan intermediate between the Greek and the Italic branches, the present Albanian being a surviving member of it. In the same Illyrian family W. M. Lindsay would also include the "Old Sabellian" of Picenum, "believed to be the oldest inscriptions on Italian soil. The manifest identity of the nameAodatosand the wordmeitimonwith the Illyrian namesΑὐδάταandMeitimais almost sufficient of itself to prove these inscriptions to be Illyrian. Further the whole character of their language, with its Greek and its Italic features, corresponds with what we know and what we can safely infer about the Illyrian family of languages" (Academy, Oct. 24, 1896). Cf. R. S. Conway,The Italic Dialects, 1897.[1277]R. Munro,Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia, 1900. See also W. Ridgeway,The Early Age of Greece, 1901, ch.V., showing that remains of the Iron Age in Bosnia are closely connected with Hallstatt and La Tène cultures.[1278]Arii e Italici, p. 158 sq.[1279]"Liguri e Pelasgi furono i primi abitatori d'Italia; e Liguri sembra siano stati quelli che occupavano la Valle del Po e costrussero le palafitte, e Liguri forse anche i costruttori delle palafitte svizzere: Mediterranei tutti" (Ib.p. 138).[1280]Ripley's chart shows a range of from 87 in Piedmont to 76 and 77 in Calabria, Puglia, and Sardinia, and 75 and under in Corsica.The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 251.[1281]But cf. W. Ridgeway,Who were the Romans?1908.[1282]The true name of these southern or Macedo-Rumanians, as pointed out by Gustav Weigland (Globus,LXXI.p. 54), isAramániorArmáni,i.e."Romans."Tsintsar,Kutzo-Vlack, etc. are mere nicknames, by which they are known to their Macedonian (Bulgar and Greek) neighbours. See also W. R. Morfill inAcademy, July 1, 1893. The Vlachs of Macedonia are described by E. Pears,Turkey and its People, 1911, and a full account of the Balkan Vlachs is given by A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson,The Nomads of the Balkans, 1914.[1283]Romänische Studien, Leipzig, 1871.[1284]Les Roumains au Moyen Age, passim.Hunfalvy, quoted by A. J. Patterson (Academy, Sept. 7, 1895), also shows that "for a thousand years there is no authentic mention of a Latin or Romance speaking population north of the Danube."[1285]This view is held by L. Réthy, also quoted by Patterson, and the termVlack(Welsch, whence Wallachia) applied to the Rumanians by all their Slav and Greek neighbours points in the same direction.[1286]T. Peisker, "The Asiatic Background,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.I.1911, p. 356, and "The Expansion of the Slavs,"ib.Vol.II.1913, p. 440.[1287]Mitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges.1897, p. 18.[1288]Dawn of Civilization, p. 391.[1289]The Ancient History of the Near East, 1913, p. 69.[1290]Hall notes (p. 73) that "it is to the Thesprotian invasion, which displaced the Achaians, that, in all probability, the general introduction of iron into Greece is to be assigned. The invaders came ultimately from the Danube region, where iron was probably first used in Europe, whereas their kindred, the Achaians, had possibly already lived in Thessaly in the Stone Age, and derived the knowledge of metal from the Aegeans. The speedy victory of the new-comers over the older Aryan inhabitants of Northern Greece may be ascribed to their possession of iron weapons." Ridgeway, however, has little difficulty in proving that the Achaeans themselves were tall fair Celts from Central Europe.The Early Age of Greece, 1901, especially chap.IV., "Whence came the Acheans?" The question is dealt with from a different point of view by J. L. Myres, inThe Dawn of History, 1911, chap.IX., "The Coming of the North," tracing the invasion from the Eurasian steppes.[1291]H. R. Hall,loc. cit.p. 68; cf. H. Peake,Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst.1916, p. 154.[1292]C. H. Hawes, "Some Dorian Descendants,"Ann. Brit. School Ath.No.XVI.1909-10, proves that the Dorian or Illyrian (Alpine) type still persists in South Greece and Crete.[1293]Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea, Stuttgart, 1830. See also G. Finlay'sMediaeval Greece, and theAnthrop. Rev.1868,VI.p. 154.[1294]Romänische Studien, 1871.[1295]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.1896, p. 351 sq.[1296]By a sort of grim irony the word has come to mean "slave" in the West, owing to the multitudes of Slavs captured and enslaved during the medieval border warfare. But the term is by many referred to the rootslovo, word, speech, implying a people of intelligible utterance, and this is supported by the formSloveneoccurring in Nestor and still borne by a southern Slav group. See T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 421n.2.[1297]IV.21.[1298]These Budini are described as a large nation with "remarkably blue eyes and red hair," on which account Zaborowski thinks they may have been ancestors of the present Finns. But they may also very well have been belated proto-Germani left behind by the body of the nationen routefor their new Baltic homes.[1299]Cf. p. 304.[1300]Scythians and Greeks, 1909.[1301]The meaning of Wend is uncertain. It has led to confusion with the ArmoricanVeneti, the PaphlagonianEnetae, and the AdriaticEnetae-Venetae, all non-Slav peoples. Shakhmatov regards it as a name inherited by Slavs from their conquerors, the Celtic Venedi, who occupied the Vistula region in the 3rd or 2nd centuriesB.C.See T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 421n.2.[1302]That is, the Elbe Slaves, frompo=by, near, andLabe=Elbe; cf.Pomor(Pomeranians), "by the Sea"; Borussia, Porussia, Prussia, originally peopled by thePruczi, a branch of the Lithuanians Germanised in the 17th century.[1303]Carpath,Khrobat,Khorvatare all the same word, meaning highlands, mountains, hence not strictly an ethnic term, although at present so used by theCrovatsorCroatians, a considerable section of the Yugo-Slavs south of the Danube.[1304]See note 5, p. 537.[1305]That is, "Highlanders" (rootalb,alp, height, hill). FromAlbanitesthrough the ByzantineArvanitescomes the TurkishArnaut, while the national nameSkipetarhas precisely the same meaning (rootskip,scop, as inσκόπελος, scopulus, cliff, crag).[1306]There are about twenty of thesephisorphar(phratries) amongst the Ghegs, and the practice of exogamous marriage still survives amongst the Mirdites south of the Drin, who, although Catholics, seek their wives amongst the surrounding hostile Turkish and Muhammadan Gheg populations.[1307]J. Deniker, "Les Six Races composant la Population actuelle de l'Europe,"Journ. Anthr. Inst.XXXIV.1904, pp. 182, 202.[1308]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.VII.1896.[1309]Hence Virchow (Meeting Ger. Anthrop. Soc. 1897) declared that the extent and duration of the Slav encroachments in German territory could not be determined by the old skulls, because it is impossible to say whether a given skull is Slav or not.