CHAPTER XI.INDEXING CONTENTS.

Far from the madding crowd. Hardy, T.Michael and his lost angel: a play. Jones, H. A.Aurora Leigh: poem. Browning, E. B. 1890Obiter dicta. Birrell, A. 2v. 1887-96Discipline, and other sermons. Kingsley, C. 1890

Far from the madding crowd. Hardy, T.

Michael and his lost angel: a play. Jones, H. A.

Aurora Leigh: poem. Browning, E. B. 1890

Obiter dicta. Birrell, A. 2v. 1887-96

Discipline, and other sermons. Kingsley, C. 1890

These are apart from the title-as-subject entries, such as

Miners and their works underground. Holmes, F. M. n.d.Moravian Church, Short history of the. Hutton, J. E. 1895.

Miners and their works underground. Holmes, F. M. n.d.

Moravian Church, Short history of the. Hutton, J. E. 1895.

There are very few books outside the above classes that really require title-entries, and, as a rule, this feature of cataloguing is overdone. Books like

Finck, H. T. Lotos-time in Japan. 1895Hollingshead, John. My lifetime. 2 v. 1895Adams, W. H. D. The Maid of Orleans. 1889Marsh, George P. Lectures on the English language. 1874

Finck, H. T. Lotos-time in Japan. 1895

Hollingshead, John. My lifetime. 2 v. 1895

Adams, W. H. D. The Maid of Orleans. 1889

Marsh, George P. Lectures on the English language. 1874

do not require entries under “Lotos,” “My Lifetime,” “Maid of Orleans,” or “Lectures,” besides those necessary under “Japan,” “Hollingshead,” “Joan of Arc,” and “English language,” yet it is quite customary to see such entries.

99.—It must be carefully noted that in title-entries the articles (A, An, The) are absolutely ignored, and any other first word is the leading word under which the entry is to be given. It is often desirable to include the article, especially the definite article, in such entry, when it must be got in as soon as it can be consistent with sense and sound, or at the end of the phrase, as

Guardian angel, The.NotGuardian, The, angel.Clyde, The, to the Jordan.NotClyde to the Jordan, The.Noble life, A.NotNoble, A, life.Evil, The genesis of.NotEvil, genesis of, The.

Guardian angel, The.NotGuardian, The, angel.

Clyde, The, to the Jordan.NotClyde to the Jordan, The.

Noble life, A.NotNoble, A, life.

Evil, The genesis of.NotEvil, genesis of, The.

The articles are occasionally left out of such entries as

Guardian angel.Clyde to the Jordan.Noble life.Evil, Genesis of.

Guardian angel.

Clyde to the Jordan.

Noble life.

Evil, Genesis of.

but this applies only to the article preceding the first word of the title andno other.

Chariot of the flesh, The.

cannot be correctly entered as

Chariot of flesh.

The general omission of the leading article means very little, if any, saving of space, and has a bald effect, reading often like the wording of a telegram. Besides losing the clearness which its inclusion gives, it may alter the sense, as

Day’s ride.Is not the same asDay’s ride, A.Phyllis of the Sierras.Is not the same asPhyllis, A, of the Sierras.Soldier born.Is not the same asSoldier born, A.

Day’s ride.Is not the same asDay’s ride, A.

Phyllis of the Sierras.Is not the same asPhyllis, A, of the Sierras.

Soldier born.Is not the same asSoldier born, A.

In transposing the article or any other leading word from the beginning of the title the capital initial letter must be retained, as shown in the above entries, and not in this way,

Animal’s friend, the.Priestcraft, popular history of.Primeval life, relics of.

Animal’s friend, the.

Priestcraft, popular history of.

Primeval life, relics of.

In order to prevent a break in the alphabetical sequence, the articles are sometimes transposed under the authors’ names, as

“Hobbes, John Oliver.”⸻ Bundle of life, A.⸻ Herb-moon, The.⸻ Sinner’s comedy, The.

“Hobbes, John Oliver.”

⸻ Bundle of life, A.

⸻ Herb-moon, The.

⸻ Sinner’s comedy, The.

but so little is gained by this form of entry that it hardly compensates for the awkwardness of it.

It is incorrect in any form, author or title, to leave out the article in foreign languages, and to do so can only be justified by usage rather than exactness. As in English the entry-word is never under the article, as

Petite paroisse, La.NotLa petite paroisse.Aventure d’amour, Une.NotUne aventure d’amour.Karavane, Die.NotDie Karavane.

Petite paroisse, La.NotLa petite paroisse.

Aventure d’amour, Une.NotUne aventure d’amour.

Karavane, Die.NotDie Karavane.

100.—Many works of fiction with proper names in their titles are better known by those names, and are rarely looked for under the first word of the title. Books so well known as,

The personal history of David Copperfield.Mr. Midshipman Easy.History of Pendennis.Confessions of Harry Lorrequer.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

The personal history of David Copperfield.

Mr. Midshipman Easy.

History of Pendennis.

