Fig. 14
This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern California,along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern California on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 7000° above the sea, on the Cuyamaca Mountains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Mártir Mountains.
A tree, 100° to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4°—6° in diameter, covered with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates, stiffer and more elastic leaves 4′—9′ long and persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones 5′—15′ long, their scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually hooked backward, and seeds often nearly ½′ long with larger wings.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the varietyJeffreyi, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.
Pinus arizonicaEngelm.
Fig. 15
Leavestufted at the ends of the branches, in 3—5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark green, stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 5′—7′ long, deciduous during their third season.Fruitovoid, horizontal, 2′—2½′ long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender recurved spines;seedsfull and rounded below, slightly compressed towards the apex, ⅛′ long, with a thick shell, their wings broadest above the middle, about ⅓′ long and ¼′ wide.
A tree, 80°—100° high, with a tall straight massive trunk 3°—4° in diameter, thick spreading branches forming a regular open round-topped or narrow pyramidal head, and stout branchlets orange-brown and pruinose when they first appear, becoming dark gray-brown.Barkon young trunks dark brown or almost black and deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees 1½′—2′ thick and divided into large unequally shaped plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow, with thick lighter yellow or white sapwood; in Arizona occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
Distribution.High cool slopes on the sides of cañons of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; more abundant and of its largest size on the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.
Fig. 16
Leavesin crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches, slender, flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8′—18′ long, deciduous at the end of their second year.Flowersin very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense clusters, dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in pairs or in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple.Fruitcylindric-ovoid, slightly curved, nearly sessile, horizontal or pendant, 6′—10′ long, with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with smallreflexed prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently ridged, about ½′ long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and wings widest near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about 1¾′ long and7/16′ wide.
A tree, 100°—120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2°—2½° or occasionally 3° in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs covered with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very irregular head one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided into long spreading filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud.Barkof the trunk1/16′—½′ thick, light orange-brown, separating on the surface into large closely appressed papery scales.Woodheavy, exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as “southern pine” or “Georgia pine” for masts and spars, bridges, viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior finish of buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich in resinous secretions.
Distribution.Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels stretching along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125 miles wide, from southeastern Virginia to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River, extending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties); west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western Louisiana nearly to the northern borders of this state.
Pinus heterophyllaSudw.
Fig. 17
Leavesstout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous, marked by numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8′—12′ long, deciduous at the end of their second season.Flowersin January and February before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short crowded clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink.Fruitovoid or ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2′—6′ long, with thin flexible flatscales armed with minute incurved or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown;seedsalmost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 1⅙′—1¼′ long, with a thin brittle dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings ¾′—1′ long, ¼′ wide, their thickened bases encircling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.
A tree, often 100° high, with a tall tapering trunk 2½°—3° in diameter, heavy horizontal branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored ultimately dark branchlets.Bark¾′—½′ thick, and separating freely on the surface into large thin scales.Woodheavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and used for construction and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely produced from this tree.
Distribution.Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to the keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany, Washington, southern Tangipahoa and eastern Livingston Parishes); common on the Bahamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala; in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved Pine,Pinus palustris, Mill.
Fig. 18
Leavesslender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6′—9′ long, marked by 10—12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their third year.Flowersopening from the middle of March to the first of May; male crowded in short spikes, yellow; female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or clustered, short-stalked, yellow.Fruitoblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric, nearly sessile, 2′—6′ long, becoming light reddish brown, with thin scales rounded at the apex and armed with short stout straight or reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for another year;seedsrhomboidal, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with black, and produced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow border of their thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1′ long, about ¼′ wide.
