[44]Silas Bent, U. S. N.
[44]
Silas Bent, U. S. N.
[45]Rear-Admiral Joshua R. Sands, U. S. N.
[45]
Rear-Admiral Joshua R. Sands, U. S. N.
[46]Rear-Admiral John Almy, U. S. N.
[46]
Rear-Admiral John Almy, U. S. N.
[47]Engineer John Follansbee.
[47]
Engineer John Follansbee.
[48]D. D. Porter, Admiral U. S. Navy.
[48]
D. D. Porter, Admiral U. S. Navy.
[49]Rev. Dr. Vinton’s Oration at Perry Statue, Newport, Oct. 2nd, 1868. Letters of Dr. Robert Tomes and John Hone, New York Times, October 1868.
[49]
Rev. Dr. Vinton’s Oration at Perry Statue, Newport, Oct. 2nd, 1868. Letters of Dr. Robert Tomes and John Hone, New York Times, October 1868.
[50]Paper read before the American Geographical Society, March 6th, 1856.
[50]
Paper read before the American Geographical Society, March 6th, 1856.
CHAPTER XXXVI.WORKS THAT FOLLOW.
Themomentum of Perry’s long and active life left a force which, a generation after his death, is yet unspent. He rests from his labors, but his works do follow him. His thoughts have been wrought towards completion by others.
The opening of Japan to foreign commerce and residence, and ultimately to full international intercourse, occupied his brain until the day of his death. His interest did not flag for a moment. What we see in New Japan to-day is more the result of the influence of Matthew Perry and the presence of Townsend Harris, than of the fear of British armaments in China. English writers have copied, even as late as 1883,[51]the statement of Captain Sherard Osborn[52]and theLondon Times,[53]that “as soon as the Tientsin Treaty was arranged, the American commodore [Tatnall] rushed off to Japan to take advantage of the consternation certain to be created by the first news of recent events in the Peiho. Itwas smartly imagined.” We propose to give a plain story of the facts.
Townsend Harris the United States Consul at Ningpo, China, was appointed July 31st, 1855, by President Pierce, Consul-General to Japan. No more fortunate selection could have been made. By experience and travel, thoroughly acquainted with human nature and especially the oriental and semi-civilized phases of it, Mr. Harris possessed the “dauntless courage, patience, courtesy, gentleness, firmness and incorruptible honesty” needed to deal with just suchyakuninor men of political business, as the corrupt and decaying dynasty of Yedo usurpers naturally produced. Further, he had a kindly feeling towards the Japanese people. Best of all, he was armed with the warnings, advice and suggestions of Perry, whom he had earnestly consulted.
Ordered, September 8th, 1855, by President Pierce to follow up Captain Edmund Robert’s work and make a treaty with Siam, Mr. Harris after concluding his business, boarded theSan Jacintoat Pulo Pinang, and arrived in Shimoda harbor, August 22d, 1856. The propeller steamer was brought to safe anchorage by a native pilot who bore a commission printed on “The Japan Expedition Press,” and signed by Commodore Perry. The stars and stripes were hoisted to the peak of the flag-staff raised by theSan Jacinto’scarpenters on the afternoon of September 3d. Then in his quiet quarters at Kakisaki, or Oyster Point, Mr. Harris, following out Perry’s planof diplomatic campaign, won alone and unaided, after fourteen months of perseverance, a magnificent victory. Lest these statements seem inaccurate we reprint Mr. Harris’ letter in full.
U. S. Consulate General, Simoda,October 27, 1857.My Dear Commodore Perry,—Your kind favor of December 28th 1856, did not come to hand until the 20th inst., as I was fourteen months at this place without receiving any letters or information from the United States. The U. S. sloop of warPortsmouthtouched here on the 8th of last month, but she did not bring me any letters; her stay here was very short, just enough to enable me to finish my official letter; had time permitted I would have written to you by her.I am much obliged to you for your good advice; it was both sound and well-timed advice, and I have found every one of your opinions, as to the course the Japanese would pursue with me, prove true to the letter.Early last March I made a convention with the Japanese which, among other provisions, secured the right of permanent residence to Americans at Simoda and Hakodadi, admits a Consul at Hakodadi, opens Nagasaki, settled the currency question, and the dollar now passes for 4670 cash instead of 1600, and lastly admits the enterritoriality of all Americans in Japan. It was a subject of deep regret to me that I was not able to send this convention to the State Department until quite six months after it had been agreed on.In October 1856, I wrote to the Council of State at Yedo that I was the bearer of a friendly letter from thePresident of the United States addressed to the Emperor of Japan, and that I had some important matter to communicate which greatly concerned the honor and welfare of Japan. I desire the Council to give orders for my proper reception on the road from this to Yedo, and to inform me when those arrangements were completed. For full ten months the Japanese used every possible expedient to get me to deliver the letter at Simoda, and to make my communications to the Governors of this place. I steadily refused to do either, and at last they have yielded and I shall start for Yedo some time next month. I am to have an audience of the Emperor, and at that time I am to deliver the letter.I am satisfied that no commercial treaty can be made by negotiations carried on any where but at Yedo, unless the negotiator is backed up by a powerful fleet.I hope when at Yedo to convince the government that it is impossible for them to continue their present system of non-intercourse, and that it will be for their honor and interest to yield to argument rather than force.I do not expect to accomplish all that I desire on this occasion, but it will be a great step in the way of direct negotiations with the Council of the State, and the beginning of a train of enlightenment of the Japanese that will sooner or later lead them to desire to open the country freely to intercourse with foreign nations.I have just obtained a copy of your “Expedition to Japan and the China Seas,” and have read it with intense interest. I hope it is no vanity in me to say that no oneat presentcan so well appreciate and do justice to your work as I can.You seem at once and almost intuitively to have adopted the best of all courses with the Japanese. I amsure no other course would have resulted so well. I have seen quite a number of Japanese who saw you when you were at Simoda and they all made eager inquiries after you. M—— Y—— is at Simoda, and has not forgotten the art of lying.Please present my respectful compliments to Mrs. Perry and to the other members of your family, and believeYours most sincerely,TOWNSEND HARRIS.
