(D.) AUTHORITIES.

APPENDIX D.

The remaining contemporary authorities are to be found in the letters of ambassadors, and the other diplomatic correspondence of the time. But it must be remembered that a statement can by no means be implicitly believed because it appears in such documents. The circumstances of the writer, his opportunities of obtaining information on the particular topic, his personal prejudices, the impression that he wished to convey to his correspondent, must all be allowed due weight. The correspondence and other information is largely contained in the following books:—

Acts of Parliament of Scotland.

Reports of the Royal Commission upon Historical MSS.

Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, preserved in the Public Record Office.

Calendar of Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1542-1587.

Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved in the Archives of Simancas.

Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved in the Archives of Venice.

Calendar of Border Papers.

The Hamilton Papers.

Calendar of Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1898.

Fædera, Conventiones, Literæ, &c., inter Reges Angliæ et alios, ed. by Thomas Rymer. London, 1704-1735.

Queen Elizabeth and her Times, by Thomas Wright. London, 1838.

History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland, by the Right Rev. Robert Keith, Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Edinburgh, 1734 (reprinted by the Spottiswoode Society).

Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726, edited by Philip, Earl of Hardwicke. London, 1778.

The Annals of Aboyne, edited by George, 11th Marquis of Huntly. (New Spalding Club.)

Life of Queen Mary, by George Chalmers. London, 1818.

History of Scotland, by William Robertson, D.D.

History of Scotland, by Patrick Fraser Tytler.

Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots, edited by Joseph Robertson.

Examination of the Letters said to have been written by Mary Queen of Scots, to James, Earl of Bothwell, by Walter Goodall, 1744.

History of Scotland, by Malcolm Laing.

Illustrations of British History, by Edmund Lodge.

Elizabeth and Mary, by Fred. Von Raumer.

Original Letters, Illustrative of British History, ed. Ellis.

Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers, by John Hosack, 1870-74.

Mary Queen of Scots, from her Birth to her Flight into England, by D. Hay Fleming.

Recueil des Lettres de Marie Stuart, ed. Labanoff.

Letters of Mary Stuart, ed. Agnes Strickland.

Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra.London, 1691.

Collections relating to Mary Queen of Scots, by James Anderson.

A Lost Chapter in the Life of Mary Stuart, by John Stuart.

Queen Mary at Jedburgh, by John Small.

Illustrations of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots.(Maitland Club.)

Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse, edited by Teulet.

The Tragedy of Fotheringay, by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott.

These are the main authorities. A complete list of publications dealing with the question up to 1700, will be found in "A Bibliography of Works relating to Mary Queen of Scots, 1544-1700," by John Scott, C.B. (Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 1896). Very full references will be found in Mr. Hay Fleming's notes. The list of authorities appended to the articles "Mary Stuart," in theDictionary of National Biography, should also be consulted.

APPENDIX E.

The general historians who deal with the period—Hume, Robertson, Tytler, Laing, Froude, and Hill Burton—are usually ranked among Queen Mary's opponents. Hume and Froude occupy the most decided position. Among other writers who are definitely against the theory of Mary's innocence, must be reckoned Mignet ("Life of Mary Queen of Scots"), Mr. D. Hay Fleming ("Mary Queen of Scots"), and Mr. T. F. Henderson (articles, "Mary Stuart," "Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley," "James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell," &c., in theDictionary of National Biography). No one can hope to understand the present position of the controversy without the writings of Mr. Fleming and Mr. Henderson. Among general controversialists on the side of Queen Mary, may be mentioned the works already quoted, by Walter Goodall, George Chalmers, and John Hosack, William Tytler's "Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots" (1790), Whitaker's "Mary Queenof Scots Vindicated" (1778), Miss Agnes Strickland's "Lives of the Queens of Scotland," Mr. Alex. Walker's "Mary, Queen of Scots," Mr. M'Neel-Caird's "Mary Stuart," and Sir John Skelton's "Impeachment of Mary Stuart," "Maitland of Lethington," and "Life of Mary Stuart." Mr. Swinburne's "Mary Queen of Scots" is one of the most attractive works on the subject. The reader will recollect that the "false Duessa" in Spenser's "Faerie Queen" is the Queen of Scots.