A tree, generally 80°—100° high, with a tall straight trunk usually about 2° but occasionally 5° in diameter, short thick much divided branches, the lower spreading, the upper ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and comparatively slender glabrous branchlets brown tinged with yellow during their first season and gradually growing darker in their second year.Barkof the trunk ¾′—1½′ thick, bright red-brown, and irregularlydivided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered with large thin closely appressed scales.Woodweak, brittle, coarse-grained, not durable, light brown, with orange-colored or often nearly white sapwood, often composing nearly half the trunk; largely manufactured into lumber, used for construction and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution.Cape May, New Jersey, through southern Delaware and eastern Maryland and southward to the shores of Indian River and Tampa Bay, Florida, westward to middle North Carolina and through South Carolina and Georgia and the eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi River, extending into southern Tennessee and northeastern Mississippi; west of the Mississippi River from southern Arkansas and the southwestern part of Oklahoma through western Louisiana to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado River; on the Atlantic coast often springing up on lands exhausted by agriculture; west of the Mississippi River one of the most important timber-trees, frequently growing in nearly pure forests on rolling uplands.
Fig. 19
Leavesstout, rigid, dark yellow-green, marked on the 3 faces by many rows of stomata, 3′—5′ long, standing stiffly and at right angles with the branch, deciduous during their second year.Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, yellow or rarely purple; female often clustered and raised on short stout stems, light green more or less tinged with rose color.Fruitovoid, acute at apex, nearly sessile, often clustered, 1′—3½′ long, becoming light brown, with thin flat scales armed with recurved rigid prickles, often remaining on the branches for ten or twelve years;seedsnearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, ¼′ long, with a thin dark brown mottled roughened shell and wings broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the very oblique apex, ¾′ long, ⅓′ wide.
A tree, 50°—60° or rarely 100° high, with a short trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, thick contorted often pendulous branches covered with thick much roughened bark, forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular and picturesque, andstout bright green branchlets becoming dull orange color during their first winter and dark gray-brown at the end of four or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet high.Barkof young stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales, becoming on old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick, deeply and irregularly fissured, and divided into broad flat connected ridges separating on the surface into thick dark red-brown scales often tinged with purple.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red, with thick yellow or often white sapwood; largely used for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal; occasionally sawed into lumber.
Distribution.Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently in cold deep swamps; island of Mt. Desert, Maine, to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and southward to southern Delaware and southern Ohio (Scioto County) and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and to their western foothills in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; very abundant in the coast region south of Massachusetts; sometimes forming pure forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Pinus serotinaMichx.
Fig. 20
Leavesin clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark yellow-green, 6′—8′ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, deciduous during their third and fourth years.Flowers: male in crowded spikes, dark orange color; female clustered or in pairs on stout stems.Fruitsubglobose to ovoid, full and rounded or pointed at apex, subsessile or short-stalked, horizontal or slightly declining, 2′—2½′ long, with thin nearly flat scales armed with slender incurved mostly deciduous prickles, becoming light yellow-brown at maturity, often remaining closed for one or two years and after opening long-persistent on the branches;seedsnearly triangular, often ridged below, full and rounded at the sides, ⅛′ long, with a thin nearly black roughened shell produced into a wide border, the wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed at the ends, ¾′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 40°—50° or occasionally 70°—80° high, with a short trunk sometimes 3° but generally not more than 2° in diameter, stout often contorted branches more or less pendulous at the extremities, forming an open round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green when they first appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter and dark brown or often nearly black at the end of four or five years.Barkof the trunk ½′—¾′ thick, dark red-brown and irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into small plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed scales.Woodvery resinous, heavy, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution.Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps;nearCape May, New Jersey, and southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern Florida and central Alabama.
Fig. 21
Leavesin 3, rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green, 4′—6′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season.Flowers: male in dense spikes, yellow; female clustered, dark purple.Fruitovoid, pointed at apex, very oblique at base, short-stalked, reflexed, 3′—7′ long, becoming deep chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened and mammillate toward the base on the outer side of the cone, thinner on the inner side and at its apex, and armed with minute thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-persistent and often remaining closed on the branches for many years;seedsellipsoidal, compressed, ¼′ long, with a thin brittle rough nearly black shell, their wings light brown, longitudinally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed and oblique at apex, 1′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 40°—60° rarely 100°—115° high, with a tall trunk usually 1°—2° but occasionally 4½° in diameter, spreading branches forming a regular narrow open round-topped head, and slender branchlets light or dark orange color, at first often covered with a glaucous bloom, ultimately dark red-brown.Barkof the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed plate-like scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained; occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution.In a narrow belt a few miles wide on the California coast from Pescadero to the shores of San Simeon Bay; in San Luis Obispo County near the village of Cambria; on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guadaloupe Island off the coast of Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on Point Pinos south of the Bay of Monterey, California.
Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern Europe, occasionally planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and other regions with temperate climates, and more generally in the coast region of the Pacific states from Vancouver Island southward than any other Pine-tree.
Fig. 22
Leavesslender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on their 3 faces, 3′—7′, usually 4′—5′ long.Flowers: male orange-brown; female fascicled, often with several fascicles on the shoot of the year.Fruitelongated, conic, pointed, very oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the outer side, whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed and incurved, 3′—6′ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thin flat scales rounded at apex, those on the outer side being enlarged into prominent transversely flattened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines, those on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened and armed with minute recurved prickles, persistent on the stems and branches for thirty or forty years, sometimes becoming completely imbedded in the bark of old trunks, and usually not opening until the death of the tree;seedsellipsoidal, compressed, acute at apex, ¼′ long, with a thin oblique shell, their wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1¼′ long, ⅓′ wide.
A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and often fruitful whenonly 4° or 5° tall; occasionally growing to the height of 80°—100°, with a trunk 2½° thick, and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending stems, slender branches arrangedin regular whorls while the tree is young, and in old age forming a narrow round-topped straggling head of sparse thin foliage, and slender dark orange-brown branchlets growing darker during their second season.Barkof young stems and branches thin, smooth, pale brown, becoming at the base of old trunks ¼′—½′ thick and dark brown often tinged with purple, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures and broken into large loose scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood sometimes slightly tinged with red.
Distribution.Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River in Oregon over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most abundant and grows to its largest size, often forming pure forests over large areas, southward along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains; in California on the northern cross ranges, the coast ranges from Trinity to Sonoma Counties, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County, and over the southern coast ranges from Santa Cruz to the dry arid southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, where it forms a belt between City and East Twin Creeks at an altitude of 3500° above the sea.
Fig. 23
Leavesstout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face with numerous rows of pale stomata, 8′—12′ long, deciduous usually in their third and fourth years.Flowers: male yellow; female on stout peduncles, dark purple.Fruitoblong-ovoid, full and rounded at base, pointed, becoming light reddish brown, 6′—10′ long, long-stalked, pendulous, the scales narrowed into a stout incurved sharp hook, strongly reflexed toward the base of the cone and armed with spur-like incurved spines;seedsfull and rounded below, somewhat compressed toward the apex, ¾′ long, ⅓′ wide, dark brown or nearly black, with a thick hard shell, encircled by their wings muchthickened on the inner rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about ½ length of nuts.
A tree, usually 40°—50° but occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in diameter, divided generally 15°—20° above the ground into 3 or 4 thick secondary stems, clothed with short crooked branches pendant below and ascending toward the summit of the tree, and forming an open round-topped head remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, and stout pale glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or nearly black during their second season.Barkof the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black and deeply and irregularly divided into thick connected ridges covered with small closely appressed scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light brown or red with thick nearly white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly colorless aromatic liquid with the odor of oil of oranges, is obtained by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly resinous seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.
Distribution.Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills of western California, ranging from 500° up to 4000° above the sea-level and from the southern slopes of the northern cross ranges to the Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la Liebre; most abundant and attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000°; here often the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation.
Fig. 24
Leavestufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark blue-green, marked by numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6′—12′ long, deciduous during their third and fourth seasons.Flowers: male yellow; female dark reddish brown.Fruitoblong-conic, short-stalked and pendant, 10′—14′ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thick broad scales terminating in a broad, flat, incurved, hooked claw ½′—1½′ long, gradually opening in the autumn and often persistent on the branches for several years;seedsellipsoidal, compressed, ½′ long, ¼′—⅓′ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a thick shell, inclosed by their wings, broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1′ longer than the seed, about ⅝′ wide.