[1310]Especially Lubor Niederle, for whom the proto-Slavs are unquestionably long-headed blonds like the Teutons, although he admits that round skulls occur even of old date, and practically gives up the attempt to account for the transition to the modern Slav.[1311]"The Racial Geography of Europe," inPopular Science Monthly, June, 1897.[1312]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.1896, p. 81 sq.[1313]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.1894, p. 36.[1314]Droit Coutumier Osséthien, 1893.[1315]Quoted by Ujfalvy,Les Aryensetc. p. 11.[1316]TheYagnobiof the river of like name, an affluent of the Zerafshan; yet even this shows lexical affinities with Iranic, while its structure seems to connect it with Leitner's Kajuna and Biddulph's Burish, a non-Aryan tongue current in Ghilghit, Yasin, Hunza and Nagar, whose inhabitants are regarded by Biddulph as descendants of the Yué-chi. The Yagnobi themselves, however, are distinctly Alpines, somewhat short, very hirsute and brown, with broad face, large head, and a Savoyard expression. They have the curious custom of never cutting but always breaking their bread, the use of the knife being sure to raise the price of flour.[1317]F. v. Luschan points out that very little is known of the anthropology of Persia. "In a land inhabited by about ten millions not more than twenty or thirty men have been regularly measured and not one skull has been studied." The old type preserved in the Parsi is short-headed and dark. "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLI.1911, p. 233.[1318]Dih, deh, village.Zabán, tongue, language.[1319]H. Walter,From Indus to Tigris, p. 16. Of course this traveller refers only to the Tajiks of the plateau (Persia, Afghanistan). Of the Galchic Tajiks he knew nothing; nor indeed is the distinction even yet quite understood by European ethnologists.[1320]III.91.[1321]Even Ptolemy'sπάσιχαιappear to be the same people, π being an error for τ, so thatτάσικαιwould be the nearest possible Greek transcription ofTajik.[1322]Tribes of the Hindoo-Koosh, 1880,passim.[1323]An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, 1815.[1324]"Ces Savoyards attardés du Kohistan" (Ujfalvy,Les Aryensetc.).[1325]The anthropological data are dealt with by T. A. Joyce, "Notes on the Physical Anthropology of Chinese Turkestan and the Pamirs,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLII.1912. "The original inhabitant ... is that type of man described by Lapouge asHomo Alpinus," p. 468.[1326]F. v. Luschan, "The Early Inhabitants of Asia,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLI.1911, p. 243.[1327]For the evidence of the extension of this element in East Central Asia see Ch. IX.[1328]R. B. Foote,Madras Government Museum.The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities. Notes on their ages and distribution, 1916, is the most recent contribution to the prehistoric period, but the conclusions are not universally accepted.[1329]A. F. R. Hoernle,A Grammar of Eastern Hindi compared with the other Gaudian Languages, 1880, first suggested (p. xxxi. ff.) the distinction between the languages of the Midland and the Outer Band, which has been corroborated by G. A. Grierson,Languages of India, 1903, p. 51;Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1907-8, Vol.I.pp. 357-8.[1330]H. H. Risley,The People of India, 1908, p. 54. See also J. D. Anderson,The Peoples of India, 1913, p. 27.[1331]Tribes and Castes of Bengaletc. 1892,Indian Census Report, 1901, andImperial Gazetteer, Vol.I.ch.VI.[1332]The jungle tribes of this group, such as thePaniyan,KurumbaandIrulaare classed asPre-Dravidian. See chap.XII.[1333]A. C. Haddon,Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, p. 27.[1334]The Indo-Aryan Races, 1916, pp. 65-71 and 75-78.[1335]"A Third Journey of Exploration in Central Asia 1913-16,"Geog. Journ.1916.[1336]Natives of Northern India, 1907, pp. 19, 24. See also his article "Rājputs and Marāthas,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XL.1910.[1337]"His report, compiled during the inevitable distractions incident to the enumeration of a population of some 300 millions, was a notable performance, and will remain one of the classics of Indian anthropology." "The Stability of Caste and Tribal Groups in India,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLIV.1914, p. 270.[1338]A vast amount of material has been collected in recent years besidesEthnographical Surveysof the various provinces, theImperial Gazetteerof 1909, and the magnificentCensus Reportsof 1901 and 1911. Some of the more important works are as follows:—H. H. Risley,Ethnography of India, 1903,The People of India, 1908; E. Thurston,Ethnographical Notes on Southern India, 1906,Castes and Tribes of Southern India, 1909; H. A. Rose,Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W. Frontier Province, 1911; E. A. de Brett,Gazetteer, Chhatisgarh Feudatory States, 1909; C. E. Luard,Ethnographic Survey, Central India, 1909; L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer,The Cochin Tribes and Castes, 1909,Tribes and Castes of Cochin, 1912; M. Longworth Dames,The Baloch Race, 1904; W. H. R. Rivers,The Todas, 1906; P. R. T. Gurdon,The Khasis, 1907; T. C. Hodson,The Meitheis, 1908,The Naga Tribes of Manipur, 1911; E. Stack and C. J. Lyall,The Mikirs, 1908; A. Playfair,The Garos, 1909; S. Endle,The Kacharis, 1911; C. G. and B. Z. Seligman,The Veddas, 1911; J. Shakespear,The Lushei Kuki Clans, 1912; S. Chandra Roy,The Mundas and their Country, 1912,The Oraons, 1915; and R. V. Russell,Tribes and Castes of the N.W. Central Provinces, 1916.[1339]The termKol, which occurs as an element in a great many tribal names, and was first introduced by Campbell in a collective sense (1866), is of unknown origin, but probably connected with a root meaning "Man" (W. Crooke,Tribes and Castes,III.p. 294).[1340]Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 190.[1341]In a letter to the author, June 18, 1895.[1342]Edgar Thurston,Anthropologyetc., Bul. 4, Madras, 1896, pp. 147-8. For fuller details see hisCastes and Tribes of S. India, 1909.[1343]The Todas, 1906. See chap.XXX."The Origin and History of the Todas."[1344]For the discussion of Caste see E. A. Gait's article inEncy. of Religion and Ethics, 1910, with bibliography; also V. A. Smith,Caste in India, East and West, 1913.[1345]See Ch.VII.[1346]See A. Krämer,Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und Samoa, 1906.[1347]For Polynesian wanderings see S. Percy Smith,Hawaiki: the original home of the Maori, 1904; J. M. Brown,Maori and Polynesian; their origin, history and culture, 1907; W. Churchill,The Polynesian Wanderings, 1911.[1348]Heverywhere takes the place ofS, which is preserved only in the Samoan mother-tongue; cf. Gr.ἑπτὰwith Lat.septem, Eng.seven.[1349]The History of Melanesian Society, 1914.[1350]Cf. p. 139 ff.[1351]Among recent works on Polynesia see H. Mager,Le Monde polynésien, 1902; B. H. Thomson,Savage Island, 1902; A. Krämer,Die Samoa-Inseln, 1902; J. M. Brown,Maori and Polynesian, 1907; G. Brown,Melanesians and Polynesians, 1910; F. W. Christian,Eastern Pacific Islands, 1910.