U. S. Consulate General, Simoda,
October 27, 1857.
My Dear Commodore Perry,—Your kind favor of December 28th 1856, did not come to hand until the 20th inst., as I was fourteen months at this place without receiving any letters or information from the United States. The U. S. sloop of warPortsmouthtouched here on the 8th of last month, but she did not bring me any letters; her stay here was very short, just enough to enable me to finish my official letter; had time permitted I would have written to you by her.
I am much obliged to you for your good advice; it was both sound and well-timed advice, and I have found every one of your opinions, as to the course the Japanese would pursue with me, prove true to the letter.
Early last March I made a convention with the Japanese which, among other provisions, secured the right of permanent residence to Americans at Simoda and Hakodadi, admits a Consul at Hakodadi, opens Nagasaki, settled the currency question, and the dollar now passes for 4670 cash instead of 1600, and lastly admits the enterritoriality of all Americans in Japan. It was a subject of deep regret to me that I was not able to send this convention to the State Department until quite six months after it had been agreed on.
In October 1856, I wrote to the Council of State at Yedo that I was the bearer of a friendly letter from thePresident of the United States addressed to the Emperor of Japan, and that I had some important matter to communicate which greatly concerned the honor and welfare of Japan. I desire the Council to give orders for my proper reception on the road from this to Yedo, and to inform me when those arrangements were completed. For full ten months the Japanese used every possible expedient to get me to deliver the letter at Simoda, and to make my communications to the Governors of this place. I steadily refused to do either, and at last they have yielded and I shall start for Yedo some time next month. I am to have an audience of the Emperor, and at that time I am to deliver the letter.
I am satisfied that no commercial treaty can be made by negotiations carried on any where but at Yedo, unless the negotiator is backed up by a powerful fleet.
I hope when at Yedo to convince the government that it is impossible for them to continue their present system of non-intercourse, and that it will be for their honor and interest to yield to argument rather than force.
I do not expect to accomplish all that I desire on this occasion, but it will be a great step in the way of direct negotiations with the Council of the State, and the beginning of a train of enlightenment of the Japanese that will sooner or later lead them to desire to open the country freely to intercourse with foreign nations.
I have just obtained a copy of your “Expedition to Japan and the China Seas,” and have read it with intense interest. I hope it is no vanity in me to say that no oneat presentcan so well appreciate and do justice to your work as I can.
You seem at once and almost intuitively to have adopted the best of all courses with the Japanese. I amsure no other course would have resulted so well. I have seen quite a number of Japanese who saw you when you were at Simoda and they all made eager inquiries after you. M—— Y—— is at Simoda, and has not forgotten the art of lying.
Please present my respectful compliments to Mrs. Perry and to the other members of your family, and believe
Yours most sincerely,
TOWNSEND HARRIS.
As Perry predicted, the Japanese yielded to Mr. Harris who, a few days after he had sent the letter given above, went to Yedo, and had audience of the Shō-gun Iyésada. He afterwards saw the ministers of state, and presented his demands. These were: Unrestricted trade between Japanese and American merchants in all things except bullion and grain, the closing of Shimoda and the opening of Kanagawa and Ozaka, the residence in Yedo of an American minister, the sending of an embassy to America, and a treaty to be ratified in detail by the government of Japan.
Professor Hayashi was first sent to Kiōto, to obtain the Mikado’s consent. As he had negotiated the first treaty it was thought that with his experience, scholarly ability and eminent character, he would be certain to win success, if anyone could. Despite his presence and entreaties, the imperial signature and pen-seal were not given; and Hotta, a daimiō, wasthen despatched on the same mission. The delay caused by the opposition of the conservative element at the imperial capital was so prolonged, that Mr. Harris threatened if an answer was not soon forthcoming, to go to Kiōto himself and arrange matters.
