not involved in New York quarrel over canal commissionership,110;yet his power endangered by Clinton's return to popularity,111;his status in "Albany Regency,"111;advises New York Republicans to favor congressional caucus,114;continues after failure of caucus to work for Crawford,114;fails to secure New York for him,115;not involved in election of Adams,115;does not denounce Adams's election,116;takes increasing share in proceedings,116;relations with King,117;votes against extending Cumberland road,117;votes against occupation of Oregon,117;on committee to receive Adams,117;becomes a parliamentary leader,117;the real creator of Democratic party,118;his position unique in American history,118;does not at first approve of Jackson as leader of opposition,119;his attitude toward Adams not factious,120,123;votes to confirm Clay's nomination,123;abstains from personalities in opposition,123;introduces resolutions against Panama congress,126;comment of Adams upon,126;his speech upon the proposed mission,127-129;accuses Adams of Federalism,128;condemns proposed alliance of republics,129;most conspicuous member of Senate,131;unites opposition on internal improvements,131;offers resolutions and votes against roads and canals,132;wisdom of his position,132;willing to support military roads,133;renews movement to take choice of president from the House,133,134;opposes proposal to relieve Supreme Court from circuit duty,134;shows desire to make Supreme Court democratic,135;opposes regarding it with too great respect,135-137;his share in Benton's report on executive patronage,137-140;its discrepancy with his later views,139,140;votes against abolition of salt tax,140;favors establishment of Naval Academy,140;opposes a bankruptcy bill,141;speech on restrictions on trade with British colonies,141;renews opposition to imprisonment for debt, to internal improvements, and repeal of salt tax in 1828,142;votes for tariff of 1828,142;bound by instructions of New York legislature,144;speech on power of vice-president to call to order,144-147;asserts the necessity of defeating Adams in order to curb federal usurpation,145,146;reëlected senator,147;supports Rochester against Clinton for governor of New York,147;eulogy on Clinton,148;survey of Van Buren's parliamentary career,148-152;characteristics of his speaking,150;clear in announcing opinions,151;praised by Jackson for freedom from non-committalism,151;courteous in debate,151,152.Manager in Election of 1828.Recognized as chief organizer of new party,153;uses cry against Adams and Clay bargain,154;not justly charged with intrigue to unite Crawford's friends with Jackson's,157;his visit to Crawford in 1827,157;visits Adams,158;compared by Adams to Burr,158;does not announce support of Jackson until 1827,158;his opposition to Adams not merely personal,161;does not use corrupt bargain cry,163;probably promised cabinet position by Jackson,166;wishes to increase his prestige by securing governorship of New York,166;nominated and elected,166;resigns senatorship,168.Governor of New York.His inaugural message,168-173;favors state aid to canals,168;urges reorganizationof banking system,169;suggests various devices to increase security of banks,170;proposes separation of state and national elections,170;denounces increasing use of money in elections,171;advocates strict construction of Constitution,171,172;defends reputation of country from results of campaign of 1828,172;congratulates legislature on election of Jackson,172,173;his letters to Hoyt on patronage,173-175;shows partisanship, but desire to appoint able men,174;character of his appointees,174,175;resigns governorship after ten weeks' term to enter cabinet,175;congratulated by legislature,176.Secretary of State.Unfriendly view of his career in cabinet,177;forms creed of Jacksonian Democracy,178;shares discredit of introducing spoils system,178;easily the strongest man in cabinet,179;already rival to Calhoun for succession to Jackson,179;reasons for his success over Calhoun,180;does not succeed by tricks,180;attempt of Calhoun to prevent his appointment as secretary of state,180;pleases Jackson by politeness to Mrs. Eaton,183;his course both politic and proper,183,184;not responsible for Jackson's dislike of Calhoun,185;refuses to take part in quarrel between the two,187;his toast at Jefferson's birthday dinner,188;becomes an acknowledged candidate for presidency after Calhoun's nullification declarations,188,189;Jackson's letter of recommendation,189,190;his increasing esteem for Jackson,190;represented by "Albany Argus" in newspaper controversy,191;his high estimate of necessity of an organ,192;refuses to subsidize Bennett,192;declines to aid new Jackson paper with departmental printing,194;yet is held responsible for it,194;determines to resign and asks Livingston to take his place,194;wishes, as a candidate for presidency, to avoid suspicion,195,196;boldness and prudence of his action,196,198;avows unwillingness to injure Jackson's chances for reëlection,196,197;praised by Jackson in reply,197;his political creed fully adopted by Jackson,200;at first doubts Jackson's full adherence,200;probably assists in preparing Jackson's messages,205,206;wins