Confessions of Harry Lorrequer.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

will oftener be sought for under “David,” “Midshipman,” “Pendennis,” “Harry,” and “Huckleberry,” than “Personal,”“Mr.” “History,” “Confessions,” “Adventures,” therefore judgment should be exercised, and either a single entry given under the most likely place, or both title-entries given. If space is a consideration always omit the less-known entry. It will be seen that names in fiction are never regarded as real names, and entries must not be given under the surnames as “Copperfield,” “Easy,” “Lorrequer,” “Finn.”

101.—For the sake of brevity title-entries are sometimes given with the surname only of the author, after this manner

Two hundred pounds reward, by Payn.Two in the bush, by Moore.Two kisses, by Smart.Two little wooden shoes, by Ouida.

Two hundred pounds reward, by Payn.

Two in the bush, by Moore.

Two kisses, by Smart.

Two little wooden shoes, by Ouida.

and occasionally in this style:

Afloat and ashore. Cooper.Afloat in the forest. Reid.After dark. Collins.

Afloat and ashore. Cooper.

Afloat in the forest. Reid.

After dark. Collins.

In works of fiction like these there is no very great objection to the plan other than the bald appearance of the entries, but to carry it into effect with all other title and subject entries is to revert to the dark ages of cataloguing. The following selected specimens prove that such entries can have very little value for the uninitiated. The complete entry other than the shelf mark is given:

Holland, Through. By Wood.Horace. By Martin.Childs, George W. (1874). Grosart.Christ, With (Sermon). Kemble.Church, Of the (1847). Field.Electricity. By Ferguson.Epic of Hades. By Morris.Essays. By Cowley.Faraday. By Gladstone.

Holland, Through. By Wood.

Horace. By Martin.

Childs, George W. (1874). Grosart.

Christ, With (Sermon). Kemble.

Church, Of the (1847). Field.

Electricity. By Ferguson.

Epic of Hades. By Morris.

Essays. By Cowley.

Faraday. By Gladstone.

102.—This leads to the matter of repetition dashes, to which some reference has already been made in paragraph59 upon the author-entry, and no better advice can be given to the young cataloguer than that toavoid repetition dashes wherever possible, and, at most, only use them in one of the following instances:

a.To save repeating an author’s name in author-entry (as already illustrated) or under subject-heading.b.To save repeating a title-entry or title-as-subject-entry where a second copy or another edition of thesamework is entered.c.To save repeating a subject-heading.

a.To save repeating an author’s name in author-entry (as already illustrated) or under subject-heading.

b.To save repeating a title-entry or title-as-subject-entry where a second copy or another edition of thesamework is entered.

c.To save repeating a subject-heading.

Illustrations of the second form are

Condé, Princes de, History of the. Aumale, Duc d’. 2 v. 1872⸻ (French ed.) 2 v. 1863-4Food and feeding. Thompson, Sir H. 1891⸻ (Enlarged ed.) 1898Household of Sir Thomas More. Manning, A. 1887⸻ (Illus. ed.) 1896

Condé, Princes de, History of the. Aumale, Duc d’. 2 v. 1872

⸻ (French ed.) 2 v. 1863-4

Food and feeding. Thompson, Sir H. 1891

⸻ (Enlarged ed.) 1898

Household of Sir Thomas More. Manning, A. 1887

⸻ (Illus. ed.) 1896

and of the third form:

Insanity.⸻ Hill, R. G. Insanity, its past and present. 1870⸻ Maudsley, H. The pathology of mind. 1895

Insanity.

⸻ Hill, R. G. Insanity, its past and present. 1870

⸻ Maudsley, H. The pathology of mind. 1895

but most cataloguers are dispensing with this form, as the indent under the heading is sufficient to denote that all the entries belong to such heading. If it is used, a second dash will occasionally be needed in cases similar to this:

Ireland.⸻ Froude, J. A. The English in Ireland in the 18th century. 3 v. 1886.⸻ ⸻ Ireland since the Union. 1886.⸻ Hickson, M. Ireland in the 17th century. 2 v. 1884.

Ireland.

⸻ Froude, J. A. The English in Ireland in the 18th century. 3 v. 1886.

⸻ ⸻ Ireland since the Union. 1886.

⸻ Hickson, M. Ireland in the 17th century. 2 v. 1884.

Nothing is lost by avoiding this dash under headings, and some find that the indent alone, even under author’s names, is so clear that the dash can be altogether discarded, andthat this will be no disadvantage the following typical and genuine examples of what has been sarcastically called the “dot and dash system” of cataloguing will show:

China Painting. By Florence Lewis.⸻ Old highways in. By Williamson.English Church Composers. By Barrett.⸻ ⸻ History of the. By Perry.Law and the Lady: a Novel. By Collins.⸻ International. By Levi.⸻ Physical and Moral, Difference between. By Arthur.⸻ Reign of. By Argyll.⸻ Science of. By Amos.Moors, The, and the Fens. By Mrs. Riddell.⸻ ⸻ in Spain. By S. L. Poole.Workshop Appliances. By Shelley.⸻ Receipts for the Use of Manufacturers, Mechanics, and Scientific Amateurs. By Spon⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻Second series.By Haldane.