The American envoy was getting his eyes opened. He began to see that the throne and emperor were in Kiōto, the camp and lieutenant at Yedo. The “Tycoon”—despite all the pomp and fuss and circumlocution and lying sham—was an underling. Only the Mikado was supreme. Quietly living in Yedo, Mr. Harris bided his time. Hotta returned from his fruitless mission to Kiōto late in April 1858; but meanwhile Ii, a man of vigor and courage, though perhaps somewhat unscrupulous, was made Tairō or regent, and virtual ruler in Yedo. With him Mr. Harris renewed his advances, and before leaving Yedo, in April 1858, secured a treaty granting in substance all the American’s demands. This instrument was to be signed and executed September 1st, 1858. Ii hoped by that time to obtain the imperial consent. A sub-treaty, secret, but signed by the premier Ii and Mr. Harris, binding them to the execution of the main treaty on the day of its date, was also made, and copies were held by both parties.[54]This diplomacy was accomplished by Mr.Harris, when he had been for many months without news from the outside world, and knew nothing of the British campaign in China.
Meanwhile Flag-Officer Josiah Tatnall, under order of the United States Navy Department, was on his way to Japan, to bring letters and dispatches to the American Consul-general, was ignorant of Mr. Harris’ visit to Yedo, or his new projects for treaty-making. On thePowhatanhe left Shanghai July 5th, joining theMississippiat Nagasaki five days later. Here the death of Commodore Perry was announced, the Japanese receiving the news with expressions of sincere regret. The Treaty at Tientsin had been signed June 26, but Tatnall, innocent of the notions of later manufacture, so diligently ascribed to him of rushing “off to Japan to take advantage of the consternation certain to be created by the first news of recent events in the Peiho,” . . . was so far oblivious of any further intentions on the part of Mr. Harris of making another treaty with Japan, that he lingered in the lovely harbor until the 21st of July. In thePowhatanhe cast anchor in Shimoda harbor, on the 25th, theMississippihaving arrived two days before. On the 27th, taking Mr. Harris on board thePowhatan, Tatnall steamed up to Kanagawa, visiting also Yokohama, where Perry’s old treaty-house was still standing. Meeting Ii on the 29th, negotiations were re-opened. In Commodore Tatnall’s presence, the main treaty was dated July 29th (instead of September 1st) and to this the premier Ii affixed hissignature, and pen-seal. By this treaty Yokohama was to be opened to foreign trade and residence July 1st of the following year, 1859, and an embassy was to be sent to visit the United States. The Commodore and Consul-general returned to Shimoda August 1st. Mr. Harris then took a voyage of recreation to China.
On the 30th of June 1859, the consulate of the United States was removed from Shimoda to Kanagawa, where the American flag was raised at the consulate July 1st. The Legation of the United States was established in Yedo July 7, 1859. Amid dense crowds of people, and a party of twenty-three[55]Americans, Mr. Harris was escorted to his quarters in a temple.
The regent Ii carried on affairs in Yedo with a high hand, not only signing treaties without the Mikado’s assent, but by imprisoning, exiling, and ordering to decapitation at the blood-pit, his political opposers. Among those who committedhara-kirior suffered death, were Yoshida Shoin, and Hashimoto Sanai. The daimiōs of Mito, Owari, and Echizen,[56]were ordered to resign in favor of their sons and go into private life. “All classes now held their breathand looked on in silent affright.” On the 13th of February 1860, the embassy, consisting of seventy-one persons left Yokohama in thePowhatanto the United States, arriving in Washington May 14, 1860. The English copy of the Perry treaty had been burned in Yedo in 1858, and one of their objects was to obtain a fresh transcript. The writer’s first sight and impression of the Japanese was obtained, when these cultivated and dignified strangers visited Philadelphia, where they received the startling news of the assassination in Yedo, March 23d, of their chief Ii, by Mitorō-nins.
The signing of treaties without the Mikado’s consent was an act of political suicide on the part of the Yedo government. Not only did “the swaggering prime minister” Ii, become at once the victim of assassin’s swords, but all over the country fanatical patriots, cutting the cord of loyalty to feudal lords, became “wave-men” orrō-nin. They raised the cry, “Honor the Mikado, and expel the barbarian.” Then began that series of acts of violence—the murder of foreigners and the burning of legations, which foreigners then found so hard to understand, but which is now seen to be a logical sequence of preceding events. These amateur assassins and incendiaries were but zealous patriots who hoped to deal a death-blow at the Yedo usurpation by embroiling it in war with foreigners. More than one officer prominent in the Meiji era has boasted[57]of his part inthe plots and alarms which preceded the fall of the dual system and the reinstatement of the Mikado’s supremacy. To this the writer can bear witness.
Meanwhile the ministers of the Bakafu were “like men who have lost their lanterns on a dark night.” Their lives were worth less than a brasstem-pō. Amid the tottering framework of government, they yet strove manfully to keep their treaty engagements. “No men on earth could have acted more honorably.”[58]All the foreign ministers struck their flags, and retired to Yokohama, except Mr. Harris. He, despite the assassination, January 14, 1861, of Mr. Heusken his interpreter, maintained his ground in solitude. English and French battalions were landed at Yokohama, and kept camp there for over twelve years. On the 21st of January, 1862, another embassy was despatched to Europe and the United States. Their purpose was to obtain postponement of treaty provisions in regard to the opening of more ports. In New York, they paid their respects to the widow of Commodore Perry, meeting also his children and grandchildren.
