Cothurnia imberbisEhrenberg, var. curvula Entz. Fig. 63.
Synonyms:C. imberbisKent et al.;C. curvulaEntz;C. socialisGruber?
The lorica is swollen posteriorly, narrowest at the oral margin, bent on its axis and is supported on a short stalk. It is perfectly smooth and without annulations. The animal itself has no definite stalk. When fully expanded the animal emerges but slightly from the margin of the cup. Fresh and salt water. On red algæ. Dimensions of Woods Hole form: Cup 50 to 55µ long; greatest diameter 22µ; length of stalk 4 to 5µ.
Cothurnia imberbisFig. 63.—Cothurnia imberbis.ENLARGE
Cothurnia imberbisFig. 63.—Cothurnia imberbis.ENLARGE
Cothurnia nodosaClaparède & Lachmann. Fig. 64.
A.Smooth cup.—Cothurnia maritimaEhr., Eichwald, Stein, Kent.B.Cross-ringed cup.—C. pupaEichwald, Stein, Cohn;C. nodosaCl & L.;V. crystallinaEntz '78;C. ponticaMeresch., Kent;C. cohniiandpupaKent;C. longipesKellicott '94.
A.Smooth cup.—Cothurnia maritimaEhr., Eichwald, Stein, Kent.B.Cross-ringed cup.—C. pupaEichwald, Stein, Cohn;C. nodosaCl & L.;V. crystallinaEntz '78;C. ponticaMeresch., Kent;C. cohniiandpupaKent;C. longipesKellicott '94.
The cup is elongated, swollen centrally, tapering at oral end and conical at base or rounded. Oral opening either circular or elliptical. Cross rings may or may not be present, and the cup is either smooth or annulate. Length of cup 70µ to 80µ. The stalk which supports the cup is extremely variable in length. The animal is borne upon a stalk of variable length within the cup.
Entz states that the many variations which this species exhibits run into each other so gradually that he does not believe it wise to separate them. The Woods Hole forms which I found on algæ of various kinds were nearly of a size, and did not vary much from the one figured. Kellicott '94 described aCothurniafrom Woods Hole under the name ofC. longipes, which I believe is only a long-stemmed variety ofC. nodosa. My form has the following dimensions: Cup 75µ; cup stalk 38µ; animal stalk 14µ.
Cothurnia nodosaFig. 64.—Cothurnia nodosa.ENLARGE
Cothurnia nodosaFig. 64.—Cothurnia nodosa.ENLARGE
Key to families of Suctoria.a.Unattached forms; ventral cilia present; one suctorial tentacleHypocomidæb.Attached forms; thecate and athecate tentacles simple, one or two in numberUrnulidæc.Thecate; posterior end of cup drawn out into stalk; walls perforated for exit of tentaclesMetacinetidæd.Stalked or unstalked; globular; tentacles of different kinds, some knobbed, others pointedPodophryidæ(2 genera*Ephelota, *Podophrya)e.Naked or thecate; stalked or not; tentacles numerous, usually knobbed and all alikeAcinetidæf.Naked; athecate; tentacles numerous, all alike, knobbed and grouped in tufts. They may be simple or branched.Dendrosomidæg.Sessile forms resting on basal surface or on a portion raised like a stalk; tentacles many; short and knobbed; distributed on apical surface or localized on branched armsDendrocometidæh.Stalked or sessile; tentacles long, rarely knobbed, supported on proboscis-like processesOphryodendridæ* Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk.
Key to families of Suctoria.a.Unattached forms; ventral cilia present; one suctorial tentacleHypocomidæb.Attached forms; thecate and athecate tentacles simple, one or two in numberUrnulidæc.Thecate; posterior end of cup drawn out into stalk; walls perforated for exit of tentaclesMetacinetidæd.Stalked or unstalked; globular; tentacles of different kinds, some knobbed, others pointedPodophryidæ(2 genera*Ephelota, *Podophrya)e.Naked or thecate; stalked or not; tentacles numerous, usually knobbed and all alikeAcinetidæf.Naked; athecate; tentacles numerous, all alike, knobbed and grouped in tufts. They may be simple or branched.Dendrosomidæg.Sessile forms resting on basal surface or on a portion raised like a stalk; tentacles many; short and knobbed; distributed on apical surface or localized on branched armsDendrocometidæh.Stalked or sessile; tentacles long, rarely knobbed, supported on proboscis-like processesOphryodendridæ* Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk.
(Bütschli '88; Stein '59; Perty '52; Cienkowsky '55;Quenn. '69; Hertwig '77; Maupas '81.)
Podophrya gracilisFig. 65.—Podophrya gracilis.ENLARGE
The body is globular, with tentacles radiating in all directions. The tentacles may be very short or very long. The stalk also is either short or long, and some species form stalks but rarely (P. libera). The macronucleus is centrally placed and globular to ovoid in form. The contractile vacuole is usually single. Reproduction takes place by division; the distal half developing cilia and becoming a swarm-spore. Fresh and salt water.
Podophrya gracilis, n. sp. Fig. 65.