China Painting. By Florence Lewis.

⸻ Old highways in. By Williamson.

English Church Composers. By Barrett.

⸻ ⸻ History of the. By Perry.

Law and the Lady: a Novel. By Collins.

⸻ International. By Levi.

⸻ Physical and Moral, Difference between. By Arthur.

⸻ Reign of. By Argyll.

⸻ Science of. By Amos.

Moors, The, and the Fens. By Mrs. Riddell.

⸻ ⸻ in Spain. By S. L. Poole.

Workshop Appliances. By Shelley.

⸻ Receipts for the Use of Manufacturers, Mechanics, and Scientific Amateurs. By Spon

⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻ ⸻Second series.By Haldane.

These are quite as absurd in their way as that from a recent index to publishers’ catalogues, viz.:

Lead, Silver and.⸻ Kindly Light.

Lead, Silver and.

⸻ Kindly Light.

and attention is drawn to them simply for the purpose of showing how ridiculous such entries can be made, and that they are more hindrance than help to the users of a catalogue needs no further demonstration. Therefore it can be confidently recommended to the cataloguer to make a very limited use of these dashes, in all cases of doubt it being much better to repeat the word. The eleven dashes under “Workshop” above are unnecessary, and the proper form of entry is:

Workshop appliances. Shelley, C. P. B. 1885Workshop receipts for the use of manufacturers, &c. Spon, E. 1885⸻ (Second ser.) Haldane, R. 1885

Workshop appliances. Shelley, C. P. B. 1885

Workshop receipts for the use of manufacturers, &c. Spon, E. 1885

⸻ (Second ser.) Haldane, R. 1885

103.—The mode of setting-out the contents of books of a miscellaneous or collective character has been referred to in sections 61-62 and it has been pointed out that frequently an essay or article is more useful—even more valuable—than a whole book, as it may give the pith of the matter it deals with, and be sufficiently full for the needs of most people. Under these circumstances, it is most desirable that not only shall each subject-heading in a catalogue have all the books in the library set out under it, but also portions of books, within reasonable limits. How far these limits are to extend is a nice question, and it is certainly one that demands the consideration of English librarians, with a view to co-operation in the production of a work upon the lines of the“A. L. A.” Index: an index to general literature, by Wm. I. Fletcher, with the coöperation of many librarians(Boston, 1893), to fill the place for this class of literature that Poole’s and other indexes do for periodical literature. The “A.L.A. Index” is distinctly American, and does not fit in so well with the collections in English libraries, though its value cannot be gainsaid. Pending the settlement of this question librarians must do what they can to open up for the use of their readers the valuable material hidden away in volumes of essays and others of a miscellaneous character. All the rules previously laid down for cataloguing come into application in dealing with books of this kind, because they sometimes consist of sections by a number of authors upon one subject, or of many authorsupon many subjects, or by a single author on many subjects. The method usually employed of completely carrying out this indexing is shown in the following series of examples:

Stevenson, Robert L. Familiar studies of men and books. 3rd ed. pp. xxi., 397. sm. 8o. 1888Contents:—Preface, by way of criticism. Victor Hugo’s romances. Some aspects of Robert Burns. Walt Whitman. H. D. Thoreau: his character and opinions. Yoshida-Torajiro. François Villon, student, poet, and housebreaker. Charles of Orleans. Samuel Pepys. John Knox and women.Hugo, Victor.Stevenson, R. L. Victor Hugo’s romances. (Men and books.) 1888Burns, Robert.Stevenson, R. L. Some aspects of Robert Burns. (Men and books.) 1888Whitman, Walt.Stevenson, R. L. Walt Whitman. (Men and books.) 1888Thoreau, Henry D.Stevenson, R. L. Thoreau: his character and opinions. (Men and books.) 1888Yoshida-Torajiro. Stevenson, R. L. (Men and books.) 1888Villon, François, student, poet, and housebreaker. Stevenson, R. L. (Men and books.) 1888Charles of Orleans. Stevenson, R. L. (Men and books.) 1888Pepys, Samuel.Stevenson, R. L. Samuel Pepys. (Men and books.) 1888Knox, John.Stevenson, R. L. John Knox and women. (Men and books.) 1888

Stevenson, Robert L. Familiar studies of men and books. 3rd ed. pp. xxi., 397. sm. 8o. 1888

Contents:—Preface, by way of criticism. Victor Hugo’s romances. Some aspects of Robert Burns. Walt Whitman. H. D. Thoreau: his character and opinions. Yoshida-Torajiro. François Villon, student, poet, and housebreaker. Charles of Orleans. Samuel Pepys. John Knox and women.

Hugo, Victor.

Stevenson, R. L. Victor Hugo’s romances. (Men and books.) 1888

Burns, Robert.

Stevenson, R. L. Some aspects of Robert Burns. (Men and books.) 1888

Whitman, Walt.