Plots and counterplots in Kiōto and Yedo, action and reaction in and between the camp and the throne went on, until, on the 3rd of January, 1868, two days after the opening of Hiogo and Ozaka to trade, the coalition of daimiōs hostile to the Bakafu or Tycoon’s, government, obtained possession of the Mikado’s palaceand person. The imperial brocade banner of chastisement was then unfurled, and the “Tycoon” and all who followed him stamped aschō-tékitraitors—the most awful name in Japanese history. One of the first acts of the new government, signalizing the new era of Meiji, was to affix the imperial seal to the treaties, and grant audience to the foreign envoys. In the civil war, lasting nearly two years, the skill of the southern clansmen, backed by American rifles and the iron-clad ram,Stonewall, secured victory. Yedo was made theKiōor national capital, with the prefix of Tō (east), and thenceforward, the camp and the throne were united in Tōkiō, the Mikado’s dwelling place.
All power in the empire having been consolidated in the Mikado’s person in Tōkiō, one of the first results was the assertion of his rule over its outlying portions, especially Yezo, Ogasawara and Riu Kiu islands, the resources of Yezo and the Kuriles included in the term Hokkaido or Northern sea-circuit were developed by colonists, and by a commission aided by Americans eminent in science and skill. Sappōro is the capital city, and Hakodaté the chief port. The thirty-seven islands of Riu Kiu, with their one hundred and sixty thousand inhabitants are organized as the Okinawa Ken, one of the prefects of the empire. The deserted palace-enclosure of Shuri, to which in 1853, Perry marched, with his brass bands marines and field-pieces, to return the visit of the regent, is now occupied by battalion of the Mikado’sinfantry. The dwellings of the king and his little court now lie in mildew and ruin,[59]while the former ruler is a smartly decorated marquis of the empire. Despite China’s claim[60]to Riu Kiu, Japan has never relaxed her grasp on this her ancient domain.[61]Variously styled “the Southern Islands,” “Long Rope” (Okinawa), “Sleeping Dragon,” “Pendant Tassels,” the “Country which observes Propriety,” or the “Eternal Land” of Japanese mythology, and probably some day to be a renowned winter health-resort, Riu Kiu, whether destined to be the bone of contention and cause of war between the rival great nations claiming it, or to sleep in perpetual afternoon, has ceased to be a political entity. No one will probably ever follow Perry in making a treaty with the once tiny “Kingdom.”
The Ogasawara (Bonin) islands were formally occupied by the civil and military officers of the Mikado in 1875, and the people of various nationalities dwell peaceably under the sun-flag. An American lady-missionary and a passenger in the steamerSan Pablo, Mrs. Anna Viele of Albany, spent from January 14th to 31st, 1855, at the Bonin Islands. She found of Savory’s large family three sons and three daughters living. The old flag of stars andstripes given to Savory by Commodore Perry is still in possession of his widow, and is held in great reverence by his children and grandchildren, all of whom profess allegiance to the United States. The boys, as soon as of age, go to Yokohama and are registered in the American consulate. One of the sons bears the name of Matthew Savory, so named by the Commodore himself when there. A grandson having been born a few days before the arrival of theSan Pablo, Mrs. Viele was invited to name him. She did so, and Grover Cleveland Savory received as a gift a photograph of the President of the United States. Trees planted by the hand of the Commodore still bear luscious fruit. Though the cattle were long ago “lifted” by passing whalers, the goats are amazingly abundant.[62]The island of Hachijō (Fatsizio,) to which, between the years 1597 and 1886, sixteen hundred and six persons, many of them court ladies, nobles, and gentlemen from Kiōto and Yedo, were banished, is also under beneficent rule. The new penal code of Japan, based on the ideas of christendom, has substituted correctional labor,[63]—even with the effect of flooding America and Europe with cheap and gaudy trumpery made by convicts under prison contracts,—and Hachijō ceases to stand, in revised maps and charts, as the “place of exile for the grandees of Japan.”
Ancient traditions, vigorously revived in 1874 claimed that Corea was in the same relation to Japan as Yedo or Riu Kiu; or, if not an integral portion of Dai Nihon, Corea was a tributary vassal. A party claiming to represent the “unconquerable spirit of Old Japan,” (Yamatō damashii,) to reverence the Mikado, and to cherish the sword as the living soul of the samurai, demanded in 1875, the invasion of Corea. The question divided the cabinet after the return of the chief members of it from their tour around the world in 1875, and resulted in a rebellion crushed only after the expenditure of much blood and treasure. It was finally determined not to invade but to “open” Corea, even as Japan had been opened to diplomacy and commerce by the United States. Only twelve years after Perry’s second visit to the bay of Yedo, and in the same month, a Japanese squadron of five vessels and eight hundred men under General Kuroda appeared in the Han river, about as far below the Corean capital as Uraga is from Tōkiō. In the details of procedure, and movement of ships, boats and men, the imitation of Perry’s policy was close and transparent.[64]Patience, skill and tact, won a “brain-victory,” and a treaty of friendship, trade, and commerce, was signed February 27th, 1876. The penultimate hermit nation had led the last member of the family into the world’s market-place. In this also, Perry’s work followed him.