[1194]Cf. J. Déchelette,Manuel d'archéologie préhistorique, Vol.II.1910, p. 2, and for neolithic trade routes,ib.Vol.I.p. 626.

[1195]The Tell-el-Amarna correspondence contains names of chieftains in Syria and Palestine about 1400B.C., including the name of Tushratta, king of Mitanni; the Boghaz Keui document with Iranian divine names, and Babylonian records of Iranian names from the Persian highlands, are a little later in date.

[1196]J. L. Myres,The Dawn of History, 1911, p. 200.

[1197]Cf. P. Giles, Art. "Indo-European Languages" inEncy. Brit.1911.

[1198]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, pp. 40 and 486-528.

[1199]O. Schrader,Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 3rd ed. 1906-7.

[1200]G. Kossinna,Die Herkunft der Germanen, 1911.

[1201]H. Hirt,Die Indogermanen, ihre Verbreitung, ihre Urheimat und ihre Kultur, 1905-7.

[1202]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, pp. 40 and 486-528.

[1203]Deutsche Altertumskunde,I.1913, p. 49.

[1204]See Note 3, p. 441 above.

[1205]Art. "Indo-European Languages,"Ency. Brit.1911, p. 500.

[1206]Centum (hard guttural) group is the name applied to the Western and entirely European branches of the Indo-European family, as opposed to the satem (sibilant) group, situated mainly in Asia.

[1207]The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 17 and chap.XVII.European origins: Race and Language: The Aryan Question.

[1208]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, pp. 497, 501 ff.

[1209]Cf. T. Rice Holmes,Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 273.

[1210]E. de Michelis,L'origine degli Indo-Europei, 1905.