The last few years have seen the publication of many important works dealing with the problem of the Casket Letters,e.g.:—

Bresslau: "Die Kassettenbriefe der Königin Maria Stuart," in theHistorisches Taschenbuche, 1882.

Sepp:Die Kassettenbriefe, 1884.

Gerde: "Geschichte der Königin Maria Stuart," 1885.

T. F. Henderson: "Casket Letters, and Mary Queen of Scots." 2nd ed. 1890.

Philippson: "Histoire du Règne de Marie Stuart," 1891-92.

The English reader will find the material in Mr. T. F. Henderson's work ample for his purpose. The preface to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen, of Scots" promises a second volume, which will contain the life in captivity, and, of course, deal with the letters. No Marian apologist has, as yet, attempted an answer to the more recent evidence on the other side, and Hosack's great work is now considerably superseded. The foregoing lists are, of course, selected. A full Bibliography is a great task, not yet attempted.

[1]Spleen.

[2]The volumes were a Bible and a Psalter "coverit with fine purpour velvet."Cf.theDiurnal of Occurrents, September 2, 1561, which gives some additional details, and mentions that the child "delivered also to her hieness three writings, the tenour whereof is uncertain."

[3]Gainful.

[4]Could.

[5]Which.

[6]MS. to them.

[7]Beseeching.

[8]Goodwill.

[9]Consider.

[10]Original reads, With huntis up.

[11]Lumps.

[12]Worthless persons.

[13]Smothered.

[14]Put the barnacles on you, as on a restive horse.

[15]So the "Calendar," but Chalmers, in quoting, reads, probably correctly, "stomach."

[16]Word illegible.

[17]It was a mediæval superstition, especially in France, that the English possessed tails, which had been affixed to their persons as a punishment for their ill-treatment of a saint; the names of St. Augustine and St. Thomas of Canterbury were used indifferently in this connection.Cf.Mr. George Neilson's "Caudatus Anglicus: A Mediæval Slander."

[18]German. Black Riders, or heavy cavalry.

[19]Ps. xliii. 1.

E.=English;F.=Published French;L.=Latin.

[20]E."Considering what the body may without heart, which was cause ... that till dinner I had used little talk." So also French, but Latin as in Scots.

[21]E.Adds after "letters," " ... as though there had been a meaning to pursue him."

[22]L.andF.Omit "He desired ... refusit it."

[23]E."The Lord Luse, Houstoun, and the son of Caldwell, and about forty horse came to meet me, and he told me that he was sent to one day o' law from the father, which should be this day," &c.L.andF.as in Scots.

[24]E.Omits "I see ... company."

[25]E.Omits "yesternight;"L."heri;"F."hier."

[26]E.... "Whether it were for any good appointment that he came, and whether I had not taken Paris and Gilbert to write, and that I sent Joseph."L."Item cur venisrem? an reconciliationis causa? ac nominatim, an tu hic esses? An familiæ catalogum fecissem? An Paridem et Gilbertum acceptissem, qui mihi scriberent? an Josephum dimissura essem?"F."Item pour quoy j'estoye venue, et si c'estoit pour faire une reconciliation; si vous estiez icy; et si j'avoye faict quelque rolle de mes domestiques; si j'avois prins Paris et Gilbert, afin qu'ils m'escrivissent; et si je ne vouloye pas licentier Joseph."

[26]E.... "Whether it were for any good appointment that he came, and whether I had not taken Paris and Gilbert to write, and that I sent Joseph."

L."Item cur venisrem? an reconciliationis causa? ac nominatim, an tu hic esses? An familiæ catalogum fecissem? An Paridem et Gilbertum acceptissem, qui mihi scriberent? an Josephum dimissura essem?"

F."Item pour quoy j'estoye venue, et si c'estoit pour faire une reconciliation; si vous estiez icy; et si j'avoye faict quelque rolle de mes domestiques; si j'avois prins Paris et Gilbert, afin qu'ils m'escrivissent; et si je ne vouloye pas licentier Joseph."

[27]Scots has a marginal note, "This berer will tell you sumwhat upon this," which appears in the English text and is omitted in the other versions.