Two years after this event, a company of Japanese merchants in Yokohama, assembled together of their own accord; and, in their own way celebrated with speech, song and toast, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the arrival of Commodore Perry and the apparation of the “Black ships” at Uraga. The general tenor of the thought of the evening was that the American squadron had proved to Japan, despite occasional and temporary reverses, an argosy of treasures for the perpetual benefit of the nation.
The object-lesson in modern civilization, given by Perry on the sward at Yokohama, is now illustrated on a national scale. Under divine Providence, with unique opportunity, Japan began renascence at a time of the highest development of forces, spiritual mental, material. With Christianity, modern thought, electricity, steam, and the printing-press, the Mikado comes to his empire “at such a time as this.” Since the era of Meiji, or Enlightened Peace, was ushered in, January 26, 1858, the Mikado Mutsŭhito, the 123d sovereign of the imperial line, born twenty-one days before Perry sailed in theMississippifor Japan, has abolished the feudal system, emancipated four-fifths of his subjects from feudal vassalage and made them possessors of the soil, disarmed a feudal soldiery numbering probably six hundred thousand men trained to arms, reorganized the order of society, established and equipped an army forty thousand strong, and a navy superior in ships and equipments to that of the United States, assured the freedom of conscience,introduced the telegraph, railway, steam-navigation, general postal and saving, and free compulsory public educational systems;[65]declared the equality of all men before the law, promised limitation of the imperial prerogative, and the establishment of a national parliament ina. d.1890.
All this looks like a miracle. “Can a nation be born at once,” a land in one day?
The story of the inward preparation of Nippon for its wondrous flowering in our day, of the development of national force, begun a century before Perry was born, which, with outward impact made not collision, but the unexpected resultant,—New Japan, deserves a volume from the historian, and an epic from the poet. We have touched upon the subject elsewhere.[66]Suffice it to say that the Dutch, so long maligned by writers of hostile faith and jealous nationality, to whom Perry in his book fails to do justice, bore an honorable and intelligent part in it.[67]Even Perry, Harris and the Americans constitute but one of many trains of influences contributing to the grand result. Perry himself died before that confluence of the streams of tendency, now so clearly visible, had been fully revealed to view. The prayers of Christians,the yearning of humanity, the pressure of commerce, the ambition of diplomacy, from the outside; the longing of patriots, the researches of scholars, the popularization of knowledge, the revival of the indigenous Shintō religion, the awakening of reverence for the Mikado’s person, the heated hatred almost to flame of the Yedo usurpation, the eagerness of students for western science, the fertilizing results of Dutch culture, from the inside; were all tributaries, which Providence made to rise, kept in check, and let loose to meet in flood at the elect moment.
Meanwhile, Japan groans under the yoke imposed upon her by the Treaty Powers in the days of her ignorance. “Extra-territorialty” is her curse. The selfishness and greed of strong nations infringe her just and sovereign rights as an independent nation. In the light of twenty-eight years of experience, treaty-revision is a necessity of righteousness and should be initiated by the United States.[68]This was the verdict of Townsend Harris, as declared to the writer, in 1874. This is the written record of the English and American missionaries in their manifesto of April 28th, 1884 at the Ozaka Conference.[69]Were Matthew Perry to speak from his grave, his voice would protest against oppression by treaty, and in favor of righteous treatment of Japan, in the spirit of the treaty made and signed by him; to wit:
“There shall be a perfect, permanent, and universal peace, and a sincere and cordial amity, between the United States of America on the one part, and the Empire of Japan on the other, and between their people, respectively, without exception of persons or places.”
[51]Young Japan, J. R. Black.
[51]
Young Japan, J. R. Black.
[52]A Cruise in Japan waters, and Japan fragments.
[52]
A Cruise in Japan waters, and Japan fragments.
[53]November 1st, 1859.
[53]
November 1st, 1859.
[54]Commodore Tatnall told this to Gideon Nye. See Mr. Nye’s letter, January 31st, 1859, to the Hong KongTimes; reprinted in pamphlet form Macao, March 22, 1864.
[54]
Commodore Tatnall told this to Gideon Nye. See Mr. Nye’s letter, January 31st, 1859, to the Hong KongTimes; reprinted in pamphlet form Macao, March 22, 1864.
[55]See their names, and dates of theMississippi’smovements, in “A Cruise in the U. S. S. Frigate Mississippi,” July 1857 to February 1860, by W. F. Gragg, Boston, 1860.
[55]
See their names, and dates of theMississippi’smovements, in “A Cruise in the U. S. S. Frigate Mississippi,” July 1857 to February 1860, by W. F. Gragg, Boston, 1860.