A tree, 40°—90° high, with a trunk 1°—2½° in diameter, thick branches covered with dark scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and ascending above, and forming a loose unsymmetrical often picturesque head, and very stout branchlets dark orange-brown at first, becoming sometimes nearly black at the end of three or four years.Barkof thetrunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into broad rounded connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians of southern California.
Distribution.Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California at elevations of 3000°—6000° above the sea, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains; and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; most abundant on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at elevations of about 5000°.
Fig. 25
Leavesslender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5′—6′ long, obscurely marked on the ventral faces by bands of minute stomata, deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons.Flowers:male in dense spikes, dark purple; female terminal, short-stalked, scarlet.Fruitovoid-conic, subsessile, 2′—2¼′ long, with thin slightly concave scales, unarmed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity; shedding their seeds early in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches until the following summer;seedsoval, compressed, ⅛′ long, with a thin dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and wings broadest below the middle, oblique at apex, ¾′ long, ¼′—⅓′ broad.
A tree, usually 70°—80° or occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°—3° or rarely 5° in diameter, thick spreading more or less pendulous branches clothing the young stems to the ground and forming a broad irregular pyramid, and in old age an open round-topped picturesque head, and stout branchlets at first orange color, finally becoming light reddish brown.Barkof the trunk ¾′—1¼′ thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light red-brown scales.Woodlight, hard, very close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the construction of bridges and buildings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is occasionally used for tanning leather.
Distribution.Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves rarely more than a few hundred acres in extent and scattered through forests of other Pines and deciduous-leaved trees; occasionally on sandy flats forming pure forests; Nova Scotia to Lake St. John, westward through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the Winnipeg River, and southward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, and to central and southwestern (Port Huron) Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, most abundant, and growing to its largest size in the northern parts of these states; rare and local in eastern Massachusetts and southward.
Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an ornamental tree of the Pitch Pines which flourish in the northern states.
Fig. 26
Leavesdark green, slender, 1′—1½′ long, marked by 6—10 rows of stomata on each face, mostly persistent 4—6 years.Flowersorange-red: male in short crowded spikes; female clustered or in pairs on stout stalks.Fruitovoid to subcylindric, usually very oblique at base, horizontal or declining, often clustered, ¾′—2′ long, with thin slightly concave scales armed with long slender more or less recurved often deciduous prickles, and toward the base of the cone especially on the upper side developed into thick mammillate knobs, becoming light yellow-brown and lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as soon as ripe, or remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their seeds for many years;seedsoblique at apex, acute below, about ⅙′ long, with a thin brittle dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings widest above the base, gradually tapering toward the oblique apex, ½′ long.
A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15°—20° or occasionally 30° tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18′ in diameter, comparatively thick branches forming a round-topped compact and symmetrical or an open picturesque head, and stout branchlets light orange color when they first appear, finally becoming dark red-brown or occasionally almost black.Barkof the trunk ¾′—1′ thick, deeply and irregularly divided by vertical and cross fissures into small oblong plates covered with closely appressed dark red-brown scales tinged with purple or orange color.Woodlight, hard, strong although brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel.
Distribution.Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs southward in the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the Albion River, Mendocino County, California; south of the northern boundary of the United States generally inhabiting sand dunes and barrens or occasionally near the shores of Puget Sound the margins of tide pools and deep wet swamps; spreading inland and ascending the coast ranges and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, where it is not common and where it gradually changes its habit and appearance, the thick deeply furrowed bark of the coast form being found only near the ground, while the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and inclined to separate into scales, and the leaves are often longer and broader. This is
Pinus contortavar.MurrayanaEngelm.
Fig. 27
Leavesyellow-green, usually about 2′ long, although varying from 1′—3′ in length and from1/16′ to nearly ⅛′ in width.Fruitoccasionally opening as soon as ripe but usually remaining closed and preserving the vitality of the seeds sometimes for twenty years.
A tree, usually 70°—80° but often 150° high, with a trunk generally 2°—3° but occasionally 5°—6° in diameter, slender much-forked branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, light orange-colored during their early years, somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, and forming a narrow pyramidal spire-topped head.Barkof the trunk rarely more than ¼′ thick, close and firm, light orange-brown and covered by small thin loosely appressed scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained and easily worked, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber; also used for railway-ties, mine-timbers, and for fuel.