Stevenson, R. L. Walt Whitman. (Men and books.) 1888

Thoreau, Henry D.

Stevenson, R. L. Thoreau: his character and opinions. (Men and books.) 1888

Yoshida-Torajiro. Stevenson, R. L. (Men and books.) 1888

Villon, François, student, poet, and housebreaker. Stevenson, R. L. (Men and books.) 1888

Charles of Orleans. Stevenson, R. L. (Men and books.) 1888

Pepys, Samuel.

Stevenson, R. L. Samuel Pepys. (Men and books.) 1888

Knox, John.

Stevenson, R. L. John Knox and women. (Men and books.) 1888

The sixth, seventh, and eighth entries are in title form, upon the presumption that the library will have no other items upon these persons or books by them. The remainder are headings, because the probability is that there will be other books by or upon these authors.

There are alternative methods of treating books of this nature. It has already been said that the list of contents can be omitted under the principal entry, and thereby effect a slight saving. It would also be quite possible to give only the title of the whole book under the subject-heading, omitting the title of the particular essay or article, as

Hugo, Victor.Stevenson, R. L. Men and books. 1888

Hugo, Victor.

Stevenson, R. L. Men and books. 1888

The fact that the entry is given under Hugo would show that there was something in the book about him, but not that it concerned his romances only. There is also the reverse process of giving simply the title of the essay, as

Hugo, Victor.Stevenson, R. L. Victor Hugo’s romances. 1888

Hugo, Victor.

Stevenson, R. L. Victor Hugo’s romances. 1888

The disadvantage of this form is that it would be taken for a whole book instead of an essay, but this difficulty could be got over by inserting the explanatory word “essay,” as

Hugo, Victor.Stevenson, R. L. Victor Hugo’s romances [essay.] 1888

Hugo, Victor.

Stevenson, R. L. Victor Hugo’s romances [essay.] 1888

There is also the cross-reference form, like

Hugo, Victor.See alsoStevenson, R. L. Men and books.

Hugo, Victor.

See alsoStevenson, R. L. Men and books.

which is the least desirable because it is vague and also extravagant so far as space is concerned.

The next illustration is

Collins, John Churton.Essays and studies. pp. xii, 369. la. 8o. 1895Contents:—John Dryden. The predecessors of Shakspeare. Lord Chesterfield’s Letters. The Porson of Shaksperian criticism. Menander.

Collins, John Churton.

Essays and studies. pp. xii, 369. la. 8o. 1895Contents:—John Dryden. The predecessors of Shakspeare. Lord Chesterfield’s Letters. The Porson of Shaksperian criticism. Menander.

Essays and studies. pp. xii, 369. la. 8o. 1895

Contents:—John Dryden. The predecessors of Shakspeare. Lord Chesterfield’s Letters. The Porson of Shaksperian criticism. Menander.

The fact that these essays are principally reviews of books necessitates a consideration of their interest in this respect as well as that which attaches to their value as contributions to the subjects, and after examination it will be found that the essays are best placed under “Dryden,” “Symonds, J. A.”; “Chesterfield”; “Theobald, Lewis”; and “Menander,” in this manner:

Dryden, John.Collins, J. C. John Dryden. (Essays and studies.) 1895Symonds, J. A.Collins, J. C. The predecessors of Shakspeare. (Essays and studies.) 1895A review of Symonds’ work on this subject.

Dryden, John.

Collins, J. C. John Dryden. (Essays and studies.) 1895

Symonds, J. A.

Collins, J. C. The predecessors of Shakspeare. (Essays and studies.) 1895A review of Symonds’ work on this subject.

Collins, J. C. The predecessors of Shakspeare. (Essays and studies.) 1895

A review of Symonds’ work on this subject.

If it were thought necessary to give the second and fourth essays under “Shakespeare” also, they could be amalgamated into one entry in this form:

Shakespeare, William.Collins, J. C. The predecessors of Shakspeare. The Porson of Shakspearian criticism. (Essays and studies.) 1895

Shakespeare, William.

Collins, J. C. The predecessors of Shakspeare. The Porson of Shakspearian criticism. (Essays and studies.) 1895

A further book of the kind is

Noble, J. Ashcroft.The sonnet in England, and other essays. pp. x, 211. sm. 8o. 1893Contents:—The sonnet in England. A pre-Raphaelite magazine. Leigh Hunt: the man and the writer. The poetry of common sense. Robert Buchanan as poet. Hawker of Morwenstow.

Noble, J. Ashcroft.

The sonnet in England, and other essays. pp. x, 211. sm. 8o. 1893Contents:—The sonnet in England. A pre-Raphaelite magazine. Leigh Hunt: the man and the writer. The poetry of common sense. Robert Buchanan as poet. Hawker of Morwenstow.

The sonnet in England, and other essays. pp. x, 211. sm. 8o. 1893

Contents:—The sonnet in England. A pre-Raphaelite magazine. Leigh Hunt: the man and the writer. The poetry of common sense. Robert Buchanan as poet. Hawker of Morwenstow.