[1211]Even Sweden, regarded as the home of the purest Nordic type, already had a brachycephalic mixture in the Stone Age. See G. Retzius, "The So-called North European Race of Mankind,"Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst.XXXIX.1909, p. 304.

[1212]Cf. E. Meyer,Geschichte des Altertums, 1909, l. 2, § 551.

[1213]For the working out of this hypothesis see T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.II.1913.

[1214]H. M. Chadwick, Art. "Teutonic Peoples" inEncy. Brit.1911. Cf. S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 480.

[1215]See R. Much, Art. "Germanen," J. Hoops'Reallexikon d. Germ. Altertumskunde, 1914.

[1216]H. M. Chadwick,The Origin of the English Nation, 1907, pp. 210-215. For a full account of the affinities of theCimbriandTeutonisee T. Rice Holmes,Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, pp. 546-553.

[1217]Paper read at the Meeting of the Ger. Anthrop. Soc., Spiers, 1896. Figures of Bastarnae from the Adamklissi monument and elsewhere are reproduced in H. Hahne'sDas Vorgeschichtliche Europa: Kulturen und Völker, 1910, figs. 144, 149. Cf. T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 430.

[1218]Cf. H. M. Chadwick,The Origin of the English Nation, 1907, pp. 174 and 219.

[1219]Monuments runiquesinMém. Soc. R. Ant. du Nord, 1893.

[1220]"Lactea cutis" (Sidonius Apollinaris).

[1221]W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 205 ff. See also O. Montelius,Kulturgeschichte Schwedens, 1906; G. Retzius and C. M. Fürst,Anthropologica Suecica, 1902.

[1222]Commonly called the Borreby type from skulls found at Borreby in the island of Falster, which resemble Round Barrow skulls in Britain.

[1223]For Denmark consultMeddelelser om Danmarks Antropologiudgivne af den Antropologiske Komité, with English summaries, Bd.I.1907-1911, Bd.II.1913.

[1224]The results were tabulated by Virchow and may be seen, without going to German sources, in W. Z. Ripley's map, p. 222, ofThe Races of Europe, 1900, where the whole question is fully dealt with.

[1225]See Ripley's Craniological chart in "Une carte de l'Indice Céphalique en Europe,"L'Anthropologie,VII.1896, p. 513.

[1226]The case is stated in uncompromising language by Alfred Fouillée: "Une autre loi, plus généralement admise, c'est que depuis les temps préhistoriques, les brachycéphales tendent à éliminer les dolichocéphales par l'invasion progressive des couches inférieures et l'absorption des aristocraties dans les démocraties, où elles viennent se noyer" (Rev. des Deux Mondes, March 15, 1895).

[1227]Recherches Anthrop. sur le Problème de la Dépopulation, inRev. d'Économie politique,IX.p. 1002;X.p. 132 (1895-6).

[1228]Nature, 1897, p. 487. Cf. also A. Thomson, "Consideration of ... factors concerned in production of Man's Cranial Form,"Journ. Anthr. Inst.XXXIII.1903, and A. Keith, "The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLV.1915.

[1229]Livi's results for Italy (Antropometria Militare) differ in some respects from those of de Lapouge and Ammon for France and Baden. Thus he finds that in the brachy districts the urban population is less brachy than the rural, while in the dolicho districts the towns are more brachy than the plains.

[1230]Dealing with some studies of the Lithuanian race, Deniker writes: "Ainsi donc, contrairement aux idées de MM. de Lapouge et Ammon, en Pologne, comme d'ailleurs en Italie, les classes les plus instruites, dirigeantes, urbaines, sont plus brachy que les paysans" (L'Anthropologie, 1896, p. 351). Similar contradictions occur in connection with light and dark hair, eyes, etc.

[1231]"E qui non posso tralasciare di avvertire un errore assai diffuso fra gli antropologi ... i quali vorrebbero ammettere una trasformazione del cranio da dolicocefalo in brachicefalo" (Arii e Italici, p. 155).

[1232]W. Z. Ripley'sThe Races of Europe, 1900, p. 544 ff.

[1233]This specialist insists "dass von einer mongolischen Einwanderung in Europa keine Rede mehr sein könne" (Der europäische Mensch. u. die Tiroler, 1896). He is of course speaking of prehistoric times, not of the late (historical) Mongol irruptions. Cf. T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 452, with reference to mongoloid traits in Bavaria.

[1234]"Malgré les nombreuses invasions des populations germaniques, le Tyrolien est resté, quant à sa conformation cranienne, le Rasène ou Rhætien des temps antiques—hyperbrachycéphale" (Les Aryens, p. 7). The mean index of the so-called Disentis type of Rhaetian skulls is about 86 (His and Rütimeyer,Crania Helvetica, p. 29 and PlateE.1).

[1235]"The Tyrrhenians in Greece and Italy," inJourn. Anthrop. Inst.1897, p. 258. In this splendidly illustrated paper the date of the immigration is referred to the 11th centuryB.C.on the ground that the first Etruscan saeculum was considered as beginning about 1050B.C., presumably the date of their arrival in Italy (p. 259). But Sergi thinks they did not arrive till about the end of the 8th century (Arii e Italici, p. 149).