Distribution.Common on the Yukon hills in the valley of the Yukon River; on the interior plateau of northern British Columbia and eastward to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, covering with dense forests great areas in the basin of the Columbia River; forming forests on both slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana; on the Yellowstone plateau at elevations of 7000°-8000°; common on the mountains of Wyoming, and extending southward to southern Colorado; the most abundant coniferous tree of the northern Rocky Mountain region; common on the ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains of northern California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its greatest size and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000° and 9500°; in southern California the principal tree at elevations between 7000° and 10,000° on the high peaks of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; on the upper slopes of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California.
Pinus divaricataDu Mont de Cours.
Fig. 28
Leavesin remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner face, at first light yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, ¾′—1¼′ long, gradually and irregularly deciduous in their second or third year.Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female clustered, dark purple, often with 2 clusters produced on the same shoot. Fruit oblong-conic, acute, oblique at base, sessile, usually erect and strongly incurved, 1½′—2′ long, dull purple or green when fully grown, becoming light yellow and lustrous, with thin stiffscales often irregularly developed, and armed with minute incurved often deciduous prickles;seedsnearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides,1/12′ long, with an almost black roughened shell and wings broadest at the middle, full and rounded at apex, ⅓′ long, ⅛′ wide.
A tree, frequently 70° high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of branches for 20°—30° and rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, long spreading branches forming an open symmetrical head, and slender tough flexible pale yellow-green branchlets turning dark purple during their first winter and darker the following year; often not more than 20°—30° tall, with a stem 10′—12′ in diameter; generally fruiting when only a few years old; sometimes shrubby with several low slender stems.Barkof the trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, very irregularly divided into narrow rounded connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely appressed scales.Woodlight, soft, not strong, close-grained, clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for fuel and occasionally for railway-ties and posts; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution.From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and down the Mackenzie to about latitude 65° north, ranging southward to the coast of Maine, northern New Hampshire and Vermont, the Island of Nantucket (Wauwinet,J. W. Harshburger), northern New York, the shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, the southern shores of Lake Michigan in Illinois, the valley of the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, and central and southeastern Minnesota (with isolated groves in Root River valley, near Rushford, Fillmore County); abundant in central Michigan, covering tracts of barren lands; common and of large size in the region north of Lake Superior; most abundant and of its greatest size west of Lake Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great areas of sandy sterile soil.
Fig. 29
Leavessoft, slender, dark green, 1½′—3′ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata, deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of their third year.Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female raised on slender slightly ascending peduncles.Fruitsingle or in clusters of 2 or 3, reflexed on short stout stalks, subglobose to oblong-ovoid, ½′—2′ long, becoming reddish brown and rather lustrous, with thin slightly concave scales armed with minute straight or incurved usually deciduous prickles;seedsnearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, ⅛′ long, with a thin dark gray shell mottled with black and wings broadest below the middle, ⅝′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 80°—100° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°—2½° or rarely 3½° in diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and slender flexible branchlets at first light red more or less tinged with purple, ultimately dark reddish brown.Barkof young trees and upper trunks smooth pale gray becoming on old stems ½′—¾′ thick, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures into flat connected ridges.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel and rarely manufactured into lumber.
Distribution.Valley of the lower Santee River, South Carolina to middle and northwestern Florida; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama; eastern and southwestern Mississippi, and sandy banks of streams in northeastern Louisiana; usually growing singly or in small groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of considerable extent in northwestern Florida.
Fig. 30
Leavesin clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green, 3′—5′ long, beginning to fall at the end of their second season and dropping irregularly until their fifth year.Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, pale purple; female in clusters of 2 or 3 on stout ascending stems, pale rose color.Fruitovoid to oblong-conic, subsessile and nearly horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally clustered, 1½′—2½′ long, becoming dull brown, with thin scales nearly flat below and rounded at the apex, armed with short straight or somewhat recurved frequently deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, about3/16′ long, with a thin pale brown hard shell conspicuously mottled with black, their wings broadest near the middle, ½′ long, ⅛′ wide.