The word “contents” may be changed to “contains” or “containing,” or even omitted altogether, as the position or style of type would sufficiently indicate that the list was that of the contents. Due regard being paid to the exact subject of each of the essays, the entries would be given under “Sonnet” (title-entry); “Germ, The”; “Hunt, Leigh”; “Pope, Alex.”; “Buchanan, Robert”; “Hawker, Robert S.”

104.—It must be clearly understood that while there is a certain option in indexing the contents of books like the above, there is none whatever in dealing with collected works. That a library happens to possess say the set of the Ashburton edition of Carlyle’s Works does not imply that they are sufficiently entered if set out under “Carlyle,” and therefore they must be fully catalogued in precisely the same manner as if each book had been purchased separately in various editions. Under the author’s name they would be entered as shown in the Hawthorne illustration (section 63), and each book dealt with upon the lines already laid down, as for example

Cromwell, Oliver.Carlyle, T. Oliver Cromwell’s letters and speeches elucidated. (Works,Ashburton ed., v. 6-8). 3 v. 1885-6

Cromwell, Oliver.

Carlyle, T. Oliver Cromwell’s letters and speeches elucidated. (Works,Ashburton ed., v. 6-8). 3 v. 1885-6

105.—There is a well understood though not formulated rule, that the contents of the great classical works do not require indexing, and upon this principle a work, say upon “Hamlet,” would simply be entered under “Shakespeare,” and not even a cross-reference is needed from “Hamlet.” So with the ancient classics. TheIliadorOdyssey, theÆneid, or theAgamemnonare not usually entered in any other place than under Homer, Virgil, and Æschylus respectively. This rule would also be extended according to the nature of the library. One that had a particular collection say of editions of More’sUtopiawould not require any entry underUtopiafurther than a cross-reference to More, where all the editions would be set out with every necessary particular.

106.—The remarks made in section 103 upon the need for a co-operative index to essays and the like also applies to the need, which is probably not so much felt, for an index to plays, and further indexes might even be looked for to volumes of sermons arranged under subjects and texts. More pressing still is the want of an index to the many portraits contained in books.

107.—The difference between the dictionary and classified forms of catalogues already referred to in sections 8 and 9 may be further demonstrated by taking the two well-known railway guides, “Bradshaw” and the “A.B.C.,” in illustration. Both guides have merits of their own, yet are very unlike. The “A.B.C.” will show by ready reference and without any previous study of its arrangement, the times of departure for and arrival at a particular railway station, but it does not show the stoppages at intervening stations on the journey, or supply the exhaustive information that “Bradshaw” does. But before “Bradshaw” can be satisfactorily used its arrangement and order must be studied, and so it is with the classified catalogue. Its arrangement, that is the system of classification adopted, must first be understood, and then the order of sub-division of the classes must be ascertained before it can be properly used, unless such division happens to be alphabetical rather than natural or logical. Having mastered the classification and arrangement, the user of the classified catalogue has the advantage of an exhaustive list of a whole class of literature, then of a particular subject in the aggregate and afterwards in detail, and with all its collateral subjects brought together. That at least is the theory of its compilation. This form has the further advantage, already alluded to, of economy in production, as a bookseldom calls for more than a single entry other than a reference in the index, whereas the number of entries to each book in a dictionary catalogue is seldom less than three.

Again a classed catalogue can be issued in sections, a class or more at the same time, and in large or small editions of each section, according to the demand for them. To be of any real service the dictionary catalogue must be published complete, as if issued in instalments it is of no value until completed because each section is not complete in itself as a class-list is.

Having said so much for the classed catalogue, it may be pointed out that the whole of the books contained in a library by a particular author cannot be ascertained by it without some trouble, unless it has a brief-title author-index as shown in section 112, nor can the books upon a stated country, say China, be found together in one place, those upon the religions of China would not be grouped with those upon its social customs, those upon its natural history would not be with either of these, and a book dealing with all of these together, inclusive of a description of the country, would be in a separate place.

108.—The arguments for and against the two styles of catalogue being carefully weighed, more especially from the point of view of general usefulness to the public concerned, and with due regard to cost of production, and choice having been made of the classified form of catalogue, the cataloguer will first decide upon the scheme of classification to be adopted, presuming that the library in hand is not already classified or its system of main classes is unsatisfactory for cataloguing purposes. This having been accomplished by means of Brown’sManual of Library Classification, which summarises all the various systems, the author-entry is made upon the general principles already laid down in Chapters III. to VII. of the present work which are all equally applicable.

A line or two must be left at the top of the slip on which the entry is written for the purpose of marking the classification, division, and sub-division either by their names or by numbers, if the scheme adopted has a numerical notation. Supposing for example the book is

Ward, James. Historic ornament: treatise on decorative art and architectural ornament. Illus. 2 v. 8o. 1897

the slip or card would be marked as follows on the right hand top corner, as being the most convenient for sorting,

Fine Arts. [The class].Ornament. [The division.]