[1236]See R. S. Conway, Art. Etruria: Language,Ency. Brit.1911.

[1237]Op. cit.p. 151. By German he means the round-headed South German.

[1238]S. Feist,Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 370.

[1239]S. Feist,loc. cit.p. 65. For cultural and linguistic influence of Celts on Germans see pp. 480 ff. Evidence of Celtic names in Germany is discussed by H. M. Chadwick "Some German River names,"Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway, 1913.

[1240]H. d'Arbois de Jubainville,Les Celtes depuis les Temps les plus anciens jusqu'en l'an 100 avant notre ère, 1904, p. 1.

[1241]G. Dottin,Manuel pour servir à l'étude de l'Antiquité Celtique, 1915, p. 1.

[1242]T. Rice Holmes, Caesar'sConquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 321. W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, reviewing the "Celtic Question, than which no greater stumbling-block in the way of our clear thinking exists" (p. 124) comes to a different conclusion. He states that "the termCelt, if used at all, belongs to the ... brachycephalic, darkish population of the Alpine highlands," and he claims for this view "complete unanimity of opinion among physical anthropologists" (p. 126). His own view however is that "the linguists are best entitled to the nameCelt" while the broad-headed type commonly called Celtic by continental writers "we shall ... everywhere ... call ... Alpine" (p. 128).

[1243]Cf. the similar dual treatment in Italic.

[1244]"No Gael [i.e.Q Celt] ever set his foot on British soil save on a vessel that had put out from Ireland." Kuno Meyer,Trans. Hon. Soc. Cymmrodorion, 1895-6, p. 69.

[1245]Ancient Britain, 1907, pp. 409-424.

[1246]Das keltische Britannien, 1912, pp. 28-37.

[1247]J. Rhys,The Welsh People, 1902, pp. 13-14.

[1248]Das keltische Britannien, 1912, pp. 28-37.

[1249]Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 414. The name of the Picts is apparently Indo-European in form, and if the Celts were late comers into Britain (see above) they may well have been preceded by invaders of Indo-European speech.

[1250]T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 408. Cf. A. Keith, "The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLV.1915.

[1251]Quoted in T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, pp. 426-427.

[1252]T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 443. See also John Abercromby,A Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland and its associated Grave Goods, 1912, tracing the distribution and migration of pottery forms: and the following papers of H. J. Fleure, "Archaeological Problems of the West Coast of Britain,"Archaeologia Cambrensis, Oct. 1915; "The Early Distribution of Population in South Britain,"ib.April, 1916; "The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLVI.1916, and "A Proposal for Local Surveys of the British People,"Arch. Camb.Jan. 1917.

[1253]W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 310; T. Rice Holmes,Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 432.

[1254]G. Coffey and R. Lloyd Praeger, "The Antrim Raised Beach: a Contribution to the Neolithic History of the North of Ireland,"Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.XXV.(c.) 1904. See also the valuable series of "Reports on Prehistoric Remains from the Sandhills of the Coast of Ireland,"P. R. I. A.XVI.

[1255]Man,IX.1909,No.54.

[1256]Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.(3),III.1896, p. 727.

[1257]Cf. also J. Wilfred Jackson, "The Geographical Distribution of the Shell-Purple Industry,"Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.LX.No. 7, 1916.

[1258]Survivals from the Palaeolithic Age among Irish Neolithic Implements, 1897.

[1259]The Dolmens of Ireland, 1897.

[1260]They need not, however, have come from Britain, and the allusions in Irish literature to direct immigration from Spain, probable enough in itself, are too numerous to be disregarded. Thus, Geoffrey of Monmouth:—"Hibernia Basclensibus [to the Basques] incolenda datur" (Hist. Reg. Brit.III.§ 12); and Giraldus Cambrensis:—"De Gurguntio Brytonum Rege, qui Rasclenses [read Basclenses] in Hiberniam transmisit et eandem ipsis habitandam concessit." I am indebted to Wentworth Webster for these references (Academy, Oct. 19, 1895).

[1261]H. Zimmer, "Auf welchen Wege kamen die Goidelen vom Kontinent nach Irland?"Abh. d. K. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.1912.

[1262]J. Gray, "Memoir on the Pigmentation Survey of Scotland,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XXXVII.1907.

[1263]"A Last Contribution to Scottish Ethnology,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XXXVIII.1908.

[1264]"The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLVI.1916.

[1265]For the explanation see W. Z. Ripley,The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 322 ff.

[1266]W. Z. Ripley,loc. cit.p. 329.

[1267]"The Frenchman, the German, the Italian, the Englishman, to each of whom his own literature and the great traditions of his national life are most dear and familiar, cannot help but feel that the vernacular in which these are embodied and expressed is, and must be, superior to the alien and awkward languages of his neighbours." L. Pearsall Smith,The English Language, p. 54.

[1268]See above p. 455. T. Rice Holmes points out that the Aquitani were already mixed in type.Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 12.

[1269]See above p. 454.

[1270]That is, the languages whose affirmatives were the Latin pronounshoc illud(oil) andhoc(oc), the former being more contracted, the latter more expanded, as we see in the very names of the respective Northern and Southern bards:TrouvèresandTroubadours. It was customary in medieval times to name languages in this way, Dante, for instance, calling Italianla lingua del si, "the language ofyes"; and, strange to say, the same usage prevails largely amongst the Australian aborigines, who, however, use both the affirmative and the negative particles, so that we have hereno- as well asyes-tribes.