Of all thePodophryathat have been described not one approaches this minute form in the relative length of the stalk. The body is spherical and is covered with short capitate tentacles. The stalk is extremely slender, bent, and without obvious structure. There are one or two contractile vacuoles in the distal half of the body. The nucleus is small and is situated near the insertion-point of the stalk. Reproduction not observed. Diameter of body 8µ; length of stalk 40µ. Only one specimen seen.
(Bütschli '88; Ishikawa '96; Sand '98.)
Small to medium-sized and large forms; colorless to brown. The body is globular or oval or wedge-shape, sometimes quadrangular. The stalk is variable, sometimes 1 mm. in length. The diameter of the stalk increases from the point of attachment to the body of the animal; it is usually striated either longitudinally or transversely, or both. The tentacles are of two kinds and are usually confined to the anterior half of the body. Some are long and sharp-pointed and adapted for piercing; others are short, cylindrical, usually retracted and capitate, adapted for sucking. Contractile vacuoles vary from one to many. The macronucleus is nearly central in position and usually of horseshoe shape, but is frequently branched and irregular. Reproduction is accomplished by external multiple budding, usually from the anterior half of the body. Salt water.
Ephelota coronataStr. Wright. Fig. 66.
Synonyms:Hemiophrya gemmiparaS. K.;Podophrya gemmiparaHertwig.
The body is spheroidal, ovate, or pyriform, with numerous sharp-pointed tentacles and a few straight, uniform tentacles. The stalk is about three times the length of the body and tapers from its widest part at the insertion in the body to the narrowest part at the point of attachment. It may or may not be longitudinally striated. This is one of the commonest of theSuctoriafound at Woods Hole. It is usually present on Campanularian hydroids, but may be found on algæ and Bryozoa.
Length of body 90µ to 200µ.
Ephelota coronataFig. 66.—Ephelota coronata.ENLARGE
Ephelota coronataFig. 66.—Ephelota coronata.ENLARGE
(Stein '54, '59; Claparède & Lachman '58; Quennerstedt '67;Hertwig '76; Mereschowsky '79; Entz '84; Kent '81; Maupas '83;Gruber '84; Gourret & Roeser '86, and others.)
Acineta divisaFig. 67.—Acineta divisa.ENLARGE
Small to medium-sized forms. The distinguishing feature is that the stalk is swollen at the distal extremity to form a cup or basin in which the animal rests. The cup may be developed until the body is nearly inclosed. The macronucleus is spherical or band form. The contractile vacuole is usually single. Budding, so far as known, is endogenous. Fresh and salt water.
Acineta divisaFraipont '79. Fig. 67.
This extremely graceful form is common on Bryozoa at Woods Hole. The cup is shaped like a wine glass and is specifically characterized by a cup-formed membrane upon which the animal rests. The animal thus has the appearance of being suspended on the edge of the cup. The stalk is slender and about 4 times the length of the body. The tentacles are all capitate and distributed, and about 2-1/2 times the body length. They sway back and forth very slowly. The nucleus is spherical and central in position. The contractile vacuole lies near the periphery.
Length of body 27µ; of stalk 100µ; of extended tentacle 65µ.
Acineta tuberosaEhr. Fig. 68.
Large forms ofSuctoriawith tentacles arranged in fascicles. The stalk is variable in length and the cup is frequently so delicate that it can barely be made out. A specific characteristic is the break in continuity of the cup at different points, and through these places the tentacles emerge in bundles. The tentacles are capitate and in the Woods Hole form, 15 in number in each of the two bundles. The endoplasm is granular and yellowish in color. The coloring matter is frequently arranged in patterns. The nucleus is spheroidal. The contractile vacuole is in the anterior third of the body about midway between the bundles of tentacles. Reproduction not observed.
Length of body 330µ.
(See Kent '81; Entz '84; Bütschli '88; Sand 1901.)
Small forms to medium size; no cups or stalks. The body is spherical to elongate, usually, however, more or less irregularly lobed and changeable. The tentacles are in fascicles which are usually borne upon lobed or swollen places. The body is always more or less spread out. Contractile vacuoles variable. The macronucleus is spherical, elongate, band-formed or horseshoe-shaped. Reproduction takes place by endogenous budding, and the swarm spores are flat or lenticular with a distinct ciliary girdle. They are frequently parasitic. Fresh and salt water.
Trichophrya salparumEntz '84. Fig. 69.
Bütschli '88; Schewiakoff '93;Trichophrya ascidiarumLachmann '59; René Sand 1901.
The body is somewhat cup-form, with a large, flat base. The anterior border is rounded, each of the ends being somewhat truncate and carrying a bundle of tentacles all capitate and similar. These may be continued internally as far as the nucleus (Sand). The cytoplasm is uncolored, but may contain some brilliant granules. The nucleus is granular, and spherical, band or horseshoe formed.
Trichophrya salparumFig. 69.—Trichophrya salparum.ENLARGE
Trichophrya salparumFig. 69.—Trichophrya salparum.ENLARGE
This species was found by Dr. G. Hunter on the branchial bars of the AscidianMolgula manhattensis, where great numbers of them are often parasitic.
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