Jackson's affection,206;supplies him with political theories,206;on good terms with kitchen cabinet,207;not the originator of spoils system in federal offices,207;his letter to Hamilton advises caution,209;rebukes Hoyt for demanding a removal,210;does not practice proscription in the State Department,214;does not oppose the system elsewhere,214;palliating reasons for his conduct,215;successful in conduct of foreign affairs,215;advises Jackson to refer to France with politeness,216;deserves credit of securing payment of claims by France,217;adopts conciliatory policy toward England,219;in his instructions to McLane admits error of previous American claims,219,220;alludes in his instructions to overthrow of Adams's administration,220;his position not undignified,221;yet previously had deprecated entrance of party politics into diplomacy,222;success of his diplomacy,222.Minister to England.Constantly suspected of intrigue,223;desires to escape from politics while candidate for presidency by accepting mission to England,223,224;escorted out of city by Jackson,224;appoints Irving secretary of legation,224;finds him at London,224,225;his friendship with Irving,225;Irving's opinion of,225;his travels through England,226;social life in London,227;learns news of rejection of his nomination by Senate,227,228;his behavior,228;leaves England,228;character of his dispatches,229;presents claims in Comet case,229;writes passages in reports complimentary to Jackson,229;returns to New York, declines a public reception,230;goes to Washington,230;attacked in Senate as un-American and cowardly,230,231;insincerity of the attack,232;accused also of introducing spoils system,232;attacked by Calhoun as an intriguer,233;Calhoun's desire to kill him politically,234;gains popularity from rejection,234;urged for vice-president,234;praised by New York legislature,234;upheld by Jackson,235;receives various offers of offices,236;plan to elect him governor of New York repudiated by party leaders,237;not concerned in summoning national convention of 1832,237,238;nominated for vice-presidency,239;his nomination not the result of coercion,240;the natural candidate,240,241;party reasons for his nomination,241;his letter of acceptance,241-243;affects reluctance and humility,242;writes a vague letter on the tariff,243,244;opposes internal improvements, a bank, and nullification,244;writes letter on his subjection to calumny,244;elected in 1832,247;speaks in approval of tariff for revenue,249.Vice-President.Opposes removal of deposits,249;has heated argument with Kendall,250;later adopts Jackson's position,250;proposes to Kendall that removal begin in January, 1834,250;dislikes bank,251;appealed to by Clay to intercede with Jackson,253;his conduct as described by Benton,253;lives in Washington as heir-apparent,254;his position superior to that of any other vice-president,254;his harmonywith Jackson,254,255;accompanies Jackson on New England tour,255;his candidacy opposed by White of Tennessee,256;scurrilous biography of, by Crockett,256;nominated unanimously for president in 1835,259;letters of Jackson in his behalf,262;refuses to answer questions of Williams until after close of Congress,264;his reply,265-267;condemns distribution of surplus,265;courage of this action,266;disapproves of Clay's land scheme,266;denies constitutionality of internal improvements,266;affirms opposition to bank,267;on Benton's expunging resolutions,267;his previous letter of acceptance of nomination,267-269;asserts freedom from intrigue,268;and intention to carry out Jackson's principles,268;his early record on slavery,271;supposed to approve of anti-slavery attitude of New York Democratic papers,271;writes to Gwin upon powerlessness of Congress over slavery in the States,272;asserts his opposition to abolition in the District of Columbia against wish of slave States,274;his attitude the general one at that time,275;forced to give casting vote for Jackson's bill to prohibit abolition literature in mails,277;his reasons for so voting,278;not a "doughface,"278;vote for, in 1836,278-281;elected by New England and Middle States,280;only Democrat to carry New England in a contested election by popular and electoral vote,280;significance of his election,281;triumphs by good sense without enthusiasm,281.President.His inauguration,282,283;his farewell to Jackson,283;continues Jackson's cabinet,283;his inaugural address,283-286;personal modesty,284;optimism,284;repeats declaration against abolition in the District,285;tribute to Jackson,285;rejects Benton's warning of a financial panic,286;his relation to panic of 1837,287;said to have urged Jackson to sign distribution bill,302;denounced by New York merchants for specie circular after panic has begun,317;refuses to modify circular or call a special session of Congress,319;visited by Biddle,319;obliged by suspension of specie payments to call extra session,321;wishes to discourage hasty action,321;probably instigates meetings to throw blame on banks,322;and declare for metallic currency,322;his statesmanlike behavior during crisis,325;his message to the extra session,326-333;courageously states facts and appeals to reason,326,327;points out inability