[28]This berer will tell you somewhat upon this. [Marginal note in original.]

[29]E."He said that he did dream, and that he was so glad to see me that he thought he should die—indeed, that he had found fault with me."L.andF.as inS.

[30]E."You have well pardoned them."F.andL.as inS.

[31]E."And at the last repent, and rebuke himself by his repentance."L.andF.as inS.

[32]E."The rest, as Will Hiegate hath confessed; but it was the next day that he came hither."L.andF.as inS.

[33]E.omits "I trow ... Presoner."

[34]E."He denyeth it, and saith that he had already prayed them to think no such matter of him."L.andF.as inS.

[35]E."And indeed it was said that I refused to have him let blood."L.andF.as inS.

[36]L."Praesidium."F."Forteresse."

[37]E."By that false race that would do no less to yourself."L."A gentle illa perfida, quae non minore contentione te cum de hoc ipso aget."F."Par ceste nation infidele, qui avec non moindre opiniastreté debatra le mesme avec vous."

[38]E.Adds after "greitly"—"but I had begun it this morning."

[39]E.Adds after "all out of him"—"I have known what I would. I have taken the worms out of his nose."

[40]E."We are tied to with two false races. The good yure {goujere} untye us from them. God forgive me, and God knit us together forever."L."Diabolus nos sejungat, ac nos conjugat Deus in perpetuum," &c.F., "Le diable nous vueille separer, et que Dieu nous conjoingne à jamais," &c.

[41]E."I am weary, and am asleep."L."Ego nudata sum, ac dormitum eo."F., "Je suis toute nuë, et m'en vay coucher." [The Latin and French translation mistook "irkit" for "nakit."]

[42]E."He is not much the worse, but he is ill arrayed."L."Non magnopere deformatus est, multum tamen accepit."F."Il n'a pas esté beaucoup rende diforme, toutesfois il en a pris beaucoup."

[43]L."Propinqui."F."Parent."

[44]E."By his bolster, and he lieth at the further side of the bed."L."Ad pedes ejus."F."A ses pieds."

[45]E."The talk of Sir James Hamilton of the ambassador."L.andF.as inS.E."Lord of Lusse."L."Lussae Comarchus."F."Le prevost de Lusse."

[45]E."The talk of Sir James Hamilton of the ambassador."L.andF.as inS.

E."Lord of Lusse."L."Lussae Comarchus."F."Le prevost de Lusse."

[46]E."You may well go and see sick folk."L."Bella huiusmodi hominum visitatio."F."Voyla une belle visitation de telles gens." [L.andF.translators confusingsik(sick) andsik(such).]

[47]E."And said, 'One of his folk that hath left you this day.'"L."Respondit, unus eorum qui te reliquerunt."F."Respondit, c'est l'un de ceux qui vous ont laissée."

[48]E."To my tedious talk."L."Ad institutum meum odiosum."F."À ma deliberation odieuse."

[49]E.Omits "or I did."L.andF.as inS.

[50]E."No more."L."Ne saepius."Fr."Ne ... si souvent."

[51]E."Till after tomorrow."L."In diem perendinum."F."Encor deux jours."

[52]E."More pleasantly."L."Valde ferociter."F."Fort asprement."

[53]E."Make but one bed."L."Communem fore lectum."F."Ne faisions plus qu'un lict."

[54]F."But did fear lest, considering the threatening which he made in case we did agree together, he would make them feel the small account they have made of him, and that he would persuade me to pursue some of them."L."Sed in timore futuros quod comitatus fuisset, si aliquando inter nos concordes essemus, se daturum operam ut intelligerent quam parvi eum aestimâssent; item quod mihi consuluisset ne gratiam quorundam seorsum a se expeterem."F."Ains seroient en crainte de ce qu'il m'auroit suivy. Et si nous pouvions estre d'acord ensemble, qu'il pourroit donner ordre, qu'ils entendroient combien peu ils l'avoient estimé. Item de ce qu'il m'avoit conseillé, que je ne recerchasse la bonne grace d'aucuns sans luy."

[55]E."Than you think."L.andF.as inS.