[56]It was in the educational service of this baron and his son, that the writer went to Japan and lived in Echizen. The Mikado’s Empire, pp. 308, 426-434, 532-536.
[56]
It was in the educational service of this baron and his son, that the writer went to Japan and lived in Echizen. The Mikado’s Empire, pp. 308, 426-434, 532-536.
[57]Episodes in a Life of Adventure, p. 163, by Laurence Oliphant, 1887.
[57]
Episodes in a Life of Adventure, p. 163, by Laurence Oliphant, 1887.
[58]Townsend Harris’s words to the writer, October 9th, 1874.
[58]
Townsend Harris’s words to the writer, October 9th, 1874.
[59]Cruise of the Marquesas, London, 1886.
[59]
Cruise of the Marquesas, London, 1886.
[60]The story of the Riu Kiu (Loo Choo) complication by F. Brinkley, inThe Chrysanthemum, Yokohama, 1883. Audi Alteram Partem, by D. B. McCartee Esq. M. D.
[60]
The story of the Riu Kiu (Loo Choo) complication by F. Brinkley, inThe Chrysanthemum, Yokohama, 1883. Audi Alteram Partem, by D. B. McCartee Esq. M. D.
[61]Asiatic Soc. of Japan. Transactions Vol. I, p. 1; Vol. IV. p. 66.
[61]
Asiatic Soc. of Japan. Transactions Vol. I, p. 1; Vol. IV. p. 66.
[62]Asiatic Society of Japan, Transactions Vol. IV, p. 3.
[62]
Asiatic Society of Japan, Transactions Vol. IV, p. 3.
[63]Asiatic Society and Japan Transactions, Vol. VI, part III, pp. 435-478.
[63]
Asiatic Society and Japan Transactions, Vol. VI, part III, pp. 435-478.
[64]Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 423.
[64]
Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 423.
[65]Hon. John A. Bingham to Mr. Evarts, U. S. Foreign Relations, 1880.
[65]
Hon. John A. Bingham to Mr. Evarts, U. S. Foreign Relations, 1880.
[66]The Recent Revolutions in Japan, chapter XXVIII in The Mikado’s Empire, and pamphlet The Rutgers Graduates in Japan, New Brunswick N. J. 1886.
[66]
The Recent Revolutions in Japan, chapter XXVIII in The Mikado’s Empire, and pamphlet The Rutgers Graduates in Japan, New Brunswick N. J. 1886.
[67]Transactions, Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. V. p. 207.
[67]
Transactions, Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. V. p. 207.
[68]Japanese Treaty Revision by Prof. J. K. Newton,Bibliotheca Sacra, January 1887.
[68]
Japanese Treaty Revision by Prof. J. K. Newton,Bibliotheca Sacra, January 1887.
[69]Published inThe Independent, N. Y.
[69]
Published inThe Independent, N. Y.
COMMODORE PERRY’S AUTOGRAPH.
COMMODORE PERRY’S AUTOGRAPH.
APPENDICES
WRITINGS OF M. C. PERRY.
Autograph.Diary, Remarks, etc.(on board the United States frigatePresident, Commodore Rodgers), made by M. C. Perry. [From March 19, 1811, to July 25, 1813].Lettersof M. C. Perry to his superior officers, and to the United States Navy Department, in the United States Navy Archives, Washington D. C.; in all, about two thousand. These are bound up with others, in volumes lettered on the backOfficers' Letters,Master Commandants’ Letters,Captains' Letters. As commodore of a squadron, M. C. Perry’s autograph letters and papers relating to his cruises are bound in separate volumes and lettered:Squadron, Coast of Africa, under Commodore M. C. Perry, April 10 1843, to April 29 1845, [1 volume, folio];Home Squadron, Commodore M. C. Perry’s Cruise[2 volumes, folio, onThe Mexican War];East India, China and Japan Squadron, Commodore M. C. Perry, Volume I, December 1852 to December 31 1853; Volume II, January 1854 to May 1855 [2 volumes, folio].Lettersto naval officers, scientific men, and personal friends.Printed.Unsigned articles inThe Naval Magazine, Brooklyn, N. Y.Future Commercial Relations with Japan and Lew Chew.The Expediency of Extending Further Encouragement to American Commerce in the East.Enlargement of Geographical Science, Pamphlet, New York, 1856.Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan.3 volumes, folio. Washington, 1856. 1 volume, folio. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1857.The Perry family Bible, dates of births, marriages and deaths.Scrap books, kept at various periods of M. C. Perry’s life by the children and relatives of M. C. Perry.JAPANESE AUTHORITIES.Kinsé Shiriaku(Short History of Recent Times, 1853–1869, by Yamaguchi Uji, Tokio, 1871 translated by Ernest Satow, Yokohama, 1873).Genji Yumé Monogatari(Dream Story of Genji, inside history of Japan from 1850 to 1864), translated by Ernest Satow inJapan Mail, 1874.Kinsé Kibun(Youth’s History of Japan, from Perry’s arrival, 3 volumes, illustrated, Tokio, 1874).Hoku-é O Setsu Roku, Official Record of Intercourse with the American Barbarians (made by the “Tycoon’s” officers, during negotiations with Perry in 1854; manuscript copied from the Department of State, Tokio, 1884).A Chronicleof the Chief Events in Japanese history from 1844 to 1863, translated by Ernest Satow; inJapan Mail, 1873.Japanese poems, street songs, legends, notes taken by the writer during conversations with people, officers, and students, chiefly eyewitnesses to events referred to.The other authorities quoted, are referred to in the text and footnotes, or mentioned in the preface.