Fine Arts. [The class].

Ornament. [The division.]

or if the well-known Dewey Classification[2]is used, the number 745 would be written in the same place, signifying the class “Fine Arts,” the division “Drawing, Decoration, Design,” and the sub-division or definite subject, “Ornamental design.”

Under Brown’s Adjustable Classification,[3]the entry would be marked C 76, denoting the class, “Fine Arts,” the division “Decoration,” and the sub-division “General practice and examples.” In the dictionary catalogue this book would be entered under “Ward” and “Ornament.”

Another example is

Willmott, Robt. A. (Ed.) The poets of the 19th century: [selections]. pp. xx, 620, port., illus. 8o. n.d.

This would be marked “Literature,” division “English Literature,” sub-division “Poetry,” and left for more detailed sub-division when it comes to be arranged with kindred works at the time of preparation for the press. The Dewey number would be 821.08 or according to Brown’s method of marking J 12.

A further illustration is

Bird, Robert. Jesus, the carpenter of Nazareth. 8th ed. pp. xii, 498. sm. 8o. 1894

This would be marked “Theology” or “Religion,” division “Bible,” sub-division “Christ”; the Dewey number being 232.9, and that in Brown’s notation E168.

109.—The next illustration is one of some difficulty, inasmuch as it can be placed in three classes:

Macpherson, H. A., A. J. Stuart-Wortley, and Alex. I. Shand. The pheasant: natural history, shooting, cookery. (Fur and feather ser.) pp. x, 265, illus. 1895

Having regard to the series in which the book appears, it cannot very well be placed under “Natural History,” nor is there much contained in it that appeals to the scientific naturalist, though a reference from the division “Game birds” in that class would be most desirable. As the pheasant has first to be shot before it can be cooked, and there are many more pages devoted to the shooting than to the cooking, the book is placed among sporting books: class “Fine Arts,” division “Recreative Arts,” sub-division “Field Sports,” further division “Shooting.” The Dewey number is accordingly 799, and the Brown mark C632.

In the dictionary catalogue a book like

Bernard, Henry M.The apodidæ. (Nature ser.) pp. xx. 316, illus. sm. 8o. 1892

Bernard, Henry M.

The apodidæ. (Nature ser.) pp. xx. 316, illus. sm. 8o. 1892

is readily dealt with, as it is simply entered under “Apodidæ” for the subject. In the classified catalogue, however, it must be worked out to its full limits, as class “Science,” section “Natural History,” division “Zoology,” sub-division “Arthropoda” or “Articulata,” lesser division “Crustacea.” The Dewey number is 595.3, and the Brown notation is A152.

Upon a like principle, a book upon a very different subject, viz.,

Loftie, W. J.Westminster Abbey. New ed., revised, pp. xii, 319, illus. 8o. 1891

Loftie, W. J.

Westminster Abbey. New ed., revised, pp. xii, 319, illus. 8o. 1891

is treated in the same manner. The class is “History,” the division “Europe,” sub-division “British Isles,” further division “England,” and lesser division “London”; the Dewey number being 942.1, and that of Brown is F742. This arrangement is upon the presumption that the book is written from the historical and topographical standpoint. It is, however, written as much from the architectural point of view, and the heading might be entirely different; as then the class would be “Fine Arts,” the division “Architecture,” and the sub-division “Ecclesiastical Architecture,” with a further section devoted to “Monographs.” This is one of those books of a composite character that can be very suitably placed in two classes, so far as the catalogue is concerned, as against shelf arrangement.

Even in cataloguing it is unusual and not easy to split up into classes and sub-divisions those books of a miscellaneous character, as volumes of essays, which are “indexed” section by section in the dictionary catalogue. These, therefore, are brought together in one place, unless the whole or the greater number of the essays or sections are upon a particular subject, when they are placed in their proper class. Though there may be no division of the contents of miscellaneous books, as distinct from collected works, this in no wise obviates the necessity for setting out in full thecontentsof such books in the entry under the main class. Apart from the little difficulty and it not being customary, there is no very sufficient reason why these contents should not be split up in classified cataloguing and inserted in the proper classes throughout, even as they would be treated to subject-entries in thedictionary catalogue; indeed, fairly looked at, it is the only right method of procedure to adopt.

The under-mentioned books are grouped together because they are all comprised in the single class of “History” under the Dewey classification. By the Brown method “Biography and Correspondence” is separated from “History and Geography” and made into another class, though it is often very difficult to find the dividing line between history and biography in the lives of monarchs and other historical memoirs. The classes and divisions are given to each item in the form which it is advised that the catalogue slips should be marked for sorting until the time arrives for them to be prepared for printing.

History.Voyages and travels.Arctic Regions.N.-E. Passage.Nordenskiöld, A. E.The voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe; transl. by Alex. Leslie, pp. viii, 414, ports., maps, illus. sm. 8o. 1886

History.Voyages and travels.Arctic Regions.N.-E. Passage.