[56]E."He giveth me certain charges (and these strong) of that I fear even to say that his faults be published; but there be that commit some secret faults, and fear not to have them spoken of so lowdely, and that there is speech of greate and small."L."Interim me attingit in loco suspecto; idque ad vivum hactenus proloquutus est, sua crimina esse palam; sed sunt qui majora committant, et opinantur ea silentio tegi; et tamen homines de magnis juxta et parvis loquuntur."F."Cependant il m'a donné attainte du lieu suspect, et a jusques icy discouru bien au vif, que ces fautes sont congreües; mais qu'il y en a qui en commettent de plus grandes, encores qu'ils estiment qu'elles soient cachées par silence; et toutesfois que les hommes parlent des grands aussi bien des petits."

[57]E."To conclude, for assurety he mistrusteth her of that that ye know, and for his life."L.andF.as inS.

[58]E."He was very merry and glad."L.andF.as inS.

[59]E.Adds after "speak"—"Now, as far as I perceive.{J'ay bien la vogue avec vous[64]} Guess you whether I shall not{I may do much without you. } be suspected."

[59]E.Adds after "speak"—"Now, as far as I perceive.

{J'ay bien la vogue avec vous[64]} Guess you whether I shall not{I may do much without you. } be suspected."

[60]E."For I think upon nothing but grief if you be at Edinburgh."L.andF.as inS.

[61]E.Omits "Be not ... credit."

[62]E.Omits from "Remember you" to the end.

[63]F.Mais pour tout cela Je me vous accuserai ni de peu de souvenance ni de peu de soigne et moins encore de vostrepromesse violee que ce qu'il vous plaist mest agreable et sont mes penses tant volonterement, aux vostres asubjectes que je veulx presupposer que tout ce que vient de vous procede non par aucune des causes susdictes ains pour telles qui son justes et raisoinables et telles que je desie moy.

[64]This is a comment in the margin, perhaps a quotation from the French version shown to the Commissioners. According to Mr. T. F. Henderson, it is in Cecil's handwriting. ("The Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots," p. 78.)

P. F.= Published French;L.= Latin.

[65][65b][65c]P. F."Autrement j'estimeray que cela se faict par mon malheureux destin, et par la faveur des astres envers celles, qui toutesfois n'ont une tierce partie de loyauté, et volonté que j'ay de vous obëir; si elles, comme si j'estoye une second amye de Jason, malgré moy, occupent le premier lieu de faveur; ce que je ne dy, pour vous a comparer a cet homme en l'infelicité qu'il avoit, ny moy avec une femme toute esloignée de misericorde, comme estoit celle-la," &c.L."Alioqui suspicabor fieri malo meo fato, et siderum favore erga illas (quae nec tertiam habent partem fidelitatis, et voluntatis tibi obsequendi, quam ego habeo) ut ipsae, velut secunda Jasonis amica, me invitâ, priorem apud te locum gratiae occupaverint; nec hoc eo dico, quo te cum homine, eâ quâ ille erat infelicitate, comparem, nec me cum muliere tam aliena a misericordia quam illa erat."

[66][66b][66c]P. F.has no sentence corresponding to "mak gude watch," and proceeds, "Comme l'oyseau eschappé de la cage, ou la tourtre qui est sans compagne, ainsi je demeureray seule, pour pleurer votre absence, quelque brieve qu'elle puisse estre."L.also has no expression for "mak gude watch," but reads, "Si avis evaserit e cavea autsine compare, velut turtur, ego remanebo sola ut lamenter absentiam tuam quamlibet brevem."The English translation at Hatfield follows the Hatfield French version closely. The two most important passages run thus: "Otherwise,[65c]I wold think that my yll luck, and the fayre behavior of those that have not the thirde parte of the faythfulness and voluntary obedience that I beare unto you, shall have wonne the advantage over me of the second Loover of Jason.... Send me[66c]word tomorrow early in the morning how you have don for I shall think long. And watche well if the byrde shall fly out of his cage or without his mate, as the turtle shall remayne alone to lament and morne for absence how short soever it be."