[1271]S. Feist points out that two physical types were recognised in antiquity, one dark and one fair, and reference to red hair and fair skin suggests Celtic infusion.Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 365.

[1272]Science Progress, p. 159.

[1273]"The Portuguese are much mixed with Negroes more particularly in the south and along the coast. The slave trade existed long before the Negroes of Guinea were exported to the plantations of America. Damião de Goes estimated the number of blacks imported into Lisbon alone during the 16th century at 10,000 or 12,000 per annum. If contemporary eye-witnesses can be trusted, the number of blacks met with in the streets of Lisbon equalled that of the whites. Not a house but had its negro servants, and the wealthy owned entire gangs of them" (Reclus,I.p. 471).

[1274]"The Spanish People,"Cont. Rev.May, 1907, andThe Soul of Spain, 1908.

[1275]T. E. Peet,Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily, 1909, gives a full account of the archaeology.

[1276]"Zur Paläoethnologie Mittel- u. Südeuropas" inMitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges.1897, p. 18. It should here be noted that in hisHistory of the Greek Language(1896) Kretschmer connects the inscriptions of the Veneti in north Italy and of the Messapians in the south with the Illyrian linguistic family, which he regards as Aryan intermediate between the Greek and the Italic branches, the present Albanian being a surviving member of it. In the same Illyrian family W. M. Lindsay would also include the "Old Sabellian" of Picenum, "believed to be the oldest inscriptions on Italian soil. The manifest identity of the nameAodatosand the wordmeitimonwith the Illyrian namesΑὐδάταandMeitimais almost sufficient of itself to prove these inscriptions to be Illyrian. Further the whole character of their language, with its Greek and its Italic features, corresponds with what we know and what we can safely infer about the Illyrian family of languages" (Academy, Oct. 24, 1896). Cf. R. S. Conway,The Italic Dialects, 1897.

[1277]R. Munro,Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia, 1900. See also W. Ridgeway,The Early Age of Greece, 1901, ch.V., showing that remains of the Iron Age in Bosnia are closely connected with Hallstatt and La Tène cultures.

[1278]Arii e Italici, p. 158 sq.

[1279]"Liguri e Pelasgi furono i primi abitatori d'Italia; e Liguri sembra siano stati quelli che occupavano la Valle del Po e costrussero le palafitte, e Liguri forse anche i costruttori delle palafitte svizzere: Mediterranei tutti" (Ib.p. 138).

[1280]Ripley's chart shows a range of from 87 in Piedmont to 76 and 77 in Calabria, Puglia, and Sardinia, and 75 and under in Corsica.The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 251.

[1281]But cf. W. Ridgeway,Who were the Romans?1908.

[1282]The true name of these southern or Macedo-Rumanians, as pointed out by Gustav Weigland (Globus,LXXI.p. 54), isAramániorArmáni,i.e."Romans."Tsintsar,Kutzo-Vlack, etc. are mere nicknames, by which they are known to their Macedonian (Bulgar and Greek) neighbours. See also W. R. Morfill inAcademy, July 1, 1893. The Vlachs of Macedonia are described by E. Pears,Turkey and its People, 1911, and a full account of the Balkan Vlachs is given by A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson,The Nomads of the Balkans, 1914.

[1283]Romänische Studien, Leipzig, 1871.

[1284]Les Roumains au Moyen Age, passim.Hunfalvy, quoted by A. J. Patterson (Academy, Sept. 7, 1895), also shows that "for a thousand years there is no authentic mention of a Latin or Romance speaking population north of the Danube."

[1285]This view is held by L. Réthy, also quoted by Patterson, and the termVlack(Welsch, whence Wallachia) applied to the Rumanians by all their Slav and Greek neighbours points in the same direction.

[1286]T. Peisker, "The Asiatic Background,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.I.1911, p. 356, and "The Expansion of the Slavs,"ib.Vol.II.1913, p. 440.

[1287]Mitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges.1897, p. 18.

[1288]Dawn of Civilization, p. 391.

[1289]The Ancient History of the Near East, 1913, p. 69.

[1290]Hall notes (p. 73) that "it is to the Thesprotian invasion, which displaced the Achaians, that, in all probability, the general introduction of iron into Greece is to be assigned. The invaders came ultimately from the Danube region, where iron was probably first used in Europe, whereas their kindred, the Achaians, had possibly already lived in Thessaly in the Stone Age, and derived the knowledge of metal from the Aegeans. The speedy victory of the new-comers over the older Aryan inhabitants of Northern Greece may be ascribed to their possession of iron weapons." Ridgeway, however, has little difficulty in proving that the Achaeans themselves were tall fair Celts from Central Europe.The Early Age of Greece, 1901, especially chap.IV., "Whence came the Acheans?" The question is dealt with from a different point of view by J. L. Myres, inThe Dawn of History, 1911, chap.IX., "The Coming of the North," tracing the invasion from the Eurasian steppes.

[1291]H. R. Hall,loc. cit.p. 68; cf. H. Peake,Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst.1916, p. 154.