Nordenskiöld, A. E.

The voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe; transl. by Alex. Leslie, pp. viii, 414, ports., maps, illus. sm. 8o. 1886

If the Dewey or Brown classifications were in use, instead of marking with class and subject headings as above, the entry would simply be marked 919 or F1356.

History.Europe.Ireland.Bagwell, Richard.Ireland under the Tudors. 3 v. 8o. 1885-90(Dewey number 941.55. Brown mark F826.)

History.Europe.Ireland.

Bagwell, Richard.

Ireland under the Tudors. 3 v. 8o. 1885-90

(Dewey number 941.55. Brown mark F826.)

History.Biography of Literature.Fitzgerald, Percy.The life of Lawrence Sterne. Port. 2 v. sm. 8o. 1896(Dewey number 928. Brown mark G88-Sterne.)

History.Biography of Literature.

Fitzgerald, Percy.

The life of Lawrence Sterne. Port. 2 v. sm. 8o. 1896

(Dewey number 928. Brown mark G88-Sterne.)

History.Voyages and travels.Europe.Russia.Hapgood, Isabel F.Russian rambles. pp. xiv, 369. sm. 8o. 1895(Dewey number 914, 7. Brown mark F 1168.)

History.Voyages and travels.Europe.Russia.

Hapgood, Isabel F.

Russian rambles. pp. xiv, 369. sm. 8o. 1895

(Dewey number 914, 7. Brown mark F 1168.)

110.—As already pointed out, the principal difficulty with classified catalogues, more especially if the classification is extended to its fullest limits, is that persons using the catalogue must familiarise themselves with its arrangement before they can make an adequate use of it. Thus to find a book upon Russia, the geographical order has to be thought out, and to find a life of Sterne it must first be remembered that as he was an author he will come into the literary division of biography, or if a life of William Penn is wanted, it must be found out whether it is placed in the biography of religion or of history according to the point of view from which it is regarded.

Mr. Brown’s system removes some of these difficulties, as he for the most part arranges his countries alphabetically under continents, and his biographies of individuals altogether alphabetically by the subjects. In some recent classified catalogues this idea has been carried further, and all continents and countries of the world arranged in one alphabet, as Abyssinia, Afghanistan, Africa, Algeria, Asia, and so on with such suitable sub-division under each as may be called for. This alphabetical arrangement has also been carried out under the main divisions of the classes “Fine Arts” and “Useful Arts,” and it certainly facilitates reference, though it must be admitted that it breaks away from the important principle of giving a complete view of a subject in all its bearings, first generally, then in particular down to its finest limits. This principle may very well bewaived in dealing withindividualbiography, and in such case the form of entry would be reversed, as

Biography.Sterne, Laurence, The life of, by Percy Fitzgerald. Port. 2 v. sm. 8o. 1896

Biography.

Sterne, Laurence, The life of, by Percy Fitzgerald. Port. 2 v. sm. 8o. 1896

By the Dewey system works of fiction fall into place under languages, epochs, and authors in the main class “Literature” as they should, but most libraries have to make a separate class for this kind of literature. This has been allowed for in the Brown Adjustable Classification, the arrangement being alphabetically by authors with a separate section of books for juveniles, this being further divided for books specially written for boys and again for books for girls. These two main divisions of works of fiction (i.e.novels) and story books for children will be found sufficient in cataloguing, the entries being alphabetically by authors. The dictionary principle of a title-entry may be added with advantage, and the titles given either in separate alphabetical order or more conveniently in their place in the same alphabet with the author-entries, of course keeping all the entries together in their particular class.

111.—The more elaborate the classification in a classified catalogue the more need there is for an adequate index to authors and subjects. The index may be a simple reference under the author’s name to the page upon which the entry is to be found, as

Ward, James 130

but this necessitates a hunt from page to page, and almost from line to line on each page if the author has written a number of books which appear in different parts of the catalogue. For example, this is the index-entry to a catalogue so indexed:

Hamerton, P. G., 42, 84, 86, 119, 125, 149, 151, 163, 165, 174, 175, 176, 190, 213, 215, 252, 330, 366.

The only method of obviating this is to give a brief title of each book, just sufficient to identify it, and while it must be admitted this method takes up some space, yet it is worth it. The following is the form referred to:

Hamerton, P. G. Drawing and engraving, 86.⸻ French and English, 119.⸻ Human intercourse, 42.⸻ Modern Frenchmen, 149.⸻ Thoughts about art, 84.

Hamerton, P. G. Drawing and engraving, 86.

⸻ French and English, 119.

⸻ Human intercourse, 42.

⸻ Modern Frenchmen, 149.

⸻ Thoughts about art, 84.

The same difficulty would not arise in indexing subjects because the whole subject would be grouped in one place or almost so, and reference to the page or pages would be easy enough. An example of this subject-index entry taken from the same catalogue is

France (History), 124, 126, 136.⸻ (Descriptive) 215.⸻ The Church in, 139.⸻ Language and Literature, 246, 280.Franco-German War, 136.