The English translation at Hatfield follows the Hatfield French version closely. The two most important passages run thus: "Otherwise,[65c]I wold think that my yll luck, and the fayre behavior of those that have not the thirde parte of the faythfulness and voluntary obedience that I beare unto you, shall have wonne the advantage over me of the second Loover of Jason.... Send me[66c]word tomorrow early in the morning how you have don for I shall think long. And watche well if the byrde shall fly out of his cage or without his mate, as the turtle shall remayne alone to lament and morne for absence how short soever it be."

[67]F."Je ne vous lay peu dire pour sçavoir comment je me gouvernerois." (I could not tell you, in order to know how to govern myself.)

[68]F."Et si vous ne me mondes ce soir ce que volles que jeu faisse je m en deferay au hazard de la fayre entreprandre ce qui pourroit nuire a ce a quoy nous tandons tous deux {and if you do not send me word this night what you will that I shall do, I will rid myself of it at the hazard of making her undertake that which might be hurtful to that whereunto we both do tend (Laing)} et quant ella sera mariee je vous suplie donnes qune opinion sur aultrui ne nuise en votre endroit a ma constance."

[69]F.in Record Office, "M'a preschè que c'estoit une folle entreprise, et qu'avecques mon honneur Je ne vous pourries Jamaiis espouser, veu qu'estant marié vous m'amenies et que ses gens ne l'endureroient pas et que les seigneurs se dediroient"P. F."Il me remonstra, que c'estoit une folle entreprise, et que pour mon honneur, Je ne vous pourvoye prendre à mary, puis que vous estiez marié, ny aller avec vous, et que ses gens mesmes ne le souffriroient pas voire que les Seigneurs contrediroyent á ce que en seroit proposé."E.at Hatfield, "And thereupon hath preached unto me that it was a foolish entreprise, and that with mine honour I could never marry you, seeing that being married you did carry me away. And that his folk would not suffer it, and that the Lords would unsay themselves, and would deny that they had said."

[70]F.in Record Office, "Ce incertains nouvelles."P. F."Ces nouvelles ceremonies."E.at Hatfield, "These new ceremonies."

[71]F."Homme."

[72]F."Quant à jouer le mien, je sçay com me jè m'y dois gouverner, mà souvenant de la façon que les choses ont esté delibereés."

[73]F.Adds "et tenir captive."

[74]P. F."veu."

[75]Record Office F."promis."

[76]P. F."homme."

[77]Ny?

[78]Rochelle text has "affection" wrongly.

[79]Buchanan, "luy" only. Rochelle text, "lui le fair."

[80]Read "Mon pis subject"?

[81]Buch., "fainte."

[82]Buch., "ont fait."

[83]Buch., "Pour son profit elle."

[84]Scots translation, "And not the less, my heart, ye doubt of my constance."

[85]Buch., "vous la."

[86]Buch., "la constance."

[87]Buch. inserts "receu."

[88]Text of sextain corrupt.

[89]Omitted in Rochelle version as corrupt.

[90]Buch., "envoy."

[91]Buch., "mestimez legier que le voy."

[92]Buch., "viuray, &".

[93]Scots—"For him I will stryve aganis wan-weird."

[94]Rochelle version to read "luy tout."

[95]Buch., "lesser."

[96]Buch., "Que m'en pensa ... & frayeur."

[97]Rochelle text, "et vostre ... de la mienne suivi," and later version "la mien suivre."

[98]Man.

[99]Think.

[100]Sweet.

[101]Till.

Printed byBallantyne, Hanson & Co.Edinburgh & London

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SCOTTISH VERNACULAR LITERATURE

A Succinct History

By T. F. HENDERSON

Printed at the Constable Press, 1898

Crown 8vo, x, 464 pp. Buckram, top gilt, 6s.

Contents:—The Scottish Vernacular—Minstrelsy and Romance—Historical Poetry—The Scottish Fabliau and the Decay of Romance—The Early Chaucerians—Dunbar and Walter Kennedy—Gavin Douglas and Sir David Lyndsay—Minor and Later Poets of the 16th Century—Anonymous Poetry of the 15th and 16th Centuries—Vernacular Prose—Traditional Ballads and Songs—Before Ramsay—Ramsay to Burns—Burns and afterwards.

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