A tree, usually 80°—100° occasionally 120° high, with a tall slightly tapering trunk 3°—4° in diameter, a short pyramidal truncate head of comparatively slender branches, and stout brittle pale green or violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom, becoming dark red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first season, their bark beginning in the third year to separate into large scales.Barkof the trunk ¾′—1′ thick and broken into large irregularly shaped plates covered with small closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales.Woodvery variable in quality, and in the thickness of the nearly white sapwood, heavy, hard, strong and usually coarse-grained, orange-colored or yellow-brown; largely manufactured into lumber.
Distribution.Long Island (near Northport), and Staten Island, New York, and southern Pennsylvania to northern Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to eastern Texas, through Arkansas to southwestern Oklahoma (near Page, Leflore County,G. W. Stevens) and to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois and to eastern Tennessee and western West Virginia; most abundant and of its largest size west of the Mississippi River.
Fig. 31
Leavesin remote clusters, stout, gray-green, 1½′—3′ long, marked by many rows of minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years.Flowers: male in crowded clusters, orange-brown; female on opposite spreading peduncles near the middle of the shoots of the year, generally a little below and alternate with 1 or 2lateral branchlets, pale green, 2′—3′ long, the scale-tips tinged with rose color.Fruitovoid-conic, often reflexed, dark red-brown and lustrous, with thin nearly flat scales, and stout or slender persistent prickles, opening in the autumn and slowly shedding their seeds, turning dark reddish brown and remaining on the branches for three or four years;seedsnearly oval, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin pale brown rough shell, their wings broadest at the middle, ⅓′ long, about ⅛′ wide.
A tree, usually 30°—40° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18′ in diameter, long horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming a broad open often flat-topped pyramid, and slender tough flexible branchlets at first pale green or green tinged with purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple and later light gray-brown; toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently 100° tall, with a trunk 2½°—3° in diameter.Barkof the trunk ¼′—½′ thick, broken by shallow fissures into flat plate-like scales separating on the surface into thin closely appressed dark brown scales tinged with red.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil, light orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; often used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution.Middle and southern New Jersey; Plymouth, Luzerne County, and central, southern and western Pennsylvania to Columbia County, Georgia, Dallas County, Alabama (near Selma,T. G. Harbison), and to the hills of northeastern Mississippi (Bear Creek near its junction with the Tennessee River,E. N. Lowe), through eastern and middle Tennessee to western Kentucky and to southeastern and southern (Scioto County) Ohio, and southern Indiana; usually small in the Atlantic states and only on light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted fields; of its largest size west of the Alleghany Mountains on the low hills of southern Indiana.
Fig. 32
Leavesslender, flexible, dark green, 2′—3½′ long, marked by 10—20 rows of stomata, deciduous during their third and fourth years.Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, dark orange color; female lateral on stout peduncles.Fruitelongated ovoid-conic, often oblique at base, usually clustered and reflexed, 2′—3½′ long, nearly sessile or short-stalked, with convex scales armed with short stout straight or recurved prickles, becoming dark yellow-brown in autumn; some of the cones opening at once, others remaining closed for three or four years before liberating their seeds, ultimately turning to an ashy gray color; others still unopened becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and finally entirely covered by them;seedsnearly triangular, compressed, ¼′ long, with ablack slightly roughened shell, their wings widest near or below the middle, ¾′ long, about ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 15°—20° high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter, generally clothed to the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a bushy flat-topped head, and slender tough flexible branchlets, pale yellow-green when they first appear, becoming light orange-brown and ultimately ashy gray; occasionally growing to the height of 70°—80° with a trunk 2° in diameter.Barkon the lower part of the trunk ⅓′—½′ thick, deeply divided by narrow fissures into irregularly shaped generally oblong plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed bright red-brown scales; on the upper part of the trunk and on the branches thin, smooth, ashy gray.Woodlight, soft, not strong, brittle, light orange color or yellow, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.
Distribution.Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace Creek, western Florida; eastern Florida from the neighborhood of St. Augustine to New River, Dade County, covering sandy wind-swept plains near the coast; growing to its largest size and most abundant in the interior of the peninsula (Lake and Orange Counties).