France (History), 124, 126, 136.

⸻ (Descriptive) 215.

⸻ The Church in, 139.

⸻ Language and Literature, 246, 280.

Franco-German War, 136.

With the Dewey and Brown notations the indexing would be by class and topic number, and not by pages, as

Ornament, 745.Poetry, English. 821.Christ, Lives of. E 168.

Ornament, 745.

Poetry, English. 821.

Christ, Lives of. E 168.

Irrespective of the system of classification made use of each separate section of a class could be numbered consecutively for indexing purposes (as this present book is) and unless the sections were unusually large, reference would thereby be much simpler and more direct than by the page.

If the section or class of prose fiction were arranged under authors alphabetically, there would be no occasion to include the authors of that section in the index, and a mere general statement at the commencement of the index, pointing to the fact that they were not so included wouldmeet the case. Upon a similar principle it would hardly be necessary to index thesubjectsof individual biography if they were arranged alphabetically as suggested, though it must be remembered that many of these would appear in the index as authors.

It is customary to keep the author and subject-indexes separate, sometimes printing one at the beginning and the other at the end of the catalogue. There does not seem to be any important reason for adopting this course, and both indexes might very well be amalgamated, and so add one feature of the dictionary form to the classified catalogue, besides it would be easier to refer to. In no case should a summary of the classification adopted, showing the order of its arrangement, be omitted, and this is better placed at the beginning than at the end where the index will be.

The index entries can be made, if desired, at the time of writing the main entry for the catalogue, when a smaller-sized slip should be used for them; but it is found convenient to compile the index from the printer’s proofs as the work passes through the press. With the Dewey and Brown numbering there is no occasion to wait until the work is so far advanced, and the index can be as easily compiled before any portion of the “copy” is sent to the printer as when it is in type.

112.—It may be necessary to add that the main entries of a classified catalogue are arranged by class and topic names or numbers, as shown in the examples, and not by authors, as in the dictionary catalogue, though the authors of books coming together under a single definite topic would be arranged alphabetically as a matter of course.

113.—On the face of it, it seems a simple affair to arrange slips in alphabetical order—“as easy as a, b, c”—but, judging by the mistakes made, and the small number of persons who when put to it can alphabetise properly, it is not so simple as it appears. The arrangement is, of course, to be according to the English alphabet, and irrespective of the language of the entries, I and J and U and V to be kept apart as distinct letters, and then by each separate word.

One of the first principles is to arrange all entries leading off with the same word in accordance with what is understood as precedence and importance of entry, viz., (1) author and other personal names; (2) subject names; (3) titles of books; as, for example:

Ireland, Alex. (Ed.) The book-lover’s enchiridion.(Author.)

Ireland, Alex. (Ed.) The book-lover’s enchiridion.

(Author.)

Ireland.Bagwell, R. Ireland under the Tudors.(Subject.)

Ireland.

Bagwell, R. Ireland under the Tudors.

(Subject.)

Ireland: a tale. Martineau, H.(Title.)

Ireland: a tale. Martineau, H.

(Title.)

It has already been shown that initial letters precede all words with the same initial, and under the same rule all names with a particular initial for the Christian name are placed before those with the Christian name in full, as

Fitzgerald, P. F.Fitzgerald, Percy.Fitzgerald, S. J. A.Fitzgerald, Samuel.

Fitzgerald, P. F.

Fitzgerald, Percy.

Fitzgerald, S. J. A.

Fitzgerald, Samuel.

Where there are a number of persons of the same surname and initial in the catalogue it is as well, for the sake of clearness, to try and find out the full name for which the initial stands and give it. When this cannot be done it is very important to take care and not attribute books by different authors to one, or by an individual to different authors. These are mistakes much more commonly made than might be supposed.

Monarchs, as authors or as subjects, having similar names are arranged in chronological order, but with British sovereigns leading, as

William I., the Conqueror.William III., Prince of Orange.William IV.William II., Emperor of Germany.

William I., the Conqueror.

William III., Prince of Orange.

William IV.

William II., Emperor of Germany.

These would be followed by persons with a single name, as

Williamof Malmesbury,

and then by other persons with William as a surname, arranged in order alphabetically by their Christian names or initials. When titles are used and appear in the name, as Lord, Lady, Sir, Rev., Dr., they are ignored and not allowed to affect the arrangement in the least, not even if it happens that there is no other means of distinguishing a person, and if the Christian name cannot be ascertained such a name would be placed before that of all others of the same name and treated in precisely the same way asif the surname only were known and no title existed, as

Lamb, Lady.Lamb, Arthur.Lamb, Charles.

Lamb, Lady.

Lamb, Arthur.

Lamb, Charles.

If two noblemen of the same title have the same Christian name they should be placed in order of succession with their order shown, as

Derby, Edward, 14th Earl of.Derby, Edward, 15th Earl of.

Derby, Edward, 14th Earl of.

Derby, Edward, 15th Earl of.

and parents and children with similar names are arranged according to seniority, like

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