Autograph.
Diary, Remarks, etc.(on board the United States frigatePresident, Commodore Rodgers), made by M. C. Perry. [From March 19, 1811, to July 25, 1813].
Lettersof M. C. Perry to his superior officers, and to the United States Navy Department, in the United States Navy Archives, Washington D. C.; in all, about two thousand. These are bound up with others, in volumes lettered on the backOfficers' Letters,Master Commandants’ Letters,Captains' Letters. As commodore of a squadron, M. C. Perry’s autograph letters and papers relating to his cruises are bound in separate volumes and lettered:Squadron, Coast of Africa, under Commodore M. C. Perry, April 10 1843, to April 29 1845, [1 volume, folio];Home Squadron, Commodore M. C. Perry’s Cruise[2 volumes, folio, onThe Mexican War];East India, China and Japan Squadron, Commodore M. C. Perry, Volume I, December 1852 to December 31 1853; Volume II, January 1854 to May 1855 [2 volumes, folio].
Lettersto naval officers, scientific men, and personal friends.
Printed.
Unsigned articles inThe Naval Magazine, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Future Commercial Relations with Japan and Lew Chew.
The Expediency of Extending Further Encouragement to American Commerce in the East.
Enlargement of Geographical Science, Pamphlet, New York, 1856.
Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan.3 volumes, folio. Washington, 1856. 1 volume, folio. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1857.
The Perry family Bible, dates of births, marriages and deaths.
Scrap books, kept at various periods of M. C. Perry’s life by the children and relatives of M. C. Perry.
JAPANESE AUTHORITIES.
Kinsé Shiriaku(Short History of Recent Times, 1853–1869, by Yamaguchi Uji, Tokio, 1871 translated by Ernest Satow, Yokohama, 1873).
Genji Yumé Monogatari(Dream Story of Genji, inside history of Japan from 1850 to 1864), translated by Ernest Satow inJapan Mail, 1874.
Kinsé Kibun(Youth’s History of Japan, from Perry’s arrival, 3 volumes, illustrated, Tokio, 1874).
Hoku-é O Setsu Roku, Official Record of Intercourse with the American Barbarians (made by the “Tycoon’s” officers, during negotiations with Perry in 1854; manuscript copied from the Department of State, Tokio, 1884).
A Chronicleof the Chief Events in Japanese history from 1844 to 1863, translated by Ernest Satow; inJapan Mail, 1873.
Japanese poems, street songs, legends, notes taken by the writer during conversations with people, officers, and students, chiefly eyewitnesses to events referred to.
The other authorities quoted, are referred to in the text and footnotes, or mentioned in the preface.
Inanswer to an inquiry, Hext M. Perry, Esq., M.D., of Philadelphia, Pa., who is preparing a genealogy of the Perry family, has kindly furnished the following epitome:—Dear Sir,—I have no doubt of our name being of Scandinavian origin. The Perrys were from Normandy, the original name being Perier which has in course been reduced to its present—and for many hundred years past in England and America—Perry. A market town in Normandy, France, is our old Perry name—Periers. The name doubtlessly originated from the fruit, Pear, FrenchPoire; or, the fruit took its name from the family which is perhaps more likely. At any ratePoireis easily modulated into Perer, Perier, Periere, etc., and so across the Channel to England, with William the Conqueror, in 1086, it soon ripens into our name Perry. Perry is a delightful fermented beverage in England made from pears—a sort of pear cider.“Perry” identifies by its arms with “Perers.” The family of Perry was seated in Devon County, England, in 1370.That of “Perier” was of Perieres in Bretagne (Brittany, France), and descended from Budic, Count of Cornuailles, A. D. 900, whose younger son Perion gave name to Perieres, Bretagne. A branch came to England, 1066, and Matilda de Perer was mother to Hugo Parcarius who lived in time of Henry I. The name continually recurs in all parts of England, and thence thePerrys, Earls of Limerick. There was also a Norman family of Pears intermarriedwith Shakespere which bore different arms “Perrie” for Perry—“Pirrie,” for Perry.“PERRIER.”Odo, Robert, Ralph, Hugh, &c., de Periers, Normandy 1180-95. Robert dePereres, England, 1198.It appears that the family Saxby, Shakkesby, Saxesby, Sakespee, Sakespage or Shakespeare was a branch of that of De Perers, and this appears to be confirmed by the armorial. The arms of one branch of Perire or Perers were: Argent, a bend sable (charged with three pears for difference). Those of Shakespeare were:—Argent, a bend sable (charged with a spear for difference). As before stated, the family of Perere came from Periers near Evreux, Normandy, where it remained in the 15th century. Hugo de Periers possessed estate in Warwick 1156; Geoffrey de Periers held fief in Stafford, 1165, and Adam de Periers in Cambridge. Sir Richard de Perers was M. P. for Leicester 1311, Herts 1316-24, and Viscount of Essex and Herts in 1325.Courteously Yours,HEXT M. PERRY.