[1292]C. H. Hawes, "Some Dorian Descendants,"Ann. Brit. School Ath.No.XVI.1909-10, proves that the Dorian or Illyrian (Alpine) type still persists in South Greece and Crete.

[1293]Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea, Stuttgart, 1830. See also G. Finlay'sMediaeval Greece, and theAnthrop. Rev.1868,VI.p. 154.

[1294]Romänische Studien, 1871.

[1295]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.1896, p. 351 sq.

[1296]By a sort of grim irony the word has come to mean "slave" in the West, owing to the multitudes of Slavs captured and enslaved during the medieval border warfare. But the term is by many referred to the rootslovo, word, speech, implying a people of intelligible utterance, and this is supported by the formSloveneoccurring in Nestor and still borne by a southern Slav group. See T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 421n.2.

[1297]IV.21.

[1298]These Budini are described as a large nation with "remarkably blue eyes and red hair," on which account Zaborowski thinks they may have been ancestors of the present Finns. But they may also very well have been belated proto-Germani left behind by the body of the nationen routefor their new Baltic homes.

[1299]Cf. p. 304.

[1300]Scythians and Greeks, 1909.

[1301]The meaning of Wend is uncertain. It has led to confusion with the ArmoricanVeneti, the PaphlagonianEnetae, and the AdriaticEnetae-Venetae, all non-Slav peoples. Shakhmatov regards it as a name inherited by Slavs from their conquerors, the Celtic Venedi, who occupied the Vistula region in the 3rd or 2nd centuriesB.C.See T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs,"Camb. Med. Hist.Vol.II.1913, p. 421n.2.

[1302]That is, the Elbe Slaves, frompo=by, near, andLabe=Elbe; cf.Pomor(Pomeranians), "by the Sea"; Borussia, Porussia, Prussia, originally peopled by thePruczi, a branch of the Lithuanians Germanised in the 17th century.

[1303]Carpath,Khrobat,Khorvatare all the same word, meaning highlands, mountains, hence not strictly an ethnic term, although at present so used by theCrovatsorCroatians, a considerable section of the Yugo-Slavs south of the Danube.

[1304]See note 5, p. 537.

[1305]That is, "Highlanders" (rootalb,alp, height, hill). FromAlbanitesthrough the ByzantineArvanitescomes the TurkishArnaut, while the national nameSkipetarhas precisely the same meaning (rootskip,scop, as inσκόπελος, scopulus, cliff, crag).

[1306]There are about twenty of thesephisorphar(phratries) amongst the Ghegs, and the practice of exogamous marriage still survives amongst the Mirdites south of the Drin, who, although Catholics, seek their wives amongst the surrounding hostile Turkish and Muhammadan Gheg populations.

[1307]J. Deniker, "Les Six Races composant la Population actuelle de l'Europe,"Journ. Anthr. Inst.XXXIV.1904, pp. 182, 202.

[1308]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.VII.1896.

[1309]Hence Virchow (Meeting Ger. Anthrop. Soc. 1897) declared that the extent and duration of the Slav encroachments in German territory could not be determined by the old skulls, because it is impossible to say whether a given skull is Slav or not.

[1310]Especially Lubor Niederle, for whom the proto-Slavs are unquestionably long-headed blonds like the Teutons, although he admits that round skulls occur even of old date, and practically gives up the attempt to account for the transition to the modern Slav.

[1311]"The Racial Geography of Europe," inPopular Science Monthly, June, 1897.

[1312]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.1896, p. 81 sq.

[1313]Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop.1894, p. 36.

[1314]Droit Coutumier Osséthien, 1893.

[1315]Quoted by Ujfalvy,Les Aryensetc. p. 11.

[1316]TheYagnobiof the river of like name, an affluent of the Zerafshan; yet even this shows lexical affinities with Iranic, while its structure seems to connect it with Leitner's Kajuna and Biddulph's Burish, a non-Aryan tongue current in Ghilghit, Yasin, Hunza and Nagar, whose inhabitants are regarded by Biddulph as descendants of the Yué-chi. The Yagnobi themselves, however, are distinctly Alpines, somewhat short, very hirsute and brown, with broad face, large head, and a Savoyard expression. They have the curious custom of never cutting but always breaking their bread, the use of the knife being sure to raise the price of flour.

[1317]F. v. Luschan points out that very little is known of the anthropology of Persia. "In a land inhabited by about ten millions not more than twenty or thirty men have been regularly measured and not one skull has been studied." The old type preserved in the Parsi is short-headed and dark. "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLI.1911, p. 233.

[1318]Dih, deh, village.Zabán, tongue, language.

[1319]H. Walter,From Indus to Tigris, p. 16. Of course this traveller refers only to the Tajiks of the plateau (Persia, Afghanistan). Of the Galchic Tajiks he knew nothing; nor indeed is the distinction even yet quite understood by European ethnologists.

[1320]III.91.

[1321]Even Ptolemy'sπάσιχαιappear to be the same people, π being an error for τ, so thatτάσικαιwould be the nearest possible Greek transcription ofTajik.

[1322]Tribes of the Hindoo-Koosh, 1880,passim.

[1323]An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, 1815.

[1324]"Ces Savoyards attardés du Kohistan" (Ujfalvy,Les Aryensetc.).