of government to cure the evils,327;indicates real causes of inflation,327,328;opposes renewal of a bank,328,329;urges abandonment of pet banks,330;suggests independent treasury,331;defends specie circular and advocates retention of surplus installment,331;restates limited powers of government,332;denounced by Webster,334;and others,336;not supported by his party in House,337,338;his measures supported by Calhoun,340,341;supported by Loco-foco faction in New York,344;his message to regular session of Congress,345,346;refuses to be influenced by Democratic losses in elections,345;recommends preëmption law,345;refers to boundary troubles,345;continues to be denounced by Whigs,346;and by Conservative Democrats,347;hopes for return of prosperity after resumption in 1838,349;issues neutrality proclamation in connection with Canadian insurrection,354;takes measures to punish offenses,355;invites Durham to visit Washington,356;refuses to pardon Mackenzie,356;denounced for further warning proclamation,357;refuses proposed annexation of Texas,358;not connected with anti-slavery agitation at the time,359;urges American claims upon Mexico with success,360;offers Navy Department to Washington Irving,361;thought to have erred in giving it to Paulding,362;letter of Louis Napoleon to,362;cheerful tone of message to second session of Congress,363;reaffirms sound financial doctrine,363;on Swartwout's defalcation,364;appoints Hoyt to succeed him,364;asks for appropriations for Seminole war,366;asks Congress for support in northeastern boundary question,367;damages Democratic party in Maine by his treatment of frontier disputes,367;revisits New York, enthusiastic reception,367,368;snubbed by Whigs,368,369;partisan character of his journey and speeches,369;encouraged by elections of 1839,369;in message of 1839 regrets renewed bank failures,372;announces economy in government,372;renews attack on banks,372,373;insists on inability of government aid to help the depression,374;signs sub-treasury bill,377;his administration defended by Democratic convention,379;writes letters in campaign,380;approves "gag" rule in Congress,380;justification of his attitude,381;denunciations of him by Webster in campaign,384;other attacks upon, as aristocrat and enemy to people,385;tries to rely on past record of party,386;abandoned by various Democratic factions,387;Jackson's letter in support of,387;how ridiculed by Whigs in campaign,388-390;vote for, in 1840,390,391;composed under defeat,391;his final message repeats his views on bank and sub-treasury,392;urges prevention of slave trade,392;alterations in his cabinet,393,394;welcomes Harrison to White House,394;his conduct as president, economy and elegance,394,395;social charm of his administration,395;his civility to Adams,396;bitter opinion of, held by Adams,396;tribute of Clay to,396,397.In Retirement—Candidate for Renomination.Return to New York and Kinderhook,398;his estate,398;remains leading single figure in party,399;continues to have ambition for reëlection,399;practically admits this in 1841,399,400;journey through South,400;visits Jackson and Clay,400;writes long letters on public questions,400;views on low tariff,401;promises fidelity to Democratic party,401;attends funeral of Harrison,401;his renomination considered certain until 1844,401;only prevented by Texas question,402;his record on slavery a colorless one up to 1844,403;not subservient to South,403;defense of his vote on abolition circulars in mail, and of his opinion on "gag" rule,404;suspected by South of hostility to annexation of Texas,404;majority of delegates to national convention instructed for,404;asked for a distinct statement on Texas,405;writes continuing to oppose annexation policy,405;his reasons,405,406;willing to yield to a demand on part of Congress,406;courage of this open avowal,407;endeavor of Jackson to help Van Buren's candidacy,407;his previous nominations by two-thirds rule used as precedents in convention,408;his nomination prevented by the rule,409-411;keeps promise to support Polk,412;urges Wright to accept nomination for governorship of New York,412;saves New York for Democrats,413;the first victim of the slave power,414;complimented by convention,414;outwardly placid, but secretly embittered by failure to secure nomination,414.Free-soil Leader.His followers form the Barnburner wing of Democrats,415,416;alienated from Polk's administration,417;sympathizes with secession of Barnburners in 1847,419,420;revives anti-slavery feelings,420;angered at proscription of his friends by Polk,420;declares an end of his political ambitions,420,421;refuses to commit himself as to origin of Mexican war,421;aids in composing Barnburner address of 1847,424;his letter to Utica convention,425-427;denounces Democratic national convention,425;asserts power of Congress over Territories,426;refuses to vote for Cass or Taylor,426;nominated for president,427;at Buffalo convention nominated by Free-soil party,428;his letter urging exclusion of slavery from Territories,429;rage of Democratic party with,430;fails to secure support of anti-slavery Whigs,431;vote for, in 1848,431,432;leads Cass in New York,431;does not probably expect to be elected,432;