Inanswer to an inquiry, Hext M. Perry, Esq., M.D., of Philadelphia, Pa., who is preparing a genealogy of the Perry family, has kindly furnished the following epitome:—
Dear Sir,—I have no doubt of our name being of Scandinavian origin. The Perrys were from Normandy, the original name being Perier which has in course been reduced to its present—and for many hundred years past in England and America—Perry. A market town in Normandy, France, is our old Perry name—Periers. The name doubtlessly originated from the fruit, Pear, FrenchPoire; or, the fruit took its name from the family which is perhaps more likely. At any ratePoireis easily modulated into Perer, Perier, Periere, etc., and so across the Channel to England, with William the Conqueror, in 1086, it soon ripens into our name Perry. Perry is a delightful fermented beverage in England made from pears—a sort of pear cider.“Perry” identifies by its arms with “Perers.” The family of Perry was seated in Devon County, England, in 1370.That of “Perier” was of Perieres in Bretagne (Brittany, France), and descended from Budic, Count of Cornuailles, A. D. 900, whose younger son Perion gave name to Perieres, Bretagne. A branch came to England, 1066, and Matilda de Perer was mother to Hugo Parcarius who lived in time of Henry I. The name continually recurs in all parts of England, and thence thePerrys, Earls of Limerick. There was also a Norman family of Pears intermarriedwith Shakespere which bore different arms “Perrie” for Perry—“Pirrie,” for Perry.“PERRIER.”Odo, Robert, Ralph, Hugh, &c., de Periers, Normandy 1180-95. Robert dePereres, England, 1198.It appears that the family Saxby, Shakkesby, Saxesby, Sakespee, Sakespage or Shakespeare was a branch of that of De Perers, and this appears to be confirmed by the armorial. The arms of one branch of Perire or Perers were: Argent, a bend sable (charged with three pears for difference). Those of Shakespeare were:—Argent, a bend sable (charged with a spear for difference). As before stated, the family of Perere came from Periers near Evreux, Normandy, where it remained in the 15th century. Hugo de Periers possessed estate in Warwick 1156; Geoffrey de Periers held fief in Stafford, 1165, and Adam de Periers in Cambridge. Sir Richard de Perers was M. P. for Leicester 1311, Herts 1316-24, and Viscount of Essex and Herts in 1325.Courteously Yours,HEXT M. PERRY.
Dear Sir,—I have no doubt of our name being of Scandinavian origin. The Perrys were from Normandy, the original name being Perier which has in course been reduced to its present—and for many hundred years past in England and America—Perry. A market town in Normandy, France, is our old Perry name—Periers. The name doubtlessly originated from the fruit, Pear, FrenchPoire; or, the fruit took its name from the family which is perhaps more likely. At any ratePoireis easily modulated into Perer, Perier, Periere, etc., and so across the Channel to England, with William the Conqueror, in 1086, it soon ripens into our name Perry. Perry is a delightful fermented beverage in England made from pears—a sort of pear cider.
“Perry” identifies by its arms with “Perers.” The family of Perry was seated in Devon County, England, in 1370.
That of “Perier” was of Perieres in Bretagne (Brittany, France), and descended from Budic, Count of Cornuailles, A. D. 900, whose younger son Perion gave name to Perieres, Bretagne. A branch came to England, 1066, and Matilda de Perer was mother to Hugo Parcarius who lived in time of Henry I. The name continually recurs in all parts of England, and thence thePerrys, Earls of Limerick. There was also a Norman family of Pears intermarriedwith Shakespere which bore different arms “Perrie” for Perry—“Pirrie,” for Perry.
“PERRIER.”
Odo, Robert, Ralph, Hugh, &c., de Periers, Normandy 1180-95. Robert dePereres, England, 1198.
It appears that the family Saxby, Shakkesby, Saxesby, Sakespee, Sakespage or Shakespeare was a branch of that of De Perers, and this appears to be confirmed by the armorial. The arms of one branch of Perire or Perers were: Argent, a bend sable (charged with three pears for difference). Those of Shakespeare were:—Argent, a bend sable (charged with a spear for difference). As before stated, the family of Perere came from Periers near Evreux, Normandy, where it remained in the 15th century. Hugo de Periers possessed estate in Warwick 1156; Geoffrey de Periers held fief in Stafford, 1165, and Adam de Periers in Cambridge. Sir Richard de Perers was M. P. for Leicester 1311, Herts 1316-24, and Viscount of Essex and Herts in 1325.
Courteously Yours,
HEXT M. PERRY.