[1325]The anthropological data are dealt with by T. A. Joyce, "Notes on the Physical Anthropology of Chinese Turkestan and the Pamirs,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLII.1912. "The original inhabitant ... is that type of man described by Lapouge asHomo Alpinus," p. 468.

[1326]F. v. Luschan, "The Early Inhabitants of Asia,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLI.1911, p. 243.

[1327]For the evidence of the extension of this element in East Central Asia see Ch. IX.

[1328]R. B. Foote,Madras Government Museum.The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities. Notes on their ages and distribution, 1916, is the most recent contribution to the prehistoric period, but the conclusions are not universally accepted.

[1329]A. F. R. Hoernle,A Grammar of Eastern Hindi compared with the other Gaudian Languages, 1880, first suggested (p. xxxi. ff.) the distinction between the languages of the Midland and the Outer Band, which has been corroborated by G. A. Grierson,Languages of India, 1903, p. 51;Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1907-8, Vol.I.pp. 357-8.

[1330]H. H. Risley,The People of India, 1908, p. 54. See also J. D. Anderson,The Peoples of India, 1913, p. 27.

[1331]Tribes and Castes of Bengaletc. 1892,Indian Census Report, 1901, andImperial Gazetteer, Vol.I.ch.VI.

[1332]The jungle tribes of this group, such as thePaniyan,KurumbaandIrulaare classed asPre-Dravidian. See chap.XII.

[1333]A. C. Haddon,Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, p. 27.

[1334]The Indo-Aryan Races, 1916, pp. 65-71 and 75-78.

[1335]"A Third Journey of Exploration in Central Asia 1913-16,"Geog. Journ.1916.

[1336]Natives of Northern India, 1907, pp. 19, 24. See also his article "Rājputs and Marāthas,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XL.1910.

[1337]"His report, compiled during the inevitable distractions incident to the enumeration of a population of some 300 millions, was a notable performance, and will remain one of the classics of Indian anthropology." "The Stability of Caste and Tribal Groups in India,"Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XLIV.1914, p. 270.

[1338]A vast amount of material has been collected in recent years besidesEthnographical Surveysof the various provinces, theImperial Gazetteerof 1909, and the magnificentCensus Reportsof 1901 and 1911. Some of the more important works are as follows:—H. H. Risley,Ethnography of India, 1903,The People of India, 1908; E. Thurston,Ethnographical Notes on Southern India, 1906,Castes and Tribes of Southern India, 1909; H. A. Rose,Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W. Frontier Province, 1911; E. A. de Brett,Gazetteer, Chhatisgarh Feudatory States, 1909; C. E. Luard,Ethnographic Survey, Central India, 1909; L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer,The Cochin Tribes and Castes, 1909,Tribes and Castes of Cochin, 1912; M. Longworth Dames,The Baloch Race, 1904; W. H. R. Rivers,The Todas, 1906; P. R. T. Gurdon,The Khasis, 1907; T. C. Hodson,The Meitheis, 1908,The Naga Tribes of Manipur, 1911; E. Stack and C. J. Lyall,The Mikirs, 1908; A. Playfair,The Garos, 1909; S. Endle,The Kacharis, 1911; C. G. and B. Z. Seligman,The Veddas, 1911; J. Shakespear,The Lushei Kuki Clans, 1912; S. Chandra Roy,The Mundas and their Country, 1912,The Oraons, 1915; and R. V. Russell,Tribes and Castes of the N.W. Central Provinces, 1916.

[1339]The termKol, which occurs as an element in a great many tribal names, and was first introduced by Campbell in a collective sense (1866), is of unknown origin, but probably connected with a root meaning "Man" (W. Crooke,Tribes and Castes,III.p. 294).

[1340]Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 190.

[1341]In a letter to the author, June 18, 1895.

[1342]Edgar Thurston,Anthropologyetc., Bul. 4, Madras, 1896, pp. 147-8. For fuller details see hisCastes and Tribes of S. India, 1909.

[1343]The Todas, 1906. See chap.XXX."The Origin and History of the Todas."

[1344]For the discussion of Caste see E. A. Gait's article inEncy. of Religion and Ethics, 1910, with bibliography; also V. A. Smith,Caste in India, East and West, 1913.

[1345]See Ch.VII.

[1346]See A. Krämer,Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und Samoa, 1906.

[1347]For Polynesian wanderings see S. Percy Smith,Hawaiki: the original home of the Maori, 1904; J. M. Brown,Maori and Polynesian; their origin, history and culture, 1907; W. Churchill,The Polynesian Wanderings, 1911.

[1348]Heverywhere takes the place ofS, which is preserved only in the Samoan mother-tongue; cf. Gr.ἑπτὰwith Lat.septem, Eng.seven.

[1349]The History of Melanesian Society, 1914.

[1350]Cf. p. 139 ff.

[1351]Among recent works on Polynesia see H. Mager,Le Monde polynésien, 1902; B. H. Thomson,Savage Island, 1902; A. Krämer,Die Samoa-Inseln, 1902; J. M. Brown,Maori and Polynesian, 1907; G. Brown,Melanesians and Polynesians, 1910; F. W. Christian,Eastern Pacific Islands, 1910.

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